Std11 BM TM

tf fj
nk iy - Kjyh ML
lhik xU ghtbra
lhik xU bgUFw
lhik kjjikaw bra
j ehL
ghl fHf
f rhiy/ brid - 600 006.
jehL muR
Kjg - 2004
FGjiyt
U. it. Uhd rgj,

X-bgw fja iuahs
muR Mlt fiy f
ejd/ brid - 35.
nkyh-thsf
U. e. unk,
Kidt . kh.bu. thr,
njiy iuahs
,iz nguha
fjJiw
a Jiw
muR Mlt fiy f
brid gfiy fHf
ejd/ brid - 35.
brid - 5.
U. br. Fznrfu,
jiyik Ma
mud kf nkiy g
UbrnfhL/ ehkf khtl
yhaf
U. R. ,uhkru,
U. rh. ,uhk ,
KJfiy gljh Ma
KJfiy gljh Ma
jhngil nkiyg b#anfhgh fnuhoah nja nkiyg
jhngil/ brid-2.
HF jhgu/ brid-59.
U. r. nt. gkehg,
KJfiy gljh Ma
,J nkiyg
Utnf/ brid-5.
iy : %.
Uk. .dh,
KJfiy gljh Mia
,uhkUzh \
nkiyg (ika)
. ef/ brid-17.
U. ntQ. ufh ,
a iuahs (K..)
khy f
brid-5.
ghlf jah :
jehL muRfhf g f ,aff/ jehL
, 60 .v.v. jh mlgLsJ.
mnlh :
Kfiu
nk iy KjyhkhL tFFa tf fj
ghll a NHYnfwhngh khwgL bt tUwJ.
tfkakh tU ,fhy Niyia fU bfhL
khztf jfis jahgL bfhs/ vfhy
njitfis iw br-J bfhs/ ,jf jahf
gLsJ.
fj mogil mit tfa khztfSF
gagl br-tnj ,j ghl jf nehfkhF.
tiuaiwf/ njwf kW cfUJfis bjhlJ
vLJfhL fzFfS/ gojukhd fS ,jf
,l bgWsd.
khztf gilghwiy CFF tif ,
,awgLsJ.
,ghl cs vLJfhLf kW g
dhf kLnk njFa dhfshf fUjTlhJ.
nkY ghljf ,lbgWs fUJUf
midJ dhf ,lbgW th-fis KGtJkhf
bgWsd.
,jfij nkY brikgLj fahsf/
Maf kW khztflUJ k f Mnyhridf
tuntfgLwd.
,jf cUthf vyh tifY cja berfSF
kdkhj eia bjJbfhnwh.
jiyt
ghl FG
iii
ghll
1)
mfS/ mnfhitfS
(15 tFf)
m tir - m tiff - mf Tl/ fj
kW m ir bgUf - mf bgUf - ,uL
kW _W tirfis bfhl m nfhit k m nfhitf gf - a nfhit m - m
nfhitf bgUf.
2)
(20 tFf)
,afj
gF d - xwh go mikj L L tU/ tuhj
fhuf - fhugLj ,ayhj <UW nfhit - tir
khwf - gaghLf - gyKiw tU bghUf tir
khwf - tl tir khwf - nrf gaghLf
fj bjhFjj - n, n 2 kW n 3 vgdtiw
gagL bjhlf TLj fhz-if KG v
mLFfSfhd <UW njw - <UW bfGf.
3)
bjhldf kw bjhlf
(20 tFf)
,ir cw bjhl - ,U if bk- vf ruhrf - A.M.,
G.M. kW H.M. ,itfSilna cs bjhl bjhldf bghJnfhghL xU bjhldij xUah
tiuaWj kW xUJ kbwhW tU cwth Fj
- TL to - x to j bk- to j jtiz gL
bjhiff - cldo jtiz gL bjhif/ fhUf
ntoa jtiz gL bjhif.
4)
gFKiw tot fj
(30 tFf)
,aFtiu - nenfhLf - brFJ tot/ rk tot xU UJ xU nfhoF tiuagL brFJ tot/
rk tot - xU UJ xU nfhoF tiuagL
brFJ nfho s - ,U nfhLfSF ,ilgl
nfhz ,Urk bto rk ghL - brFJ nfhLf
kW ,iz nfhLf - xU t nfhLf - tl - ika/
Mu tot - l tot - bghJ tot rkghL - xU
UJ tlF tiuagL bjhL nfho s - bjhL
nfho rk ghL - bjhL nfhLf bjhL eh.
5)
nfhz
(25 tFf)
nfhz jf bjhlf - KbwhUikf - Ff
- fyit nfhzf - Tl th- ghLf - klF nfhzf
- bgUf Nuf - Kjik - nfhz
rkghLf mikf sin = sin, cos = cos kW
tan = tan - nekhW nfhz rhf.
iv
6)
rhfS mt tiuglfS
(15 tFf)
bk-k rhf - khfS khfS - mikafrhfis FF Kiwf - rhfmltiz FL
kW tiugl-rhfSfhd brFJnfhL nrhjidnearh-rh- fhz-mLFrh- 2x kW ex tlrhf
- rhf tiuglf-rhf jhd fj mogil
braf-kLrh - gorh - rhf nekhW xiwgil/ ,uilgil rhf - fy rhf.
7)
tif Efj
(30 tFf)
rh viy - viyf Ka th-ghLf -
Lt
xa
Lt
x0
x n a n
x -a
sin
Lt (1+
x0
1
x
) x,
Lt
x0
e x 1
x
, Lt
x0
log(1+ x)
x
(%gz mtaiy) -
rhf bjhl - tiugl sf - tifbfG fhQj tot fj sf - mogil nfhghLfUJ tifbfG

fhQj - tifbfG fhz Kiwf - r klifia gagL tifbfG fhz - cil rhf
tifbfG fhz - JizayF rhf - ,ulhgo tif
bfGf.
8)
bjhif Efj
(25 tFf)
bjhifl - bjhifo EQff - <L br-Kiw - Ka
bjhifLf - gF bjhifL/ lkhd bjhifL tiuaWj bjhifia Tl viyahf fhz (%gz
mtaiy)
9)
ruF Kjf/ gFf kW fl guf (15 tFf)

mogilbfhiff - gFfSF fl gufSF cs
ntWghLf - gFfis thf kW w vgdtW cs
fja Egf - x j bfhl fl guf.
(15 tFf)
10) a
bjhlf gutYfhd ika nghfsitf ruhr/
,iliy/ KfL - bgUf ruhr kW ,ir ruhr - bjhl
fbtQfhd gut msitf - R/ lyf
khWghL bfG - fjf - mogil fUJUf btghL cik mQFKiw - fjf Mugfhy
tiuaiw - mogil njwf - Tl njw (%gz
mtaiy) - gjid fjf - bgUf njw (%gz
mtaiy) - ng njw (%gz mtaiy) - va
fzFf.
v
bghUslf
gf
1.
mfS/ mnfhitfS
2.
,afj
27
3.
bjhldfS/ bjhlfS
57
4.
gFKiw tot fj
93
5.
nfhz
117
6.
rhfS mt tiuglfS
164
7.
tif Efj
199
8.
bjhif Efj
242
9.
ruFKjf/ gFf kW fl guf 271
10.
297
vi
mfS/ mnfhitfS
(MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS)
1.1 m ,afj
,yhij rhj r. Mj bf- (1821-1895) vw
fjayh KjKj mf vw gjij 1858M Mo
mKfgLdh. jfhy gaghL fja/ mfis
Flhf bfhL/ xUgo rkghLfis brikahd Kiw gy
,lf Fnwh.
bghUa/ csa kW bra M- Ma Jiwf
ma gagLjgLwJ. nkY ,t gaghLf bgha/
cla kW r_f ma/ tf nkyhik/ a/ kW
ed fLghL mik Ma Jiwf ,aikahjjhf csd.
1.1.1 m tiuaiw
vf kW rhfis/ brtf mik tUkhW

FLtij m (matrix) vnwh.
a 11
a 21
.
.
.
a
m1
a 12
a 22
.
.
.
a m2
....a 1n
....a 2n
.
.
.
....a mn
nkfl mik cs vf kW rhfis FF

a ij - ia _yff vnwh. m_yff bk-baf myJ
fbyf Mf ,Ufyh. if KG vfshd m, n nkfl
mik u/ iuf vifia Fwd.
vLJfhlhf/
1
2
A =
2
,
4
x
B =
sinx
1
x
Mait mf
1.1.2 m tir
m iufis/ n ufis cila m tir m x n
vdgLwJ.
A = (aij)mxn vw Fo/ 1 Kj m tiu bryToa i
iwfis/ 1 Kj n tiu bryToa j ufis FwJ.
vLJfhlhf
1
4
A =
2
5
1
2
B =
vw m tir 2 x 3 MF.
vw m tir 2 x 2 MF.
sin cos
cos sin
C =
vw m tir 2 x 2 MF.
0 22 30
D = 4 5 67 vw m tir 3 x 3 MF.
78 8 93
1.1.3 mf tiff
i.
rJu m (Square Matrix)
X m cs iuf vif/ uf
vif rkkhf ,U mt rJu m vdgL.
vLJfhlhf/
7
5
6
A =
B = 4
2
1
1
4
6
9
tir 2-I cila rJu m MF.
tir 3-I cila rJu m MF.
sin
sin
sin
cos
cos
cos
tir 3-I cila rJu mahF.
C=
cosec cosec cosec
ii.
iu m (Row Matrix)
xnu xU iuia cila m iu m vdgL.

vLJfhlhf
= [2 0 1] vgJ 1 x 3 iu m MF.
= [1 0] vgJ 1 x 2 iu m MF.
A
B
iii.
u m (Column Matrix)
xnu xU u cila m u m vdgL.

vLJfhlhf
A =
0
1
vgJ 3 x 1 tir u m MF.
1
B = vgJ 2 x 1 u m MF.
0
iv.
a m (Zero Or Null Matrix)
X m cs _yff midJ akhf ,U/

mt a m vwiHfgLwJ. nkY mt 0 vd
FfgL.
vLJfhlhf
0
0
O =
vgJ 2 x 2 tirs a m MF.
0 0 0
vgJ 2 x 3 tirs a m MF.
0 0 0
O =
v.
_iyl m (Diagonal Matrix)
xU rJu m Kjik _iyl _yffis jJ/

kw _yff k akhf ,U mt _iyl m
vdgL.
vLJfhlhf
5
A =
0
vgJ tir 2 -I cila _iyl m

3
nkY
B = 0
0
0
3
0
2
0
vgJ tir 3 -I cila _iyl m MF.
1 3 7
A = 5 2 4
3 6 5
vw rJu m/
1, -2, 5 Mait Kjik _yl _yffshF. 3, -2, 7 Mait

Jiz _yl _yffshF.
vi.
ir m (Scalar Matrix)
xU _iyl m midJ _iyl cWfS K -F

rkkhf ,U mt ir m vdgL.
vLJfhlhf
A=
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
vw m tir 3 -I cila ir mahF.
,F K = 2.
vii.
myF m (Unit Matrix)
xU ir m midJ _iyl _yff k

1 vW ,UF nghJ mt myF m vdgL. ,t I vd
FlgLwJ.
vLJfhlhf
0
1
0
I2 =
I3 = 0
0
0
1
0
vgJ tir 2 -I cila myF mahF.
0
1
vgJ tir 3 -I cila myF mahF.
1.1.4 X mia ir bfhL bgUFj (Multiplication

of a marix by a scalar)
m A = (aij) v/ K vgJ xU ir v/ KA vw
irah bgUfgl m tUkhW tiuaWfgLwJ.

4
KA= (Kaij) midJ i, j fSF

A = (aij) vw mia K (ir) vw vzh bgUFj
vgJ/ mt cs midJ _yffis K- M
bgUFtjF xghF.
1.1.5 m vkiw (Negative of a matrix)
A = (a ij ) mxn vw m vkiwia/ - A = (-a ij ) mxn vW
tiuaWfgLwJ. mjhtJ mt cs midJ _yff

FLf + UJ Mf/ UJ + Mf khwgLwJ.
vLJfhlhf
2 5 7
v
0 5 6
A =
2 5 7
0 5 6
- A =
1.1.6 mf rkJt
,uL mf tU gjidF cglh ,uL

mfS rkmf vdgL.
(i)
,uL mf tirfS rkkhf ,Uj
(ii)
xj ,l mikj _yff kf rkkhf
,Uj
1.1.7 mf Tl
,uL mf tirf rkkhf ,U (TlYF

cfjJ) mt xj _yffis To bgwgl m/ nkFl
mf TlyhF.
1.1.8 mf Tl gf
A, B kW C xnu tirila mfshf fUj. mf
Tl tU fSF cglJ.
(i) khW Commutative law : A + B
=B+A
(ii) nr Associative law : A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
(iii) gL Distributive law : K(A+B)
= KA+KB,
(K viz FwJ.)
5
1.1.9 mf fj
,U mf xnu tirahf miknghJ kLnk mt

fj tiuaWfgLwJ.
A, B Ma mf xnu tirilajhf fUj. A - B vgJ/
B m _yffis/ A m xj _yffUJ fJ
bgwgLtjhF.
1.1.10 mf bgUf
Kj m (A) uf vif/ ,ulh m
(B) iuf vif rkkhf ,UFnghJ kLnk
(bgUfYF cfjJ) ,U mf bgUf A B tiuaWf
gLwJ.
A = (aij) vw m m x p tirilajhf/
B = (bij) vw m p x n tirilajhf fUj.
,t bgUf AB vgJ m x n juKila C = (cij) vw

mahF. ,F Cij = A- i M iw _yffis/ B- j M
u _yffis Kiwna bgU mtiw To bgw
kghF.
vLJfhlhf
3 5
= 2 1
B=
6 7
3 x 2
AB
= 2
6
1
7
5 7
2 4 2 x 2
5 7
2 4
3x(-7) + 5x(5)
3 x 5 + 5x(-2)
= 2 x 5 + (-1) x (-2) 2 x (-7) + (-1) x (4)

6 x 5 + 7x (-2)
6x (-7) + 7x (4)
= 12
16
18
14
1.1.11 mf bgUf ga gf
(i)
mf bgUf bghJthf khW F cgljy.
mjhtJ A, B vw ,U mfSF AB BA.
(ii)
mf bgUf nr F cglJ.
mjhtJ (AB) C = A(BC)
(iii)
mf bgUf Tl mogil mikj

gL F cglJ. mjhtJ/ A vgij m x n
tirs juKs mahf/ B kW C Matiw n x
k tirs mfshf bfhlh/ A(B+C) = AB + AC
A vgJ n tirs rJu mahf/ I vgJ mnj
tirs myF mahf ,U/
(iv)
(v)
AI = A = I A
AB = O, vd mikbghGJ/ A myJ B ,uL
mfSnk a mfshf ,Uf ntoa

mtaiy.
vLJfhlhf
1 1
B=
A =
2 2 2 x 2
1
2
AB =
1 1
vf
1 12 x 2
1
0
=
1
0
,F A, B ,U mfS a mf my. Mdh mt

bgUf m AB xU a m MF.
1.1.12 gkhW m (Transpose of a matrix)
A = (a ij ) vgij m x n tirs mahf fUj.
,t iufis/ ufshf myJ ufis/ iufshf

kh bgwgL m A gkhW m vdgL. n x m tirs
,gkhw m/ AT vd FfgLwJ.
vLJfhlhf
A
1 2 5
=
,
3 4 6 2 x 3
v AT
1
=
3
2
4
1 3
= 2 4
5 6
1.1.13 gkhW m gf
A T , B T vgd A kW B -f gkhW mfshf.
vgij X vzhf fUJbghGJ

(AT)T = A,
(A + B) T = AT + BT
( A)T = AT
(AB)T = BT AT (A, B bgUfiy mDrFbghGJ)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
vLJfhL 1
6
, B=
2 10
5
6
A =
6 0 7
v
4 8 3
ia fhf
A + B , A-B -ia
:
6 + 7 11 9 13
5 + 6 9 + 0
=
6 + 4 2 + (8) 10+ (3) 10 6 7
A+B =
5 6
1 9 1
67
90
=
A-B =
6 4 2 (8) 10 (3)
2 10 13
vLJfhL 2
3
9
A =
6
v (i) 3A (ii) - 1
3
2
ia fhf.
A -ia
:
3
9
(i) 3A = 3
6
9 18
=
2
27 6
(ii) - 1 A = - 1
3
1 2
6
=
2
2
3 - 3
vLJfhL 3
2
A= 4
1
3
7
6
9 , B=
4
3 1 2
4 2 5 v
6 2 7
5(A+B) = 5A + 5B vgij Wf
8
:
A+B
= 8
7
5A
10 15 25
= 20 35 45 5B =
5 30 20
4 7
9 14 5(A+B) =
4 11
25
5A+5B = 40
35
25 20 35
40 45 70
35 20 55
15 5 10
20 10 25
30 10 35
35
70 5(A+B) = 5A + 5B
55
20
45
20
vLJfhL 4
1
A= 2
3
2
4
6
6 B=
9
1 2 4
1 2 4 v
1 2 4
AB kW BA ia fhf kW
AB BA vgij Wf.
:
1(-1) + 2(-1) + 3(1)
1(-2) + 2(-2) + 3x2
3(-1) + 6(-1) + 9(1)
3(-2) + 6(-2) + 9(2)
= 0
0
,J
1(-4) + 2(-4) + 3x4
= 2(-1) + 4(-1) + 6(1) 2(-2) + 4(-2) + 6(2) 2(-4) + 4(-4) + 6x4
AB
0
0
0
3(-4) + 6(-4) + 9x4
0
0 3 x 3
17 34 51
nghnw BA = 17 34 51
17 34 51
AB BA
vLJfhL 5
1
3
A =
2
v A2-5A + 3I-ia
ia fzLf
4
:
A2 =
A.A =
3
2 1

4 3
5 6
9 10
5A = 5
3
3I = 3
0
2 5 10
=
4 15 20
0
3
=
1
0
5 6
9 10
A2 - 5A+3I =
10 16
+
24 30
5 10
+
15 20
0 7 16
=
3 24 33
vLJfhL 6
tU mfis bfhL (AB)T = BT AT vgij Wf.
1 4 2
A =
B=
4 0 12 x 3
2 3
1
0
4 2
3 x 2
:
2
1
2
1 4 2
0
AB =
4 0 1 4
1x2 + (-4)x0 + 2(-4) 1x(-3) + (-4)x1 + 2x(-2)
=
4x(-3) + 0x1 + 1x(-2)
4x2 + 0x0 + 1x(-4)
2 + 0 - 8 - 3- 4 - 4
=
8 + 0 - 4 -12 + 0 - 2
(AB)T =
4
11
14
-6
- 11
- 14
6 4
11 14
10
6 4
0 =
11 14
4
B T AT =
3
1
2
2
(AB)T = BT AT
2 0 4
vLJfhL 7
x U W t d A, B, C M a _ W t i f t h b d h
bgofis cgbr-wJ. A, B kW C tiff Kiwna
500/ 1000/ kW 200 viff VWk
br-aglsJ. ,jFa bghUf kW ciH
ms (bghUjkhd myFf) tU goa
bfhLfgLsJ.
bghU
ciH
tif A 10
tif B 8
tif C 12
20
5
9
mf bgUfiy gagL/ nkFLs

VWkF njitahd bghUf kW ciH bkhj
msit fhf.
:
nkfl goa cs tufis P vw mia bfhL
Fngh.
bghU
10
P= 8
12
ciH
20 tif A
05 tif B
9 tif C
A, B, kW C tiffSfhd VWk vifia E vw mah
FLnth.
A
B C
E = (500 1000 200)
bghUf kW ciH bkhj = E x P
10
= (500 1000 200) 8
12
20
5
9
11
= (5000 + 8000 + 2400
10000 + 5000 + 1800)
bghUf ciH
= (15,400
16,800)
vLJfhL 8
gidahs A kW B cs _W tif FH
sFf goa nH bfhLfgLsJ.
bga
fil
Nah
g#h
A
43
62
36
B
24
18
60
gidahs A, 30 g#h/ 30 kW 20 Nah
t i f F H s F f i s / g i d a h s B, n k T a
tiff Kiwna 10/ 6/ 4 viffY bgWtjF
cgahsl ntosd. xU y fhuzfsh
mtf nfha viff gh msnt cgahs
flUJ bgw KojJ. nkTa _Wtif FH
sFf iyf Kiwna %. 42/ %. 38/ kW %. 36
MF. tU tufis m _y FLf.
( i ) r u F f b j h l f , U (ii) c g a h s f l
n f h u g l v i f (iii) c g a h s f l U J
b g w g l s F f v i f (iv) r u F f , W
, U (v) s F f i y ( u m a h f b f h L )
(vi) filYs ,W ru bkhj k
:
43 62 36
(i)
bjhlf ,U m
P =
24 18 60
(ii)
ruF nfhu m
30 30 20
Q =
10 6 40
(iii)
ruF tHL m R =
1
2
(iv)
ruFf ,W ,U m S = P + R =
(v)
sFf iy m C = 38
15 15 10
Q =
5 3 20
58 77 46
29 21 80
42

36

12
(vi)
filYs ,W ru bkhj k.
42
58 77 46
=
38
29 21 80 36

T = SC
2436 + 2926 + 1656

=
1218 + 798 + 2880
7018
=
4896
g 1.1
1)
A=
3
4
B =
(ii) (AT)T = A
(i) A + B = B + A
2)
A= 4
2
(i) A + B
(ii) B + A
3)
A=
1
9
5
2
8
6
2
v/ tUtdtiw Wf.
6
B =0
4
2
3
6
1 v/
2
(iii) 5A, 2B
(iv) 5A + 2B Mat kig fhf.
B=
4
v ,
0
AB kW BA - kig fhf
4)
fhQ mfSF AB kW BA - kig fhf.

3
A = 1
2
5)
A=
1
5
4
5
2
2 B = 0
1
3
2 1 0
1 3 2
B = 7
5
4
2
6
1
3
3 v,
2
AB kW BA - kig fhf.
13
6)
A= 1
2
2
1 B =
3
1
v/
2
(AB) T = BT AT vgij rghf.

7)
A=
2 1 4
,
3 0 2
B =
1 0 2
v/
3 1 5
3 (A+B) = 3A + 3B vd Wf.
8)
A=
12
11
= 3, = -7 v/
( + )A = A + A vd Wf.
9)
= 3, A = 1
4
2
0
3
0
5
2 B =7
3
5
3
2
1
4 v
2
(A + B) = A + B vgij rghf
10)
A=
cos - sin
sin cos
B=
cos
sin
- sin
v
cos
(i) AB = BA vgij Wf
(ii) (A+B)2 = A2 + B2 +2AB vgij rghf
11)
12)
13)
4

A = (3 5 6)1 x 3, B = 1
2
3x
v AB kW BA -ia fhf.
1
1
18
,B= 1
A=
1 v AB, BA ia fzLf.
8
8
A, B vd ,U FLgf csd. A FLg 4 Mf/ 2 bgf
kW 1 FHijfS/ B FLg 2 Mf/ 3 bgf kW 2
FHijfS csd. mtfSF dnjhW gJiufgl
fnyhf kW ujf tUkhW. fnyhf : Mf 2000/
bgf 1500/ FHijf 1200 ujf : Mf 50 uh/ bgf
45 uh FHijf 30 uh.
14
nkFLs jftfis mahf vGj. mf

bgUf ia gagL/ xbthU FLgF njitgL bkhj
fnyhf kW bkhj ujf Maitfis fLof.
14)
fhQ mf TLj fhf.

1
3
7
2
4
10
7
9
9
8
10
5 ,
12
3
2
7
1
6 kW 2
7
8
1
4
2
0
2
2
3
13
4
19
5 6
= 2I2 + 02 X- kig fhf.
0
15)
X +
7
16)
A= 1
1
17)
A =
1
2
1
1 v (A - I) (A - 4I) = 0 vf.
2
1 1
kW B =
0 1
1 0
v
2 1
(i) (A+B) (A-B) A2 - B2

(ii) (A+B) 2 A2 + 2AB +B2 vd fhLf.
4 1 2 2
=
v/ A vw mia fLof.
2 1 1 4
18)
3A +
19)
A =
1
20)
A =
0 1
v/ A2 = -I vd Wf.
0
cos - sin
v/
sin cos
cos 2 - sin 2
vd Wf.
sin 2 cos 2
A2 =
21)
3
A =
- 2
4
v/ A2, A4 Mait XuyF mf vd fhLf.
- 3
15
22)
7 1
, B =
0 4
A =
2 1
, C =
1 3
1 2
5 2
, D =
v
4 1
-1 3
(i) (A+B) (C+D) (ii) (C+D) (A+B)
(iii) A2 - B2
(iv) C 2 + D2
Matiw fhf.
23)
tf fj/ bghUa/ fbgh ma kW a

gY khztf vif nH bfhLfgLsJ.
tf
fj
bghUa
XI tF
45
60
55
30
XII tF
58
72
40
80
tF
(i)
fbgh a
ma
nkFl jftfis m to vGj.
(ii) m juij vGj.

