QUY TC AN TON KHI LM VIC

PHNG TH NGHIM IN P CAO

A. V T CHC
1. Ch nhng sinh vin c nghe bo co v k thut an ton v nm vng quy tc
ny mi c lm vic phng th nghim.
2. Vi mi nhm sinh vin, ngi hng dn ch nh sinh vin lm nhm trng theo
di vic thc hin quy tc an ton, ch nhm trng mi c ng ct mch in khi
tin hnh th nghim.
3. Trc khi ng ngun ln th nht, phi c ngi hng dn kim tra cc mch.
Trong cc ln sau th lm theo ch dn ca ngi hng dn.
4. Trong thi gian lm th nghim, sinh vin khng c gy mt trt t trong phng th
nghim, ch hot ng trong khu vc th nghim ca nhm mnh.
B. V K THUT
1. Trc khi ng mch. nhm trng cn kim tra li s , ly tt c cc dng c
khng cn thit cho th nghim ra ngoi, tho dy ni t an ton v yu cu mi sinh
vin ra khi khu vc nguy him, ng ca khu vc th nghim v ng mch th
nghim khi ng mch, nhm trng phi ni to ng mch.
2. Thit b ch c mang in p trong thi gian tin hnh th nghim v o lng. Sau
phi gim ngay in p xung. Khi c iu g nghi ng trong qu trnh lm th
nghim hoc tin hnh khng ng theo quy tc th phi ct ngay ngun in p.
Sau khi ct mch xong th trng nhm phi ni to l ct mch.
3. Sau khi ct mch, trong trng hp cn thit phi vo khu vc nguy him tin hnh
mt vic g th trng nhm m ca khu vc nguy him v lm cc bin php an ton
(cho t phng in, t dy ni t an ton). Ch sau khi thc hin cc bin php
mi c tin hnh cc cng vic cn thit, trong thi gian sinh vin khu vc nguy
him th nhm trng phi gi khng cho ca ra vo khu vc nguy him ng li
trnh kh nng c in p a vo thit b.
4. Sau khi tin hnh cc cng vic cn thit khu vc nguy him th tt c cc sinh vin
phi ra khi khu vcnguy him, mang tt c cc dng c khng cn thit ra ngoi v
ch ngi ra cui cng mi tho dy ni t an ton. trng nhm phi quan st khu
vc nguy him, kim tra vic thc hin cc bin php ni trn ri sau mi c
tip tc th nghim.
5. Mi khi cho in p tc dng ln thit b th cm khng c ai i vo khu vc nguy
him, di chuyn li bo v, t tay ln li bo v hay cho tay chuyn qua li bo
v.
6. Mun thay i cch ni dy cn phi ct mch an ton v phi c s ng ca
ngi hng dn mi c thc hin v phi thc hin ng cc quy tc an ton ni
trn.
7. Trong trng hp cn tin hnh cng vic g vi gy cch in hay cc dng c tng
t, cn phi dng cc bin php bo v khc nh dng gng cao su cch in, ng
cch in, thm cch in.




























BI 1
PHN B IN P TRN CHUI CCH IN

























3

PHN I. TH NGHIM
I. MC CH
Nghin cu s phn b in p trn chui cch in trn m hnh
Nghin cu s phn b in p trn chui cch in bng phng php o trc tip
II. KHI NIM
Cch in ca ng dy ti in cao p l chui cch in. S phn t cch in trong
chui ph thuc vo in p nh mc ca ng dy. S thay th cch in c dng nh
hnh 1.1.
C
C
1
C
2
ng dy
X treo
(ni t)

Hnh 1.1. S thay th chui cch in
C in dung bn thn phn t cch in
C
1
in dung ca b phn kim loi ca phn
t cch in i vi b phn ni t ca kt
cu (ct, dy thu st).
C
2
in dung ca b phn kim loi ca phn
t cch in i vi dy dn.
Thng thng cc phn t cch in u c in dung bn thn C nh nhau. Nu nh
cc in dung k sinh C
1
v C
2
rt nh so vi in dung bn thn C th s phn b in p dc
chui cch in s u bi v dng in i qua cc in dung C nh nhau v do cng gy
nn mt in p ging nh nhau trn cc phn t. Trong thc t do s tn ti ca cc in
dung k sinh C
1
= 4 pF 5 pF v C
2
= 0,5 pF 1 pF nn chng c nh hng r rt. n s
phn b in p trn chui cch in.
Xt nh hng ca in dung k sinh C
1
(cho C
2
= 0), s thay th cn li hnh
1.2.a. Dng qua in dung gn t nht s b nht v ngc li dng qua dng qua in
dung gn dy dn s l ln nht. Do s c mt ca C
1
nn in p ging trn phn t cch
in gn dy dn l ln nht v s phn b in p dc chui cch in c dng nh hnh
1.2.
Cng l lun nh trn s thy l s c mt ca cc in dung k sinh C
2
( cho C
1
= 0) s
lm cho in p ging trn phn t gn t nht l ln nht (Hnh 1.2.b). Nu c C
1
v C
2

u tn ti v gi thit C
1
= C
2
th in p ging trn cc phn t gn dy dn v st t s l
ln nht v bng nhau cn in p ging trn cc phn t gia l nh nht.
4
C
C
1
ngdy
Xtreo(nit)
U
6
U
5
U
4
U
3
U
2
U
1
C
C
2
ngdy
Xtreo(nit)
1
2
3
4
5
6
U
6
U
5
U
4 U
3
U
2 U
1
100%

