Bi 1 : Cho bit H thc ng hay Sai ?

a) A (A B)
L 1 H thc Sai !
Bi v :
Ta xt v d sau :
Cho 2 tp hp A v B
A={1,2}
B={2,3}
AB={2}
A A B
Vy H thc A A B l sai
05/28/11 00:29

Bi 1 : Cho bit H thc ng hay Sai ?

b) C (A B) C :
H thc ny ng
Nu A B = (A B) C = C
Nu A B = D (A B) C = D C C
Ta c th iu ny r rng bng biu Ven :

05/28/11 00:29

Bi 1 : Cho bit H thc ng hay Sai ?

c, A B A B :
l h thc Sai
Ta c Biu Ven sau :

V d : A ={1,2}; B ={2,3}
A B ={1,2,3} v A B ={2};
R rng : A B A B l 1 H thc Sai
05/28/11 00:29

Bi 1 : Cho bit H thc ng hay Sai ?

d, A (A B) = A B
L 1 h thc Sai
Bi v :
A (A B) = (A A) (A B)
=
A (A B)
=
A
A (A B) = A B A = A B
R rng : H thc A = A B : L 1 h thc Sai pcm

05/28/11 00:29

Bi 1 : Cho bit H thc ng hay Sai ?

e, (A B ) \ (A B ) = A\B
H thc Sai !
Bi v : Ta xt v d sau :
Xt 2 tp hp A,B : A ={1,2}; B={2,3};
A B ={1,2,3};
A B ={2};
(A B ) \ (A B ) ={1,3};
m : A \ B ={1}:
{1,3} # {1} (A B ) \ (A B ) = A\B l Sai !

05/28/11 00:29

Bi 2: Z: tp s nguyn , A Z , B Z :
A={x Z : x = 4p-1 vi p Z}
B={x Z : x = 4q-5 vi q Z}
CMR : A = B
Ta phi ch ra rng : x A x B v y B y A . Tht vy :
Ly x A x = 4p-1 (p Z ) x + 5 = 4p + 4 =4(p+1)
t p+1 =q (q Z ) Ta c : x + 5 = 4q x = 4q - 5 (q Z )
x B (1)
Ly y B y = 4q - 5 (q Z ) y + 1 = 4q - 4 =4(q-1)
t q-1 =p (p Z ) Ta c : x + 1 = 4p x = 4p - 1 (p Z )
x A (2)
(1)(2) A=B (pcm)
05/28/11 00:29

Bi 3: Cho 2 tp A1 , A2 :
A1 = {n Z: n<0}
A2 = {n Z: n>0}
A1 , A2 c phi 1 phn hoch ca Z khng?
Ta

c th nhn thy rng : A1 + A2 = Z {0};

A1 , A2 khng ph kn Z
A1 , A2 khng to thnh 1 phn hoch ca Z

Ta c phn hoch ca Z nh sau :

A1 = {n Z: n<0} - Tp hp s nguyn m
A2 = {n Z: n 0} - Tp hp s nguyn khng m
R rng - A1 , A2 ph kn tp Z
- A1 , A2 ri nhau .

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Bi 4: Cho A ={0,1,2,3,4}; v xc nh quan h R trn A bi :

R ={ (0,0),(2,1) ,(0,3) ,(1,1) ,(3,0) ,(1,4) ,(4,1) ,(2,2) ,(2,4) ,(3,3) ,(4,4) ,(1,2) ,
(4,2) };
R l quan h tng ng trn A ?Nu ng hy ch ra lp tng
ng ?
R l 1 quan h tng ng trn A :
Ta cn ch ra R c 3 tnh cht :
Quan h i xng
Quan h phn x
Quan h bt cu
Ta nhn thy rng R bao gm cc phn t o nhau nu (a,b) R th
(b,a) R V d : (2,1) v (1,2) u thuc R
Nn R hin nhin c quan h i xng v phn x

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Bi 4: Cho A ={0,1,2,3,4};..(tip )
Ta xt n quan h truyn ng : Ta nhn thy rng nu nh c 2 phn t
(a,b) v (b,c) R th (a,c) R .
R c quan h truyn ng
Vy R c quan h tng ng trn A.
Cc lp tng ng trn A :
tm cc lp tng ng trn A ta tm 1 quan h c th ca R trn A
y xt tnh cht cng chia ht cho 3 hoc cng khng chia ht cho 3
Ta d dng thy c vi tnh cht cng chia ht cho 3 hoc cng khng
chia ht cho 3 th A c 2 lp tng ng sau :
A1 ={0,3};
A2 ={1,2,4};
05/28/11 00:29

Bi 5: Xt tp hp cc phn t l cc s nguyn :
A0 ={ ,-10,-5,0,5,10,15,20,25,};
A1 ={.,-9 ,-4,1,6,11,16,21,26,.};
A2 ={.,-8 ,-3,2,7,12,17,22,27,.};
A3 ={.,-7 ,-2,3,8,13,18,23,28,.};
A4 ={.,-6 ,-1,4,9,14,19,24,29,.};
a, A0 , A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 to thnh phn hoch ca tp Z
Ta cn ch ra :
A +A +A + A + A = Z ;
0
1
2
3
4
A

Aj = ;

05/28/11 00:29

tuananhhut87@yahoo.com

10

Bi 5 : (Tip )
Tht vy :
D dng thy c
A +A +A + A + A = Z ;(1)
0
1
2
3
4
A

Aj = ;

(2)

Vy A0 , A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 to thnh phn hoch ca tp Z

b , a ra quan h s tng ng vi phn hoch :
Theo bi ra ta thy 1 iu c bit l : xi Ai xi mod 5 = i
Ta c th rt ra quan h phn hoch :
a v b Z gi l c quan h vi nhau nu : a mod 5 = b mod 5

05/28/11 00:29

tuananhhut87@yahoo.com

11

Bi 1:Cho 5 k t : A,B,C,D,E :
a , C bao nhiu xu k t c di 4 k t c th lp c t cc k
t cho nu khng cho php lp k t :
S cch chn k t th nht ca xu l: 5
S cch chn k t th hai ca xu l : 4
S cch chn k t th ba ca xu l
:3
S cch chn k t th bn ca xu l : 2
S cch chn k t th nm ca xu l : 1
Nh vy theo nguyn l nhn s cch chn l : 5*4*3*2*1 = 120 (A 54)
K t 1
5 cch

05/28/11 00:29

K t 2
4 cch

K t 3
3 cch

tuananhhut87@yahoo.com

K t 4
2 cch

K t 5
1 cch

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Bi 1:Cho 5 k t : A,B,C,D,E :
b , C bao nhiu xu k t trong a tm c (120 xu) m B ng
u :
V vai tr ca A,B,C,D,E l nh nhau nn s xu k t m B ng u cng
bng s xu k t m A hay C hay D hay E ng u :
Vy S xu phi tm l : 120/5 = 24 xu
c , C bao nhiu xu k t trong a tm c (120 xu) m B khng ng
u :
S xu k t m B khng ng u l : 120 24 = 96 (xu)

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