(iii) tF thahf khztf vifia u mahf/
ghl thahf khztf vifia iu mahf

vGj.
(iv) (i) kW (iii) MatWF ,il cs bjhl vd?
1.2 mnfhitf
(DETERMINANTS)
rJu mF tiuaWfgl mnfhitf m

,afj xU Ka gFahf mikwd. m nfhitf
fUJf Fljf msF m ,afj
gagLjgLwJ.
1.2.1 mnfhit
rJu m A = (aij)- bjhlila mnfhit k X
vzhf mik. mbt/ bk-bahfnth/ bfyzhfnth

kW if vnzhfnth myJ Fiw vzhfnth vzhfnth
myJ akhfnth mikayh. xU m mnfhitia
A vd FLnwh. m vgJ cWf brtf
totik (array) MF. Mdh mnfhit vgJ X v ms
(numerical value) MF.
16
vLJfhlhf
a
c
A =
A- mnfhit
|A|=
-, k = ad - bc
vLJfhL 9
1
-1
- 2
-1
- 2
, kig fhf.
:
= 1 x (-2) - 3 x (-1) = -2 + 3 = 1
vLJfhL 10
2
5
0
1
4
1
2
5
0
1
-,
, kig fhf.
4
1
1 =2
7
8
1
8
-0
+4
= 2 (-1 x 8 - 1 x 7) - 0 (5 x 8 -9 x 1) + 4 (5x7 - (-1) x 9)

= 2 (-8 -7) - 0 (40 - 9) + 4 (35 + 9)
= -30 - 0 + 176 = 146
1.2.2 mnfhitf gf
(i)
X mnfhit iufis/ ufshfnth myJ
(ii)
ufis/ iufshfnth khWbghGJ/ mt

nfhit k khwhUF.
X mnfhit ,uL uf (iwf) ,lkhw
br-agLbghGJ/ mtnfhit k F khW.
17
X mnfhit ,uL uf (iwf) rkkhf

,U/ mtnfhit k akhF.
X mnfhit VnjD xU u (iu)
cWf X vzh (k) bgUfglh mt
nfhit k mbtzh bgUfgLwJ.
xU iu myJ uYs xbthU cWlD
kbwhU u myJ iw Kiwahd cWfis
X msitah (Scalar) bgU Todh
mnfhit k khwhJ.
xU u myJ xU iu cs xbthU cW/
,uL myJ mjF nkgl cWf TLjyhf
,U/ mj mnfhit ,uL myJ mjF
nkgl mnfhitf TLjyhf mik.
,uL uf (iuf) j rk ,U/
mt nfhit k akhF.
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
1.2.3 mnfhitf bgUf
,uL mnfhitf rk tir ,UFbghGJ kLnk/

mtiw bgUf ,aY/ nkY |AB| = |A| . |B|
vLJfhL 11
A=
B=
v A
x B
kig
fhf.
:
iubahL uiy bgUdh

A x B=
3 x 5 +1 x1 3 x 2 +1x 3
5 x 5 + 6 x1 5 x 2 + 6 x 3
15 + 1
6+3
25 + 6 10 + 18
16
31
28
= 169
18
= 448 - 279
vLJfhL 12
2
fzLf 3
1
1
0
3
5
2
x 0
0
0
0
0
3
:
iubahL uiy bgUdh
2
3
1
0
3
5
2
0
0
0
0
3
2 x 2 +1x 0 + 3 x 0
3
= x 2+0x 0+5x 0
1x 2 + 0 x 0 4 x 0
4
= 6
2
6
10
3
0
2 x 0 +1x 2 + 3x 2
3x 0+0x 0+5x 2
2 x 0 +1x 3 + 3x 0
3x 0+ 0x 3+5x 0
1x 0 + 0 x 0 4 x 2
1x 0 + 0 x 3 4 x 0
= 4 (0 + 0) -6 (0 - 0) + 3 (-48 - 20)
= 3 (-68) = - 204
1.2.4 anfhit m (Singular matrix)
A vw rJu m mnfhit k abk
mt anfhit m MF mthiyba/ akw

nfhit m vdgL.
vLJfhL 13
1 2
-I
I anfhit m vd fhLf
2 4
:
1 2
= 4 - 4 = 0 bfhLfgl m anfhit m MF.
2 4
vLJfhL 14
2 5
-I
I akw nfhit m vd fhLf.
9 10
19
:
2
9
5
= 29 - 45 = -25 0
10
vdnt bfhLfgl m akw nfhit mahF.

vLJfhL 15
1
5
x
3
4
0 = 0 v x -,
, kig fhf.
-2 -4 8
:
Kj iu t br-l
1
5 3
-2 -4
0
8
=1
3 0
5 0
5
3
-x
+(-4)
4 8
2 8
2 4
= 1(24) - x (40) -4 (-20 +6)

= 24 -40x + 56 = -40x + 80
-40 x + 80 = 0
x=2
vLJfhL 16
1 b+c
1 c+a
1 a+b
b 2 + c2
c 2 + a 2 = (a-b) (b-c) (c-a) vd Wf
a2 + b2
:
1 b + c b2 + c2
1 c + a c2 + a 2
1 a + b a 2 + b2
1 b + c b2 + c2
2
2
= 0 a - b a + b R 2 R2 - R 1 ,
2
2
0 a - c a - c R3 R 3 - R 1
20
1 b+c
b2 + c2
= 0 a - b (a + b)(a - b)
0 a - c (a + c)(a - c)
R2 -UJ (a -b) kW R3 -UJ (a -c) Matiw bghJthf
vLf.
1 b + c b2 + c2
a+b
= (a-b) (a-c) 0 1
0
1
a +c
= (a-b) (a-c) [a+c-a-b] (u 1- _y gLJif)

= (a-b) (a-c) (c-b) = (a-b) (b-c) (c-a)
g 1.2
1)
2)
3)
4)
kLf (i)
1
3
2
1
0
4
1
0
0
1
0
0
6
3
(ii)
3
4
2
5
(iii)
2 4
1 6
- kig fhf.
- kig fhf.
fl m a nfhit mah myJ akw nfhit

mah vgjid Muh-f.
7
A= 3
5
5)
4
2
4
2
3
1
2
tU m a nfhit mah vd Muh-f.

1 2 3
A = 2 1 0
4 2 5
21
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
3
0
2
1
1
4 - k fhf.
1
1
2
3
4
2
1
2
4 - k fhf.
6
2
4
3
1
5
0
1
1
2
1
3
3 = 5 v,
1
1
1
8
7
Wf
2
= -60 v/ 4
6
6
2
5
0 - kig fhf.
7
3
3 - kig fhf.
1
2+4 6+3
1
5
2
1
6
5
11)
a -b b-c c-a
b - c c - a a - b = 0 vd Wf.
c-a a -b b-c
12)
b+c
c+a
a + b
13)
1 1
1
1 1+ x
1 = xy vd fhLf.
1 1 1+ y
a
b
c
1
1 = 0 vd Wf.
1
22
4
1
3
5
g 1.3
Vila ilia bj br-f.
1)
2)
3)
4)
[ 0 0 0 ] vgJ
(a) myF m
(b) ir m
(c) a m
(d) , VJiy
[ 6 2 - 3 ] vw m tir
(a) 3 x 3
(b) 3 x 1
(c) 1 x 3
1 0
vgJ
0 1
(a) myF m
(b) 2 x 2 tir a m
(c) 2 x 2 tirs myF m
(c) , VJiy
3 3
A =
2
4 5
3 4
8
4 1
1 4
(c)
1 0
0 1
(d)
1 3
v/ A - B vgJ
0 2
A =
3 1
B =
6
7
3 3
(b)
9 6
3 1
7 6
0 1
(c)
(d)
0 0
0 0
4
2
, v -3A vgJ
A =
6 12
9 15
(a)
7)
(b)
(a)
6)
, A + B vgJ
B =
1 0
4 1
1 4
(a)
5)
(d) , VJiy
6 12
15
9
(b)
6 12
(d) , VJiy
9
9
(c)
2 3 4
1 0 0
1
0
I = 0 1 0 v/ A + 2I vgJ
A=
0 0 1
5 3 1
4 3 4
(a) 1 1 0
5 3 3
3 3 4
(b) 1 0 0
5 3 2
23
4 3 4
(c) 1 1 0 (d) , VJiy

5 3 2
8)
3 5 6 5 1 0
2 1 6 3 2 1
15 12
9)
(b)
8
(c) bgUf rhaiy
(d) , VJiy
1
0
1
k
0
(a) 4
10)
3 15
(a)
4
(b) 14
(c) -14
1 1
k
0 0
(a) 0
(c) 1
11)
12)
13)
1
3
(b) - 1
(d) , VJiy
2
1
= -2, v
4
2
3
k
4
| AB | =
(a) A + B
(c) A x B
(b) B + A
(d) , VJiy
2tJ iu kW 2tJ u c X cWig FgJ

(a) a12
14)
(d) , VJiy
(b) a32
A = [aij]3 x 3 vw m ju
(a) 2 x 3
(b) 3 x 3
(c) a22
(d) a11
(c) 1 x 3
(d) 3 x 1
15)
X m iufvif uf vif
rkkhf ,Ujh/ mt
(a) rJu m
(b) iu m
(c) u m
(d) , VJiy
16)
X m midJ cWfS a v mJ
(a) myF m
(b) u m
(c) a m
(d) , VJiy
17)
_iyl m Kjik _iyl cWf midJ

rkbk
(a) _ytiu m
(b) u m
(c) myF m
(d) , VJiy
24
18)
xU mnfhit VnjD ,U iuf myJ ,U uf rk

v/ mj mnfhit k
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) -1
(d) khwiy
19)
xU m xnu xU u kL ,UFbk mt
(a) iu m
(b) u m
(c) rJu m
(d) brtf m
20)
mf TLj
(a) khW Fgljy
(c) nr Fgljy
21)
xU rju m a kw nfhit m v
(a) | A | 0
22)
3
3
3
3
1
2
27)
(b) 3
5
(c) 0
(d) , VJiy
(b) 88
(c) 80
(d) , VJiy
(b) -1
(c) 1
(d) , VJiy
3
2
= -2 v,
4
2
(a) -2
26)
(d) , VJiy
2
- k
2
(a) 0
25)
(c) A = 0
4 8
8 4
= 88 v,
- k
9 4
4 9
(a) -88
24)
(b) | A | = 0
= 0 v / x- k
(a) 5
23)
(b) khW F cglJ

(d) gL F cglJ
6
- k
4
(b) 2
(c) -4
(d) , VJiy
(A+B) (A-B) = A2 - B 2 kW A, B Mait rJu mf v

(a) (AB)T = AB
(b) AB = BA
(c) (A+B)T = BT+AT
(d) , VJiy
10 10
vgJ
10 10
(a) brtf m
(c) myF m
(b) _iyl m
(d) , VJiy
25
28)
29)
(a) rJu m (b) iu m

A = I v, A2 - k
(a) I2
(b) I
30)
1
2
6
vgJ
A = (1 2 3) kW
(a) 1 x 1
1

B= 2
3

(c) _iyl m (d) u m

(c) 0
(d) , VJiy
v AB- tir
(b) 1 x 3
(c) 3 x 1
26
(d) 3 x 3
,afj
(ALGEBRA)
2.1 gF d
(PARTIAL FRACTION)
d nfhitf Tl fj g K tFf
goUnwh. ,gF xU d nfhitia ,uL myJ
_W iz nfhitf Tl/ fj mik vGJ Kiwia
g gof nghnwh. ,Kiwna gF d Kiw vdgL.
(i)
xbthU p/q toYs d jKW d nfhit
q vgJ xU jlitF nk Ug tuhj ax+b, cx+d vwthW
cs xUgo fhuf bgUf v ,d nfhitia
M
+ cxN+ d vd vGjyh. ,F M, N vgd k fhz
ax + b
ntoa khf.
2x
(x -1)(2x + 3)
vLJfhlhf :
A
x -1
B
2x + 3
vd vGjyh
,F A, B vgd k fhz ntoa khf.

(ii)

q vgJ n Kiw Ug Ug (ax+b) vwthW mik. tot
fhuf v d nfhitia
An
A1
A2
+
+ ... +
vw to vGjyh
2
(ax+b) (ax+b)
(ax+b )n
vLJfhlhf :
(iii)
(x -1)(x 2 )2
= (x -1) + ( x -2 ) + C 2
( x -2 )

q vgJ fhugLj ,ayhj ,Ugo nfhit v p/q vw
d nfhitia
Ax + B
ax 2 + bx + c
vW vGjyh
vLJfhlhf :
2x+7
+B
= Ax
+ C
4x + 3
(3x2 +5x+1) (4x+3)
3x 2 + 5x +1
27
vd vGjyh.
vLJfhL 1
4x+1
I gF dfshf khWf.
(x-2) (x+1) -I
:
go 1:
A
B
( x - 2 )( x +1) = x - 2 + x + 1 vf
go 2:
R.H.S.F ..k. vLJ RUFf.
4x +1
4x +1
(x - 2 )(x +1) =
go 3:
= A(x+1) + B(x-2)
= Ax+A + Bx-2B
= (A+B)x + (A-2B)
xj cWfis rkgLj
A+B
A-2B
go 5:
A (x +1) + B (x - 2 )
(x - 2 )( x + 1 )
,UwK bjhiffis rkgLj

4x+1
go 4:
------------------(1)
=4
=1
-----------------(2)
-----------------(3)
rkghLf (2), (3) I J fhzgl A, Bf k

A =3, B =1
go 6:
A, B kfis (1)- ul
4x+1
3
1
( x-2) (x+1) = x 2 + x + 1
vLJfhL 2
1
I gF dfshf khWf.
(x -1) (x + 2) 2
:
go 1:
( x -1)( x + 2 )2
= x 1 + x + 2 +
vf.
( x + 2 )2
go 2: R.H.S.F ..k. vLf.

1
A ( x + 2 )2 + B ( x 1 )( x + 2 )+ C ( x 1 )
2 =
(x -1)(x + 2 )
( x -1 )( x + 2 )2
go 3: bjhFia rkgLj
1 = A(x+2)2+B(x-1)(x+2)+C(x-1)
28
go 4: x = -2 vd ul C = go 5: x = 1 vd ul A =
1
3
1
9
go 6: x = 0 vd uL A, C kfis go 3 ul
1
B=- 9
go 7:
( x -1)( x + 2 )2
1
1 1
9 ( x 1) 9( x + 2 ) 3( x+2)2
vLJfhL 3
x2 +1
x(x+1)2
I gF dfshFf.
:
go 1:
A
B
x 2 +1
= x + x +1 + C 2 vf.
( x +1)
x ( x +1)2
go 2: R.H.S.F ..k. vLf

A ( x +1 )2 + Bx ( x + 1 ) + Cx
x 2 +1
2 =
x ( x +1 )2
x ( x +1)
go 3:
go 4:
go 5:
go 6:
bjhFia rkgLj x2+1 = A(x+1)2 + Bx (x+1) + Cx

x = 0 vd ul A = 1
x = -1 ul C = -2
x = 2 kW A, C kfis go 3 ul B = 0
x 2 +1
go 7: x ( x +1)2 =
1
x
+ 0
x +1
(x +1 )2
= x (x +1)2
vLJfhL 4
x2 2x9
I gF dfshf khWf.
(x +x+6) (x+1)
2
:
go 1:
+B + C
x2 2x9
= Ax
2
x +1
(x +x+6)(x+1)
x +x+6
2
vf.
(Q x2+x+6 fhugLj ,ayhJ)

29
go 2: R.H.S. F ..k. vLf.

=
(Ax + B) (x +1) + C(x 2 + x + 6)

(x 2 + x + 6) (x +1)
go 3: bjhFia rkgLj
x2-2x-9 = (Ax+B)(x+1)+C(x2+x+6)
go 4: x = -1 vd ul C = 1
go 5: x = 0 kW C kig ul B = -3
go 6: x = 1 kW B, C kfis go 3 ul A = 2
go 7:
x2 2x9
= 22x 3 - 1
( x +x+6) (x+1)
x +1
x +x+6
2
vLJfhL 5
1
I gF dfshFf.
(x +4)(x+1)
2
:
go 1:
A
1
+C
= x + 1 + Bx
(x2 + 4) (x+1)
x2 + 4
vf.
go 2: R.H.S.F ..k. vLf.

2
2
x+ c)2x
1
(x
1)
+9
= A(x + 4) + (Bx
( x22 +
(x + 4) (x+1)
(x +1) (x
+x4)+6) (x+1)
go 3: bjhFia rkgLj
1 = A(x2 + 4) + (Bx + C) (x + 1)
go4: x = -1 vd ul A =
1
5
go 5: x = 0 kW A kig ul
1
C= 5
go 6: x = 1 kW A, C kfis go 3 ul
1
= 5
go 7:
-1 x + 1
1
5
5
1
=
+
2
5 ( x +1 )
x 2 + 4 ( x +1 )
x +4
30
g 2.1
tUtdtiw gF dfshFf:
1)
x +1
x 2 - x -6
2)
2x -15
x 2 +5x + 6
3)
1
x 2 -1
4)
(x
6)
( x 1)( x + 2 )2
x +1
5)
( x 2 )2 ( x + 3 )
7)
( x 1)( x +1)2
9)
8)
7x 2 - 25x + 6
(x
2 x -1)
10)
(3x - 2 )
x+4
2
( x +1)
2x 2 + 7x + 23
( x 1)( x +3 )2
x+2
x 2 +1
( x 1)
2.2 tir khwf

(PERMUTATIONS)
,gF ciknyna vifia br-ahk

vifia fhQ a fj ifahsgLwJ. mjhtJ
bfhLfgLs y gjidfSl njitahd tf
vifia ,gF fhz ,aYnwh.
tir khwf vgJ bfhLfgLs bghUfis xW
myJ mjF mfgoahf vLJ tirgLJjiy FF
vLJfhlhf {a,b,c} vw cWf tirgLjgL Kiwf.
(i)
xbthwhf vLfglh:
...... 3 tf
{a}, {b}, {c}

(ii) ,uoulhf vLfglh:
{a,b}, {b,a},{b,c}, {c,b}, {a,c}, {c,a}
...... 6 tf
(iii) _W _whf vLfglh:

{a,b,c}, {a,c,b}, {b,c,a}, {b,a,c}, {c,a,b}, {c,b,a} ......6 tf
31
2.2.1 vQj mogil
Tl/bgUf fis bghWJ vQj ,uL

mogil bfhiff csd. xW xiwbahW rhuhj
ff xw xwhf fGnghJ kbwhW ,uL
nrJ eilbgW nghJ gagLjgLwJ. y rkaf ,uL
fS nrJ gagLJkhW fzFf mik.
2.2.2 vQj mogil bfhif
e mwhl thifUJ xU cjhuzij vLJ

bfhnth.
nrf vw khztDF nj vGJtjfhf nj v
tHfglJ. Mdh mt mj viz kwJlh. mt
id ,Ujbjyh mj v xU ,uoyf xiw v
vgjhF.
ilfbgW vfshtd:
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
71
73
75
77
79
81
83
85
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
ilfbgW ,uoyuf xiw vf = 9x5 = 45

,jF khW Kiw csjh vd eh fhz KaYnth. xW
jhd ,l mikabgW vf 1,3,5,7,9 Vbd eh fhz
ntoaJ xiw v. 10 jhd mik v (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) 9
vf VnjD xwhf mikayh.
vdnt 1 jhd ,lij ug 5 tfS 10 jhd ,lij
ug 9 tfS csd. ,uoyf xiw vf vif
= 9x5 = 45. ,j vLJfhL tU bfhifia sFwJ.
(i)
bgUf bfhif (Multiplication principle)
xU fia m tfY mLJ ,ulhtJ fia

n tfY br-a Kobk bjhlJ ,U ffis m x n
mjhtJ mn tf br-aTL. ,Jnt bgUf bfhifahF.
32
(ii)
Tl bfhif (Addition Principle)

xU fia m tfY ,ulhtJ fia n
tfY br-a Kobk ,it ,uo VnjD xU fia

m+n tf br-a Ko. ,Jnt Tl bfhif vdgL.
nkY {a,b,c,d} vw fzij vLJbfhf.
,fzUJ ,uL cWfis njbjLJ tir
gLj ntL. ,ij tU tf br-ayh.
Kj ,l
,ulh ,l
b
c
d
a
c
d
a
b
d
a
b
c
ilfbgW bkhj tirf

(a,b), (a,c), (a,d)
(b,a), (b,c), (b,d)
(c,a), (c,b), (c,d)
(d,a), (d,b), (d,c)
bkhj tirf vif 4 x 3 = 12

nkny FLs tir khwf (a,b) vw tir
nrho (b,a) vw tir nrho btntwhdit... vdnt a,b,c,d
vw ehF vGJfUJ ,uL vGJfis njbjLJ
tirgLJ tf vif = 12
33
(m.J) `4p UJ `2pI njbjLJ tirgLJ Kiwf

vif 12 bghJthf npr vgJ n bghUfUJ xbthU
Kiw r bghUfis njbjLJ mtiw tirgLJ tf
vif.
[,F n , r Mait if KG vf nkY r<n]
p r kig fhz
n bghUfUJ r bghUfis njbjLJ tir
gLJtJ vgJ r fh ,lfis n bghUfis bfhL
2.2.3
utjhF.
Kj ,lij n bghUfUJ vitnaD xU bghUis
bfhL n tf ugyh.
,ulhtJ ,lij s (n-1) bghUfUJ vitnaD
xU bghUis bfhL (n-1) tf ugyh.
vdnt Kj ,uL ,lfis mogil bfhifgo
n(n-1) tf ugyh.
mLJ _whtJ ,lij s (n-2) bghUfUJ

vitnaD xU bghUis bfhL (n-2) tf ugyh.
Kj _W ,lfis mogil bfhifgo n(n-1)(n-2)
tf ugyh. bjhlJ mogil bfhifgo bghJthf r
,lfis
n(n-1) (n-2) (n-3) ... .[n-(r-1)] tf ugyh
npr = n(n-1) (n-2) (n-3) ... (n-r+1) ,Nuij vikgLj
eh fhua bgUfij mKfgLjyh.
bgUf:
2.2.4 fhua bgUf
Kj n ,a vf bjhl bgUfij n fhua
bgUf vngh. ,J n ! vw FL _y FfgL.
vLJfhlhf:
5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1
4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1
5! = 5 x 4!
5! = 5 x 4 x 3!
bghJthf, n! = n(n-1)(n-2)...3.2.1
34
n! = n{(n-1)!}
= n(n-1)(n-2)!
,F npr = n(n-1)(n-2)............(n-r+1)
=
n (n -1 )( n 2 )...... (n - r + 1 )(n r )!
=
(n - r )!
n!
( n - r )!
{(n-r)! M bgU tFf}
n!
npr = (n-r ) !
cfUJ :
(i)
0! = 1
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
n!
n!
(n - 0 )! = n! = 1
n (n -1 )!
n!
n
p1 =
(n -1 )! = (n -1 )! = n
po =
pn =
n!
n!
(n - n )! = 0! =n!
(m.J.) n bghUfUJ n bghUfis njbjLJ

tirgLJ Kiwf vif n! MF.
(m.J.) n bghUfis mtWilna n! jf tir
gLjyh.
2.2.5 gyKiw tU bghUf tir khwf
khwf:
n bghUf m bghUf xnu tifahf va (n-m)
bghUf kbwhU tifahf ,U ,tUJ xWbfhW

btntwhd ja ToathW mikfbgW tir khwf
vif
=
n!
m ! (n -m)!
nkY/ m 1 +m 2 +.....+m r = n vwthW Kj tif m 1

bghUfS ,ulhtJ tif m 2 bghUfS ... r- tJ tif
m r bghUfS csd vd bfhf. d ,j n bghUf
tir khwf vif
=
n!
m1! m2!......mr !
MF.
35
2.2.6 tl tir khwf

khwf:
bfhLfgLs bghUfis xU nenfho to tir

khwfis mikgJ g gonjh. nenfhL totF gyhf
tl tot bghUfis tirgLJj tl tot tir
khwf vdgL.
A,B,C,D vw ehF vGJfis vLJbfhf. ,j ehF
vGJfis xU nenfho 4! j tirgLjyh. ,t
ABCD, BCDA, CDAB, DABC vgd tl FlgLnghJ xnu
j csd.
C
B
D C
vdnt 4 bghUf tltot tir khwf
D
4!
4
= 3!
bghJthf n bghUf tl tot tir khwf

vif (n-1)! MF.
vLJfhL 6
kfis fhf : (i) 10p 1 , (ii) 7p 4, (iii) 11 p 0
:
(i)
10
(ii)
p1 = 10
p4 =
|7
|7
=
|7 - 4
|3
7 x 6 x 5 x4 x 3!
3!
=7 x 6 x 5 x 4 = 840
(iii)
11
p0 = 1
vLJfhL 7
bridUJ kJiuF brW Ug 4 ,uf
csd. xUt vjid tf bridUJ
kJiuF brW ntW xU ,u Ug Ko
Ko?
36
:
bridUJ kJiuF bry
4,ufUJ xU ,uiy
njbjLF tf vif
kJiuUJ brid Ug jKs

_W ,uUJ xU ,uiy
njbjLF tf vif
p1 = 4 tf
p1 = 3 tf
gazij nkbfhs vLF
tf vif
= 4 x 3 = 12 tf
vLJfhL 8
xU v L 3 tisafis bfhLsJ.
xbthU tisaY ehF vGJf Ff
gLsd. mil wf mfgrkhf vjid
njitaw Kaf nkbfhsgL
nkbfhsgL?
:
il wf :
Kj tisa vGJf bghUjgL
Kiwf vif
= 4 p1 = 4
,ulhtJ tisa vGJf
bghUjgL Kiwf vif
= 4p 1 = 4
_whtJ tisa vGJf

bghUjgL Kiwf vif
= 4p 1 = 4
bkhj Kaf
= 4 x 4 x 4 = 64
,tW xnu xU tjh L wfgL

mfgoahd njitahd Kaf
= 64 - 1 = 63
vLJfhL 9
0,1,2,..........,9 Koa cs ,yffis gagL
btntwhd ,yffis bfhl ehF ,yf vf
vjid mikfyh
mikfyh?
:
Mu ,yf ,lij ug gagL tf vif
(Vbd 0 MukhtJ ,l tu ,ayhJ) = 9
37
100, 10, 1 ,yf ,lfis jKs 9 ,yffis

bfhL u tf vif
= 9p3 = 504
vdnt bkhj ehF ,yf vf
vif
= 9 x 504 = 4536
vLJfhL 10
,uL khzf mLjLJ mkuhjthW 6
khztf 4 khzfis vjid jkhf xU nenfho
tirgLjyh?
:
6 khztfis xU nfho tirgLJ Kiwf
vif = 6!. d 4 khzfSF bfhLfgLs
gjidf ilF ,lf 7
vdnt mj 4 khzfis nkny cs 7 ,lf

tirgLJ tf = 7p 4
bkhj tf vif = 6! x 7 p 4
= 720 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4
= 604800
vLJfhL 11
xU FLg cs 4 rnfhjuf 3 rnfhjfis
rnfhjf xwhf ,UFkhW vjid jf
tirgLj Ko
Ko?
:
3 rnfhjfis XmyF vdbfhf. bkhj cstf
4+1 = 5 myFf. ,tfis 5! tf tirgLjyh. d 3
rnfhjfis 3! tf tirgLjyh.
bkhj nkbfhsgL tf = 5! x 3! = 720
vLJfhL 12
2, 3, 4, 5 v w , y f f i s x n u x U K i w g a g L
ilF ehyf vf TLj fhf
fhf.
38
:
2, 3, 4, 5 vw ,yffis xnu xUKiw gagL ilF
ehyf vf vif =4! = 24. ,tW 2,3, 4, 5 vw
xbthU ,yfK xbthU ,lY 6 Kiw mik. vdnt 1tJ
,l cs midJ ,yff TLj
= 6[2+3+4+5] = 6 x 14 = 84
,njnghy 10tJ ,l cs ,yff TLj

100 tJ ,l cs ,yff TLj
kW 1000 khtJ ,l cs ,yff TLj
bkhj 4 ,yf vf TLj
= 84
= 84
= 84
= 84x1000 + 84x100+84x10+84x1
= 84 (1000+100+10+1) = 84 x 1111
= 93324
vLJfhL 13
CONTAMINATION vwthij cs vGJfis
vjid jf tirgLjyh
?
:
CONTAMINATION vw thij cs vGJf
vif = 13 ,tiw 13! tf tirgLjyh.
,tW O vGJ 2 jlitfS
N vGJ 3 jlitfS
T vGJ 2 jlitfS
A vGJ 2 jlitfS
I vGJ 2 jlitfS ,lbgWsd.
13!
ilF tf vif = 2! 3! 2! 2! 2!
g 2.2
1)
2)
3)
p 5 = (42) np 3
n
6[ p 3] = 7
(n-1)
v n- k fhf.
p 3 v n- k fhf.
(i) ENTERTAINMENT
(ii) MATHEMATICS
(iii) MISSISSIPPI
vw brhf cs vyh vGJfis xnu rka

gagL ntWgl brhf bkhj vjid bgwyh?
39
4)
Ma vfis gagL btntwhd

vf vjid bgwyh?
5)
3,4,5,6,7
6)
1,2,3,....9
,yf
vw vfis xnu Kiw gagL ilF 5

,yf vf TLj fhf.
7 khztfS 4 khzfS
(i) vyh khzfS mLjLJ
(ii) vj ,U khzfS nrJ mkuhk
xU tir vjid jf mkjgLt.