1
2
3
4
5
6
C
1
=0;C
2
0
C
1

0
;

C
2
=
0
C
1

0
;

C
2

0
C
1
=
0
;

C
2
=
0
Hnh1.2.a Hnh1.2.b

Hinh 1.2. Phn b in p dc theo chui cch in
Thc t cc in dung C
1
v C
2
tn ti v c tr s khc nhau i vi tng phn t cch
in (ph thuc vo v tr phn t trong chui) v nh hng ng thi ti s phn b in p
trn chui cch in. S phn b in p thc t c c im sau:
in p ging trn phn t gn dy dn nht l ln nht.
in p ging nh nht l in p ging trn phn t gn u ni t ca chui.
Nu cc in dung k sinh C
1
c cng gi tr i vi tt c cc phn t cch in v i
vi C
2
cng th th in p trn mi phn t cch in C trn s hnh 1.1 c xc nh
theo cng thc:

) 1 k n ( a sh ) k n ( a sh C ) 1 k ( a sh ) ak ( sh C
) an ( sh C C
100

% 100 .
U
U
% U
2 1
2 1
k
k


Trong : U in p tc dng ln chui cch in
n s lng phn t cch in trong chui cch in
k s th t ca mi phn t tnh t u ni t

C
C C
a
2 1

Khi phn b in p dc trn chui cch in l u th in p trn phn t th k so vi
t l:
k
n
U
U
k

5
Vi mi ng dy cho th cc in dung k sinh C
1
l khng i nn nu ta chn
C
2k
theo iu kin in tch trn in dung i vi dy dn cn bng vi in tch trn in
dung i vi t in p phn b u th:

1 - n 1, k
k n
k
C
k n
k
C C ) k
n
U
U ( C k
n
U
C
1 k 1 k 2 k 2 k 1


S phn b in dung ny c p dng ci thin s phn b in p dc trn
cun dy ca my bin p.
i vi ng dy th s phn b in p khng u trn chui cch in s to iu
kin hnh thnh vng quang. in p vng quang trn cch in vo khong 20 25 kV.
in p lm vic, vng quang khng c php xut hin v cc sn phm ca vng quang s
gy n mn kim loi, gy nhiu vi cc thit b v tuyn. cc ng dy t in p 220 kV
tr ln, in p trn phn t cch in gn dy dn ln hn 20 kV nn ta phi c bin php ci
thin s phn b in p trn chui cch in. Bin php thng dng nht hin nay l dng
ai (vnh ng th).
ai c dng hnh trn, s tm hay kiu sng c gn vo u ca chui cch in
pha ng dy. Tc dng ca ai l lm thay i in dung C
2
do to iu kin s phn
b in p u hn. Ngoi ra ai cn c cc nhim v:
Ngn chn s hnh thnh phng in tng cp trn mi chui cch in.
Ngn s hnh thnh h quang ca s phng in tng cp trn b mt chui cch in.
Nng cao in p phng in xung v tn s cng nghip ca chui cch in.
III. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU PHN B IN P TRN CHUI CCH IN
1. M hnh chui s
C th dng m hnh xt s phn b in p v cch ci thin s phn b in p trn
chui cch in. Trn hnh 1.3 gii thiu m hnh ca chui cch in gm c su phn t
cch in cng loi. Cc phn t cch in c c trng bi cc in dung C

= 2 F v
C
1
= 1 F. in dung C
2
c th nhn cc gi tr khc nhau v d 0,2 F, 1F,
C
C
1
~
V
R
l
l
3
l
4
C
2
~ R
3
R
4
R
1 R
2
V
U
U
B
A
A
B
U
R
2

U
1

Hnh 1.3. M hnh chui cch in
6
Song song vi chui in dung C c mt bin tr R k vch theo % ca tr s in p
tc dng ln chui s, ng vi mt v tr ca con chy trn bin tr th trn dng c ch khng
(Vn k) s cho bit trng thi cn bng th gia im ang xt v con chy. Nh tr s trn
thang o ca bin tr R, ta s tnh c th (theo %) so vi in p tc dng ln chui in
dung.
V d ta mun o th ti im A, mch tng ng thu gn nh mch cu. Khi Vn k
ch khng (cu cn bng) ta c:
l
l
U R
R
U
U U
4
4 4 R 2 R

Nh vy:
l
l
U U
4
1
.
2. Phng php o trc tip
T cng thc tnh in p ging trn mt phn t cch in l U
k
% khng ph thuc
vo in p tc dng ln chui cch in U m ch ph thuc vo C, C
1
, C
2
, s lng phn t
trong chui v s th t k. Ni khc i l vi mi chui cch in cho th U
k
% l mt
hng s d in p tc dng ln chui cch in c thay i. T cc nhn xt suy ra
phng php xc nh s phn b in p trn chui cch in bng phng php o trc tip
nh di y.
Nu mc song song phn t th k (trong chui cch in c n phn t) vi mt b cu
phng in c khong cch s c nh (ngha l in p phng in U
0
ca qu cu l hng
s v bit trc) v cho in p tc dng ln chui s tng dn dn n khi c phng in
trn b cu, khi in p ging trn phn t th k l U
0
:
% 100
U
U
% U
s
0
k

