Phn ng thun nghch (p khng hon ton):

cng k, p xy ra ng thi theo hai chiu ngc

nhau
V d - H
2
(k) + I
2
(k) 2HI (k)

Phn ng mt chiu (p hon ton): = hay
V d - KClO
3
(r) = KCl(r) + 3/2O
2
(k)

Phn ng d th -p din ra trn b mt phn chia
pha
Zn (r) + 2HCl (dd) = ZnCl
2
(dd) + H
2
(k)
Phn ng n gin - p din ra qua 1 giai on
(1 tc dng c bn) V d: H
2
(k) + I
2
(k) = 2HI (k)

Phn ng phc tp p din ra qua nhiu giai on
( nhiu tc dng c bn)
Cc giai on : ni tip , song song, thun nghch
2N
2
O
5
= 4NO
2
+ O
2
N
2
O
5
= N
2
O
3
+ O
2

N
2
O
5
+ N
2
O
3
= 4NO
2
V d
C hai giai on:
nh lut tc dng khi lng (M.Guldberg v P. Waage )
nhit khng i, p ng th, n gin:
aA + bB = cC + dD
Tc phn ng : v = k.C
a
A
.C
b
B

nh lut tc dng khi lng ca Guldberg-
waage nghim ng cho cc p n gin v cho
tng tc dng c bn ca p phc tp.
b
B
a
A t t
C C k v =
d
D
c
C n n
C C k v =
v
t
= v
n


t
0
v
v
t

v
n

Phn ng ca h kh l tng (p n gin ):
aA (k) + bB(k) cC(k) + dD(k)
t = 0 C
0
A
C
0
B
0 0 (mol/l )
t | C
A
+ CB + C
c
| C
D
|

v
t
= v
n
(C
A
)
cb
=const (C
B
)
cb
=const (C
c
)
cb
=const (C
D
)
cb
=const
AG=0 (P
A
)
cb
=const (P
B
)
cb
=const (P
C
)
cb
=const (P
D
)
cb
=const
t
cb

Trng thi cbhh l trng thi cn bng ng.
Trng thi cn bng ng vi AG
p
= 0 . (A=0)
Du hiu ca trng thi cn bng ho hc:
Tnh bt bin theo thi gian
Tnh linh ng
Tnh hai chiu.
aA(k) + bB(k) cC(k) + dD(k) (p n gin )
Khi trng thi t cn bng: v
t
= v
n




K hng s nhit xc nh: hng s cn bng.


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
cb
d
D cb
c
C n cb
b
B cb
a
A t
C . C . k C . C . k =
( )
cb
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
n
t
C
C C
C C
k
k
K = =
( ) (
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
) ( ) ( )
( ) b a d c
cb
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
cb b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
cb
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
p
RT
C C
C C
RT C RT C
RT C RT C
p p
p p
K
+
= = =
( )
n
C p
RT K K
A
=
Hng s cn bng cho phn ng ng th
H kh l tng
2 NOCl(K) 2 NO(k) + Cl
2
(k)
[NOCl] [NO] [Cl
2
]
Ban u 2.00 0 0
Phn ng +0.33
Cn bng
K =
[NO]
2
[Cl
2
]
[NOCl]
2

K =
[NO]
2
[Cl
2
]
[NOCl]
2
=
(0.66)
2
(0.33)
(1.34)
2
= 0.080
- 0.66 +0.66
1.34 0.66 0.33


aA(dd) + bB(dd) cC(dd) + dD(dd)

( )
cb
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
C
C C
C C
K =
CaCO
3(r)
CaO
(r)
+ CO
2(k)


RT K K
c P
=
( )
cb
CO c
2
C K =
( )
cb
CaCO
CO CaO
p
3
2
p
p p
K =
'
( )
cb CO
CaO
CaCO
p p
2
3
p
p
p
K K =
'
=
Trong biu thc ca hng s cn bng K khng xut
hin cc thnh phn sau: cht rn nguyn cht,
cht lng nguyn cht, dung mi.
CH
3
COOH(dd) + H
2
O CH
3
COO
-
(dd) + H
3
O
+

| || |
| | COOH CH
COO CH O H
K
3
3 3
a
+
=
| || |
| | OH NH
OH NH
K
4
4
b
+
=
Hng s in ly ca axit
NH
4
OH (dd) NH
4
+
(dd) + OH
-
(dd)
Hng s in ly ca baze


| || |
| |

=
COO CH
OH COOH CH
K
t
3
3
Hng s thu phn
S(r) + O
2
(k) SO
2
(k)


( )
cb
O
SO
p
P
P
K
2
2
=
( )
cb
O
SO
C
C
C
K
2
2
=
K
P
= K
C


S(r) + O
2
(k) SO
2
(k) K
1
= [SO
2
] / [O
2
]
SO
2
(k) +1/2 O
2
(k) SO
3
(k)K
2
= [SO
3
] / [SO
2
][O
2
]
1/2

S(r) + 3/2 O
2
(k) SO
3
(k) K
3
= ????
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | | |
2 1
2 2
3
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
. . K K
SO O
SO
O
SO
O
SO
K
cb
cb
cb cb
cb
= = =

S(r) + 3/2 O
2
(k) SO
3
(k)