7)
STRANGE vw thijYs vGJfis c vGJf
xiwl tUkhW vjid tf tirLjyh?

8)
5 Mfis 3 bgfis vj ,U bgfS nrJ

mkuhk xU tl nki# vjid tf mku brayh?
9)
FATHER
vw thij cs vGJfis bfhL

vjid brhfis mikf Ko? mtW vjid
thijf F- MuJ R- Ko?
2.3 nrf
(COMBINATIONS)
nrf vgJ njbjLgjhF. mjhtJ bkhj

bghUfUJ njitahd bghUfis njbjLgJ
kLnkahF.
vLJfhlhf {a,b,c} vw _W cWf bfhl
fzUJ tU nrfis bgwyh.
(i) xU cW kL : {a}, {b}, {c}
(ii) ,uL cWf : {a,b}, {b,c}, {c,a}
(iii) _W cWf : {a,b,c}
n bghUfUJ r bghUfis njbjLF tf
vif n c r vd FfgLwJ. ,ij c(n, r),
( ) vd
n
r
Ffyh. (,F n kW r Mait if KG vf kW r < n)

40
2.3.1
c r kig fhz
fhz:
n bghUfUJ r bghUfis
nj brtf vif
= nc r
n bghUfUJ r bghUfis
nj br-J tirgLJ tf vif
= np r
r bghUfis tirgLJ tf vif

r bghUfis bfhl xbthU nr r!
khwfis jU.
=>
n
(n - r )! = ( cr) r!
pr
= (ncr) r!
n!
nc r
n!
= r! (n - r )!
cfUJ :
n!
n!
= 0! ( n - 0 )! = n ! = 1
(i)
co
(ii)
cn
(iii)
cr
(iv)
cx = ncy v/ x = y myJ x+y = n
(v)
cr =
n!
n!
= n! (n - n) ! = r!0 ! = 1
= ncn-r
n
pr
r!
vLJfhL
vLJfhL14
8
p3 kW 8c3 ,tiw kLf
:
p3
8!
8!
8x7x6x5!
= 8 x 7 x 6 = 336
= ( 8 3 )! = 5 ! =
5!
c3
8!
8!
= 3 ! (8 - 3 )! = 3! 5! = 8x7x6x5!
3! 5!
= 8x7x6 = 56
3x2x1
41
= r!
tir
vLJfhL 15
kLf 10c8
:
10
10x9
c8 = 10c2 = 2x1 = 45
vLJfhL 16
n
c 8 = nc6 v
v, nc2 I fhf.
:
c8 = nc6 (bfhLfgLsJ)
=> n = 8+6 = 14
n
c2 = 14c2
14 x 13
= 2 x 1 = 91
vLJfhL 17
(100r ) = (1004r ) , v r k fh.

:
100
=>
cr
r + 4r
r
= 100c4r
= 100
= 20
vLJfhL 18
7 b k - b a G J f 4 cbuGJfis bfhL 3
b k - b a G J f 2 cbuGJf cila thijf
vjid mikfyh
mikfyh?
:
7 bk-baGJfUJ 3 bk-baGJfis
nj brtf vif
= 7c3 tf
4 cbuGJfUJ 2 cbuGJfis
nj brtf vif
= 4c2 tf
ilF bkhj thijf vif = 7c3 x 4c2
7 x6x5
4x 3
= 3 x 2 x1 x 2 x 1
= 35 x 6 = 210
42
vLJfhL 19
xU U 13 ng csd. xbthUtU kwtnuhL
if FY bfhlh mF vjid ifFYff
VgoUF
VgoUF?
:
13 ngUJ ,Utiu njbjLF
Kiwf vif
= 13c2
13 x 12
2 x 1 = 78
mF Vgl bkhj if FYff = 13c2 =
vLJfhL 20
vj 3fS xnu nenfho mikahj 10
fis bfhL vjid nfhLf mikfyh?
:
xU nfhL tiua FiwjJ ,uL f njit. vdnt 10
fUJ 2 fis nj brtf vif 10c2
10 x 9
tiuagL nfhLf vif = 10c2 = 2 x 1 = 45

vLJfhL 21
xU dhjh A, B vw ,uL gFfis cilaJ.
xbthU gFY 10 dhf csd. xU khzt
gF AUJ
UJ 8 dhfS gF BUJ
UJ 5 dhfS
nj br-a ntLbk mt dhfis vjid
jf bj br-th
br-th?
:
gF A cs dhf = 10.
nj br-a ntoa dhf 8
nj brtf vif 10c8 = 10c2
gF B cs dhf = 10
gF B bj br-a ntoa dhf = 5
nj brtf vif = 10c5
nj brtf vif
= 10c8 x 10c5 = 45 x 252 = 11340
43
vLJfhL 22
6 khztf/ 5 khzfUJ 7 ng mla xU
FG mikfgLwJ. FG khzt bgUghik duh,UFgo vjid jf FGit mikfyh
mikfyh?
:
FG ,Uf ntoatf vif = 7
khztf
=6
khzf
=5
FGthdJ tUkhW mikfgLwJ
(B) khztf (6)
(G) khzf (5)
6
5
4
1
2
3
(6 )
,tfis nj br- Kiwf 6
(m)
(52 ) (m)
mikfgL FGf vif

= 6c6 x 5c1+6c5 x 5c2 + 6c4 x 5c3
= 1 x 5 + 6 x 10 + 15 x 10 = 215
2.3.2 ghf Knfhz
bghJthf n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ... v tU tuij xU
()
1563042
Knfhz tomikfyh. , Knfhz
ghf Knfhz
1350
42
vdgL.
n=0
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
44
kfis ul
n=0
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
1
3
10
4
10
1
5
uhR ehL fjnkij ghf bgauh miHfgL ,

Knfhz tot tuf eh fhgJ : xU tir cs X
cW k mj tirF K tir mFl cW
,UwK cs ,U cWf TL bjhifF rk. ,j
cikia bghJgLj ilgJ.
(nr+1)
2.3.3
vw ghf ahF.
c r Nuij gagL
(r!rrnrnn--(11)nn!)- r )!
%gz :
L.H.S. = ncr + ncr-1
=
n!
(r -1!) [n -(r -1)]!
n!
n!
+
r! (n - r )!
(r -1!)(n - r +1)!
n! [n - r +1] + n! (r )
r! (n +1- r )!
n! [n - r + 1 + r ]
n! (n +1 )
=
r! (n - r + 1 )!
r! (n - r +1)!
(n + 1 )! = (n + 1 )!
r! (n - r + 1 )!
r! (n + 1- r )!
= n+1cr = R.H.S.
45
( )
= n+1 vd Wf
r
g 2.3
1)
kLf (i) 10c 6
2)
36
3)
n+2
4)
dhjh x ,uL f csd. xbthU Y 6

dhf csd. xbthU UJ mfgrkhf 5
nffSF fhk 7 dhfSF ilaf ntLkh
xU khzt 7 dhfis vjid tf bj br-th?
5)
9 bgf 8 Mf bfhl FGUJ 5 ng bfhl xU FG

mikfgLwJ. FG bgf bgUghikahUFgo
mFGit vjid jf mikfyh?
6)
xU tFYs 15 khztf 10 ngf xU RWyh bry nj

br-agLwd. mt 3 khztf mla FG gnfFkhW
myJ gnffhjthW mtf vjid jf nj
br-agLthf?
7)
xU mWnfhzYs _iy lf vifia

fhf.
8)
6 gJ rhsf 3bf gf ,UFkhW 11 Mlfhufis

20 ng cs FGUJ nj br-a ntL. nj br-agL
FG mfgr 2 bf gfS FiwjJ 4 gJ
rhsfS ,UFgo vjid jf mFG nj
br-agLwJ.
cn =
36
(ii)
15
c 13
c n+4 , v n k fhf.
c n = 45, v n = ?
2.4 fj bjhFjj
(MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION)
gy fj njwfS/fS neuhd %gz _y

Rygkhf %f ,ayhjnghJ gagLjL Kiwna fj
bjhFjj Kiw vdgL. , _W gof csd.
(i) n = 1 F njw %fgl ntL. mjhtJ p(1)
bk-baW %fgl ntL.

(ii) k xU if KG vzhf P(k) bk-ahf ,U p(k+1)- bk-
vd Wt ntL.
46
(iii) vdnt vyh ,a v n- F p(n) bk-baW
%fgLwJ.
2.4.1 bjhFjj
:
xbthU ,a v n- F Vg P(n) xU TW vf. (i) P(1)
bk-baW kW (ii) P(k+1), k xU ifKG v Mf P(k) bk-ahf
,U P(k+1) bk-ahdh P(n) TW bk-ahF.
vLJfhL 23
fj bjhFjj ia gagL
1+2+3+...n =
n (n +1 )
N vd %.
, n
2
:
P(n) =
n ( n + 1)
2
vf
L.H.S. n=1, p(1) = 1

R.H.S p(1) =
1 (1 + 1 )
2
=1
vdnt n = 1F L.H.S = R.H.S

P(1) bk-bad %fglJ.
P(k) bk- vf.
m.J. 1+2+3+......+k =
k (k +1)
2
vw TW bk-
p(k+1) bk- vd Wt ntL.
,bghGJ p(k+1)= p(k) + tk+1

p(k+1) L.H.S. = 1+2+3+......k+k+1
= p(k) + (k+1)
k (k +1)
+ k+1
2
= (k+1) [ k +1]
2
(k +1)(k + 2 )
2
=> p(k) bk-bawh p(k+1) bk-ahF.
47
vLJfhL 24
bjhFjj ia bfhL 3 2n -1 vgJ 8 M
tFgL v vd Wf. n
N.
:
P(n) = 32n-1vf
p(1) =32 - 1 = 9-1=8 vgJ 8-M tFgL.
p(1) bk-ahwJ.
p(k) bk- vd bfhf.

ie.,
32k-1 vgJ 8-M tFgL.
p(k+1) bk- vd Wt ntL.
,nghJ p(k+1) = 32(k+1) - 1 = 32k x 32-1

= 9 32k -1
= 9(32k) - 9 + 8
= 9 [32k-1] + 8 ,J 8-M tFgL.
vdnt P(k) bk-ba p(k+1) bk- vd WtglJ.
bjhFjj go n- ,a kF p(n) bk- vd
WtglJ.
g 2.4
bjhFjj go tUtdtiw Wf.
1)
1+3+5+..... (2k-1) = k 2
2)
4+8+12+.......4n = 2n(n+1)
3)
1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ........n(n+1) = n ( n +1)(n + 2 )

3
( n +1 )
4)
1 3 + 23 + ..........n3 = n
5)
1 2 + 22 + ..........n2 = n(n+1)(2n+1)
6)
1+4+7+10+..........(3n-2) = n (3n-1)
2
7)
2 3n - 1 vgJ 7-M tFgL
4
6
48
2.4.2 bjhlf TLj

1+2+3+......+n = n = n(n +1)
2
12+22+.......+n2 = n2 = n(n +1) (2n+1)

6
{ }
2
13+23+.......+n3 = n3 = n(n+1)
2
vdnt
n = n(n +1)
2
n 2 = n(n+1) (2n+1)
6
{ }
n3 = n(n+1)
2
nkny TwgLs Nufis gagL xU bjhl

n- tJ cW bfhLfgo mbjhl TLj fhQ Kiwia
fhngh.
vLJfhL 25
t J c W n(n+1)(n+4) M f c s b j h l T L j
n-t
fhf.
:
tn
= n(n+1)(n+4)
= n 3 + 5n2 + 4n
Sn = tn = (n3 + 5n 2 + 4n)
= n3 + 5 n2 + 4n
} {
} { ( )}
2
( )(
)
= n (n +1)
+ 5 n n +1 2n +1 + 4
6
2
n n +1
2
= n (n +1) [ 3n2 + 23n + 34]

12
vLJfhL 26
12.3 + 22.5 + 32.7 + ......
n cWf TLj fhf.
49
:
t n = n2(2n+1) = 2n3+n2
Sn = (2n3+n2) = 2n3 + n2
2
2
n (n +1)(2n +1)
= 2n (n +1) +
6
4
= n (n +1) [n(n+1) + 2n + 1 ]
3
= n (n +1)
2
3n2 + 3n + 2n + 1
3
= n (n +1) [3n2 + 5n + 1]
6
vLJfhL 27
2+5+10+17+...... n
cWf TLj fhf.
:
2+5+10+17+.......
= (1+1) + (1+4) + (1+9) + (1+16)+......
= (1+1+1+.......n terms) + (12+22+.....n2)
= n+ n (n +1 )(2n +1)
6
= 6 [6+2n2+3n+1]
n
= 6 [2n2+3n+7]
g 2.5
tU bjhlf n cWf TLj ff.
1)
1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + ........
2)
1.22 + 2.32 + 3.42 + ...........
3)
2 2 + 42 + 62 + ..........(2n)2
4)
2.5 + 5.8 + 8.11 + ..........
5)
1 2 + 32 + 52 + ..............
6)
1 + (1+2) + (1+2+3) + .........
50
2.5 <UWnjw
(BINOMIAL THEOREM)
2.5.1 njw
n X ,a v v
(x+a)n = nC0 xn + nC1 xn-1 a + nC2 xn-2 a2 + ...... + nCr xn-r ar + .... nCn an
%gz:
,njw fj bjhFjj Kiw %fgLwJ.

(x+a)n = nC0 xn + nC1 xn-1 a + nC2 xn-2 a2 + ......
+ nCr-1 xn+1-r ar-1 + nCr xn-r ar+....... + nCn an
n = 1 vf LHS P(1) = x + a
RHS P(1) = 1 . x + 1 . a = x + a = L.H.S.
P (1) RHS = P (1) LHS
P (1) bk-ahwJ
P (k) bk-bad bfhf kN
m.J. P(k) :
(x+a)k = kC0 xk + kC1 xk-1 a + kC2 xk-2 a2 + ......
+ kCr-1 xk+1-r ar-1 + kCr xk-r ar+....... + kCk ak
p:
........ (1)
bk-baf
P(k+1) vw TW bk- vd %f/

i.e., (x+a)k+1 = k+1C0 xk+1 + k+1C1 xk a
+ k+1C2 xk-1 a2 + ... + k+1Cr x k+1-r ar + ... + ... + k+1Ck+1 ak+1 bk- .
(x+a)k+1 = (x+a) (x+a)k
= (x + a) [kC0 xk + kC1 xk-1 a + kC2 xk-2 a2 + ... + kCr-1 xk+1-r a r-1
+ kCr xk-r ar + .... + kCk ak] (1)-I gagL
= kC0 x k+1 + kC1 xk a + kC2 xk-1 a2 + ... + kCr xk+1-r ar + ... +kCk x ak
+ kC0 xk a + kC1 xk-1 a + ... kCr-1 xk+1-r ar + ... + kCk ak+1
= kC0 xk+1 + (kC1 + kC0) xk a + (kC2 + kC1) xk-1 a2 + ........
........ + (kCr + kCr-1) xk+1-r ar + ... +kCk ak+1
Mdh kCr + kCr-1 = k+1Cr
r = 1, 2, ... vd ul
k
C1 + kC0 = k+1C1, kC2 + kC1 = k+1C2 ......
k
C0 = 1 = k+1C0 ; kCk = 1 = k+1Ck+1
(x+a)k+1 = k+1C0 xk+1 + k+1C1 xk a+ k+2C2 xk-1 a2 + ......
+ k+1Cr xk+1-r ar + ...... + k+1Ck+1 ak+1
vdnt P (k) bk-ba P (k +1) bk-ahF .
fj bjhFjj go P(n) vw TW bk-ahF.
n N. vdnt n N- F <UW njw %fglJ.
51
cfUJ :
(i)
(x+a)n vw (n+1) cWf csd.
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
bghJ cW tr+1 = nCr xn-r a r.

(x+a)n x- go xbthwhf FiwJ a-go
xbthwhf bgUf xbthU cWY ,t gof
TLj n-F rk.
KjUJ filUJ rku cs cWf
bfGf rk.
(x+a)n cs cWf vif (n+1) ,ij n vd
bfhf
(a) N xiw v v eL cW t N +1
2
(b) N xU ,uil v v eL cWf t

(vi)
N
2
, t
N
+1
2
<UW bfGfis C0, C1, C2, vd Ffyh.
2.5.2 <UW bfGfS mt gfS

(1+x)n = C0 + C1x + C2 x2 + C3 x3 + ..... + Cnxn .................(1)
x = 1 vd (1) - ul
2n = C0 + C1 + C2 + ....... + Cn
x = -1 vd (1) - ul
0 = C0 - C1 + C2 - C3 + ..... + (-1)n Cn
=> C0 + C2 + C4 + ....... = C1 + C3 + ....
n
=> ,uil ,lfyhd bfGf TLj = 2 =2n-1
xiw ,lfyhd bfGf TLj = 2
n-1
vLJfhL 28
(x+ 1 )4 - fhf.
x
:
(x+ 1 )4
x
= 4C0 x4 + 4C1 x3( 1 ) + 4C2 x2( 1 )2 + 4C3 x( 1 )3 + 4C4( 1 )4

x
= x4 + 4x2 + 6 + 42 + 14
x
52
vLJfhL 29
fhf.
(x+3y)4 -
:
(x+3y)4
= 4C0 x4 + 4C1 x3(3y) + 4C2 x2 (3y)2 + 4C3 x(3y)3 + 4C4(3y)4

= x4 + 4x3(3y) + 6x2(9y2) + 4x(27y3) + 81y4
= x4 + 12x3y + 54x2y2 + 108xy3 + 81y4
vLJfhL 30
(2x-3y)7 vw 5tJ cW fhf.
:
t r+1 = 7Cr(2x)7-r (-3y)r
t 5 = t4+1 = 7C4 (2x)7-4 (-3y)4
= 7C3 (2x)3 (3y)4

= 7 x 6 x 5 (8x3) (81y4)
3 x 2 x1
= (35) (8x3) (81y4) = 22680x3y4

vLJfhL 31
(x- 2 )11 eL cWfis fhf.
x
:
n = 11
n+1 = 12 = N = ,uil v
eL cW = t N kW t( N +1)
(m.J.)
t6 kW t7
(i) t6 = t5+1 = 11C5 x11-5 (- 2 )5

x
= 11C5 x6
(-2)
x5
6 5
= -11C5 x 52
= -11C5 2 x = (-11C5)(32x)
53
(ii) t7 = t6+1= 11C6 (x)11-6 (= 11C6 x5
2
x
)6
(-2 )6
x6
(x )
5 6
= 11C6 x 62 = 11C6 64
vLJfhL 32
bfGit fh.
(2x 2 - 3 )11 vw x10-
x
:
bghJ cW
= tr+1 = 11Cr(2x2)11-r (- 3 )r
x
= 11Cr 211-r (x2)11-r
(-3 )r
xr
= 11Cr 211-r x22-2r (-3)r x-r

= 11Cr 211-r (-3)r x22-3r
x - bfGit fhz x- mLif 10-F rkgLj.
=> 22-3r
= 10
22-10 = 3r
r =4
x10 - bfG = 11C4 211-4 (-3)4 = 11C4 (27) (34)
10
vLJfhL 33
2
( 4x - 3 )9 vw x ,yhj cWig fhf.
2x
:
bghJ cW
2
= tr+1 = 9Cr( 4x )9-r ( -3 )r
2x
9-r
= 9Cr
(- 3 ) x (x2)9-r 1
4
x
9-r
xr
2r
3
9-r
(- 3 )r x18-2r x-r
= 9Cr 4 9 - r x
r
9-r
= 9Cr 4 9 - r
3
54
(- 3 )r x18-3r
r
2
x ,yhj cW = x0- bfG

=> 18-3r
=0
r
=6
9 - 6 ( )6
-3
x ,yhj cW = 9C6 4 9 - 6
6
= 9C3 4 3
3
(3 )
(2 )6
6
64
= 9x8x7 x 3 x 3 = (84) (33) = 84x27 = 2268
3x2x1
64
g 2.6
1)
(x- 2 )11 cs eL cWfis fhf.

x
2)
(x-- 2 )20 - x -8 - bfGit fhf.

x
3)
(x2 -
4)
(2x + y )9 - 8-tJ cWig fhf.
5)
6)
7)
4 10
) - x ,yhj cWig fhf.
x3
1
3
(3x- x )9 - eL cWig fhf.
6
(2x2 + 1 )12 - cs x ,yhj cWig fhf.
x
(1+x)2n eL cW
1 . 3 . 5 ... (2n -1) 2 n . x n
n!
8)
vd fhLf.
1 . 3 . 5 ... (2n -1)

vd fhLf.
(x+ 1 )2n - eL cW
2x
n!
g 2.7
Vila ilia bj br-f.
1)
n! = 24 v n - k
(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 4!
55
(d) 1
2)
3! + 2! + 1! + 0! - k
(a) 10
(b) 6
3)
1 + 1 -
4!
3!
(a) 5
20
(c) 7
(d) 9
(c) 7
(d) 1
k
(b) 5
24
12
4)
6 ngfis xU tl tot nki# tirgLJ bkhj tf

(a) 6
(b) 5
(c) 6!
d) 5!
5)
x(x-1) (x-2)! - k
(a) x!
(b) (x-1)!
6)
,Ut 7 ,lfis VF tf vif

(a) 42
(c) (x-2)!
(d) (x+1)!
(b) 14
(c) 21
(d) 7
(a) 8 x 7 x 6
(b) 8 x 7 x 6
(c) 8 x 7
(d) 3 x 2 1
8)
8
C0 - k
(a) 8
(b) 1
(c) 7
(d) 0
9)
10
C9 - k
(a) 9
(b) 1
(c) 10C1
(d) 0
7)
10)
p 3 - k
3 x 2 x1
3 f xnu nfho mikahjthW cs 5 fUJ

tiuagL nfhLf vif
(a) 10
11)
(b) 20
(a) 5
12)
13)
(c) 5
(d) 1
(c) 6
(d) 0
(c) 10
(d) 1
(c) 2n
(d) n
(c) n
(d) 1
(5x ) + ( ) = ( ) v x - k
5
4
6
5
(b) 4
cr = 10c4r v r - k
(a) 2
(b) 4
10
<U bfGf TLj

(a) 2n
(b) bn
14)
(x+b) - cs fil cW
(a) xn
(b) bn
15)
(2x+5) cs cWf vif

(a) 2
(b) 7
(c) 8
(d) 14
16)
(x+a) cs eL cW
(a) t4
(b) t5
(c) t6
(d) t3
17)
(x+a) cs bghJ cW
(a) tn
(b) tr
(c) tr-1
(d) tr+1
56
bjhldf kW bjhlf
(SEQUENCES AND SERIES)
,a vf fz N , ,UJ myJ mj X cfz

,UJ bk- vf fz R-F tiuaWfgL xU rh bjhld
MF. xU bjhld kgf N myJ N-, cfz MF.
mj Jiz kgf R MF.
N vw ,a v gij t n vw Flh
Fnwh. {t n } myJ <t n > - I bjhldij Ff
gagLJnwh. nkY t1, t2, t 3,... vgd bjhld cWf
(terms) vW miHfgL. Koila v cWfis bfhl
bjhld KoW bjhldkhF (finite sequence). Koyh v
cWfis bfhl bjhld Kowh bjhldkhF (infinite
sequence).
KoW bjhldfSfhd vLJfhLf

(i)
(ii)
tn =
n , n < 10
n +3
,j kgf
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
kW rf
1
4
2
5
3
6
4
7
5
8
6
9
7
10
8
11
9
12
} MF.
tn = 2+(-1)n
,j kgf {1, 2, 3,... }

kW rf {1, 3} MF.
Kowh bjhldfSfhd vLJfhLf
(i)
t n = n MtJ gfh v
(ii)
t n = + n , KG v gF
bjhldf cWfSilna xU lkhd cwnth myJ

fLghnlh ,Uf ntoa mtaiy. nkY xU bjhld
bghJ cW xU Nu to vGj Toajhf ,Uf
ntLbkgiy. xU bjhld cWf xU lkhd
57
ia gWkhdh/ mj bjhldF cw bjhl

(progression) vW bga. vyh cw bjhlfS bjhldfjh.
Mdh vyh bjhldfS cw bjhlf Mfkhlh. cw
bjhlfSfhd vLJfhLf.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
5, 10, 15, 20, 25,...

1, -1, 1, -1, 1, ...
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
, ...
(iv) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ...

(v)
2, 6, 3, 9, 4, 12, ... ,d w.
xU bjhld cWf TLj xU bjhl (series)

vdgL. vLJfhlhf 32 + 53 + 74 + ... vgJ 32 , 53 , 74 , ... vw
bjhldF fuhd bjhl MF.
bjhldfis g eh d Muha ,Unwh. jnghJ
,uL cw bjhlfis id Twyh.
(i) TL cw bjhl (A.P.)
(ii) bgUF cw bjhl (G.P.)
TL cw bjhl (Arithmetic Progression -A.P.)
xU bjhld cWf bjhlJ xU iyahd vzh

TLkhdh myJ Fiwkhdh mj bjhld TL cw bjhl
MF.
X A.P. , l mikig a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d,... vW vLJ
bfhsyh. , a vgJ Kj cW d vgJ bghJ ahr
MF. mj n MtJ cW myJ bghJ cW tn = a + (n-1) d MF.
mj n cWf TL S =
n
2
[2a + (n-1) d] MF.
nkY a, b, c vw _W vf A.P. , ,U b =
a +c
2
bgUF cw bjhl (Geometric Progression -G.P.)
X cWF mj K cWF cs j khahf

,UF bjhld bgUF cw bjhl MF.
58
xU G.P. , l mikig a, ar, ar 2, ar 3,... vW vLJ

bfhsyh.
, a vgJ Kj cW/ r vgJ bghJ j MF.
n MtJ cW myJ bghJ cW t n = ar n-1 MF.
n
n cWf TLj S = a 1- r
1- r
) MF.
nkY a, b, c vw _W vf G.P. , ,U b2 = ac.
3.1 ,ir cw bjhl

HARMONIC PROGRESSION (H.P.)
xU A.P. , cWf jiyf xU H.P.I mikF.

mjhtJ a1, a2, a3, ..., an,... xU A.P. v
1 , 1 , 1 ,..., 1 ,...
a1
a2
a3
an
xU H.P. MF.
nkY a, b, c vw _W vf H.P. , ,U
1
c
1
a
1
b
vgd xU A.P. , mik.
1
b
1+1
a c
i.e. b
= 2ac
a+c
vLJfhL 1
1
5
1
9
1
13
, ... vw H.P. , VHhtJ cWig fh.
:
bfhLfgl H.P.F fuhd A.P., 5, 9, 13, ...
tn
t7
= a + (n-1) d
= 5 + (7-1) 4 = 29
bfhLfgl H.P. , VHhtJ cW
1
29
vLJfhL 2
a, b, c vgd H.P. , ,U b + a + b + c = 2 vW %.
b -a
59
b -c
:
a, b, c vgd H.P. , csd.
b = 2ac
-----------------(1)
a+c
i.e. b
2c
a+c
i.e.
b+a
b -a
= 2c + a + c
i.e.
b+a
b -a
= 3c + a
2c - a - c
-----------------(2)
c-a
nkY (1) , ,UJ

b
c
= 2a
a +c
b+c
b -c
= 2a + a + c
i.e.
b+a
b -c
= 3a + c
2a - a - c
----------------(3)
a -c
(2) + (3) =>

b+a
b -a
+ b+c
b -c
= 3c + a
c-a
+ 3a + c
a -c
= 3c + a
- 3a + c
c -a
c-a
kz
=2
vLJfhL 3
ax = b y = cz nkY a, b, c vgd G.P. , csd v x, y, z
vgd xU H.P. , mik vW %.
:
bfhLfgLsJ : ax = by = cz = k (vf)
a= k
1
x
, b=
, c=
---------- (1)
nkY bfhLfgLsJ : a, b, c, G.P., csd.

b2 = ac
----------- (2)
60
(1) I (2), gagLdh

)2
=(
)(
i.e.
2
i.e. y
= x + z
i.e. y
z+ x
xz
xz
i.e. 2
= x+z
i.e. y
= x+z
2xz
x, y, z vgd xU H.P., mik

g 3.1
1)
1
2
, 4
13
, 2
9
,... vw H.P. , 4tJ kW 7tJ cWfis fhf.