Vi U
s
l in p tc dng ln chui cch in.
Cng c th chng minh l in p ti im k no trn chui cch in cng ch ph
thuc vo cc tham s ca chui C, C
1
, C
2
m khng ph thuc vo in p tc dng ln
chui cch in.
Nh vy cng c th dng mt b cu phng in c khong cch s c nh ni vo
im t v im k no trn chui cch in v ng thi cho in p tc dng U
s
tng dn
ln cho n khi no b cu b phng in, lc in p ti im k s l:
% 100
U
U
% U
s
0
k

IV. NI DUNG V KT QU TH NGHIM
1. Xc nh U
k
% = f(k) v U
k
% = f(k) trn m hnh
a. S o nh sau:
7
X treo s (ni t)
Dy dn
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
s,U
0
X treo s (ni t)
Dy dn
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
s,U
0
o U
k
% o U
k
%

Hnh 1.4. o st p trn cc phn t cch in
b. Ci thin s phn b in p
Vi m hnh ang dng C = 2 F v C
1
= 1F, phi xc nh cc in dung C
2k
sao cho
s phn b in p trn m hnh c u. Vic tnh ton C
2
phi c hon thnh trc khi
lm th nghim.
2. Xc nh U
k
% v U
k
% trn chui cch in bng phng php o trc tip
Chui cch in, s lng cc phn t, tnh trng chui cch in do ngi hng dn
quy nh. Th nghim ny c xc nh vi trng hp c v khng c ai bo v.
S nguyn l th nghim nh hnh 1.5.
Xtreos(nit)
Dydn
R
V

Hnh 1.5. S nguyn l xc nh phn b in p trn chui cch in

8
Trc tin chn khong cch s ca cu phng in cng nh in p phng in U
0

dng s nh hnh 1.6.
R
V

Hnh 1.6. t gi tr phng in ca hai qu cu U
0

Khong cch s ca cu cng nh in p phng in U
0
ca n gi c nh trong sut
qu trnh th nghim. xc nh U
k
%, em cu phng in ln lt ni song song vi tng
phn t cch in nh hnh 1.4. Sau khi ni cu phng in vo phn t th k no th ng
ngun v cho in p tc dng ln chui cch in l U
s
. T tnh c U
k
%.
T cc s liu bng 1.1. v quan h U
k
% = f(k) trong cc trng hp c ai v
khng c ai. xc nh U
k
% th ni cu phng in vo im k ang xt v t nh hnh
1.4.
Ch :
in p tc dng ln chui cch in bao gi cng tng t khng tr ln.
Khi cu phng in th phi gim ngay in p bng cch a tay quay ca my bin
p t ngu v v tr khng.
3. Xc nh quan h U
1
% = f(n)
S lng phn t n ca chui cch in c thay i v ta xc nh gi tr U
1
%.
Khi in p phn b u th in p trn mi phn t s bng U
s
/n trong U
s
l in p
tc dng ln chui cch in. Thc t in p phn b khng u v trn phn t gn dy dn
s c in p ln nht:
U
max
% = U
1
%
H s khng ng nht l:
% U n % 100
U
U
n % 100
n
U
U
x
1
s
1
s
max

4. Chun b trc cho th nghim
Ngoi vic nghin cu phn Phn b in p trn chui cch in trong gio trnh
mn hc k thut in p cao, bi th nghim ny cn:
1. Theo cc cng thc cho, tnh trc v v cc quan h U
1
% = f(k) ng vi chui
cch in c su phn t vi cc tham s sau:
a. C = 2 F; C
1
= 0; C
2
= 1 F
b. C = 2 F; C
1
= 0; C
2
= 0
c. C = 2 F; C
1
= 1 F; C
2
= 0
9
2. Tnh cc in dung C
2k
ci thin s phn b in p trn chui cch in cho
gii thch cch xy dng cng thc .
5. Kt qu th nghim
in p phng in U
0
= ..kV
5.1. Xc inh U
k
%
Bng 1.1. Kt qu o U
k
%

S TT phn t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Trng hp khng c ai
in p U
S
, kV
1
2
3
TB
Trng hp c ai
in p U
S
, kV
1
2
3
TB
5.2. Xc nh U
k
%
Bng 1.2. Kt qu o U
k
%

S TT phn t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Trng hp khng c ai
in p U
S
, kV
1
2
3
TB
Trng hp c ai
in p U
S
, kV
1
2
3
TB

5.3. Xc nh U
1
% = f(n)
Bng 1.3. Kt qu o U
1
% = f(n)

10
S TT phn t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Trng hp khng c ai
in p U
S
, kV
1
2
3
TB
Trng hp c ai
in p U
S
, kV
1
2
3
TB

6. Ni dung bo co
Cc phn chnh phi bo co:
Mc ch th nghim
Thit b th nghim v phng php th nghim
S nguyn l th nghim
Cc bng kt qu o v x l kt qu o
Hnh biu din cc quan h
Nhn xt cc kt qu th nghim
Ngoi ra, hy tr li cc cu hi sau:
1. Gii thch nh hng ca cc in dung k sinh i vi s phn b in p trn chui cch
in.
2. Gii thch nh hng ca vng quang i vi s phn b in p.
3. Mc ch v tc dng ca ai bo v.
4. Nu nh trong chui c mt phn t b hng (mt tnh cht cch in) th s phn b in
p s nh th no?
5. ai nh hng ti h s ng nht nh th no? Quy lut bin thin ca U
1
% v U
1
% khi
s phn t ca chui thay i?