2 S(r) + 3 O
2
(k) 2 SO
3
(k)

| |
| |
2
3
2
3
1
cb
cb
O
SO
K =
| |
| |
3
2
2
3
2
cb
cb
O
SO
K =
K
2
= K
1
2


S(r) + O
2
(k) SO
2
(k)

SO
2
(k) S(r) + O
2
(k)

K
thun
= 1/K
nghch

| |
| |
cb
cb
O
SO
K
2
2
1
=
| |
| |
1
2
2
2
1
K
SO
O
K
cb
cb
= =
K
Q
RT Q RT G G
T T
ln ln
0
= + A = A
| | | |
| | | |
t
(

=
b a
d c
B A
D C
Q
| | | |
| | | |
cb
b a
d c
cb
B A
D C
Q K
(

= =
Cht kh l tng [] P (atm)/P
0
(1atm)
Dung dch long [] C (mol/l)/C
0
(1mol/l)
Rn nc, lng nc, dung mi (H
2
O) 1
Quan h gia hng s cn bng v AG
PHN NG NG TH

Kh l tng
aA + bB cC + dD
c
c
P
P
P
0
T
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
0
T T
K
Q
ln RT
K
Q
ln RT Q ln RT G
p p
p p
ln RT G G = = + A =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ A = A
t
Khi phn ng t trng thi cn bng: AG
T
= 0
p
cb
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
T
K RT
p p
p p
RT G ln ln
0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
Dungdch
lng,long
c
c
c
0
T
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
0
T T
K
Q
ln RT Q ln RT G
C C
C C
ln RT G G = + A =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ A = A
t
Khi phn ng t trng thi cn bng: AG
T
= 0
C
cb
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
T
K RT
C C
C C
RT G ln ln
0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
K
p
= f(bc p, T) K
p
= f(C)
K
Q
ln RT G
T
= A
Nu Q < K AG < 0 phn ng xy ra theo chiu thun
Nu Q > K AG > 0 phn ng xy ra theo chiu nghch
Nu Q = K AG = 0 h t trng thi cn bng
V d : Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng:
2 NO
2(k)
N
2
O
4(k)
298K khi bit
Gii:
K J v kJ H
pu
/ 6 , 176 S 040 , 58
0
298pu
0
298
= A = A
-5412.3J 176,6 298 58040 - = + = A A = A
0
298
0
298
0
298
S T H G
185 , 2
298 314 , 8
3 , 5412
ln
0
=

=
A
=
RT
G
K
p
9 , 8
2
2
4 2
= =
NO
O N
p
p
p
K
L hng s nhit nht nh, ch ph thuc vo
bn cht p v nhit , ch khng ph thuc vo
nng hoc p sut ring phn ca cht p
Ph thuc vo cch thit lp cc h s trong ptp.
Hng s cn bng K
p
,K
c
khng c th nguyn.
Hng s cn bng khng ph thuc vo cht xc tc
Hng s cn bng c gi tr cng ln th hiu sut p
cng cao.
o o o
S T H G A A = A
p
o
K RT G ln = A
A
+
A
=
0
2
0
2
ln
R
S
RT
H
K
A
+
A
=
0
1
0
1
ln
R
S
RT
H
K
|
|
.
|

\
|

A
=
2 1
0
1
2
1 1
ln
T T R
H
K
K
NO
(k)
+ O
2(k)
NO
2(k)
Tnh K
p
325
0
C?
Bit: AH
0
= -56,484kJ v K
p
= 1,3.10
6
25
0
C
02 . 14
325
=
K
64 . 2 ln
325
=
K
437 , 11
598
1
298
1
314 , 8
56484
10 . 3 , 1
ln
6
598
=

.
|

\
|
=
K
1 1
ln
598 298
0
298
598


.
|


\
|

A
=
T T R
H
K
K
Pht biu: Mt h ang
trng thi cn bng m ta
thay i mt trong cc thng
s trng thi ca h (nng ,
nhit , p sut) th cn
bng s dch chuyn theo
chiu c tc dng chng li
s thay i .
Henri LeChtelier (1850-1936) Henri LeChtelier (1850-1936)
An =0 p sut chung khng nh hng n trng thi cn bng.
[N
2
]
[NH
3
]
cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun

cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun

P
cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun
T
cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun

Co(H
2
O)
6

2+
+ 4Cl
-
CoCl
4
2-
+6 H
2
O AH
p
>0
Lm lnh
un nng
1)Tnh K
c,
K
P
1100K
| |
| | | |
P C
K
H
O H
K = = = = 10
316 . 0
1
2 2
2
2
2
0 21062 10 lg . 303 , 2 . 1100 . 314 , 8 lg . 303 , 2 .
0
1100
< = = = A J K RT G
c
2) Tnh (AG
0
1100
)
p
v xc nh chiu p :
SnO
2
(r) + 2H
2
(k) 2H
2
O(k) + Sn (l)
V= 1 lit ; 0,01 mol 0,1 mol 0,1 mol 1mol
| |
| |
0 lg . 303 , 2 . lg . 303 , 2 .
2
2
2
2
0
1100
< = + A = A
c
c
K
Q
RT
H
O H
RT G G
3)Cn bng s chuyn dch v pha no trong cc trng hp
Tng nhit .Cho bit K
p
= 1,5 900K.
Tng th tch bnh phn ng ln 10 ln.
AH
0
>0 , chiu thun
An=0 , cn bng
khng dch chuyn