12
2)
1y+ 1
1
1
zx
X H.P.- 9-tJ cW 465 kW
kkx z 20tJ cW 388 v mj
40tJ cWig fhf.

3)
log32, log62 kW log122 vgd xU H.P. , mik vd fhLf.
4)
a, b, c vgd xU G.P. , ,U log am, logbm kW logcm vgd xU

H.P. , mik vd fhLf.
5)
6)
1
2
(x+y), y, 1
(y+z) vgd xU H.P., ,U x, y, z vgd
xU G.P., mik vW fhLf.

x, y, z vgd A.P. Y nkY H.P. Y ,Uwd v mit
G.P.-Y ,UF vW Wf.
7)
a , b, c vw _W vf xU H.P. , ,U a
c
Wf.
61
= a - b vW
b -c
8)
xU H.P. , p MtJ cW q kW q MtJ cW p v

mj (pq) MtJ cW 1 vd Wf.
9)
a, b, c vgd A.P. Y b, c, a vgd G.P. Y ,U c, a, b vgd

H.P., ,UF vW fhLf.
3.2 ,U if bk- vf ruhrf

(MEANS OF TWO POSITIVE REAL NUMBERS)
tiuaiuf a, b vgd ,U if bk- vfbs mt

TL ruhr
A.M. = a + b
2
bgUf ruhr G.M. = + ab

,ir ruhr
H.M. =
2ab
a+b
vLJfhL 4
a) 15, 25 ,t A.M. fhf b) 9, 4 ,t G.M. fhf
c) 5, 45 ,t H.M. fhf.
:
a+b
15+ 25
40
= 2
= 2
2
a)
A.M. =
b)
G.M. = + ab = + 9x4
c)
H.M. = a + b =
2ab
= 20
=6
2x5x45
450
5+ 45 = 50 = 9
vLJfhL 5
F 6-F
F ,il ehF TL ruhrfis fhf.
5-F
:
5, x1, x2, x3, x4, 6 vgd A.P., ,UfL
t6 = 6
5 + 5d = 6
d= 15
62
vdnt x1 = 5 +
26
1
5
= 5
x2 = 5 + 15
26
= 5
27
27
= 5
28
x3 = 5 + 15
28
1
+ 5
5
nkY x4 =
29
= 5
njitahd TL ruhrf
26
27
28
29
, 5 , 5 , 5
5
vLJfhL 6
4
3
F 43 F ,il _W bgUf ruhrfis
fhf.
:
4
3
vgd G.P., ,UfL
, x1, x2, x3, 4

3
t5 = 4
i.e. 43
r4 = 4
r = 23
vdnt x1
x2
nkY x3
= 43 x
=
2
3
=1x
=
3
2
3
2
2
3
=1
3
2
3
2
njitahd bgUf ruhrf

63
2
3
, 1,
3
2
vLJfhL 7
1
9
1
10
F ,il ehF ,ir ruhrfis
fh.
:
1
1
9
9,
x1, x2, x3, x4, 10 vgd H.P., ,UfL

1
x1
1
x2
1
x3
1
x4
, 10 vgd A.P., mik
t6 = 10
i.e.
vdnt
nkY
9 + 5d = 10 d =
1
x1
=9+
1
5
1
x2
46
5
1
5
47
5
1
x3
47
5
1
5
48
5
1
x4
48
5
1
5
49
5
1
5
46
5
njitahd ,ir ruhrf
5
5
5
5
, 47 , 48 , 49 ,
46
g 3.2
1)
5 -F 29-F ,il 3 TL ruhrfis fhf.
2)
5-F 3645-F ,il 5 bgUf ruhrfis fhf.
3)
1
5
1
20
F ,il 4 ,ir ruhrfis fhf.
4)
,U vf TL ruhr 34/ mt bgUf rhr 16 v

mbtfis fhf.
5)
x2 -2ax + b2 = 0 vw rkgho _yf TL ruhr x2 -2bx + a2 =

0 vw rkgho _yf bgUf ruhr MF vW
,ulh rkgho _yf TL ruhr Kj rkgho

_yf bgUf ruhr MF vW fhLf.
64
3.3 A.M., G.M. kW H.M.

,itfSilna cs bjhl
(RELATION BETWEEN A.M. G.M. AND H.M.)
vj ,U btntwhd if bk- vfis vLJ
bfhlhY mt
(i) A.M > G.M > H.M (ii) G.M. =
(A.M.) x (H.M.)
%gz :
a kW b vw ,U btntwhd if bk- vf A.M.,
G.M., kW H.M. ,tiw Kiwna A, G, H vd Fjh
A = a+2b , G =
ab , H = 2ab
a+b
,nghJ/
A - G = a+2b - ab = a + b - 2 ab
2
a + b-2 a
2
A>G
a b
2
)2
>0
---------- (1)
nkY
G-H =
ab - 2ab
a+b
ab ( a + b )- 2 ab ab
a +b
ab a + b - 2 ab
a+b
ab
a b
a +b
ab (a +b )-2ab
a +b
G>H
>0
---------- (2)
(1), (2) , ,UJ

A>G>H
65
nkY
A.H. =
( a +2 b ) ( a2ab+b )
= ab
=
ab
= G2
G=
(A) (H)
vdnt %fglJ.
cfUJ :
(i)
A.M., G.M., H.M. ,it xU Fiw G.P.I cUthFwd.
(ii)
,U rkkhd if vf xbthiw a vd bfhlh

A.M. = G.M. = H.M. = a MF.
vLJfhL 8
F 4F
F ,ilnaahd A.M., G.M. H.M. ,it xU
25F
Fiw G.P.I mikF vw Tiw rghf.
:
4
A = a+2b = 25+
= 29
2
2
G=
ab =
25x4 = 10
= 2x25x4
= 200
H = a2ab
+b
25+ 4
29
,nghJ
- 10 = 292-10 = 92 > 0
A - G = 29
2
---------- (1)
A>G
nkY
- 200
G - H = 10 - 200
= 29029
= 90
>0
29
29
G>H
---------------- (2)
(1), (2) , ,UJ
A>G>H
(66)
nkY
AH =
( 292 ) ( 200
)
29
= 100 = (10)2 = G2.

vdnt A, G, H vgd xU Fiw GP.I cUthF vgJ
rghfglJ.
vLJfhL 9
A.M, G.M. kW H.M. ,tiw tot fj Kiw
FJ mj thyhf mit xU Fiw G.P.I
I cUthF
vW fhLf.
T
OX v nfhoUJ OA = a myFf OB = b myF btl.

AB I lkhf bfhL X miu tl tiuf.
tlF bjhLnfhL OT tiuf. TM AB. tiua.
C vgJ miutl ika
2
Q
abvf.
OT
OC
,,
a+ b OA+ OB
=
= OC - AC +2OC + CB = 2OC
= OC (Q AC, CB Muf)
2
2
2
OC vgJ a, b-F ,ilnaahd A.M. MF.
,nghJ
OT2
= OA.OB = ab ( OT bjhLnfhL/ OAB btLnfhL)
i.e. OT =
OT vgJ a, b-F ,ilnaahd G.M. MF.
,nghJ
OT2 = OM.OC (Q OTC ||| OMT)
i.e.
OM =
ab
a+b
2
= a2ab
+b
OM vgJ a, b-F ,ilnaahd H.M. MF

67
brnfhz OTC , ,UJ

OC > OT
A>G
------------- (1)
brnfhz OTM , ,UJ
OT > OM
i.e. G > H
------------- (2)
(1), (2) , ,UJ
A>G>H
-------------(3)
i.e.
nkY
OT 2 = OM.OC OC, OT kW OM xU G.P.I mikF
i.e. A, G, H xU G.P.I mikF
-------------(4)
(3), (4) , ,UJ
A.M., G.M., H.M. xU Fiw G.P. I cUthF.
vLJfhL 10
x, y, z vgd btntwhd if bk-vf v
(x+y) (y+z) (z+x) > 8xyz vW %.
:
x, y I vLJ bfhnth. A.M. > G.M. vd mnth
x+y
>
2
xy
i.e. (x+y) > 2 xy
------------(1)
,njngh (y+z) > 2 yz --------------(2)

kW
(z+x) > 2 zx -------------(3)
(1), (2), (3)- I brFjhf bgUdh
i.e.
(x+y) (y+z) (z+x) > [2 xy

(x+y) (y+x) (z+x) > 8xyz
][2
yz
][2
zx
g 3.3
1)
25, 36 vw vfSF ruhrf rk cwit rghf.
2)
a, b, c vgd H.P. , mik _W btntwhd if vf
v a 2 + c 2 > 2b 2 vW %f.
3)
x(1) vgJ X if bk- v v/ x +
68
1
x
> 2 vW fhLf.
3.4 bjhldf bghJnfhghL

(GENERAL CONCEPT OF SEQUENCES)
xU bjhldij
(i) xU ahY (Rule) (ii) xUJ kbwhW tU
cwthY (Recursive relation) Ffyh.
3.4.1 xU bjhldij xU ah tiuaWj
,Kiw tn , Nu bfhLfgL. mUJ vj

xU Fl cWig fL of Ko.
vLJfhL 11
tU bjhldf xbth Kj ehF
cWfis fhf.
a) tn = 3n - 2
b) tn =
n
d) tn = 2 2
e)
a) 1, 4, 7, 10
b) 2,
n 2 +1
n
+1
c) tn = 2n
2n -1
< 1+(21) >
f)
< nn+-11 > , n > 1
:
d) 2, 1,
8
9
, 1
5
2
e) 0, 1, 0, 1
10
3
17
4
c) 3,
5
3
f) 3, 2,
,
5
3
7
5
9
7
3
2
vLJfhL 12
tU bjhldf xbth rfij
fhf.
a) < 2n >
b) < 2n - 1 >
c) < 1 + (-1)n >
n
n-1
d) < (-1) >
e) < (-1) >
:
b)
,uilgil if KGf fz{2, 4, 6, ... }

xiwgil if KGf fz {1, 3, 5, ... }
c)
d)
e)
{0, 2}
{-1, 1}
{-1, 1}
a)
69
vLJfhL 13
tU bjhld rfij g ahJ
TW : tn = n2 - n + 41, n < 40?
:
rf
{41, 43, 47, 53, 61 ... 1601}
,J 41 Kj 1601 tiuyhd midJ gfh vf fz

MF.
vLJfhL 14
tU bjhldf n MtJ cW bghJ
tot mikig fhf.
a)
1
, ...
1, 14 , 19 , 16
b) 32 , 54 , 76 , 98 , ...
c)
3, 15, 35, 63, ...
d) 5, 17, 37, 65, ...
e)
1
, - 23 , 43 , - 45 , ...
2
1 1
f) - 12 , 16 , - 12
, 20 , ...
:
1
n2
a)
tn =
c)
tn = 4n2-1
e)
tn = (-1)n+1
b) tn =
2n + 1
2n
d) tn = 4n2 + 1
n
n +1
f) tn =
(-1 )n
n2+n
3.4.2 xU bjhldij xUJ kbwhW tU cwth

Fj
,Kiw bjhld y Jtf cWfS X cw

bfhLfgL mitfis gagL mj vj X cWig
fLof Ko.
vLJfhL 15
a1 = 1, a2 = 0, an = 2an-1 - an-2, n>2 vw cwth FfgL
bjhld Kj VG cWfis fhf.
70
:
a3 = 2a2-a1 = 0-1 = -1
a4 = 2a3-a2 = -2-0 = -2
a5 = 2a4-a3 = -4+1 = -3
a6 = 2a5-a4 = -6+2 = -4
a7 = 2a6-a5 = -8+3 = -5
Kj VG cWf 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5
vLJfhL 16
a1 = 1, a 2 = 1, an+1 = an + an-1, n > 2 vw bjhld Kj
10 cWfis fhf.
:
a3 = a2+a1 = 1+1 = 2
a4 = a3+a2 = 2+1 = 3
a5 = a4+a3 = 3+2 = 5
a6 = a5+a4 = 5+3 = 8
a7 = a6+a5 = 8+5 = 13
a8 = a7+a6 = 13+8 = 21
a9 = a8+a7 = 21+13 = 34
a10 = a9+a8 = 34+21 = 55
Kj gJ cWf 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55
cfUJ :
,J nghw bjhld ~dh (Febinacci) bjhld

vwiHfgLwJ.
vLJfhL 17
(i) tn = 2n+1 - 3 (ii) a1 = 1, an = 2an-1 + 3, n > 2 vgd xnu
bjhldij jh Fwd vW fhLf.
:
(i)
tn = 2n+1 - 3
t1 = 22-3 = 1
t2 = 23-3 = 5
t3 = 24-3 = 13
t4 = 25-3 = 29
t5 = 26-3 = 61 ,d w.
bjhld 1, 5, 13, 29, 61...
71
(ii)
a1 = 1
an = 2an-1+3, n>2
a2 = 2a1+3 = 2+3 = 5
a3 = 2a2+3 = 10+3 = 13
a4 = 2a3+3 = 26+3 = 29
a5 = 2a4+3 = 58+3 = 61 ,d w.
bjhld 1, 5, 13, 29, 61, ...

,U bjhldfS xnwjh.
cfUJ :
y bjhldf vj xU NujhY Ff ,ayhkY

,Ufyh. vLJfhlhf gfh vf bjhld
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ...
fj tYdf gfh vf midij bfhLfToa xU

bghJthd Nuij bgW bgUKa ,dK <LgLsd
mtf Ka ,JfhW btailaiy.
g 3.4
1)
tU bjhldf xbth Kj 5 cWfis fhf.

(a)
n-1
< nn!+1 >
(b)
(e) < n 22n-1 >

2)
3)
tn
(f) <(-1)n>
(c)
<
1
nn
>
(d)
< 1n(+11) >
(g) <6n-1>
n 2+ 3 ,
n
3 2 + 1
n X xiw v v
), n X ,uil v v
vw bjhld Kj 7 cWfis fhf.

tU bjhldf xbth rfij fhf.
(a)
4)
< (n1+)1 >
< 1+(-1)n+1 >
(b) < (-1)n+1 >
tU bjhldf xbth bghJ cWid fhf.

(a)
1, 4, 9, 16, 25 ...
(b)
3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, ...
(c)
2.1, 2.01, 2.001, 2.0001, ...
(d)
0, 3, 8, 15, ...
(e)
10
3
, 20
, 30
, 40
, ...
9
27
81
72
xUJ kbwhW tU cwth Ffgl tU

bjhldf xbth Kj 6 cWfis fhf.
5)
a n -1
, n>1
2
(a)
a1 = 1, an =
(c)
a1 = 1, a n = 3an-1 + 1, n > 1
(b)a1 = 5, an = -2a n-1, n > 1

(d) a1 = 2, an = 2an-1 + n, n > 1
(e)
a1 = 1, an = a n-1 +n , n > 1
(f) a1 = 2, a 2 =1, an = a n-1 -1, n > 2
(g)
a1 = 1, a2 = 1 an = (an-1)2 +2, n > 2 (h) a1 = 1, a2 = -1, an = an-2 + 2, n > 2
3.5 TLto
(COMPOUND INTEREST)
Fl fhy ,ilbt mtnghJ ilF to mjj

mrfSl TlgL mLj fhyfhd to fzlgL.
mjhtJ ilF to/ kWKjL br-agL/ toF to jUtJ
TL toahF.
TL togo TLj fhz Nu
r
A = P(1+i)n , , i = 100
,F P = mr (jnghija k)
A = TLj
r = to j
i = XuhLF XuyF gzF to
A
nkY jnghija k P = (1+i )n

cfUJ :
(i)
(ii)
TLto TLj bjhiff xU G.P. -I cUthF

to MLF xU jlitFnk bfhLfglh mjF x
to vW bga.
i
k
vW n-I nk
(iii)
to MLF k jlitf nrfglh i- I

vW khw ntoUF.
(iv)
X mr T tUlf N klfhdh T x n tUlf Nn

klfhF.
73
vLJfhL 18
% . 1,000 -F 5% to j 10 MLf ilF
TL toia fhf.
klif fzLf
:
log 1.05 = 0.0212
n
A
= P (1+i)
10 x
= 1000 (1+0.05)10
0.2120
= 1000 (1.05)10
log 1000 = 3.0000 +
= %. 1629
3.2120
TLto= A - P
Antilog 3.2120
= 1629 - 1000
= 1629
= %. 629.
vLJfhL 19
% . 1,000-F
-F MLF 4% to j 10 MLf
ilF TL toia fhf
:
A
klif fzLf
log 1.01 = 0.0043
40 x
= P(1+i)n
= 1000 (1+0.01)40
= 1000 (1.01)40
0.1720
log 1000 = 3.0000
= Rs. 1486
3.1720
Antilog 3.1720
= 1486
TL to = A - P
= 1486 - 1000 = Rs. 486.
vLJfhL 20
FHij wj ehsW mj bga xUt
% . 10,000 K j L b r - w h .
M L t o 12% t o
khjnjhW Tlglh 20MtJ
MtJ ta bgwgLtJ
vts?
klif fzLf
log 1.01 = 0.0043
:
240 x
A = P(1+i)n
1.0320
log 10000 = 4.0000 +
= 10000 (1+0.01)240
5.0320
= 10000 (1.01)240
Antilog 5.0320
= %. 1,07,600
= 1,07,600
74
vLJfhL 21
M ML xU ef #dbjhif 50,000 MF.
1987M
#dbjhif MLF 5% TLwJ v 1997 M ML
mj ef #dbjhifia fhf.
klif fzLf
:
log 1.05 = 0.0212
A = P(1+i)n
10 x
= 50000 (1+0.05)10
0.2120
log 50000 = 4.6990 +
10
= 50000 (1.05)
4.9110
= 81,470
Antilog 4.9110
= 81,470
vLJfhL 22
X ,au ML xWF 10% j mj k
FiwwJ. ,au %
-F thfglJ v 10
%. 10,000-F
fhf.
tUl Ko mj kig fhf
klif fzLf
:
log 0.9 = 1 .9542
10 x
n
A = P(1-i)
.5420 +
= 10000 (1-0.1)10
log 10000 = 4.0000
= 10000 (0.9)10
3.5420
1
= %. 3,483
Antilog 3.5420
= 3,483
vLJfhL 23
5% TL to 5 MLf fJ %. 12,000 MF
bjhif jnghija kig fLo.
klif fzLf
:
log 1.05 = 0.0212
5 x
A
P
= (1+i )n
0.1060
log 12000 = 4.0792
12000
0.1060
5
=
(1+ 0.05 )
3.9732
Antilog 3.9732
= 9,401
12000
= (1.05 )5 = %. 9,401
75
vLJfhL 24
v j m r 13 M L f M L F 10% T L
to %. 5,525 TLj bfhLF?
klif fzLf
P
=
5525
= (1+ 0.1 )13

5525
log 1.1 = 0.0414

13
0.5382
log 5525 = 3.7423

0.5382
3.2041
Antilog 3.2041
= 1,600
= (1.1 )13
= %. 1,600
vLJfhL 25
miuahLF xU Kiw to TlgLnghJ
vj to j 3 MLf mr %. 2000, TLj
%. 3,000 Mf khW?
:
A
A
(1+i )n
= P (1+i)
i
2
3000 = 2000 (1+
)3x2
= 2000 (1+ 2i )6
(1+ 2i )6 = 3000
2000
=>
(1+ 2i ) = (1.5)
i
2
= 0.07
i.e.
r
100
= 0.14
= 14%
log 1.5 = 0.1761

6
0.02935
Antilog 0.02935
= 1.07
=>
=>
klif fzLf
1
6
= 1.07
76
vLJfhL 26
13% TL to j vts fhy X mr
KklfhF
KklfhF?
klif fzLf
i.e.
= P(1+i)n
= P (1+0.13)n
= (1.13)n
A
3P
3
log 0.4771 = 1 .6786

log 0.0531 =
i.e.
= n log 1.13
log3
log1.13
0.9535
Antilog 0.9535
= 8.984
klif vLjh
log 3
.7251
= 00.4771
.0531
= 8.984 = 9 tUlf (njhuhakhf)

3.5.1 bk- to j
j:
MLF xU KiwF nk toahdJ mrYl

TlgLkhdh mj to j x to jkhF.
bk- to j > x to j vgJ btgilahF.
MLF k jlitf to TlgLnghJ XuyF gzF
ML to i vf. j vgJ fuhd bk- to vf.
k
i 2
P (1+j)
i.e.
= P (1+ k )
k
j = (1+ ki ) -1
vLJfhL 27
miuahLF xUKiw to nrfgLnghJ 15%
to j bk- to j fhf.
:
klif fzLf
k
j = (1+ ki ) -1
log 1.075 = 0.0314

2
0.0628
)2 -1
= (1+ 0.15
2
= (1 + 0.075)2-1
= (1.075)2 -1 = 1.155 - 1 = 0.155 = 15.5%
77
Antilog 0.0628
= 1.155
vLJfhL 28
,U khjfSF xU Kiw to nrfgLnghJ
16% to rjj bk- to j fhf.
:
j
= (1+
klif fzLf
)k-1
= (1 +
log 1.027 = 0.0116

6
0.0696
0.16 6
) -1
6
= (1+0.027)6-1
Antilog 0.0696
= 1.174
= (1.027)6-1
= 1.174 - 1
= 0.174
= 17.4%
vLJfhL 29
xU Wtd 16% ML to mwJ. xU
fl gu khjnjhW to nrJ 15% to jUwJ.
Muh-f.
,t vJ wghdJ vd i Muh-f
k
:
15% x to bk- to rjj fhngh
j
= (1+ ki )k -1
= (1+
0.15
12
klif fzLf
12
) -1
log 1.0125 = 0.0055

12 x
0.0660
= (1+0.0125)12-1
= (1.0125)12-1
Antilog 0.0660
= 1.164
= 1.164 - 1
= 0.164
= 16.4 %
khjnjhW to nrF 15% to wghdJ.

78
g 3.5
1)
ML to 12% , 15 MLf %. 5,000 vts TLjiy

bfhLF?
2)
to (i) MLbfhUKiw
(ii) miuahLF xUKiw
nrfgLnghJ %. 4/800F MLF 4% to j TL
toia fhf.
xUt % . 2,000 I 15% to j KjL br-wh. to
khjnjhW nrfglh 5 MLf Ko mtUF ilF
bjhif vts?
3)
4)
X ,au xbthU ML ML Jtf k 10%

kwfkilwJ. mJ %. 20,000F thfglJ v/ ehfh
ML Ko mj kig fhf.
5)
4% TL to j 4 MLf fJ tuntoa %. 2,000,
jnghija kig fhf.