11

PHN II. BO CO TH NGHIM
I. X L KT QU TH NGHIM
1. Xc nh U
k
%
T cc kt qu th nghim bng 1.1, tnh U
k
% v v phn b U
k
% dc theo chui cch in
(hnh 1.7).
STT
in p phng in
U
0
, kV
Phn b in p
Trng hp khng ai Trng hp c ai
U
s
, kV U
k
% U
s
, kV U
k
%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Bng 1.4. Kt qu tnh ton phn b in p U
k
%

Hnh 1.7. Phn b in p U
k
%
2. Xc nh U
k
%
T cc kt qu th nghim bng 1.2, tnh U
k
% v v phn b U
k
% dc theo chui cch in
(hnh 1.8).






k
U
k
%
: khng c ai
: c ai
12
STT
in p phng in
U
0
, kV
Phn b in p
Trng hp khng ai Trng hp c ai
U
s
, kV U
k
% U
s
, kV U
k
%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Bng 1.5. Kt qu tnh ton phn b in p U
k
%

Hnh 1.8. Phn b in p U
k
%
3. Xc nh U
1
% = f(n)
T cc kt qu th nghim bng 1.3, tnh U
k
% v v phn b U
k
% dc theo chui cch in
S
phn t n

in p phng in U
0
, kV U
s
, kV U
s
/n, kV U
1
%
H s
khng ng nht x
Trng hp khng c ai bo v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Trng hp c ai bo v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
k
U
k
%
: khng c ai
: c ai
13
Bng 1.4. Kt qu tnh ton phn b in p U
k
%


Hnh 1.7. Phn b in p U
1
%
II. NHN XT CC KT QU TH NGHIM
...
...
...
...
...
...





















n
U
1
%
: khng c ai
: c ai
14

























BI 2
TH NGHIM O IN TR NI T



















15







PHN I. TH NGHIM
I. M U
Ni t l vic thc hin tn dng in i vo trong t nhm gim thp in p i vi
t, tng an ton cho ngi v cc thit b in. Do t l mi trng dn in nn khi c
dng in tn trong t thng qua cc in cc (cc tia, mch vng kim loi chn trong t)
th mi trng th hin ch yu tnh cht ging nh in tr, in tr ny gi l in tr ni
t. Thc cht ca in tr ni t l phn in tr tn ca min t bao quanh in cc, cn
phn kim loi ca bn thn in cc o qu nh nn c th b qua. C th xc nh in tr
ni t theo cng thc:

C
R
Trong : R in tr ni t,
in tr sut ca t, m
hng s in mi, F/m
C in dung, F

Tnh ton ni t trong cc s phc tp cng nh cc quy nh v tr s in tr ni t
c trnh by trong cc quy trnh quy phm v cc ti liu chuyn mn. Trong phm vi bi
th nghim ny s trnh by cc phng php o v hiu chnh kt qu o v in tr ni t
v in tr sut ca t.
Kt qu tnh ton v in tr ni t ca mt s hnh thc ni t n gin c cho
bng 2.1.











16
Hnh thc ni
t
S ni t
Cng thc tnh in tr ni
t R,
Ghi ch
Bn cu chn
st mt t
r
0

0
r 2
R

Cc chn st
mt t
l
d
I Mt t

d
l 4
ln
l 2
R
l = 2 3 m
d = 4 6 m
Khi dng st
gc, d c
thay bng
0,95b ( b l
chiu rng ca
st gc)
Cc chn su
trong t
l
d
I Mt t
t

l t 4
l t 4
ln
2
1
d
l 2
ln
l 2
R
Tia nm
ngang
I Mt t
t
d
l

td
l
ln
l 2
R
2

t = 0,5 1 m
d > 2 cm
Khi dng st
dt, d c
thay th bi
b/2 (b l chiu
rng ca st
dt, b > 4 cm)
Mch vng
chn nm
ngang
D

td
D 27 , 1
ln
l 2
R
2 2


Bng 2.1. in tr ni t ca mt s hnh thc ni t n gin

II. L THUYT PHNG PHP O
in tr ni t c xc nh theo biu thc ca nh lut Ohm:
I
U
R
Trong : U in p ni t (V)
I dng in tn trong t (A)
17
T kt qu trnh by ca R c th suy ra tr s in tr sut theo cc cng thc nh
trnh by trong bng 2.1.
Di y trnh by mt s phng php dng o in tr sut ca t.
1. Phng php dng Vnk v Ampe k
V
A
Ccnitcn
ointr Ccph
inp
Ccph
dngin
I
Binp
cchly
X Y
Z
A B
X Z
Sthayicain
troc
KhongcchXY

t
r

Y
Mintndngin
khnggiaothoa
R
X
r

Hnh 2.1. Phng php o in tr dng Vn k v Ampe k
Khi in cc ph in p t trong min AB ta s xc nh c in tr ni t:
I
U
R
x
x