6)
Uk. fgdh mtf xU Fl bjhifia 10% to j

5 MLf uju it nghL itJ %. 4888 TL toahf
bgWwh. mt nghl bjhifia fhf.
7)
fhyhLF xU Kiw to nrfgLnghJ 5 MLf % .

5000 Kj %. 9035 TLj MwJ. TL to rjjij fhf.
8)
MLF xUKiw to nrfgLnghJ 5% TL to

vjid MLf xU mr KklfhF?
9)
fhyhLF xUKiw to nrFnghJ 15% x to j

bk- to j fhf.
10)
miuahLbfhUKiw to nrfgLnghJ 12% x to

j bk-to j fhf.
3.6 jtiz gL bjhiff

(ANNUITIES)
xU khwhj bjhif/ bjhlJ/ xU Fl ,ilbt

brYjgLtJ jtiz gL bjhif MF. xbthU fhy
,ilbt ,WY gz brYjgLtJ cldo jtiz
gL bjhif (immediate annuity) myJ rhjh jtiz gL
79
bjhif (ordinary annuity) vdgL. xbthU fhy ,ilbt

JtfY gz brYjgLtJ fhUf ntoa jtiz
gL bjhif (annuity due) MF. jtiz gL bjhif vgJ
bghJthf rhjh jtiz gL bjhifia FF.
3.6.1 cldo jtiz gL bjhif (Immediate Annuity)
a
a
a
a
a ...
n
P
1
2
3
4 ...
TLj A
n MLfSF xbthU ML KoY a gz brYjglh

A = ai
[ (1+i) n-1]
nkY jfhy k
P = ai [ 1- (1+i)-n]
3.6.2 fhUf ntoa jtiz gL bjhif
(Annuity Due)
a
1
P
a
2
a
3
a ...
4 ...
.a
n
.
TLj A
n MLfSF xbthU ML JtfY a gz
brYjglh
A
= ai (1+i) [ (1+i)n-1]
nkY jfhy k
P
= ai (1+i) [ 1- (1+i)-n]
vLJfhL 30
MLF 10% to nrfgLnghJ xbthU
M o , W Y % . 2,000 j 4 M L f S F
brYjgL jtiz gL bjhif bkhj
bjhifia fhf.
80
klif fzLf
:
A
= ai [ (1+i)n-1]
=
log 1.1 =0.0414

4 x
0.1656
Antilog 0.1656
= 1.464
2000
[ (1.1)4-1]
0.1
2000
1
10
[1.464-1]
= 20000 [0.464]
= %. 9,280
vLJfhL 31
12% ML to khjnjhW to nrfgL
nghJ xbthU khjK %. 1000 j 12 khjfSF
brYjgL rhjh jtiz gL bjhif
bkhjij fhf.
klif fzLf
A
= ai [(1+i)n-1]
1000
= 0.01 [(1.01)12-1]
=
2000
1
100
log 1.01 = 0.0043

12 x
0.0516
Antilog 0.0516
= 1.127
[1.127-1]
= 100000 [0.127]
= %. 12,700
vLJfhL 32
xU t fhyhLF xUKiw to nrJ 8%
to bfhLwJ. xbthU fhyhL KoY vts
bjhif brYdh 3 MLf Ko %. 3,000 ilF?
81
klif fzLf
log 1.02 = 0.0086
12 x
0.1032
:
A
= ai [ (1+i)n-1]
i.e.
a
[ (1.02)12-1]
3000 = 0.02
=>
60
= a [1.2690-1]
=>
60
= a [0.2690]
= 0.2690
= Rs. 223
Antilog 0.1032
= 1.2690
log 60 = 1.7782
log 0.2690 = 1 .4298
2.3484
60
Antilog 2.3484
= 223.0
vLJfhL 33
xbthU ML KoY %
%. 750 j 5 MLfSF
15% f j b r Y j g L j t i z g L
bjhif jnghija k ahJ?
:
P
= ai [1-(1+i)-n]
750
= 0.15 [1-(1.15)-5]
klif fzLf
log 1.15 = 0.0607
-5 x
- 0.3035
[1-0.4972]
= 75000
15
= 5000 [0.5028]
Antilog
= %. 2514
.6965
.6965
= 0.4972
vLJfhL 34
xU fU jtiz Kiw thfgLwJ. thF
rka %
%. 5000 brY d Kj/ ,ulh/ _wh
ehfh tUl Ko xbthU Kiw %
%. 3,000 jtiz
brYjgLwJ. ML to j 5% v fU
bfhKj iyia fhf.
82
klif fzLf
:
P
=
=
=
log 1.05 = 0.0212

-4
[1-(1+i)-n]
3000
0.05
-4
-0.0848
[1-(1.05) ]
3000
5
100
= 1 .9152
[1-0.8226]
Antilog
300000
[0.1774]
5
.9152
= 0.8226
= 60000 [0.1774]
= %. 10644
bfhKj iy = % (5000 + 10644) = %. 15,644
vLJfhL 35
xUt miuahLF xUKiw to nrJ
b f h L g j h - 8% M L t o j % . 5000 f l b g W
m j i d 10 r k k h d j t i z f x b t h U M W k h j f
KoY bfhLgjhf xbfhlh mt brYj
ntoa jtiz gzij fhf.
a
1i
:
= ai
klif fzLf
log 1.04 = 0.0170
-10 x
[1-(1+i)-n)
-0.1700
5000 = 0.04 [1-(1.04)-10]

=
a
= 0.04 [1-0.6761]
Antilog
= 0.04 [0.3239]
i.e. 200
a
.8300
.8300
= 0.6761
log 200 = 2.3010
= a [0.3230]
.5104
2.7906
Antilog 2.7906
= 617.50
log 0.3239 =
200
= 0.3239
= %. 617.50
83
vLJfhL 36
,au X , iy %. 15,000. ,au Y , iy
% . 20,000. mtUJ ilF ML tUth- Kiwna
-, Mfhy 4
%. 4,000 kW %. 7,000 MF. ,au X-,
M L f Y-,
, Mfhy 7 MLf v vj
,auij thFtJ wjJ? (MLF 8% f j
vd bfhf?
:
,au X
,au thf bry = %. 15,000

xbthU ML tUkhd jnghija bkhj k
klif fzLf
-n
[1-(1+i) ]
log 1.08 = 0.0334

-4 x
4000
= 0.08 [1-(1.08)-4]
=
-0.1336
400000
[1-0.7352]
8
= 50000 [0.2648]
= 1 .8664
1ai
Antilog
.8664
= 0.7352
%. 13,240
jnghija tu jnghija bryitl Fiwth- csJ.
fu bry
= %. (15,000-13,240)
= %. 1760
,au Y
,au thf bry = %. 20,000

xbthU ML tUkhd
jnghija bkhj k
=
a
i
[1-(1+i)-n]
84
=
=
klif fzLf
log 1.08 = 0.0334
-7 x
[1-(1.08)-7]
=
7000
[1-0.5837]
8
100
-0.2338
= 1 .7662
700000
[0.4163]
8
Antilog
= 87500 [0.4163]
.7662
= 0.5837
= %. 36,420
jnghija tu jnghija
bryitl mfkhf csJ.
fu tu
= %. (36,420-20000)
= %. 16,420
,au Y I thfyh.
log 87500 = 4.9420

.6194 +
4.5614
Antilog = 4.5614
= 36,420
log 0.4163 =
vLJfhL 37
e h M L F 5% T L t o j U t
%. 500 j 10 MLf brYdh
xbthU ML %
10 MLf Ko eh bgW bjhifia fhf.
17000
0.08
:
A
a
i
(1+i) [(1+i)n-1]
500
= 0.05 (1.05) [(1.05)10-1]
525
5
100
log 1.05 = 0.0212

10 x
0.2120
Antilog 0.2120
= 1.629
525
= 0.05 [1.629-1]
=
klif fzLf
[0.629]
52500
[0.629]
5
= 10500 [0.629]
= %. 6604.50
85
vLJfhL 38
fhyhLF
toaF xU
JtfY %. 1000
fz nrfukhF
xUKiw
n r J 8%
toia
S.B. f z x b t h U f h y h L
j brYdh 3 ML Ko
bjhif vts?
:
A
(1+i) [ (1+i)n-1]
klif fzLf
1000
= 0.02 (1.02) [(1.02)12-1]
1020
= 0.02 [1.269-1]
0.1032
Antilog 0.1032
= 1.269
= 1020
[0.269]
2
100
log 1.02 = 0.0086

12 x
102000
[0.269]
2
= 51000 [0.269] = %. 13,719

vLJfhL 39
MLF 15% j khjnjhW to nrfgL
nghJ xbthU khj JtfY
vts rkkhd
1ai
bjhif brYdh 3 MLf
%. 4,00,000 nrfukhF?
:
A
a
i
(1+i) [ (1+i)n-1]
a
400,000 = 0.0125 (1.0125) [(1.0125)36-1]

ie. 5000 = a(1.0125) [1.578-1]
= a (1.0125) (0.578)
5000
= (1.0125)(0.578)
klif fzLf
log 1.01125 = 0.0055
36 x
0.1980
Antilog 0.1980
= 1.578
log 1.0125 = 0.0055
log 0.578 = 1 .7619 +
.7674
log 5000 = 3.6990
.7674
3.9316
Antilog 3.9316
= 8,543
= %. 8,543
86
vLJfhL 40
MLF 4% to jgo 2 MLfSF MLF
%. 200 brYJ fhUF jtiz gL gz
jnghija k ahJ?
klif fzLf
:
P
(1+i) [1-(1+i)-n]
=
200
= 0.04 (1.04) [1-(1.04)-2]

=
=
208
4
100
[1-0.9247]
log 1.04 = 0.0170

-2 x
-0.0340
= 1 .9660
Antilog
20800
[0.0753]
4
.9660
= 0.9247
= 5,200 [0.0753]
= %. 391.56
g 3.6
1)
MLF 7% to j
tUlF xU Kiw to
1ai %. 1/000 j 5 MLfSF
nrfgL nghJ tUlF
brYjgL rhjhuz jtiz gL bjhif vfhy
kig fh.
2)
miuahLF xUKiw to nrJ 8% toaF t

xUt xbthU MWkhj KoY %. 75 j 10 MLf gz
brYJwh. gJ MLf Ko mt fz vts
,UF?
3)
MLF 8% j MWkhjfSF xUKiw to nrfgL

nghJ xbthU MWkhj KoY %. 1200 j 3 MLf
brYjgL jtiz gF gz jnghija kig
fLo.
4)
xbthU ML %. 500 j 10 MLfSF MLF 10%

f j bgwgL jtiz gF gz jnghija
kbgd?
87
5)
6% to j khjnjhW to nrfgL nghJ xbthU khj
Ko[Y %. 250 j 5 MLfSF brYjgL jtiz

gF gz jnghija kbgd?
6)
,au A , iy %. 25/000. ,au B , iy %. 40/000.

mtUJ ilF ML tUkhd Kiwna %. 8/000/
kW %. 10/000 MF. ,au A , Mfhy 5 MLf
B, Mfhy 7 MLf. f j MLF 10% v
vj ,auij thFtJ wjJ?
7)
xUt 3 MLf fJ jh f ntoa fl %. 3/783I

_W rkkhd ML jtizf brY milJl
Uwh. 5% to MLbfhU Kiw nrfglh mt
brYj ntoa jtiz gzij fhf.
8)
xUt %. 98/000 ks il jtiz Kiw thFwh.

%. 50/000-I il thFnghJ bfhLwh. ia xbthU
ML KoY jtiz Kiw 20 rkkhd jtizf
brYJwh. 16% to tUlnjhW nrfgLkhdh mt
brYj ntoa xU jtiz bjhifia fhf.
9)
5% TL to bfhLF t tUlnjhW %. 1/000 j 5
MLfSF eh brYdh 5 ML Ko nrfukhUF

bjhif vts?
10)
MLF 6% to tUlnjhW nrfgLwJ. xbthU

ML JtfY %. 500 j brYjglh 10 ML Ko
vts bjhif ilF?
11)
xU Wtd X ,auij jtiz Kiw thFwJ.

xbthU Mo JtfY %. 1/000 j 8 MLfSF
jtiz brYjgo 20% j mt jnghija bkhj
k vd?
12)
xU t MLF 8 % j fhyhLF xUKiw to

nrJ bfhLwJ. mj t xbthU fhyhL
JtfY vts bjhif brYdh 5 MLf mJ
bkhj %. 10/000 MF?
13)
%. 60/000 ks ,auij jtiz Kiw thFnghJ

MLF xUKiw 5% to nrfglh 10 MLfSF
xbthU ML JtfY vts brYj ntL ?
88
g 3.7
Vila ilia bj br-f.
1)
xU H.P. , cWf jiyf cUthFtJ

(a) A.P.
(b) G.P.
, x, 3
2)
13
5)
6)
4
13
(c)
5
13
(d)
6
13
ab
2
(b)
a+ b
2
(c)
ab
(d)
a -b
2
3, 27 ,tilnaahd bgUf ruhr

(a) 15
(b) 12
(c) 19
(d) , VJiy
10, 15 ,tilnaahd ,ir ruhr

(a) 12
(b) 25
(c) 150
(d) 12.5
x 2 - bx + c = 0 vw rkgho _yff ,ir ruhr

(a)
7)
(b)
a, b ,tilnaahd TL ruhr
(a)
4)
(d) , VJiy
vgd H.P. , ,U x , k
(a) 3
3)
(c) H.P.
2b
c
(b)
2c
b
(c)
2bc
b+c
(d) , VJiy
X ,Ugo rkgho _yf

TL ruhr
1
8
4
3
(b) A.P.
(c) H.P.
(d) , VJiy
,U btntwhd if vf A.M., G.M., H.M. Kiwna A, G, H

v
(a) A > G > H
10)
(b) x2 - 3x + 2 = 0
(d) x2 + 2x + 3 = 0
,U btntwhd if vf A.M., G.M., H.M. Mait

cUthFtJ
(a) G.P.
9)
,ir ruhr
v mj rkghL
(a) x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
(c) x2 - 3x - 4 = 0
8)
3
2
(b) A < G > H
(c) A < G < H
(d) A>G<H
,U btntwhd if vf A.M., G.M, H.M. Kiwna A, G, H

v
(a) A = G2H
(b) G2 = AH
(c) A2 = GH
89
(d) A = GH
11)
,U if bk- vf G.M. = 300, H.M. = 180 mt A.M. ,

k
(a) 100
12)
(b) 300
(c) 200
(d) 500
,U if bk- vf A.M. = 4, G.M. = 2 v mt H.M.,

k
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
n+1
13)
< (1n) > vw bjhld Ijh cW

(a) 15
14)
(d) - 14
1000, 995, 990, ... vw bjhld n , vkF tn vgJ

Kj Fiw cWghf ,UF?
(a) 201
15)
(c) 14
(b) - 1
(b) 204
(c) 202
<2+(-1) n > vw bjhld rf

(a) N
(b) R
(c) {3, 4}
(d) 203
(d) {1, 3}
16)
j togo X mrYF xU tUlfhd TLj/ ,U

tUlfhd TLj kW 3 MLfSfhd TLj
cUthFtJ
(a) A.P.
(b) G.P.
(c) H.P.
(d) , VJiy
17)
X mrYF TL togo mLjLj MLfSfhd TLjf

cUthFtJ
(a) A.P.
(b) G.P.
(c) H.P.
(d) , VJiy
18)
mr % . P -F T tUlf MLF R% to j TL
to
R
(b) % . P [ (1+ 100 ) T -1]
(d) %. P [ (1+ 100 ) T +100]
(a) % . P [ (1+ 100 ) T +1]
(c) % . P [ (1+ 100 ) T -100]

19)
5% j MLF xUKiw to nrFnghJ %. 400F 2
MLfSfhd TL to
(a) % . 45
(b) % . 41
20)
(c) % . 20
(d) %. 10
%. 24,000 F 5% to j 3 MLfSfhd TL to
(a) % . 3,783
(b) % . 3,793
(c) % . 4,793
d) % . 4,783
90
21)
X mrYF MLF 5% to j ,uL MLfSfhd

TL toF j toF cs ahr %. 25 v mj
mr
(a) %. 10,000
(b) % . 8,000
(c) % . 9,000
(d) %. 2,000
22
MLF 4% TL to j bgw %. 7/500 flid 2

MLf milf njitahd bjhif.
(a) % . 8,082
(b) % 7,800
(c) % . 8,100
(d) %. 8,112
23)
MLF 5% TL to j %. 800 mr %. 882 TLj

bjhifahf khw MF fhy.
(a) 1 ML
(b) 2 MLf (c) 3 MLf (d) 4 MLf
24)
X mr 4% TL to ,uL MLf %. 1352 MwJ

v mj mr.
(a) %. 1300
(b) % . 1250
(c) % . 1260
(d) % . 1200
25)
MLF 10% TL to ,ulh MLF %. 132 to

bfhLF mr
(a) %. 1000
(b) % . 1200
(c) %. 1320
(d) , VJiy
26)
TL to 5 MLf %. 12/000 vw mr ,U klfhdh

20 MLf mJ vtsthF?
(a) % . 1,20,000 (b) % . 1,92,000 (c) % . 1,24,000 (d) % . 96,000
27)
X mr 3 MLf %. 10,648- ,ulhLf %. 9,680-

MwJ. TL to rjj
(a) 5%
(b)10%
(c) 15%
(d) 20%
28)
X ,au k xbthU tUlK mj tUl Jtf k

10% FiwwJ. mj jnghija k %. 729 v 3 MLfSF
Kd mj k
(a) %. 947.10
(b) % . 800
(c) % . 1000
(d) % . 750.87
29)
TL to X mr n MLf ,U klfhdh ehF

klfhf MF fhy.
(a) 2n2 MLf (b) n2 MLf (c) 4n MLf (d)2n MLf
30)
X mr TL to 5 MLfy ,U klfhwJ. mJ 8
klfhf MF fhy.
(a) 15 MLf (b) 9 MLf (c) 16 MLf (d)18 MLf
91
31)
TL to X mr _W MLf _W klfhwJ. mJ
9 klfhf MF fhy.
(a) 9 MLf (b) 6 MLf (c) 12 MLf (d)15MLf
32)
i vgJ XuyF gzF Xuhofhd to/ to MLF k

jlitf nrfgLwJ vd bfhlh XuyF gzF
XuhLF bk- to j
k
(a) (1+ i )i-1
(b) (1+ i )
i
k
-1
33)
(d) , VJiy
(c) (1+ k )k-1
i vgJ XuyF gzF Xuhofhd to/ to k khjfSF
xU Kiw nrfgLwJ vd bfhlh XuyF gzF

XuhoF bk- to j.
12
(a) (1+ k i) 12 -1
ki
(c) (1+ 12 )
(b) (1+
12
k +1
ki
)
12
12
k
-1
(d) , VJiy
92
gFKiw tot fj
(ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY)
GEOMETRY vw brhyhdJ nuf bkh geo kW

metron vw brhfUJ tUfglJ. geo vwh
vW metron vwh msgJ vW bghUshF.
,afj Kiwia toa gagLJ fj gFna

gFKiw tot fjkhF.
4.1 ,aFtiu
(LOCUS)
xU Fl xU tot fj F ,zf ,aFkh

m ghij ,aFtiu vdgL.
,aFtiu rkghL
rkghL:
,aFtiu cs midJ f TWfsh <L

br-agL vj xU bjhl ,aFtiu rkghL vdgL.
vLJfhlhf
(i)
bfhLfgl nfhLfUJ rk
bjhiy cs
,aF tiuahdJ bfhLf
gLs nfhLfSF ,izahf
mtF eLY cs ne
nfhlhF.
(ii)
(iii)
A
P
L
N
iyj UJ vbghGJ rk
u cs ,aFtiu
mia
ikakhf
cila
tlkhF.
A, B vw ,U fUJ rk
u cs ,aF tiu
AB-F ika FJnfhlhF.
A
93
a
c
p1
p2
vLJfhL 1
(2,5) v w U J v b g h G J 7 m y F
uUF ,aFtiu rkghL fhf.
:
P(x,y) vgJ efU vf. A(2,5) vgJ xU .
,bghGJ PA = 7
PA2 = 72 = 49
(m.J.)(x-2)2 + (y-5)2 = 49
x2 - 4x + 4 + y2 - 10y + 25 - 49 = 0
x2 + y2 - 4x - 10y - 20 = 0 vgJ ,aFtiu rkghlhF.
vLJfhL 2
(2,-3), (4,7) vw fUJ rku efU
,aFtiuia fhf.
:
P(x,y) vgJ efU vf. A (2, -3), B(4, 7) vgd bfhLf
gLs f.
PA = PB PA2 = PB2
(x-2)2 + (y+3)2 = (x-4)2 + (y-7)2
(m.J. )
x + 5y - 13 = 0
vLJfhL 3
P vw efUnghJ P kW A(1,-6), B(2,5) vw
fS
xnu
nenfho
c s b j P-
,aFtiu rkghLfhf.
:
P(x,y) vgJ efU vf. P,A,B vgd xUnfhL f.
PAB- gugs = 0
(m.J.) 1 [x(-6-5) + 1(5-y) + 2(y+6)] = 0
2
11x - y - 17 = 0 vgJ ,aFtiu rkghlhF.

94
g 4.1
1)
(2,3), (-2,0) vw fUJ rku efU
,aFtiuia fhf.
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
A(2,3), B (4,-5) vgd ,U f P vw ahdJ PA = PB

vwthW efjh/ m P- ,aFtiuia fhf.
(-1,0) vw UJ cs u/ (0,2) vw UJ cs
uij ngh Kklfhf mikkhW efU ,aF
tiu rkghil fhf.
(3,7) vw UJ vbghGJ 2 myF uUF
,aFtiu rkghL fhf.
A (-2,3), B (4,-5) vgd ,U f. PA2-PB2 = 20 vwthW cs
efU P- ,aFtiu rkghil fhf.
(0,1) vw UJ cs u x -mUJ cs uij
nghy ,U klfhf mikkhW efU ,aFtiu
rkghil fhf.
(2,-3), (3,-4) vw fis ,izF nfho ikaFJ
nfho rkghil fhf.
MUJ xU bjhiy mj y - mR bjhiyit l
IJ klbf m ,aFtiuia fhf.
(1,2), (0,-1) vw fUJ 2:1 vw j efU
,aFtiuia fhf.
P vw efUnghJ P kW (2,3), (1,5) vw fS xnu
nenfho csbj m P- ,aFtiu rkghL
fhf.
4.2 nenfhLf rkghLf

(EQUATION OF LINES)
id Tf:
A y
C
AB vw nenfhL x, y mRfis Kiwna
D, C- btLwJ. vgJ AB vw nfhL
x - mRl VgLJ nfhz vf.
tan = AB - rh- = m . OD vgJ x
btL JL OC vgJ y btL JL.
95
x
B
rh- tot
:
bfhLfgl rh- (m) kW (x1, y1) t brY ne

nfho rkghL y-y1 = m(x-x1)
rh- btL JL tot
tot:
xU nenfho rh- (m) kW y btL JL (c) v
mnfho rkghL y = mx+c.
,U tot
tot:
(x1,y1), (x2,y2) vw f tahf brY ne nfho rkghL
y - y1
x - x1
=
y 2 y1 x 2 x1
(x1, y1), (x2, y2) vw fis ,izF nfho rh-

y 2 - y1
x 2 x1
btLJL tot
tot:
x btL JL a kW y btLJL b vd cila
nenfho rkghL
x + y
a
b
=1
bghJ tot
tot:
x, y ,t Kj go cs rkghL Ax+By+C = 0 vD bghJ
tot xU ne nfhil FF. ,nfho rh-

m = -( A )
B
y
B
4.2.1 brFJ tot

tot:
MUJ xU nenfhoF
tiuagL brFJ nfho s
p kW m brFJnfhL x mRl VgLJ nfhz v
mnfho rkghL
x cos + y sin = p
b
o - p
90
%gz:
AB vw nfhL x - mir A - Y y- mir B- Y btLwJ.
96
OM MdJ AB- F brFJ

OM = p , |XOM = vf.
x, y btLJLf a, b v mnfho rkghL
x + y =1
a
b
..................(1)
brnfhz Knfhz OAM-UJ,

OBM-UJ, bp
a
p
= sec => a = p sec
= Sec(90o-) => b = p cosec
y
x
(1) => psec +
=1
pcosec
(m.J.) x cos + y sin = p vgJ nfho brFJ tot
MF.
4.2.2 rk tot / Jiz myF tot
A vw iyahd t brY nfhL x -mRl VgLJ
nfhz kW A-UJ r myF bjhiyYs P(x, y) v
mnfho rkghL
y
x -x1
y - y1
=
=r
cos
sin
P(x, y)
x,
A( l
y 1)
%gz:
A(x1,y1) vgJ bfhLfgLs kW P(x,y) vgJ
VnjD xU vf.
AP = r,
|PAL =
PM OX kW x-mRF ,izahf AL tiuf.
=>
x - x1
kW sin = PL = y - y1
cos = AL =
AP
AP
x - x1
y - y1
=
=r
cos
sin
vgJ njitahd rkghlhF.

97
cfUJ :
(i)
P(x 1 ,y 1) vw UJ ax+by+c = 0 vw nfhoF
. P(x , y )
tiuagL nfho s
PN = +
ax 1 + by 1 + c
a 2 +b2
N
ax+by+c = 0
(ii)
MUJ ax+by+c = 0-F tiuagL brFJnfho

s = + 2c 2 ;
(iii)
ax+by+c = 0 kW a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 vw ,UnfhLfSF
a +b
,ilgl nfhz ,Urk bto rkghL

ax + by + c
2
a +b
=+
a1x + b1y + c1
a12 + b12
vLJfhL 4
m if irl 120o nfhzij VgLJ
x-m
brFJnfho s MUJ 5 myFf v
mnfho rkghoid fhf.
:
xU nenfho brFJ tot

x cos + y sin = p
,F = 120o kW p = 5
vdnt nenfho rkghL
x cos 120o + y sin 120o = 5
(m.J.) x-y 3 +10 = 0
vLJfhL 5
(3,2) vw UJ 3x+2y+1 = 0 vw nenfhoF
tiuagL brFJ nfho sij fhf.
:
(3,2) vw UJ 3x+2y+1 = 0 vw nfhoF tiuagL
brFJ nfho s
3(3) + 2(2 )+1
14
+
32 + 2 2
13
98
vLJfhL 6
3x+4y+3 = 0 k W 4x+3y+1 = 0 v w n f h L f S F
,ilgl
nfhzf
,U
rkbtof
rkghLfis fhf.
:
,Urkbtof rkghLf 3x + 4 y + 3 = +
9 +16
(m.J.)
(m.J.)
4x + 3y +1
16 + 9
3x+4y+3 = + (4x+3y+1)
x-y-2 = 0 kW 7x+7y+4 = 0
g 4.2
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
xU nenfho mRfSilna csgFia ,UrkTL

(-3,2) v mnfho rkghilfhf.
MUJ xU nfhoF cs brFJ bjhiy 5 br.. mj
rh- -1 v mnfho rkghoid fhf.
btLJLf TLj 9 cilaJ ( 2 , 2 ) vw
tahf brtJkhd nenfho rkghil fhf.
MUJ 4x-3y+7 = 0 vw nfhoF tiuagL brFJ
nfho sij fhf.
(-1,k) vw UJ 5x-12y+13 = 0 vw nenfhoF
tiuagL brFJ nfho s 2 v k- kbgd?
MUJ tiuagL brFJnfho s 4 myF.
mbrFJnfhL x- mRl VgLJ nfhz =135 o v
mnfho rkghil fh.
(-2, 3) vw tahf brY nenfhlhdJ x- mRl
VgLJ nfhz 30 o v mnfho rkghil fhf.
5x+12y-7 = 0 kW 4x-3y+1 = 0 vw nfhLfSF ,ilgl
nfhz ,Urkbto rkghLfis fhf.
4.3 nenfhLf FLg

(FAMILY OF LINES)
4.3.1. ,U nenfhLf FLg
,U nenfhLf btL ia fhz mnfhLf

rkghLfis f ntL.
99
4.3.2 xU t nfhLf
_W myJ mjF nkgl nfhLf xU t

brYkh mit xU t nfhLf vdgL.
a1x+b1y+c1 = 0 ................(i) a2x+b2y+c2 = 0 ................(ii)
a3x+b3y+c3 = 0 ................(iii) vw nenfhLf xU t
brtjfhd gjid
a1
b1
c1
a2
a3
b2
b3
c2 = 0
c3
4.3.3 ,UnfhLfSF ,ilgl nfhz

y
c2
x+
2
m
y=
2
x1
1
y=
m
1
y1
x+
c
gl vgJ m1 = tan 1 kW m2 = tan 2 vw rh-fisila

nfhLfSF ,ilgl nfhzbk
tan =
m 1 -m 2
1+ m 1m 2
m -m
1
2
= tan-1 1 + m
1m 2
cfUJ :
(i)
m1 = m2 v bfhLfgLs nfhLf ,iznfhLf mjhtJ
,UnfhLf ,izahdJ v mt rh-f rk.

(ii)
m1m2 = -1 v bfhLfgLs nfhLf brFJ nfhLf.

mjhtJ bfhLfgLs nfhLf brFJ nfhLfbs
mt rh-f bgUfgy -1.
100
vLJfhL 7
3x+4y = 13, 2x-7y+1 = 0 kW 5x-y=14 vw nfhLf xU
t brY vd Wf.
:
3x+4y-13 = 0
2x-7y +1 = 0
5x-y -14 = 0 vw nfhLf xU t brtjfhdfLghL
3
13
2 7 1
=0
5 1 14
,F
3 4 13
2 7 1
5 1 14
= 3(98+1) - 4 (-28-5)-13 (-2+35)

= 297 + 132-429
= 429-429 = 0
=> bfhLfgLs nfhLf xU t brY.
vLJfhL 8
r h - 5 myFfSs 3x+4y = 7 , x+y-2 = 0 Ma nfhLf
rF tahf brY nenfho
rkghil fhf.
:
3x+4y = 7 ..........(1)
x+y = 2 ...............(2)
rkghLf (1), (2) I f (1, 1) vgJ btL ahF.
(m.J.) (x1, y1) = (1, 1) kW m = 5
nfho rkghL y-1=5(x-1)
(m.J.) y-1 = 5x-5

5x-y-4 = 0
101
vLJfhL 9
5x+6y = 20 kW 18x-15y = 17 vw nfhLf brFJ
nfhLf vd Wf.
:
bfhLfgLs nfhLf
5x+6y = 20 ................... (1) kW
18x-15y = 17 ................ (2)
(6 ) = - 56
m = (2)- rh- = - ( 18 ) = 18
-15
15
m1 = (1)- rh- = - 5
2
= 6
5
m1m2 = -5 x 6 = -1 bfhLfgLs nfhLf brFJ

6
nfhLfshF.
vLJfhL 10
4x+3y-5 = 0 vw nfhoF ,izahf (2, -5), vw
tbrY nfho rkghil fhf.
:
4x + 3y -5 = 0- rh- = - 4 = m
3
,nfhoF ,izahd nfho rh- = - 4 nkY mnfhL

3
(x1, y1) = (2, -5) t brwJ

njitahd nfho rkghL
y+5 = - 4 (x-2)
3
=> 4x + 3y + 7 = 0
vLJfhL 11
4x-3y-8 = 0, 3x-4y+6 = 0 kW x+y-9 = 0 Ma nenfhLfis
gffshf bfhl Knfhz X ,Urkgf Knfhz
vd fhLf.
102
(-3 )
4x-3y-8 = 0 vw nfho rh- = m1 =- 4

m1 = 4
3
(-4 )
3x-4y+6 = 0 vw nfho rh- = m2 = - 3

m2 = 3
4
()
x+y-9 = 0 vw nfho rh- = m3 = - 11 = -1
nfhLf (1), (3) -F ,ilgl nfhz v

4
+1
m1 - m3
3
=
tan = 1+ m m =
1+ 43 (-1 )
1 3
= tan-1(7)
7
3
-1
3
=7
(2), (3)-F ,ilgl nfhz v

3
+1
m 2 - m3
4
tan = 1+ m m =
=
1 + 34 (-1 )
2 3
7
4
1
4
=7
= tan-1(7)
= vdnt bfhLfgLs Knfhz X ,Urkgf

Knfhz MF.
vLJfhL 12
100 b g h U f i y a h d i y % . 700 k W m j
n j h u h a k h d i y % . 1,800 v x b g h U f b k h j
iyia fhf.
:
y = Ax + B vgJ x, y - cs bghJthd xUgo rkghL
vf.
,F y = bkhj iy
103
x = jahfgL bghUf vif

A, B khf
x = 0 v, y = iyahd iy
(m.J.)
y = 700 => O+B = 700
B = 700
x = 100 v, y = 1800
=>
1800 = 100A + 700
A = 11
x bghUf jahgjfhd bkhj iy

y = 11x + 700
vLJfhL 13
UJ
jahfgL bghUf vif 500-UJ
UJ
k h f c a U n g h J j a h b r y % . 6,000-
1000-k
%. 9,000-khf
khf caUwJ. x, y-F
F ,ilgl bjhl X
x U g o r h b g b r y (y) k W j a h f g L
bghUf
v i f (x) , t W i l g l
bjhlid fhf.
:
y = Ax + B ,F
B = iyahd iy/ x = jahfgL bghUf vif
kW y = bkhj iy
x = 500 v, y = 6,000
=>
500A + B = 6,000
----------------(1)
x = 1000 v, y = 9,000
=>
1000A + B = 9,000
----------------(2)
(1), (2)-I f A = 6, B = 3,000
vdnt x, y -F ,ilgl bjhl y = 6x + 3,000

104
g 4.3
1)
4x+3y = 10, 3x-4y = -5 kW 5x+y = 7 vw nfhLf xU t
nfhLf vd Wf.
2)
3x-4y = 7, 4x-5y = 11 kW 2x+3y+k = 0 vw nfhLf xU

t brwh k- kig fhf.
3)
x+2y+3 = 0 kW 3x+y+7 = 0 vw nfhLf rF tahf

3y-4x = 0 vw nfhoF ,izahf cs nenfho
rkghil fhf.
4)
x+2y = 6 kW y = x vw nfhLf rF tahf

3x+y-1 = 0 vw nfhoF brFjhf cs nenfho
rkghil fhf.
5)
Knfhz ABC- Kidf Kiwna A(1, 2), B(-1, -3) kW

C(5, -1). A tahf BC-F tiuagL brnfho rkghil
fhf.
6)
x bghUf jahgjfhd bkhj bry (y) MdJ 3x-4y+600 = 0
vw rkghodh bgwgLwJ.
iyahd bjhiy
elJtjfhd bry kW jahfgL xbthU mfgoahd
bghUSF MF TLj bryit fhf.
7)
100 bghUf jahgjfhd njhuhakhd bry %. 1,200 kW

iyahd bry %. 500 v x myFf jahgjF MF bkhj
bryid fhf ( x, y-F ,ilgl bjhl X xUgo rh)

8)
jahfgL bghUf vif 5000- UJ 7000 Mf

caU nghJ mjfhd bkhj bry %. 26,000 UJ %. 34,000khf
caUwJ. x, y-F ,ilgl bjhl X xUgo rhbg bry
(y ) kW jahfgL bghUf vif (x) ,tWil
gl bjhlid fhf.
9)
jahfgL bghUf vif 60000-UJ %. 8000 Mf

caUnghJ mjfhd bry %. 33,000- UJ %. 40,000 Mf
caUwJ. x, y- F ,ilgl bjhl X xUgo rhbg bry
(y) kW jahfgL bghUf vif (x) ,tWil
gl bjhlid fhf.
105
4.4 tl rkghL
(EQUATION OF CIRCLE)
xU js iyahd xU UJ xU
khwhj u efU ,aFtiu tl
MF. mj iyahd tl ikabkd/
khwhj u mj Mu vd TwgL. gl O
vgJ tl ika nkY OP = r vgJ tl
MukhF.
P
r
O
4.4.1 ika/ Mu bfhLfgo tl rkghL

y
tl ika C(h, k) vd
Mu r vd bfhf.
P(x, y) vgJ tl nkYs
VnjD xU vf.
P(x, y)
(h, k) r
C
CP = r => CP2 = r2
(m.J.) (x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2 vgJ
tl rkghlhF
cfUJ :
r myF Mukhf/ Mia ikakhf cila tl
rkghL
x2 + y2 = r2
4.4.2 (x1, y1), (x2, y2) vw fis ,izF nfhoid
lkhf bfhl tl rkghL
P(x, y)
C- I ikakhf bfhl
tl xU l Kid
f A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) vf.
P(x, y) vgJ tl g
nkYs xU vf.
A
(x1, y1)
| A P B = miu tl cs
nfhz = 90 o . vdnt AP- BP-
xW bfhW brFjhf mik.
y-y
AP- rh- = x - x 1 = m1 vf
1
106
.C
B
(x2, y2)
y-y
BP- rh- = x - x 2 = m2 vf
2
AP BP vdnt m 1m2 = -1
=>
=>
y - y1 y - y 2
= -1
x - x1 x - x 2
(x-x1) (x-x2) + (y-y1) (y-y2) = 0 ,Jnt njitahd tl
rkghlhF
4.4.3 xU tl bghJ tot rkghL
x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c = 0 vw rkghil vLJ bfhf
(,F g, f,c vgd khf) -----(1)
ie.,
(x2+2g x) + (y2+2fy) = -c
ie.,
(x2+2g x+g2-g2) + (y2+2fy+f2-f2) = -c
=>
(x2+2gx+g2) + (y2+2fy+f2) = g2+f2 -c
ie.,
(x+g)2 + (y+f)2 = g2+f2-c
[x-(-g)]2 + [y-(-f)]2 =
{g
+f2 c
,rkghil (x-h) 2 + (y-k) 2 = r2 vw tl rkghLl

xl rkghL (1), ika (-g, -f) Mu g 2 + f 2 - c cila xU tlij
FwJ.
cfUJ :
(i)
,J x, y- X ,Ugo rkghL
(ii)
x2 kW y2 Fzff rk
(iii) rkgho xy cW ,iy.
(iv) g2+f2-c >0 v tl bk-ahdJ
(v)
g2+f2-c = 0 v tl xU tlkhF.
(vi) g2+f2-c < 0 v tl fgidahd tlkhF.
(vii) ,uL myJ mjF nkgl tlf xnu ikaij
bgUjh mit bghJika tlf vdgL

vLJfhL 14
(3, 5) I i k a k h f b f h l t l M u
myFfbs mtl rkghil fhf.
107
:
(h, k) - I ikakhf r I Mukhf cila tl rkghL
(x-h) 2 + (y-k)2 = r2
,F (h, k) = (3, 5) , r = 4
vdnt tl rkghL (x-3)2 + (y-5)2 = 16
=>
x2+y2-6x-10y+18 = 0
vLJfhL 15
(2, 3) I ikakhf bfhLs xU tl (1, 4) t
brwJ. mtl rkghoid fhf.
:
(2, 3), (1, 4) ,tWilgl u MukhF.
(m.J.) r = (1 - 2)2 + (4 - 3)2 = 1+ 1 =

ika = (2, 3)
tl rkghL
=>
(x-2)2 + (y-3)2 = 2
x2+y2-4x-6y+11 = 0
vLJfhL 16
x 2 +y 2 -6x+8y-24 = 0 v w
tl
ikaij
Muij fhf.
:
x2+y2-6x+8y-24 = 0 vwij tl bghJ rkghL
x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c = 0-l xl
2g = -6 ;
2f = 8 ;
g = -3 ;
f = 4 ; c = -24
tlika = (-g, -f) = (3, -4)
kW Mu = g 2 + f 2 c =
9 + 16 ( 24 ) = 7
vLJfhL 17
(3, 2), (-7, 8) v w f i s , i z F n f h o i d
lkhf bfhl tl rkghil fhf.
108
:
(x 1, y 1), (x 2, y 2) vw fis tl Kid fshf
bfhl tl rkghL
(x-x1) (x-x2) + (y-y1) (y-y2) = 0
,F (x1, y1) = (3, 2)
(x2, y2) = (-7, 8)
tl rkghL
(x-3) (x+7) + (y-2) (y-8) = 0
x2+y2+4x-10y-5 = 0
vLJfhL 18
(-3, 2) I i k a k h f 8 m y i f R w s t h f
bfhl tl rkghil fhf.
:
Rws = 2
ika
r = 8
=> r
=4
= (-3, 2) r = 4
vdnt tl rkghL
(x+3)2 + (y-2)2 = 42
(m.J.) x2+y2+6x-4y-3 = 0
vLJfhL 19
(1, 1), (2, -1), (2, 3) M a f t b r Y
tl rkghil fhf.
:
njitahd tl rkghL
x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c = 0 ----------------(1)
tl (1) MdJ (1, 1), (2, -1), (2, 3) Ma f t brwJ.

vdnt 1+1+2g+2f+c = 0
(m.J.) 2g+2f+c = -2
-----------------(2)
109
4+1+4g-2f+c = 0
(m.J.) 4g-2f+c = -5
4+9+4g+6f+c = 0
(m.J.) 4g+6f+c = -13
-----------------(3)
-----------------(4)
rkghLf (2), (3), (4) I f

g=- 7
, f = -1 kW c = 7.
,kfis (1) - ul
x2+y2-7x-2y+7 = 0 vgJ njitahd tl MF.
g 4.4
1)
tlika (-4, -2) Mf/ Mu 6 myFfis cila tl

rkghil fhf.
2)
(-2, 0) tahf brY tl ika (2, 3) v mtl
rkghil fhf.
3)
x 2 +y 2 -2x+5y+7 = 0 vw tl Rws kW gugs fhf.
4)
(5, 4) vw tahf brY tl x 2 +y 2 +8x-12y+15 = 0
vw tl ikaij bghJ ikakhf bfhlh mtl

rkghil fhf.
5)
(2, -7), (6, 5) vw fis ,izF nfhoid lkhf
bfhl tl rkghL fhf.

6)
(5, 2), (2, 1), (1, 4) Ma f tahf brY tl
rkghil fhf.
7)
(4, 1), (6, 5) vw f tahf 4x+y = 16 vw nfho

J ikaij cila tl rkghil fhf.
8)
Mu 5 vd x+3y = 17, 3x-y = 3 Ma lfis bfhl

tl rkghil fhf.
9)
3x-2y-1 = 0, 4x+y-27 = 0 vw nfhLf btL tahf

brY tl ika (2, 3) v mtl rkghil
fhf.
110
4.5 bjhLnfhLf
(TANGENTS)
4.5.1 bjhLnfho rkghL
tl rkghL x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c = 0 vf
P(x 1, y 1) vgJ bfhLfgLs . P- tiuagL
bjhLnfhL PT vf.
tl ika C (-g, -f).
P t brY tl Mu = CP
C(-g,-f)
P t brY bjhLnfhL = PT
y +f
CP- rh- = x 1 + g
1
x +g
PT- rh- - y 1 + f
1
) {Q PT | CP}
P(x1, y1)
vdnt bjhLnfhL PT- rkghL

(x-x1)
y-y1 = =>
yy1 + f(y-y1) - y12+xx1+g(x-x1)-x12 = 0
-----------------(1)
(x1, y1) tl nkYs xU
vdnt x12+y12+2gx1+2fy1+c = 0 x
-----------------(2)
(
)
(1) + (2) => xx + yy + g(x+x ) + f(y+y ) + c = 0 vgnj bjhLnfho
1
1 +g
y 1 + f1
njitahd rkghlhF.
cfUJ :
(i)
bfhLfLs tl rkghoYs x2 I xx1 vd/ y2 I
vd y I y +2y1 vd khia c ahf

gl (x 1, y1)- tiuagL bjhLnfho rkghL (m.J.)
xx1+yy1+g(x+x1)+f(y+y1)+c = 0 ilwJ.
yy1 vd, x I
x + x1
2
(ii)
x2+y2 = a2 vw tlF (x1, y1)- tiuagL bjhLnfho

rkghL xx1 + yy1 = a2
(iii)
(x1, y1) vw UJ x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c = 0 vw tlF
tiuagL bjhLnfho s
x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
111
(iv)
P(x 1 , y 1 ) MdJ x 12+y 12+2g 1x 1+2fy 1+c 0 vgij

<
x2+y 2+2gx+2fy+c = 0 vw tlF btnyh/ tl
bghWJ
g njh myJ tlFnsnah mik.
4.5.2 x2+y2 = a 2 vw tlF y = mx + c vw nenfhL

bjhLnfhlhf miktjfhd fLghL c2 = a2 (1+m2)
y = mx+c (m.J.) mx-y+c = 0 vw nfhL
tlF bjhLnfhlhf mikjh/ tl

ikaUJ mbjhLnfhoF
tiu-ggL brFJ nfho s
mj tl MuF rkkhf ,UF.
(m.J) +
c
1+ m2
.O(0, 0)
a
N
y=mx+c
=a
,UwK tfgLj c2 = a2 (1+m 2) ,Jnt njitahd fL

ghlhF
4.5.3 bjhLnfhLf bjhLeh
xU tlF btna cs xU UJ mtlF

tiuagL ,uL bjhLnfhLf bjhLfis nrF nfhL
bjhLnfhLf bjhLeh vdgL.
bjhLeh rkghL
Q (x2, y2)
P (x1, y1)
R (x3, y3)
tl rkghL
x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c = 0 vf
P(x 1 , y 1 ) vw UJ tlF PQ , PR vw
bjhLnfhLf tiuagLwd. QR vw eh bjhLnfhLf
bjhLeh MF.
112
Q (x2, y2) R(x3, y3) vw f tiuagL bjhLnfhLf
rkghLf
xx2+yy2+g(x+x2)+f(y+y2)+c = 0
------------------(1)
xx3+yy3+g(x+x3)+f(y+y3)+c = 0
------------------(2)
,U bjhLnfhLfS (x1, y1) t brtjh (1), (2)-UJ

x1x2+y1y2+g(x1+x2)+f(y1+y2)+c = 0
------------------(3)
x1x3+y1y3+g(x1+x3)+f(y1+y3)+c = 0
------------------(4)
Mdh (3), (4)-UJ (x2, y2), (x3, y3) vw f

xx1+yy1+g(x+x1)+f(y+y1)+c = 0
------------------(5)
vw nfho nk mikwd vdnt rkghL (5) MdJ

QR- rkghlhF.
bjhLnfhLf bjhLeh rkghL

xx1+yy1+g(x+x1)+f(y+y1)+c = 0
vLJfhL 20
x 2 +y 2 -26x+12y+105 = 0 v w t l F (7, 2)
tiuagL bjhLnfho rkghil fhf.
:
x2+y2-26x+12y+105 = 0 vw tlF (7, 2) tiuagL
bjhLnfho rkghL
x(7) + y(2) -13(x+7) + 6(y+2) + 105 = 0
(m.J.) 3x-4y-13 = 0
vLJfhL 21
x 2 +y 2 -64 = 0 vw tlF 3x+4y-p = 0 vw nfhL
bjhLnfhbl p-
kig fhf.
:
y = mx+c vw nfhL
x2+y2 = a2 vw tlF bjhLnfhlhf miktjfhd fLghL
c2 = a2(1+m2) ------------ (1)
113
3x+4y = p-
p
m=- 3 ,c=
x2+y2 = 64 -
a=
p
4
(1) => (
64 = 8
)2 = 64[(1+( -3 )2]
4
p = 16x100 = 1600
p = + 1600 = +40
vLJfhL 22
(-1, -3) v w U J x 2 +y 2 +x+2y+6 = 0 v w
tlF tiuagL bjhLnfho s fhf.
:
(-1, -3) vw UJ x2+y2+x+2y+6 = 0 vw tlF
tiuagL bjhLnfho s
(- 1)2 + (- 3)2 + (- 1) + 2(- 3) + 6 = 3 myFf.

g 4.5
1)
x 2+y 2 = 10 vw tlF (1, 3)- tiuagL bjhLnfho
rkghL fhf.
2)
x 2 +y 2 +2x-3y-8 = 0 vw tlF (2, 3)- tiuagL bjhL
nfho rkghL fhf.

3)
(2, -3)-UJ x2+y2-8x-9y+12 = 0 vw tlF tiuagL bjhL
nfho s fhf.
4)
lx+my+n = 0 vw nfhL x 2+y 2 = a 2 -F bjhLnfhlhf miktjfhd
fLghL ahJ?
5)
x 2+y 2 = 169 vw tlF (5, 12) kW (12, -5)- tiuagL
bjhLnfhLf xWbfhW brFjhf mik vd Wf.

6)
(-2, 3)- UJ 2x 2 +2y 2 = 3 - F tiuagL bjhLnfho s
fhf.
114
g 4.6
Vila ilia bj br-f
1)
P,Q,R vgd xU nfhL f nkY PQ rh- = 2 v

3
QR rh-
(a) 2
(c) 3
(b) - 2
(d) - 3
2)
x+y+7 = 0 vw nfhL x mRl if ir VgLJ nfhz.

(a) 45o
(b) 135o
(c) 210o
(d) 60o
3)
3x-5y+8 = 0 vD nfho rh-

(a) 3
(b) - 3
4)
(c) 5
(d) - 5
xU nfho rh- < 0 v mnfhL x -mRl VgLJ nfhz

(b) nfhz (c) 90o
(d) 0o
(a) FWnfhz
5)
6)
njit tistiu rh-

(a) if v
(b) Fiwv
(c) 0
ax+by+c = 0 kW
(d)
px+qy+r = 0 vD nfhLf brFJ
nfhLfbs
a
(a) p
7)
8)
= q
(b) a
b
= p
(c) a
b
q
(d) a =- p
b
=- q
ax+by+c = 0 -F brFjhf cs nfho rh-

(a) - a
(b) - b
(c) b
(d) a
b
a
a
b
ax+3y+5 = 0 kW 2x+6y+7 = 0 vw nfhLf ,izba a -
k
(a) 2
9)
(d) 6
(b) -2
(c) 3
(d) -3
x 2+y2+6y-9 = 0 vw tl ika
(a) (0, 3)
11)
(c) 1
2x+3y-7 = 0 kW 3x+ay+5 = 0 vD nfhLf brFJ

nfhLfbs a k
(a) 2
10)
(b) -2
(b) (0, -3)
(c) (3, 0)
(d) (-3, 0)
ika (0, 0) kW Mu 3 myFila tl rkghL

(a) x 2+y2 = 3
(b) x2+y2 = 9
115
(c) x2+y2 =
(d)x2+y2 =3
12)
tl ika (1, 2) kW tl gYs (5, 5) v

l s
(a) 5
13)
(b)
(d)
50
x +y +ax+by+9 = 0 vw tl ika (1, -3) v Mu

2
(a)
14)
(c) 10
45
(b) 1
10
(c) 5
(x-2) + (y-4) = 25 vw tl gugs

(a) 25
(b) 5
(c) 10
2
(d)
19
(d) 25
15)
x 2+y2 = 5 -F (1, 2)- tiuagL bjhLnfho rkghL

(a) x+y = 5
(b) x+2y = 5
(c) x-y = 5
(d) x-2y = 5
16)
x 2+y2-4x+6y-1 = 0 vw tlF (3, 4)-UJ tiuagL bjhL
nfho s
(a) 7
17)
(b) 6
(c) 5
(d) 8
x 2+y2 = 5 vw tlF y = 2x + c xU bjhLnfhbl c-
k
(a) +
(b) + 25
(c) + 5
116
(d) + 2
nfhz
(TRIGONOMETRY)
,afS/ nuffS thdaiy g mtjfhf

nfhzia xU fUahf gagLd. nfhz vw
thij nuf thijfshd ònfhzhp (Trigona) kW `bkuhp
(Metron) vw ,U thijfdh cUthfglJ. ,jbghU xU
Knfhz nfhz msLfshF. Mugfhy ,jfhf
kLnk nfhz gagLjglJ. ,ghlgF FL
tif nkgLjgL/ jnghJ ,j gaghL gLj
gLsJ.
lhy vgtuhjh ,ulh whL fhy
KjKjyhf nfhz jf vGjglJ. #h buof
(1514-1577) vgtjh KjKjyhf nfhz rhfis
brnfhzf _y tiuaiw br-jh. ,j_ykhf/ nfhz
fj fgHikahd mf vd/ cafj f r
th-j fUahf sFwJ vgij mayh.
Kja tFf gojj nfhz fUJUf
ytiw id Tnth
A
id Tf:
nfhz msit (ghifkh Kiw)
1.
(a)
xU brnfhz = 90o (ghiff)
O
(b)
xU ghif (1o)
= 60' (fiyf)
(c)
xU fiy (1')
= 60'' (fiyf)
RHKiw msL (m) Miua msL

2.
Miua :
r
1
r
B
MuF rkkhd tl tl ika jhF nfhz

xU Miua vdgL. ,ij 1c vW Flyh. bghJthf c
vw FL ,yhkY vGjyh.
Miua = 180o, 1 Miua = 57o 17' 45''
117
30o
45o
60o
90o
nuoa
ghif
3.
180o
270o
360o
tFf gojijnghnfhzf 90o l Wlhk
vj msthf ,Ufyh. nfhzf fofhu RW iyF

vir msfglh if nfhzkhF. nfhzf fofhu RW
ir msfglh Fiw nfhzkhF.
5.1 nfhz jf bjhlf

(TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES)
y P(x, y)
tlika O (0, 0) Mu r myF bfhl
tl xiw tiuf. tl J P(x, y)
r
y
vgJ VnjD xU vdbfh. PM
OX vUFkhW tiuf. jnghJ

Ox M
x1
x
Knfhz OMP xU brnfhz
KnfhzkhF. ,nfhz xU Kid
MaY/ ,bdhU Kid X-m if
y1
gFY mLj Kid/ P tl jhd
gl 5.1
xU ahf mikwJ.
|XOP = vd it.
OMPUJ/ OM = x = -F mLJs gf
MP = y = -F vnus gf
OP = r = OMP fz s
tiuaiw
-F v gf s
fz s
y
r
Sine rh :
sin
Cosine rh :
cos
Tangent rh :
tan
-F vgf s
y
= -F mLJs gf s =
x
-F mLJs gf s x
=
fz s
r
cosecant, secant kW cotangant rhf ah/ Kiwna sine,

cosine kW tangent rhf jiyfshF
= 1 = r
i.e.
cosec
y
sin
118

sec
1 = r
cos
x
cot
1 = x
y
tan
cfUJ :
(i)
(ii)
tan = sin ; cot = cos

cos
sin
XuyF Mu tl v r = 1, vdnt
sin = y ;
cos = x ;
(iii)
(iv)
rh
cosec = 1
sec = 1 vW mik
x
,iz rh
sine
cosine
tangent
cotangent
secant
cosecant
(sin)2, (sec)3, (tan)4, ... kW bghJthf (sin)n vgtiw

vikfhf Kiwna sin22, sec3, tan 4, ...., sinn vW
vGJj ku. Mdh (cosy 2x)-1 vgij cos-1x vW vGJj
TlhJ. Vbd cos -1xxvgj bghU ntWgljhF.
(,J xU nfhzkhF)
5.1.1 nfhz KbwhUikf
sin2 + cos2 = 1
%gz: brnfhzKnfhz OMPUJ (gl 5.1)
x 2 + y2 = r2
cos2 + sin2 = 1
(
r = 1)
(i)
(ii)
1 + tan = sec
%gz : 1 + tan2 = 1 +
2
2
2
= x +2 y = r 2 =
1
x2
119
( 1x )2 = sec
2
(iii)
1 + cot2 = cosec2
%gz : 1 + cot2 = 1 +
=
y2 + x 2
y2
2
= r2
x2
y2
1
y
( ) = cosec
1 2
y
vdnt
(i)
sin 2 + cos2 = 1
(ii)
1 + tan 2 = sec2
(iii)
1 + cot 2 = cosec2
vLJfhL 1
cos 4A - sin4A = 1-2sin 2A vd %.
:
cos 4A-sin 4 A
= (cos2A + sin2A) (cos2A-sin2A)
= cos2A-sin2A
= 1-sin2A-sin 2A
= 1-2sin2A
vLJfhL 2
(sinA+cosA) (1-sinA cosA) = sin3A + cos3A vd Wf
:
R.H.S. = sin3A + cos3A
= (sinA+cosA) (sin 2A + cos2A - sinA cosA)
= (sinA + cosA) (1-sinA cosA) = L.H.S.
vLJfhL 3
sec4A - 1 = 2tan2A + tan4A vd fh
:
L.H.S. = Sec4A-1
= (sec2A+1) (sec2A-1)
= (1+tan2A+1) (1+tan2A-1)
= (2+tan 2A) tan2A
= 2tan2A + tan4A = R.H.S.
120
vLJfhL 4
1+ tan2 A = sin 2 A
1+cot2 A
cos 2 A
= tan2A vd Wf
:
1
2
1+ tan A = sec A = cos A = sin 2 A = tan2A
1 cos 2 A
cosec2A
1+ cot 2 A
sin 2 A
vLJfhL 5
1
+ tan
vd Wf
sec tan = sec
:
1
L.H.S. = sec - tan
gF/ F ,uil (sec + tan) dh bgUdh

=
sec + tan
( sec - tan ) (sec + tan )
sec + tan
= sec + tan = R.H.S
sec 2 - tan 2
vLJfhL 6
cotA + tanB = cotA tanB vd Wf.
cotB + tanA
:
L.H.S.
+ tanB
= cotA + tanB = cotA
1 + 1
cotB + tanA
tanB cotA
= cotA + tanB
+ tanB
(cotA
)
cotA tanB
= cotA tanB = R.H.S.