Trong : U
x
tr s c Vn k, V
I Tr s c Ampe k, A
in cc ph dng in phi t cch xa b phn ni t R
x
cc min tn dng in
ca chng khng giao cho nhau. Nhm m bo chnh xc, cc ng h Vn k v Ampe k
phi c cp chnh xc 1 1,5 ng thi Vn k phi c ni tr ln hn 50R
T
(R
T
l in tr
ni t ca in cc ph in p, c xc nh bng cch a mch dng in I vo cc
ny).
in tr ni t R
P
ca in cc ph dng in qu ln s lm gim in p U
x
do
khi cn thit, in cc ph s c thc hin bi vi ba cc ghp song song.
xc nh in tr sut ca t, ta s chn cc mu theo hnh thc chn st mt t
trong bng 2.1 thay th vo v tr ca R
x
. in tr sut c xc nh theo cng thc:
d
l 4
ln
lR 2

o in tr ni t v in tr sut ca t thng c tin hnh trong cc ngy kh
ro ca ma h, khi m trong t mc bnh thng. c cc gi tr ng vi khi t
18
ng gi v kh ro (ma ng) phi hiu chnh bng cch nhn cc kt qu o vi h s ma
(bng 2.2)
Hnh thc ni t chn su H s ma K
Chiu nm ngang (tia, mch vng)
0,5 4,5 6,5
0,8 1,6 3
Chn thng ng (cc) 0,8 1,4 2
Bng 2.2. Bng h s ma
Ghi ch: Nu t kh ro s ly h s ma theo gii hn di, nu t m s ly theo gii hn
trn.
2. Phng php o dng cc loi ng h Terrometre
Nguyn l ca phng php ny hon ton ging vi phng php dng Vn k v
Ampe k, tuy vy c hai im khc bit ch yu l:
C ngun in p ni b (nh my pht tay quay) thay th cho vic ly in p t
li in qua cc my bin p cch ly.
Cho trc tip kt qu o in tr ni t
phng th nghim ta dng ng h M 416 T3 do Lin X sn xut. S o v
hng dn cch s dng ghi trn mt ng h.
III. TRNH T TH NGHIM
1. Chn khu vc th nghim thc hin ni dy theo s trn mt ng h. Ch
chn cc khu vc khng c kt cu kim loi ngm (ng nc, ng cp, mng cng
trnh bng b tng ct thp, ).
2. o in tr ni t bng phng php Vn k - Ampe k
Ch thc hin cc im sau y:
Dng bin tr r iu chnh dng in sao cho tch s U
x
I khng vt qu
dung lng ca my bin p cch ly.
Thay i v tr ca cc ph in p xc nh v tr chnh xc ca min c th
bng khng (min AB)
Xc nh cc tr s in tr ni t: ...
I
U U
R ;
I
U
R
x
p
x
x

Cho dng in I t 3 n 5 gi tr khc nhau kim tra tnh n nh ca cc kt
qu o R
x

Xc nh in tr sut ca t theo cng thc (4) (b phn ni t c thay th
bi mt cc di l, ng knh d chn st mt t.
3. o in tr bng Terrometre
S dng ng h M 416 T3
Ch thc hin cc im sau:
Kim tra tnh trng lm vic ca ng h (kim tra 5 )
o trn nhiu thang o khc nhau kim tra kt qu o
Kt qu o in tr ni t: R
x
= .....
19


PHN II. BO CO TH NGHIM
1. Kt qu th nghim
Dng Terrometer o trc tip ta c kt qu: R
n
=.......
2. Nhn xt th nghim
.................................................................................................................................. ....................
.............................................................................................................. ........................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................




























20



















BI 3
PHNG IN VNG QUANG























21



PHN I. TH NGHIM
I. MC CH
Bi th nghim ny nghin cu hin tng phng in vng quang v cc c trng c
bn ca vng quang:
1. in trng v in p khi u vng quang
2. c tuyn V A
3. Tn tht cng sut do vng quang
4. Tc dng ca vic phn nh dy dn
II. L THUYT CHUNG
in trng khi u ca vng quang c xc nh theo cng thc thc nghim ca Peek:
0
vq
r
3 , 0
1 30 E , kV/cm (3.1)
Trong : Mt tng i ca khng kh,
273 t
p 386 , 0

p (mmHg) p sut kh quyn
t (
0
C) nhit mi trng
r
0
bn knh dy dn (cm)
Hin tng phng in vng quang ch xy ra trong min khng kh ln cn dy dn. T
cng thc (3.1) c th nhn thy rng phng in vng quang trong cc trng hp thc t c
th c m hnh trong phng th nghim.
1. M hnh t in hnh tr
M hnh ny nhm m phng vng quang trong cc thit b lc bi. T in hnh tr
gm in cc trong l dy dy bn knh r
0
v in cc ngoi l ng kim loi bn knh R (hnh
3.1).
R
r
0

Hnh 3.1. M hnh t in
hnh tr
Khi t in p U gia cc in cc th cng in trng
trn mt dy dn (in cc trong) c tr s:
0
0
0
r
R
ln r
U
E (3.2)
Cn bng in trng ny vi in trng khi u ca vng quang s xc nh c
in p khi u ca vng quang:
0
vq 0 vq
r
R
ln E r U (3.3)
M hnh ny dng m phng vng quang trn cc ng dy ti in cao p.
22

r
0
h

Hnh 3.2. M
hnh tnh vng
quang trn ng
dy ti in
U
vq
I
O
A
U
vq

Hnh 3.3. c tuyn V A ca vng
quang xoay chiu
U
vq
I
vq
A
O

Hnh 3.4. c tuyn V A
ca vng quang mt chiu


in trng trn b mt dy dn c xc nh bi:
0
0
0
r
h 2
ln r
U
E (3.4)
V in p khi u ca vng quang:
0
vq 0 vq
r
h 2
ln E r U (3.5)
Khi xy ra phng in vng quang, c dng in I
vq
i t in cc bn knh b ti in
cc i din. Quan h U
vq
= f(I) c gi l c tuyn V A ca vng quang (hnh 3.3).
y l mt c tuyn quan trng v thng qua n, ta c th xc nh c bng thc
nghim in p khi u ca vng quang v tn tht cng sut do vng quang:
P
vq
= UI
vq
(3.6)
vng quang xoay chiu, tn tht cng sut do vng quang cn c th c xc nh t
din tch ca c tuyn Volt Coulomb Q = f(U):
) U ( Q vq
kS P , vi k l h s, S
Q(U)
l
din tch ng c tuyn Volt Coulomb.
Khi in p U U
vq
, ng c tuyn Volt Coulomb l on thng OA v quan h
Q(U) l tuyn tnh. in p U > U
vq
, do nh hng ca in tch khng gian gy nn bi
qu trnh ion ha trong min khng kh ln cn dy dn nn in tch Q c tr s ln v quan
h Q(U) c dng ging vi ng cong t tr.
Trn cc ng dy in p cao, hn ch vng quang th ta phi m bo sao cho
in trng trn mt dy dn b hn E
vq
. C th nhn thy t cng thc (3.4), khi in p
ng dy cao th i hi bn knh dy cng phi ln. T dn n cc quy nh v ng
knh ti thiu (D
min
) ca cc ng dy c in p khc nhau:
U = 100 kV: D
min
= 11,3 mm (AC 70)
U = 220 kV: D
min
= 21,1 mm (AC 240)
23
i vi cc ng dy siu cao p v cc cao p, vic vn chuyn v lp t dy dn
kch thc ln s rt kh khn. Trong cc trng hp ny, ngi ta dng dy phn nh - dy
dn bn knh r
0
(hnh 3.2) s c thay th bi 2, 3, 4, ... dy c bn knh b hn trn nguyn
tc m bo din tch dn in khng i. Ngoi tc dng hn ch vng quang, dy phn nh
cn c tc dng nng cao kh nng truyn ti ca ng dy.
III. M T THIT B TH NGHIM V S TH NGHIM
Th nghim phng in vng quang c tin hnh vi in p mt chiu v xoay chiu
trong cc trng hp dy dn mt phng v dy dn - ng hnh tr.
Thit b to in p cao l b ngun cao p kiu TBO 140 5 2 c th to ra in p cao
bin thin trong phm vi rng (100 kV xoay chiu, 140 kV mt chiu chnh lu na chu k).
in p ra xoay chiu ca thit b c xc nh theo t s bin p ca my bin p, vi in
p xoay chiu, t s l 100kV/180V, vi in p mt chiu t s l 140 kV/180V. Nhng chi
tit khi s dng cc thit b s c ngi hng dn gii thiu trc khi th nghim. S
nguyn l dng ngun xoay chiu nh sau:
R
V
A mA
S
2
S
1
C

Hnh 3.5. S nguyn l khi dng ngun xoay chiu
S trn dng h in cc dy dn hnh tr. Khi dng h in cc dy dn mt
phng th s nguyn l khng c g khc bit.
S nguyn l khi dng ngun chnh lu:
R
V
D
A mA
S
2
S
1
C