121
vLJfhL 7
)2 = tan2 + cot2 + 7 vd Wf.
+ cosec
)2 + (cos
+ sec
(sin
:
L.H.S. = (sin + cosec)2 + (cos + sec)2
= sin 2 + cosec2 + 2sincosec + cos2 + sec2 + 2cossec
= (sin2 + cos2) + (1+cot2) + 2 + (1+tan2) + 2
= 1 + 6 + tan2 + cot2
= tan2 + cot2 + 7 = R.H.S.
vLJfhL 8
(1+cotA+tanA)(sinA-cosA) =
secA
- cosecA
2
cosec A
sec 2 A
vd Wf
:
L.H.S. = (1+cotA+tanA)(sinA-cosA)
= sinA - cosA + cotAsinA - cotA cosA + tanAsinA - tanA cosA
2
2
= sinA - cosA + cosA - cos A + sin A - sinA
sinA
cosA
2
2
= sin A - cos A
cosA
sinA
secA
cosecA
cosec 2 A
sec 2 A
id Tf:
0o
30o
45o
60 o
1
2
1
2
3
2
sin
cos
3
2
tan
1
3
1
2
122
1
2
90o
1
0
vLJfhL 9
A = 45o v/ (i) sin2A = 2sinA cosA
vgdtiw rghf.
(ii) cos2A = 1-2sin 2A
:
(i)
L.H.S. = sin2A
= sin90o = 1
R.H.S. = 2sinA cosA = 2sin45o cos45 o
=2
( )( )
1
2
1
2
=1
rghfglJ.
(ii)
L.H.S.
R.H.S.
= cos2A = cos90o = 0
= 1 - 2sin2A = 1-2sin245o
=1-2
( )
1
2
= 1-1 = 0
rghfglJ.
vLJfhL 10
4cot245 o - sec 260 o + sin330o = 18
vd %.
:
L.H.S. = 4cot245o - sec260o + sin330o
= 4(1)2 - (2)2 + ( 1 )3
2
= 18 = R.H.S.
g
1)
5.1
asin2 + bcos2 = c v/ tan2 = c - b vd fhLf.

a -c
123
2)
1
cotA + tanA = sinA cosA
3)
1 tanA
1 + tanA
4)
1
1
+
= 2sec2 vd %.
1sin
1+sin
5)
cosec4A - cosec 2A = cot2A + cot4A vd %.
6)
7)
vd %.
= cotA -1 vd %.
cotA +1
cosecA + cosecA = 2sec2A vd %.

cosecA -1
cosecA +1
(1+cotA - cosecA)(1+tanA + secA) = 2 vd %.

sinA
+ 1 - cotA = sinA + cosA vd %.
8)
cosA
1- tanA
9)
tan + cot = 1 + cosec sec vd fhLf.

1 - cot
1 - tan
10)
3(sinx - cosx)4 + 6(sinx + cosx)2 + 4(sin6x + cos6x) = 13 vd fhLf.
11)
A = 30o v tUtdtiw rghf.
12)
(i)
cos2A = cos2A - sin2A = 2cos2A-1 = 1-2sin2A
(ii)
sin2A = 2sinA cosA
(iii)
cos3A = 4cos3A - 3cosA
(iv)
sin3A = 3sinA - 4sin3A
(v)
tan2A =
2 tan A
1- tan2A
3
4
cot230o +2sin260o -2cosec260o - 4 tan230o
3
kig fhf.
13)
4cot245 o - sec260 o + sin330o kig fhf.
14)
cos 4 cos 3
15)
secA + tanA = 2
16)
4tanA = 3 v,
- sin 4 sin 3
3
kig fhf.
v, tanA =
5
12
vd Wf.
5 sin A -2cosA
sinA + cosA = 1 vd fh.
124
17)
acos + bsin = c kW bcos - a sin = d v/ a2+b2 = c2+d2
vd fh.
2
2
v cosec2 -sec 2 k fhf.
18)
tan =
19)
sec = 2+2tan v, tan it fhf.
20)
2
x = sec + tan v/ sin = x 2 1 vd fh.
cosec + sec
x +1
5.2 nfhz jf Ff
(SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS)
5.2.1 0 o n f h z U J 360 o n f h z R t i u
nfhz jf VgL Ff khwf.
Mu myF r, tl ika O(0,0) vw tlij tiuf. P(x,y)
vw ia tlJ vLJbfhf.
y P(x, y)
P(x, y)
x1
gl 5.2(b)
y
M
O
y1
gl 5.2(a)
o M
x
P(x, y)
P(x, y)
y1
y1
gl 5.2(c)
gl 5.2(d)
125
RHnfhL OP=r, OX -l nfhz ms it VgLJkhW

bfhf.
o Kj fh gF ,Uif i.e. 0o < < 90 o
tiugl 5.2(a)UJ/ ,F x, y ,ituL ifahF.
iy (1)
vdnt vyh nfhz jfS if FilajhF.

iy (2)
< 180 o
,ulh fhgF ,Uif i.e. 90o <
tiugl 5.2(b)UJ/ ,F x- Fiw nkY y-if. vdnt
sin ifahf/ cos kW tan Fiwahf ,UF.
_wh fhgF ,Uif i.e. 180o <
<270o
tiugl 5.2(c) UJ x, y ,ituL FiwahF. vdnt
sin kW cos Fiwahf tan ifahf ,UF.
iy (3)
ehfh fhgF ,Uif i.e. 270 o <

< 360 o
tiugl 5.2(d) UJ x-if nkY y-Fiw. vdnt sin kW
tan Fiw nkY cos if.
iy (4)
vdnt/
fhgF
sin
cos
tan
cosec
sec
cot
II
+
-
III
IV
nzh rhf Ffis ,j mltiz _y S A

T C
vjhf id Twyh.
A M fhgF vyh (All) nfhz jfS if
kiladthF.
S II M fhgF Sin nkY Cosec kLnk if
kiladthF w midJ Fiw kiladthF.
T III M fhgF Tan kW Cot kLnk if
kiladthF/ w midJ Fiw kiladthF.
C IV M fhgF Cos nkY Sec kLnk if
kiladthF/ w midJ Fiw kiladthF.
126
5.2.2 b f h L f g l
zj
nfhz
mik
fhgFia
< 90o vdbfh.

(90o-) Kj fhgFY
(270o-) _wh fhgFY
(90o+) ,ulh fhgFY (270o+) ehfh fhgFY

(180o-) ,ulh fhgFY (360o-) ehfh fhgFY
(180o+) _wh fhgFY (360o+) Kj fhgF miktdthF
cfUJ
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
:
90o I (m) II M fhgF miktjhfbfhsyh
180o II (m) III M fhgF miktjhfbfhsyh
270o III (m) IV M fhgF miktjhfbfhsyh
360o IV (m) I M fhgF miktjhfbfhsyh
vLJfhL 11
tU nfhzf vj fhgFf mik
vgij zf
(i) 210o
x'
(iii) 745o
210o
(ii) 315o
315o o
x'
x'
x
745o
y'
gl 5.3(b)
y'
gl 5.3(a)
gl 5.3(a)UJ
o
gl 5.3(b)UJ
210 = 180 + 30
180o + o vw
315 = 270 + 45
270o + o vw
to csJ
210o _wh
fhgF mik
to csJ
315o ehfh
fhgF mik
127
y'
gl 5.3(c)
gl 5.3(c)UJ
745o = ,U KG
RH nkY 25o
745o=2x360o+25o
745o Kjyh
fhgF mik
rhfS mt tiuglfS
(FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS)
E fj fUJfS/ rh fUJ xU f Kakhd

fUJUthF. mwhl thif rh fUJ gagLj
gLwJ. cjhuzkhf/ ``mzh gfiy fHf .bl. go
gY xbthU khztDF go Ko nj FL
tHfgLwJpp/ vw tha xU rhig FF. ,j
thaij Muh-if/ rhfhd njits cfUJfis
fhzyh.
,thaUJ eh mtJ vdbt/ khztfis
Kj fzkhf/ tiuaWfgl nj FLf ,ulhtJ
fzkhf/ Kj fz ,UF xbthU cWid ,ulh
fz jjna xnu X cWl xU go cwgLj
gLwJ.
,nj nghW/ fil ,UF xbthU gid bghUSF
jjna XU iy ,Ugij fhzyh. bghUshjhu ghl/ ,nj
nghW bkhj bry kW cg ,ituo bjhlig rh
vd fUjyh.
Mifah ,U cWfis/ KjcW knfwthW
,ulhtJ cWF ra k ,UFkhW xU ia
VgLJnghJ ,ulhtJ cW/ Kjyh cW rh k vd
magLwJ.
6.1. bk- k rhf

(FUNCTION OF A REAL VALUE)
(i)
kh (constant) :
fj/ vj ``xWpp jDila kig/ fzLfnghJ

khwhk itJsnjh mjF kh vW bga. ,ij a, b, c... vw
vGJfsh FgJ ku.
164
vLJfhlhf : xU Miua vgJ kh nfhzkhF. xU

bk-bakhahF.
(ii)
kh (Variable) :
fzonghJ vj ``xWpp gk bfhlhjhf

mikwnjh mJ kh vwiHfgLwJ. ,ij x, y, z,... vw
vGJfsh FgJ ku.
vLJfhlhf : 4x+3y = 1 vw rkgho x kW y
,ituL khfshF. ,ituL 4x+3y = 1 vw nenfho
J mik fS xwhF. Mifah nfhoJs btntW
fis FLif/ x, y ,ituL btntW kig
bgW.
khf ,U tifgL:
(i)
rhuh kh
(ii)
rhj kh
xU kh jirahf vj xU kig bgwToajh

mkh rhuh kh vwiHfgL.
xU kh/ jDila kig kbwhU kh kig bghWJ
bgWkh mkh rhj kh vd miHfgL.
,tif y = 5x2-2x+3 vw rkgho x vgJ rhuh
khahf/ y vgJ rhj khahf kW 3 vgij
khahf magLwJ. nkY x vgij kgf vW y
vgij rf vW Twyh.
6.1.1 _oa kW wj ,ilbtf
A, B vgd Kiwna a, b vw
bk-bafis FfL/ ,F a < b.
A, B F ,il mikw vyh
fSFa bk-baf bgW k
x. a, b F ,il a < x < b vwthW
A
a
B
b
k bgW.
,j KG iyia fl
Kiw M- br-ayh.
wj ,ilbt
{x : a < x < b} vw fz wj ,ilbt vd miHfgLwJ.
,J (a, b) vd FfgLwJ.
(i)
165
,j ,ilbt Ko f nrfgliy
(cgliy).
)b
vLJfhlhf : (4/ 6) vw ,ilbt 3 xU cW ,iy/

Mdh 5.9 xU cWghF (4/ 6)- 4-/ 6- cWf my.
(ii)
_oa ,ilbt
{x : a < x < b} vw fz _oa ,ilbt vd miHfgLwJ
[a, b] vd FfgLwJ.
a
b
[a, b] ,ilbt Ko f cgLjgLsJ.
vLJfhlhf [4, 6] vw ,ilbt 4-/ 6- cWf
MF.
nkY/ gh _oa/ gh wj ,ilbtfis g eh ,F
Fl ntosJ.
mjhtJ (a, b] = {x : a < x < b} vgJ ,lw (,lJ) wj
,ilbt vd miHfgLwJ.
nkY [a, b) = {x : a < x < b} vgJ tyw (tyJ) wj
,ilbt vdgLwJ.
uhf vyh iyfY b-a = h vgij ,ilbt s
vd miHfgLwJ.
6.1.2 xU mikaf (Neighbourhood of a point)
a vgij VnjD xU bk-ba vdbfhnth, >0 vgij
xU f fa bk-bazhf vLJbfhnth. (a-, a+) vw
wj ,ilbt/ a- mikaf vd miHfgL.
,ij Na, vw Flh Ffyh.
vLJfhlhf N3,
1
4
= (3- 1 , 3+ 1 )
4
= {x : 11 < x < 13 }
4
N2,
1
5
= (2- 1 , 2+ 1 )
5
= {x : 9
< x < 11 }
5
166
6.1.3 rhf
tiuaiw
fz AUJ fz B F tiuaWfgl rh vgJ A

cs xbthU cWig B cs xnu xU cWl bjhlgLJ
ahF. A vw fz rh kgf vd B vgJ Jiz
kgf vd miHfgLwJ.
A-UJ B- F tiuaWfgll rhig f : AB vd eh
vGJnwh. f -I ju/ F, g, kW w FLfis/ rhig Fl
gagLJnwh.
A- cs xU cW a- I B- cs vj xnuxU cWl
fdh bjhlgLjgLwnjh mJ alJ f- k myJ f-
a- g vW miHfgLwJ.
eh rhfis flthW gl _y Flyh

f : AB
kgf
f(a)
gl 6.1
Jizkgf
x vgij kgf A- VnjD X cWghf x-fhd f -

kig y vd Flyh.
y = f(x) vW vGjyh. y-ahdJ x- rh vW gofyh.
kgf cs xbthU lJ rh kghdJ/ rh
ah bgwgL. vbghGJ rhghdJ xU th-ghlhfnth/ tir
nrhoahfnth/ mltizahfnth myJ mWj fzkhfnth
,Ufyh.
xU rh ,auij nghwnj. m kgf cs xU

cWig nghLbghGJ rf cs mjF xj kghf bt
tUwJ.
167
f(x) = x3 vw rhig fUJf.

3
kgf
cs vcns
brwJ
cns brY v
rh k btna
tUwJ
27
gl (6.2)
rh
f(x)=x3
fl rkghLfis fUjyh.
(i)
y = x2-4x+3
(ii)
y = sin2x
(iii)
y = mx + c
(iv)
V=
(v)
2
s = ut + at
(i) y -ahdJ x - rh vd TWnwh.

(ii), (iii) - y, x - rh (m, c vgit khf)
(iv) V -ahdJ r, h - rh (,U khf)
(v) S -MdJ u, t kW a - xU rh ( _W khf)
r
6.1.4 rh mltiz FL
mltizgLjgl nrhjid KothdJ/ msfgl

msLfSilyhf rh bjhlid btgLJwJ.
vLJfhlhf/ thiy mif ika xU Fl eh
bgwgl btgiy msL T (o) vgJ neu t(k)ia rhjJ.
t
10
22
21
20
20
17
23
25
26
26.5
27.3
,j mltiz T -ahdJ t- xU rh vd tiuaWwJ. nkY

,ij T = f(t) ah Ffyh.
,nj nghW nfhz rhf mltiz/ kliff
mltiz/ nkY gy rhfis mltiz to fhzgL.
168
6.1.5 rh tiugl sf
rhuhj kh x - kfis/ x-mR bjhiythf/ rh _y
mkfSF xj y- kfis y-mR bjhiythf bgW
(x, y) vw f bjhFig xy js FL KiwF `rh
tiugl sfp vW miHfgLwJ.

6.1.6 rhf brFJ nfhL nrhjid
x Ma bjhiy rkkhf/ ntWgl y Ma bjhiyfis bgw
,U tir nrhofis fUJnth. ,U tir nrhof

tiugl f xU brFJ nfho mik. ,KiwahdJ
xU tiugl/ rh tiuglij Fwjh vd mayh.
nrhjid :
xU brFJnfhL xU tiuglij xF nkgl f

btLkhdh mtiugl/ xU rh tiugl my.
fl tiuglf rh tiu glf my
y
x'
x'
y'
y'
gl 6.3
gl 6.5
glf (6.3), (6.4), (6.5) UJ brFJ nfhLf tis tiuia

x'
x
xF nkgl f btLtij
fhz KowJ.
vdnt
,tiuglf rh tiuglij FfhJ.
y'
gl 6.4
x'
x'
y'
y'
gl 6.6
gl 6.7
gl (6.6), (6.7) - vj xU FJnfhL tistiuia xF

nkgl f btliy vdnt ,J brFJnfhL
nrhjidia iw br-tjh rhf tiuglfshF.
169
vLJfhL 1
(i)
3.5 < x < 7.5 vw ,ilbt s vd?
(ii)
H = {x : 3 < x < 5} v 4.7 H vd ,Uf Kokh?
(iii) H = {x : -4 < x < 7} v -5 H vd ,Uf Kokh?
(iv) -3 (-3, 0) vgJ rhakhFkh
rhakhFkh?
:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
,F ,ilbt [a, b] = [3.5, 7.5]

,ilbt s = b-a = 7.5 - 3.5 = 4
M/ Vbd 4.7/ vgJ 3-F 5-F ,il cs
xU ahF.
,iy/ Vbd -5 vgJ bfhLfgl ,ilbtF
bt csJ.
rhaky Vbd wj ,ilbt Ko f
nrfglkhlhJ vdnt -3 (-3, 0)
vLJfhL 2
f(x) = 3x-1 vw rh tiugl tiuf
:
y = f(x) vf.
y = 3x-1 vw rhig eh tiua ntL
x -F gyhf VnjD xU viz uL

mjF jFj y - kig fhz ntL.
vdnt ,thW mltizia bgwyh.

x
y
0
-1
1
2
2
5
-1
-4
x'
-2
-7
y'
,tliz cs fis x, y js FJ/ fis

,izjh nenfhL ilF.
vLJfhL 3
f(x) = x2-5 vw rh tiugl tiuf.
:
eh x- F y vfis nj br-nth mjF xj y-F

y kfis fhngh.
170
mltiz (0, -5), (-1, 4) kW gy

tir nrhofis jUwJ. ,jifa
fis xy js FJ ,izgj
_y tiugl ilwJ.
x
y
0
-5
1
-4
2
-1
3
4
-1
-4
-2
-1
y=x2-5
-3
4
vLJfhL 4
f(x) = x 2-x+1 vW bfhLfgl rh
(i) f(o) (ii) f(-1) (iii) f(x+1) fh.
:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
f(x)
f(o)
f(-1)
f(x+1)
= x2-x+1
= o2-o+1 = 1
= (-1)2 -(-1)+1 = 3
= (x+1)2 - (x+1) + 1
= x2+2x+1-x-1+1 = x2+x+1
vLJfhL 5
x 2 - 4x if x 2
vd tiuaWfgo
x + 2 if x < 2
f : R
R f(x) =
(i) f(-3)
(ii) f(5)
(iii) f(0) ,tiw fhf.

y
:
x = -3; vDbghGJ
x = 5 ; vDbghGJ
x= 0 ; vDbghGJ
f(x) = x+2
f(x)x'= x2-4x
f(x) = x+2
f(-3) = -3+2 = -1
f(5) = 25 - 20
=5
x
f(o) = 0+2 = 2
vLJfhL 6
y'
+
) = f(
) g(
) + g(
) f(
) vd
f(x) = sinx ; g(x) = cosx v f(
Wf.
%gz :
f(x) = sinx
f(+) = sin (+)
-------------(1)
f() = sin ; f() = sin
g() = cos ; g() = cos
[ g(x) = cosx]
,bghGJ
f() . g() + g() f()
171
= sin cos + cos sin

= sin (+)
--------------(2)
(1), (2) UJ eh bgWtJ
f(+) = f() g() + g() . f()
vLJfhL 7
R f(x) = x2+3 vd tiuaWfgo
A = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2} , f : A
rh f rf fh.
:
f (x) = x2+3
f (-2) = (-2)2+3 = 4+3 = 7
f (-1) = (-1)2+3 = 1+3 = 4
f (0) = 0 + 3 = 3
f (1) = 12 + 3 = 4
f (2) = 22 + 3 = 7
vdnt rf {3, 4, 7}
vLJfhL 8
f(x) = 1 - x v f(-x) = f (1x ) vd fhf
1+ x
:
f(x) = 1- x
1+ x
f(-x) =
1-(-x )
=
1+ (- x )
1+ x = 1
f (x )
1- x
vLJfhL 9
f(x, y) = ax2 + bxy2+cx2y + dy3 v tUtdtiw fhf
(i) f(1, 0) (ii) f(-1, 1)
:
f(x, y)
= ax2+bxy2+cx2y+dy3
---------------(1)
f(1, 0)fhgjF ; x = 1 , y = 0 vd (1)- uLnth.
f(1, 0)
= a(1)2 + 0 + 0 + 0 = a
f(-1, 1)ia fhz ; x = -1 kW y = 1 vd rkghL (1) ul
f(-1, 1) = a(-1)2 + b(-1)(1)2 + c(-1)2(1) + d(1)3

f(-1, 1) = a - b + c + d
172
vLJfhL 10
R vw viy
f(x) = x2+3 v -3<x<3, x
- vkF f(x) = 4 vd ,UF?
(i) x-
- kgf ahJ?
(ii) f-
:
(i)
f(x) = 4 vd bfhLfglJ
x2+3
= 4 => x2 = 1 => x = + 1
x = -1 kW 1 vw ,U kfSF f(x) = 4 vd ,UF.
(ii)
f - kgf {x : -3<x<3, xR}
vLJfhL 11
x -4
f(x) = x + 5 vw rh kgf ahJ?
:
x = -5 F ; f(x) =
-5 - 4
-9
= 0
0
MF
0-dh tFfayhjjh x = -5 Vilajy
vdnt x = -5 f- kgf ,UfhJ
vdnt f- kgfkhdJ {x : x R ; x -5}
vLJfhL 12
ehgijJ ng mkuToa ngUJ xiw khzt
FG xW f RWyhfhf thlifF mkj
UaJ. ngUJ Wtd/ FiwjJ 30 egfshtJ
,Ujhjh ngUij thlifF L. Kj 40 ng
tiu jiyF %gh- 100 flzkhF. 40 ngUF
nkgo/ ngUJ flz 40 ngUF nkgl xbthU
egUF %.100UJ/ 40-F nkgl vif
1
5
ghfij fJ flzkhf tNF. bkhj bryit
RWyh brY khztf vif thyhf xU

rhghf fhz. nkY ,j kgfij fhf.
:
RWyh brY khztf vif x vd bfhf.
30<x<45 ; x xU if KG vzhF.
bkhj bry = (xU khztDfhd flz ) x
(khztf vif)
173
30 kW 40-F ,il khztf vifba

jiyF %. 100 flzkhF.
bkhj bry y = 100x
khztf vif 41-UJ 45 tiuba xU
1
5
khztDfhd flz %. {100 bkhj bry y = (108-
x
5
(x-40)} = 108- x
)x = 108x - x
100x
; 30 x 40
2
vdnt rh ahdJ y =
x xU if KG v
108x- x ; 41 x 45
kgf {30, 31, ............, 45}
vLJfhL 13
f(x) = log10 (1+x) vw rh kgf/ rf ,tiw
fhf.
:
Fiw bk-baF klif k tiuaWfglhjJ

vgij eh mnth. nkY log0 = - vgij mnth.
(1+x) < 0 -F log (1+x) bk- k bgwhJ

x-1 vd ,Uif/ log (1+x) - vd mik
vdnt f - kgf (-1, )
(m.J. ) -1 -F mfkhd bk-baf. ,rh rf R+
(if bk-baf fzkhF )
vLJfhL 14
f(x) = x 2 - 7x + 12 vw rh kgf fh.
:
f(x) =
(x - 3)(x - 4 )
(x-3) (x-4) > 0 vw viy kL f(x) xU bk-k

rhghF. mjhtJ `3-F/ `4p-F bt x ,Uif
f(x)- kgf x > 4 kW x < 3 (m.J.) [-, 3) kW (4, ] MF.
g 6.1
1)
y = 3 vw
nenfho tiugl tiuf.
2)
f(x) = tanx kW f(y) = tany
v
174
f(x-y) =
f(x)- f(y)
1 + f(x)f(y)
vd Wf.
+ 4
+ 2 2
3)
f(x) = x + tanx
x + sinx
4)
2
4
f(x) = 1+x 2+x
5)
f(x) = x2-3x+7 v
6)
f(x) = sinx + cosx
7)
g(x) =
8)
RWyh Wtd/ xU RWyhit VghL br-wJ. RWyh

brgtf vif 25-F Fiw v/ eg xWF %. 100
flzkhF. 25 eg myJ mjF mfkhf mfgr 110 egf
tiu brthf v/ brY egf vif
v f(
v f(
1
5
)=
1
x
) = f(x)
f ( x+h)f ( x)
ia
h
v f(0) + f(
1
x
vd Wf.
vd Wf.
fhf.
) + f() + f(3 )-kig fhf.

2
2
kgf fhf.
klif 110-UJ fJ xU egUfhd flzkhf
tNfgLwJ. RWyh brY egf vif n _y

bkhj bry rhfhd ia bgWf. xbthU F
kgf fhf.
x 2 - 5x + 6
vw rh kgf fhf.
9)
f(x) =
10)
tU tiuglfS vit xU rh tiuglkhfhJ?

y
x'
x'
x x'
y'
y'
gl (i)
y'
gl (ii)
y
x'
gl (iii)
y
x'
y'
y'
gl (iv)
gl (v)
175
11)
f(x) = sinx ; g(x) = cosx v

f(-) = f() g() - g() . f() ; , , xR vd
x 1
3x + 5
v/
f( 1
) kW f(x)
Wf.
,tid vGJf.
12)
f(x) =
13)
14)
f(x) = x 2 + 4 v/ f(2x) kW f(0) ,tiw

f(x) = 5x-6 vw rh tiugl tiuf.
15)
f(x) = x2 kW g(x) = 2x2
16)
f(x) = x2-4 v , f(x), 2f(x) kW -f(x) vgdt tiuglfis
fhf.
vw rhf tiuglfis tiuf.
tiuf.
6.2 khrh kW nea rh

(CONSTANT FUNCTION AND LINEAR FUNCTION)
6.2.1. kh rh (Constant function)
xU rh rf xnu xU cWid bfhljh

mrh kh rh vwiHfgL. ,ij f(x) = a, vw khahf/
kgf cs vyh x-F ,UF
vLJfhlhf :
f(x) = 2 kW f(x) = -3 vgd kh rhfshF.
gl 6.8 xU kh rhig FF
f : AB
2
3
4
gl 6.8
.a
.b
.c
.d
B
f(x) = c vw kh rh tiuglij eh tiuayh.

y
y=f(x)
y=c
x'
gl (6.9) _y eh mtJ ahbj

kh rh tiugl x- m F
,izahf brY xU nenfhlhF.
cfUJ :
y'
Fig 6.9
cwfz H = [(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)} xU

kh rhghF.
176
6.2.2 nea rh (Linear function)

xU rh f(x) = ax+b, a 0 kW a, b ,ituL
bk-bafsh mrh nea rh vdgL.

nea rh tiugl xU nenfhlhF.
6.2.3 l -vw
vw nenfho rh- j (Slope of the line l)
brFjyhj l vw nenfho J P(x1, y1) kW Q(x2, y2)
vgd ,U btntW fsh/ ,nenfho rh-

jij m vw vGjh FgJ ku.
y-f ahr
y -y
vd mayh.
m = x 2 - x1 =
x-f ahr
2 1
vdnt f(x) = ax+b, (a0) vw nea rhig f(x) = mx+c vW
vGjyh. ,F m rh- jij c, y - m btL
Jil FF .
cfUJ :
(i)
m xU ifba v/ nenfhL tywkhf nkneh
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
brY.
m xU Fiwba v/ nenfhL tywkhf neh
brY.
m = 0 v nenfhL ilklkhf ,UF.
m tiuaWfgliyba/ nenfhL brFjhf
brY.
6.2.4 xU nenfhil FF nea rhid tU

khWgl totf Ffyh.
(i)
y = mx+c, (rh- j-btLJL tot )
(ii)
y-y 1 = m(x-x 1) : (rh- j- tot )
y
b
(iii)
x
a
(iv)
x - x1
y- y
= y - y1
x1 - x 2
1 2
= 1; (btLJL tot )
; (,U tot )
,rkghLf cskhf go xWF nkgljy/

,jifa cwfis FF rkghLf Kjgo rkghLf
myJ nea rkghLf vd miHfgLwd.
6.2.5 nea rhf gaghLf
(i)
Ca xUt Ca jij/ fhyij bghUj
rhghf fUjyh.
177
(ii)
(iii)
M (m) bg tf Mwid/ fhy

rhghf vGjyh
bghU kW iy ,ituil nea rhghf
btgLjyh.
vLJfhL 15
-M tUl %. 7,500
Ca xUt rgs 2002-M
MF. 2004-M
-M tUl %. 7750 vd ,UF. rgsij
fhy (tUl) thyhf rh tot fh nkY
-M tUlfhd rgsij ,rh _y fh.
2005-M
:
S - rgsij (%)/ t - tUlijFfL .
tUl
rgs (% )
2002 (t1)
7,500 (S1)
2004 (t2)
7,750 (S2)
2005 (t)
? (S)
rgsij/ tUl thyhf FF nea rhghdJ

S S
S - S1
= t 2 t 1 (t-t1)
2 1
S - 7500
= 7750 - 7500 (t - 2002)
S - 7500
= 250 (t - 2002)
2004 - 2002
2
S = 7,500 + 125 (t - 2002)

t = 2005
S = 7500 + 125 (2005 - 2002)
= 7500 + 125 (3)
= 7500 + 375 = 7875
2005-M tUlyhd rgs %. 7,875.
js FJ ,uil nrf
y y
rh- m = x 2 x1 = 63 --12 = 2
2
178
A(1
, 2)
vLJfhL 16
(1, 2) kW (3, 6) vw fis
bfhl ne nfho rh- j fh.
:
(1, 2) kW (3, 6) vw fis xy
B(3, 6)
y2 - y1 = 4
x2 - x1 = 2
O
6.3. mLF rh
(POWER FUNCTION)
6.3.1 mLF rh
xU rh tot f(x) = axn, a kW n ,ituL a

myh khfsh/ ,rh mLF rh vdgL.
vLfhlhf f(x) = x4, f(x) =
rhfshF.
1
x2
kW f(x) = 3x
1
2
vgd mLF
6.3.2 ax- rh (Exponential function)

a > 0 vd ,Uif/ a-ia mokhdkhf bfhl ax rh/
f(x) = ax vd FfgL. ,F a xU if bk-bazhF
a - btntW kfSF f(x) = ax vw rh (kW ,j
tiugl) btntW jjikilaij tUtdt _y

mayh.
6.3.3 f(x) = ax, a>1 - tiugl
tiu glij g mj
2X -
f(x) = ax - a = 2 v/ f(x) = 2x MF
x - btntW kfSF 2x - btntW kfis
fL mltiz gLJf.
x
2x
-3
-2
-1
1
8
1
4
1
2
y = 2x (y=a x ; a > 1)
(0, 1)
x'
gl 6.10
179
cfUJ :
(i)
2 x - tiugl VWKf cilaJ. ,lJ w x - mR
tiugl fgid bjhLnfhlhf mik.