Hnh 3.6. S nguyn l khi dng ngun mt chiu
Khi lm th nghim, cn ch nhng iu sau:
1. Kim tra khong cch gia in cc dy dn n mt phng, dy dn n mt trong
hnh tr. Ch dy dn trng vi trc ca hnh tr.
2. a t ngu v v tr khng v ng tip im ca
3. ng ngun cao p v bt u lm th nghim. Khi lm th nghim cho in p tng
u, theo di ch s ca Voltmeter V v ca Microamperemeter.
24
4. Mi khi cn tin hnh thao tc bn cao p, nht thit phi ct ngun cung cp in cho
cun s cp ca my bin p cao p v ni t u ra.
IV. NI DUNG TH NGHIM
1. Xc nh quan h in p xoay chiu v dng in vng quang
Khi lm th nghim cn phi xc nh in p bt u vng quang (ti thi im khi
dng in bt u tng).
Phn ny ch s dng Miliamperemeter nn m cng tc S
1
, ng cng tc S
2
.
2. Xc nh quan h in p mt chiu v dng in vng quang
Phn ny ch s dng Microamperemeter nn ng cng tc S
1
, m cng tc S
2
.
3. Xc nh nh hng ca dy dn phn pha
Dy dn ng knh D nh trong phn 1, phn 2 c thay th bng cc dy dn nh
hn nhng c tng din tch cc dy phn nh khng i. Trnh t tin hnh th nghim nh
trong hai phn trn.
Th nghim tin hnh vi trng hp hai dy phn nh v bn dy phn nh in p
xoay chiu v mt chiu vi cc loi in cc khc nhau.
4. Chun b trc khi lm th nghim
1. Cc loi phng in trong cht kh
2. c im ch yu ca phng in vng quang v phng in chc thng.
3. Cc c tnh c bn ca phng in vng quang? Vng quang in p xoay chiu v
in p mt chiu.
4. nh hng ca s phn pha n in p phng in vng quang.
5. nh hng v tc hi ca phng in vng quang n vic truyn ti in.
V. KT QU TH NGHIM
1. Trng hp in cc dy dn mt phng
1.1. Trng hp dy dn n
ng knh dy: D = mm
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (V)
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (V)
in p U, V in p xoay
chiu
Dng in I, mA
in p U, V in p mt
chiu
Dng in I, A
Bng 3.1. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi dy dn n

1.2. Dy dn phn pha (bn dy phn nh)
ng knh dy: d = mm
Khong cch s
1
= .cm
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (V)
25
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (V)
in p U, V in p xoay
chiu
Dng in I, mA
in p U, V in p mt
chiu
Dng in I, A
Bng 3.2. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi bn dy dn phn nh, khong cch s
1

Khong cch s
2
= .cm
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (V)
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (V)
in p U, V in p xoay
chiu
Dng in I, mA
in p U, V in p mt
chiu
Dng in I, A
Bng 3.3. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi bn dy dn phn nh, khong cch s
2

Khong cch s
3
= .cm
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (V)
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (V)
in p U, V in p xoay
chiu
Dng in I, mA
in p U, V in p mt
chiu
Dng in I, A
Bng 3.4. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi bn dy dn phn nh, khong cch s
3


Khong cch s
4
= .cm
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (V)
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (V)
in p U, V in p xoay
chiu
Dng in I, mA
in p U, V in p mt
chiu
Dng in I, A
Bng 3.5. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi bn dy dn phn nh, khong cch s
4

2. Trng hp in cc dy dn hnh tr
2.1. Trng hp dy dn n
ng knh dy: D = mm
26
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (V)
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (V)

in p U, V in p xoay
chiu
Dng in I, mA
in p U, V in p mt
chiu
Dng in I, A
Bng 3.6. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi dy dn n

2.2. Dy dn phn pha
ng knh dy: d = mm
Khong cch s
1
= .cm
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (V)
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (V)
in p U, V in p xoay
chiu
Dng in I, mA
in p U, V in p mt
chiu
Dng in I, A
Bng 3.7. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi bn dy dn phn nh, khong cch s
1

Khong cch s
2
= .cm
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (V)
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (V)
in p U, V in p xoay
chiu
Dng in I, mA
in p U, V in p mt
chiu
Dng in I, A
Bng 3.8. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi bn dy dn phn nh, khong cch s
2

Khong cch s
3
= .cm
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (V)
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (V)
in p U, V in p xoay
chiu
Dng in I, mA
in p U, V in p mt
chiu
Dng in I, A
27
Bng 3.9. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi bn dy dn phn nh, khong cch s
3

Khong cch s
4
= .cm
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (V)
in p (s cp) xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (V)
in p U, V in p xoay
chiu
Dng in I, mA
in p U, V in p mt
chiu
Dng in I, A
Bng 3.10. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi bn dy dn phn nh, khong cch s
4
VI. YU CU BO CO TH NGHIM
1. Mc ch ca th nghim
2. S nguyn l ca th nghim
3. iu kin kh hu khi tin hnh th nghim: m ca khng kh (%), nhit (t
0
C),
p sut (p, mmHg).
4. Cc bng s liu th nghim v tnh ton in p ra theo in p cung cp vo cun s
cp v tnh tn hao vng quang P.
5. Kim tra cng thc ca Peek v cng in trng xut hin vng quang.
6. V cc ng cong quan h in p vi dng in vng quang (c tnh Volt
Ampere), cc ng cong quan h cng sut tn hao vng quang vi in p theo cc
bng s liu th nghim v tnh ton.
Nhn xt, so snh cc kt qu th nghim v gii thch cc kt qu th nghim.























28





PHN II. BO CO TH NGHIM
1. Trng hp in cc dy dn mt phng
1.1. Trng hp dy dn n
ng knh dy: D = mm
in p xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (kV)
in p xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (kV)
in p U
sc
, V
in
p
xoay
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, mA
Cng sut tn hao P, W
in p U
sc
, V
in
p mt
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, A
Cng sut tn hao P, W
Bng 3.1. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi dy dn n

1.2. Dy dn phn pha (bn dy phn nh)
ng knh dy: d = mm
Khong cch s
1
= .cm
in p xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (kV)
in p xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (kV)
in p U
sc
, V
in
p
xoay
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, mA
Cng sut tn hao P, W
in p U
sc
, V
in
p mt
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, A
Cng sut tn hao P, W
Bng 3.2. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi bn dy dn phn nh, khong cch s
1

Khong cch s
2
= .cm
in p xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (kV)
in p xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (kV)
29
in p U
sc
, V
in
p
xoay
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, mA
Cng sut tn hao P, W
in p U
sc
, V
in
p mt
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, A
Cng sut tn hao P, W
Bng 3.3. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi bn dy dn phn nh, khong cch s
2

Khong cch s
3
= .cm
in p xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (kV)
in p xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (kV)
in p U
sc
, V
in
p
xoay
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, mA
Cng sut tn hao P, W
in p U
sc
, V
in
p mt
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, A
Cng sut tn hao P, W
Bng 3.4. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi bn dy dn phn nh, khong cch s
3


Khong cch s
4
= .cm
in p xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (kV)
in p xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (kV)
in p U
sc
, V
in
p
xoay
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, mA
Cng sut tn hao P, W
in p U
sc
, V
in
p mt
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, A
Cng sut tn hao P, W
Bng 3.5. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi bn dy dn phn nh, khong cch s
4


30
2. Trng hp in cc dy dn hnh tr
2.1. Trng hp dy dn n
ng knh dy: D = mm
in p xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (kV)
in p xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (kV)
in p U
sc
, V
in
p
xoay
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, mA
Cng sut tn hao P, W
in p U
sc
, V
in
p mt
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, A
Cng sut tn hao P, W
Bng 3.6. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi dy dn n

2.2. Dy dn phn pha
ng knh dy: d = mm
Khong cch s
1
= .cm
in p xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (kV)
in p xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (kV)
in p U
sc
, V
in
p
xoay
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, mA
Cng sut tn hao P, W
in p U
sc
, V
in
p mt
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, A
Cng sut tn hao P, W
Bng 3.7. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi bn dy dn phn nh, khong cch s
1

Khong cch s
2
= .cm
in p xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (kV)
in p xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (kV)





31
in p U
sc
, V
in
p
xoay
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, mA
Cng sut tn hao P, W
in p U
sc
, V
in
p mt
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, A
Cng sut tn hao P, W
Bng 3.8. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi bn dy dn phn nh, khong cch s
2

Khong cch s
3
= .cm
in p xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (kV)
in p xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (kV)
in p U
sc
, V
in
p
xoay
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, mA
Cng sut tn hao P, W
in p U
sc
, V
in
p mt
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, A
Cng sut tn hao P, W
Bng 3.9. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi bn dy dn phn nh, khong cch s
3


Khong cch s
4
= .cm
in p xut hin vng quang xoay chiu: U = (kV)
in p xut hin vng quang mt chiu: U = (kV)
in p U
sc
, V
in
p
xoay
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, mA
Cng sut tn hao P, W
in p U
sc
, V
in
p mt
chiu
in p U, kV
Dng in I, A
Cng sut tn hao P, W
Bng 3.10. c tnh Volt Ampere ca vng quang vi bn dy dn phn nh, khong cch
s
4

32
3. V cc c tnh volt Ampere
Dy dn n


Hnh 3.7. c tnh V A ca dy dn
- mt chiu -

Hnh 3.8. c tnh V A ca dy dn
- xoay chiu -

Dy dn phn pha


Hnh 3.9. c tnh V A ca dy phn pha
mt chiu , in cc dy dn mt phng

Hnh 3.10. c tnh V A ca dy dn
xoay chiu, in cc dy dn mt phng



kV
mA
kV
A
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
kV
mA
:dy dn mt phng
: dy dn hnh tr
kV
A
:dy dn mt phng
: dy dn hnh tr
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
33

Hnh 3.9. c tnh V A ca dy phn pha
mt chiu , in cc dy dn hnh tr

Hnh 3.10. c tnh V A ca dy dn
xoay chiu, in cc dy dn hnh tr

4. V ng cong tn tht vng quang
P (W) = f (U
vq
)
Dy dn n


Hnh 3.7. c tnh tn hao vng quang
- mt chiu -

Hnh 3.8. c tnh V A ca dy dn
- xoay chiu -

kV
W
:dy dn mt phng
: dy dn hnh tr
kV
W
:dy dn mt phng
: dy dn hnh tr
kV
mA
kV
A
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
34
Dy dn phn pha


Hnh 3.9. c tnh tn hao vng quang
mt chiu , in cc dy dn mt phng

Hnh 3.10. c tnh tnh tn hao vng quang
xoay chiu, in cc dy dn mt phng





Hnh 3.9. c tnh tnh tn hao vng quang
mt chiu , in cc dy dn hnh tr


Hnh 3.10. c tnh tnh tn hao vng quang
xoay chiu, in cc dy dn hnh tr

5. Kim tra cng thc ca Peek v cng in trng xut hin vng quang
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kV
W
kV
W
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
kV
W
kV
W
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
: s = cm
35


6. Nhn xt v kt qu th nghim
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