2x - tiugl ,lw x-mir bjhL tif neh
tU.
,rh/ tsia FF rhghF.
(ii)
(iii)
6.3.4 f(x) = ax, a < 1 - tiugl

( 1 ) x tiuglij g mj
2
f(x) = ax v ; a =
x
(
1
2
)x
1
2
f(x) = (
-3
-2
-1
1
2
)x MF.
1
1
2
1
4
1
8
f(x) = ax ; a<1
y=(
1
2
)x
(0, 1)
x'
gl 6.11
cfUJ :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
,tiugl ,wFKf cilaJ.

tiugl x-m if gF beU brwJ.
a- btntW kfSF Vw tif tiugl VWKf
,wFKf cilajhF.
a> 1 v/ 0 <
1
a
< 1 MF. y = a x - tiuglK y = (
1
a
)x -
tiuglK y mir bghWJ xW kbwh

ugghF.
180
(v)
a = 1 v , f(x) = ax - tiugl ilkl nenfhlhF.
(vi)
f(x) = ax - kgf kW rf Kiwna R kW (0, ) MF.
6.3.5 f(x) = e x - tiugl
mLF rhf mfkhf

gagLjgL rhf f Ka
rh e x - rhghF. ,F e xU
jKwh vzhF. e - k 2-F/
3- F ,ilgljhF. (e = 2.718
njhuhakhf). vdnt ex - tiugl y = 2x
- tiuglij nghW mikwJ.
y = ex
(0, 1)
O
x'
x
y'
gl 6.12
6.3.6 klif rh (Logarithmic Functions)

0 < a < 1 or a > 1 v , ay = x vgij logax = y vd klif
to Ffyh. f(x) = logax vw rh x- vyh kfSF
tiuaiw br-aglhjJ. a -xU ifba/ vdnt ay - ifahF.
Mifah/ x = ay vd ,Uif/ 0<a<1 myJ a>1 vdbfhL
logax ia x > 0 -F tiuaiw br-agLwJ.
y
0 < a < 1 myJ a > 1 v , (i) log aa = 1

kW (ii) loga1 = 0
gl 6.13 - f(x) = logax - tiugl

fhfgLsJ. a>1 v tiugl
VWKfKilaJ. 0<a<1 v tiugl
,wFKfKilaJ.
O
x'
y=logax
(1, 0)
y'
gl 6.13
cfUJ :
(i)
loga1 = 0 vd ,Ugjh y = logax - tiugl x mir x = 1
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
vw ,l btL.
y - m gFF f beUfkhd Kiw tiugl
mik
a - btntW kfSF tiugl VW kW ,wF Kf
cilajhF.
y = logax - kgf (0, ), rf R MF.
f(x) = ax kW g(x) = log ax ,ituo tiuglf. y = x
vw nfhoF rkuhf mik.
181
rk nfhghogo log e x -
tiugl y = x vw nenfhil
bghWJ ex tiuglùg
_y tiuayh. ,ijna gl 6.14
fhlgLsJ.
(vi)
y=ex
(0, 1)
x'
y=log ax
x
(1, 0)
y'
gl 6.14
6.4 nfhz RH rhf

(CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS)
6.4.1 RH rh (Periodic Functions)
nfhz RH rhf cs kh -F gyhf + vd

khw br-J/ rh k khwhk ,Ujh ,rh RH jik
th-j RH rh vd/ kW W if kila -it
RHR vW miHg.
sin(+2) = sin, cos (+2) = cos vgUJ sin, Cos vgd
2- ia RH rhf bfhl RH rh vW eh Twyh.
nkY tan (+) = tan vgjh tan vgJ -ia RH rhf bgw
RH rhghF.
,bghGJ 2 s bfhl ,ilbt sine, cosine
rhf tiugl kLnk ekF njit. 0 < < 2 myJ - 2 <
<3
vdbfh. nkY f(+2) = f() vgij gagLJbghGJ

,t tiuglf ekF ilF tlrhfshf ,Ugjh
,tiugl tiuagLtJ vjhf csJ vgij fhzyh.
2
6.4.2 sinx - tiugl. 0<x<2

- sine rhig fUJf.
x
2
3
3
4
5
6
sinx
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
2
7
6
5
4
4
3
-1 - 1 - 3
2
3 5 7
2 3 4
-1
- 3
2
y
3
2
y = sinx
0
-1
-2
gl 6.15
182
11
6
- 1 -1
2
cfUJ :
(i)
tiugl f skhf mfkhf tiua ntoUgjh x, y
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
ms lf xWbfhW ntWglit.
sinx - tiugl jil ,Ugjh ,J xU bjhl rhghF.
sinx - bgU/ W kf Kiwna 1 kW -1 vd
mayh. mjhtJ sinx rh tiugl y = 1 kW y =-1
vw ,UnfhLfSF ,il mik.
xbthU 2 ,ilbtY kf Ug tU. mjhtJ
,rh RHR nfhz 2 MF.
6.4.3 f(x) = cosx - tiugl

0< x < 2 vw ,ilbt cosx rhig fU bfhf.
x
cosx
-1
-
2
0
2
0
0
1
5
2
-1
-1
y = cosx
(-2, 1)
(-3
(0, 1)
, 0)
x'
(-
,0) O
, 0)
(3
, 0)x
(, -1)
(-, -1)
y' gl 6.16
cfUJ :
(i)
y = cosx tiugl jil ,Ugjh ,rh bjhl rhghF.
(ii)
tiuglUJ cosx bgU/ W kf Kiwna
1, -1 vg bjthwd. mjhtJ ,tiugl y = 1 kW
y = -1 vw ,U ,iz nfhLf ,il mik.
(iii) ,tiugl y-mir bghWJ rkuhdJ.
(iv) ,rh 2 I RH rhf cila RH rh MF.
tiu gl
6.4.4 tanx -
0 M tFgLtJ tiuaWfgliy vgjh tan
2
k fhz KoahJ. tanx - khahdJ vj xU bk-baiz

FF x = 0 vD bghGJ k y = 0 vgij 2 it
mfFnghJ y mfgij fhf.
183
tanx rh k x = 0 vw ,l 0 MF. tanx rh

k 0-UJ 2 -it beUFif f mfF. kf
viy mfgij fhzyh. l nfhLf tiugl

mfky. ,it ah bjhiybjhLnfhLfshF. ,tiugl
xbthU bjhiybjhLnfhil bjhlhk brY ,jF fhuz
vdbt,
3
2
vw ,lf tanx rhF kf ilahJ
y = tanx
4
3
2
1
x' -2
-3
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
cfUJ :
y' gl 6.17
3
2
5
2
(i)
tan x rh tiugl
(ii)
flJ bjhlawit.
tanx rh Fiw myJ if v kig bgW.
tanx rh RHR MF.
(iii)
x = +
, +
, +
,... Ma
vLJfhL 17
tan x xU RH rhgh? mthwh mj RH R
ahJ? mj kgf kW rf ahit?
:
y = tanx( gl 6.17), tiugl/ -
Kj
tiu cs
tiugl 2 - UJ 32 - tiu Ug ilwJ. ,j

thyhf tan x RH R cila RH rh vd mnwh.
184
kgf : {x ; x 2 + k, k xU KG v }
f : R (bk-baf fz )
vLJfhL 18
secant rh kgf ahJ?
:
secant, cosine rhf xWbfhW jiyf. cosx = 0
vw x- kfSF secant rh tiuaWf KoahJ vdnt secant
rh kgf
+ k , (k
2
xU KG v)-ia ju midJ
bk-baf fz. mjhtJ {x : x
+ k, k xU KG v }
vLJfhL 19
fl rh RH R ahJ
ahJ?
y
y = f(x)
1
x'-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
-1
y'
gl 6.18
rh tiugl/ rh kghdJ xbthU 4

myFfSF Ug khwhk ilwJ. vdnt f(x) = f(x+4) midJ
x - F nkY tiuglkhdJ 4 myFf tywY kW
,lwY tiuagLsJ. vdnt ,j RH R 4 MF.
6.5 rhf jhd fj mogil braf

(ARITHMETIC OF FUNCTION)
6.5.1 ,afj rhf (Algebraic functions)
rhuhj khf mLFf kW tf _ykhfnth nkY

ehF mogil brafshd Tl/ fj/ bgUf/ tFj
,tiw bfhL mika bgW KoW vifs
cWfis bfhl rhF ,afj rh vW bga.
185
vLJfhlhf , 3x + 5 , 7 x 4x2-7x+3,3x-2, 2x-3 kW w

rhf ,afj rhf MF.
nkY/ jKW rhfis myJ gYW nfhitia
cslaJ ,afj rhf.
f(x) = a0xn+a1xn-1+a2xn-2+....... +an
,F a0, a1, a2, ........, an vgd bfGf vW Fiw kgw

n vw v KG gYW nfhit goahF. ,J x - midJ
kfSF tiuaWfglJ vgJ bjjnj.
6.5.2 rhf jhd fzL braf
D-ia kgfkhf bfhl bk-k rhfis fU
bfh. ,rhf fzij E vd FLf.
f, g E. vd bfh .
f + g, fg , f g vgd fhQ Kiwf tiuaWf
gLwd.
(f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x), xD
(f - g) (x) = f(x) - g(x),
(fg) (x) = f(x) g(x),
f(x)
( gf ) (x) = g(x) ; g(x) 0
cfUJ :
(i)
f + g, f - g, fg vw rhf kgf f-F g-F bghJthd
D vw kgfkhF.
(ii)
f kW g -F bghJthd kgf D - g(x) = 0 vw
tifyhd x - kfis jJ tU fz/

rh kgfkhF.
(iii)
f
g
vw
f2 vw rh f vw rhig f-M bgUFtjhY fn vw

rh/ f- ia n klF f- M bgUFtjh ilF. ,F n
xU ,a vzhF.
6.5.3 rhf Tl
(i)
vLJfhlhf f(x) = 3x+4 ; g(x) =5x-2 vw nea
rhfis fU bfhf ,t TLj (f+g) (x)
186

(ii)
f(x)
= 3x+4
g(x) = 5x-2
f(x)+g(x) = (3x+5x) + (4-2)
f(x)+g(x) = 8x+2 = (f+g) (x)
f(x) = 3x 2 -4x+7 kW g(x) = x 2 -x+1 vw ,Ugo
rkghLfis fU bfhf. ,t TLj

f(x)+g(x) = (3x2-4x+7) + (x2-x+1)
= (3x2+x2) + (-4x-x) + (7+1)
f(x) + g(x)= 4x2-5x+8 = (f+g) (x)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
f(x) = logex ; g(x) = loge(5x) vw klif rhfis fU

bfhf. ,t TLj f(x)+g(x) = logex + loge5x
= loge5x2. f(x) + f(y) f(x+y) vgij fh.
f(x) = ex kW f(y) = ey vw mLF rhfis fU
bfhf. ,t TLj f(x)+f(y) is ex+ey
f(x) = sinx, g(x) = tanx v f(x)+g(x) -ahdJ
sinx + tanx
6.5.4 rhf fj
(i)
f(x) = 4x2-3x+1 kW g(x) = 2x2+x+5 vw rhfSF (f-g) (x)
= f(x)-g(x) = (4x2-2x2) + (-3x-x) + (1-5) = 2x2-4x-4
(ii)
f(x) = e3x kW g(x) = e2x v
(f-g) (x) = f(x) - g(x) = e3x - e2x
(iii) f(x) - loge5x kW g(x) = loge3x v
(f-g) (x) is f(x) - g(x) = loge5x - loge3x
5
( 5x )
= loge 3x
= loge 3
6.5.5 rhf bgUf
(i) f(x) = x+1, g(x) = x-1 rhf bgUf f(x) g(x), (x+1) (x-1) = x2-1
(ii) f(x) = (x2-x+1) kW g(x) = x+1
rhf bgUf f(x) g(x)
(x2-x+1) (x+1)
= x3-x2+x+x2-x+1
= x3+1
(iii) f(x) = logax kW g(x) = loga3x
v
(fg)x = f(x)g(x) = logex logx3x
3x
(iv) f(x) = e ; g(x) = e5x f(x) g(x)-ahdJ
e3x . e5x = e3x+5x = e8x
187
6.5.6 rhf tFj

(i)
f(x) = e4x kW g(x) = e3x
v
(ii)
f (x )
g (x )
4x
is e 3x = e 4x-3x = ex
f(x) = x2-5x+6 ; g(x) = x-2 v

f (x )
g (x )
2
= x 5 x + 6
(x 2)
= ( x-3)(x-2) = x-3
x2
vLJfhL 20
f(x) = x 3 kW g(x) = 2x+1 v
(i) (f+g) (1)
(ii) (f-g) (3)
(iii) (fg) (0)
,tiw fhf
:
g) (2)
(iv) (f
(i)
(f+g) (x)= f(x) + g(x) vgij mnth

(f+g) (1)= f(1) + g(1)
= (1)3 + 2(1)+1 = 4
(ii)
(f-g) (x) = f(v) - g(x) vgij mnth.

(f-g) (3) = f(3) - g(3)
= (3)3 - 2(3) - 1 = 20
(iii)
(fg)(x)
fg(0)
(iv)
(fg) (x) = f(x) g(x) vgij mnth.

(fg) (2)= f(2) g(2)
= 23 2(2) + 1
= f(x) g(x) vgij mnth.

= f(0) g(0)
= (03) (2 x 0 + 1) = 0
= 23 5 = 8
6.6 y w rhf
(SOME SPECIAL FUNCTIONS)
6.6.1 kL rh f(x) = |x|
x - xbthU bk-baF x - vzhdit |x| vf.
mjhtJ kgf bk-baf fz mj r if

bk-baf.
188
x < 0 v, f(x) = -x
f(x) = |x|
x'
cfUJ :
(i)
tiugl y-mir bghWJ rkUilaJ.
(ii)
y=
x
y
-x
y=
tiugl ,U gFfis cilaJ

x > 0 v f(x) = x
gl (6.19)
y'
x = 0 F ,rh W kig bgWwJ .
6.6.2 Frh (Signum function)

Frh f(x) tiuglij tiuayh.
y
y=1, x>0
| x| , x 0
f(x) = x
0 , x = 0
x'
xx = 1 for x > 0
for x = 0
myJ f(x) = 0
x = -1 for x < 0
x
y=-1, x<0
y'
gl (6.20)
x > 0 vDbghGJ y = 1 vw rh tiugl x -mF

,izahf nkw xU myF u cs xU nfhlhF. x = 0
v y = 0 xU (0, 0) ilwJ. x < 0 vDbghGJ y =-1 vw
rh tiugl x-mF ,izahd 1 myF u nH cs
nfhlhF. ,tiu gl x= 0 F xj lgLsJ.
6.6.3 go rh (Step function)
bgU KG v rh f(x) = [x] -
x -I l i f g l h j b g U K G
y
3
2
1
vfis FwJ.
O 1
x' -3 -2 -1
bghJthf/
-1
0 < x < 1 - f(x) = [x] = 0
-2
1 < x < 2 - f(x) = [x] = 1
-3
y'
2 < x < 3 - f(x) = [x] = 2
gl (6.21)
-2< x < -1 - f(x) = [x] = -2
-5< x < -4 - f(x) = [x] = -5 ,thwhf kW gy
Fghf, [4.5] = 4, [-1] = -1, [-3.9] = -4 MF.

189
,U KGfSF ,il mik x -F ,nj totikig

gagL tiubghGJ vyh bk-bafSfhd tiugl
nkflthW ilwJ.
6.7 nekhW rh
(INVERSE OF A FUNCTION)
6.7.1 xW-xW rh (One-one function)
kgf cs ,U ntWgl cWfis rf cs

,U btntW cWfSl bjhlgLJ rh 1-1 rh
vdgL. 1-1 rh gl 6.22 fhlgLsJ.
f : AB
1
2
3
gl 6.22
.a
.b
.c
.d
6.7.2 nkKG rh (Onto function)

f: AB vw rh B ahdJ rf v f xU nk KG
rh MF. gl 6.22.
f : AB
.a
1
.
2
b
.c
3
.d
4
gl 6.23
6.7.3 nekhW rh (Inverse function)
f vgJ 1-1/ kW nkKG rh v f -1: BA vgJ
f(a) = b mthW bB vw cWig aA vw cWl
bjhlgLJ rh nekhW rh MF. mJ f: AB nekhW
rh MF.
f -1: BA
f : AB
x1
y1
x1
y1
x2
y2
x2
y2
x3
y3
x3
y3
A gl 6.24
B
gl (6.24) f(x1) = y1 kW w
gl 6.25
B
gl (6.25)g f -1(y1) = x1 kW w
190
cfUJ :
(i)
f : AB 1-1/ nkKGrh v f
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
-1
: BA 1-1/ nkKG
rh MF.
f: AB vw 1-1/ nkKGrh v mj nekhW rh
xUikjik th-jJ.
f - kgf f -1 - rhf f -1 - kgf f -
rhf mikwJ.
f - bjhlahdJ v f -1 bjhlahdJ.
tirgLjgl nrho Kj viz/ ,ulhtJ
viz xWbfhW ,l khw br- bghGJ xmR/ y - m R x W b f h W , l k h w i s i t
bfhLF. x = y vw _iyl nfhil bghWJ
ug isth x, y ,l khW.
vLJfhL 21
rkghil fhf.
f(x) = 2x+1, v f-1(x)-
:
y = 2x+1, x kW y-ia ,l khw
x = 2y+1 => y = x -1
2
vdnt f-1(x) =
x -1
2
6.7.4 n e k h W n f h z r h f (Inverse Trignometric

functions)
sinx, cosx, tanx Mat nekhWf Kiwna
sin-1x, cos-1x, tan-1x MF
sin-1x :
-1<x<1 vd ,UFkhdh x = siny vd ,Ujh
kLnk y = sin-1x MF/ nkY
- <y<
2
cos-1x :
-1<x<1 v x = cosy kW 0<y< vd ,Ujh kLnk

y = cos-1 x vd ,UF
tan-1x :
x xU bk-ba v/ x = tany kW - <y<

2
2
vd ,Ujh kLnk y=tan-1x vd mik
cosec-1x : | x | > 1, x = cosecy kW - <y< , y 0 vd

2
,Ujh kLnk y = cosec-1x vd mik.

191
sec -1 x :
| x | > 1, x = secy kW 0<y< y vd ,Ujh

2
kLnk y = sec -1x vd mik

cot-1x :
x xU bk-ba v/ x = coty kW 0<y< ,Ujh

kLnk y = cot-1x
y 2 y = sin-1x
xU nfhil bghWJ ,U
f rk cilad v mit
mnfhoid bghWJ xW bfhW
ugf MF. mnfhlhdJ
rknfhL vW miHfgL.
(i)
(ii)
-2
- -1
x'
o-1
y = sin x
-2
y'
gl 6.26
2
y = cos-1x
y = cos x kW y = cos-1x tiuglf

6.27 nkY 6.28 FfgLsd.
gl 6.26 UJ y = x vw
nfhil bghWJ y = sin x tiu
gl ug y = sin -1 x
vgij fhzyh.
y=x
y=x
x'
y =cos x
x'
-1
y'
-2
gl 6.27
gl 6.28
y'
6.8 gyjugl rhf

(MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS)
6.8.1 xiw rh (Odd Function)
f(x) vw rh f(-x) = -f(x) vd vyh x-F ,UFkhdh f(x)
vw rh xiw rh vW miHfgLwJ.
192
v.fh. : 1.
v.fh. 2.
f(x) = sinx vf
f(-x) = sin(-x) = -sinx = -f(x) vgjh
f(x) xiw rh MF.
f(x) = x3 vf
f(-x) = (-x)3 = -x3 = - f(x) vdnt
f(x) xU xiw rh MF.
6.8.2 ,uil rh (Even function)

vyh x-F f(-x) = f(x) v f(x) MdJ ,uil rh vW
miHfgL.
vfh. : 1 f(x) = cosx vf.
2.
f(-x) = cos(-x) = cosx = f(x) vdnt

f(x) xU ,uilrh
f(-x) = (-x)2 = x2 = f(x) vgjh
f(x) xU ,uil rh.
cfUJ :
(i)
f(x) vgJ ,uilrh v f(x) tiugl y-mir
(ii)
(iii)
bghWJ rk cilaJ.
xU rh ,uil rhghfnth myJ xiw rhghfnth
,yhk ,UgjF th-f csd.
f(x) vgJ xiw rh v mJ Mia bghWJ
rkUilaJ.
rhdJ rh) - Composite Function (Function

6.8.3 fy rh (rhdJ
of a function)
f : AB nkY g : BC vgd ,U rhf v gof : AC
ahdJ (gof) (x) = g[f(x)] vyh xA, vgJ f, g- fy rh
vdgLwJ.
B
f
y=f(x)
x
z
gl 6.29
i.e., z = g(y) = g[f(x)] vd mnth.
193
cfUJ :
(i)
(gof) vw bra Kj f -I bragLa wF g I
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
bragLj ntL.
bghJthf fog gof
fo(goh) = (fog)oh
(fof -1)(x) = x, ,F f -1 vgJ f- nekhW MF.
f- g- jjahf nkKG rhghf ,UFnghJ kLnk
gof nkKG rhghF .
vLJfhL 22
f(x) = | x | vgJ xU ,uilrh vd Wf.
%gz:
f(x)
=|x|
f(-x) = | -x | = | x | = f(x)
=> f(-x) = f(x)
vdnt f(x) = | x | vgJ ,uil rhghF.
vLJfhL 23
f(x) = | x-4 | vw rh xiw my ,uil
my vd Wf.
%gz :
f(x) = | x-4 | f(-x) = | -x-4 |
= | - (x+4) |
= | x+4 |
f(-x) f(x) kW f(-x) -f(x)
f(x) = | x-4 | vw rh xiw my/ ,uil my.
vLJfhL 24
f(x) = ex-e-x vgJ xU xiw rh vd Wf.
%gz:
f(x) = ex-e-x
f(-x) = e-x-e-(-x)
= e-x-ex = -[ex-e-x]
= - f(x)
vdnt f(x) = ex-e-x xU xiw rhghF.
vLJfhL 25
f(x) = 1-x ; g(x) = x 2+2x v fog gof vgij rghf
194
:
L.H.S. (fog)x
= f(x2+2x)
= 1-(x2+2x)
= 1-2x-x2
R.H.S. (gof)x
= g(1-x)
= (1-x)2 + 2(1-x)
= 3-4x+x2
L.H.S. R.H.S.
vdnt fog gof
vLJfhL 26
f(x) = 1-x, g(x) = x2+2x kW h(x) = x+5 v (fog) oh -
k fh.
:
R.H.S. g{f(x)}
g(x) = x2+2x (fog) x = f[g(x)]
g{f(x)}= g{2x+7}
= f(x2+2x)
= 3(2x+7) + b
= 1-2x-x2
= 6x+21+b
{(fog) oh} (x) = (fog) (x+5)
= 1-2 (x+5)-(x+5)2
= -34-12x-x2
vLJfhL 27
f(x) = | x |, g(x) = 2x v/ (i) f{g(-5)}
k fh.
(ii) g{f(-6)} ,itf
:
(i)
f{g(-5)}
g(x) = 2x g(-5) = 2x(-5) = -10
f((g(-5)) = f(-10) = |-10| = 10
(ii)
g{f(-6)}
f(x) = | x |
f(-6) = |-6| = 6
g{f(-6)} = g(6) = 2 x 6 = 12
vLJfhL 28
f(x) = 2x+7 and g(x) = 3x+b v f{g(x)} = g{f(x)} vw tif
k fh.
b -
195
:
L.H.S. f{g(x)}
f{g(x)} = f{3x+b}
= 2(3x+b) + 7
= 6x+2b+7
f{g(x)} = g{f(x)}
6x+(2b+7) = 6x+(b+21)
2b+7
= b+21
b
= 21-7
b
= 14
g 6.2
1)
(i) f(x) = x 2 + 12x + 36 vw rh xiw my/ ,uil my
vd %.
(ii) f(x) = 2x3 + 3x vgJ xiwrh vd %.
2)
f(x) = tanx, v
2f ( x )
f(2x) =
1-{f ( x )}2
vgij rghf
( ) vgij rghf
3)
(x) =log 1 - x v (a) + (b) = a + b

1+ x
1+ ab
4)
f(x) = logx ; g(x) = x3, v

a) f{g(2)}
5)
f(x) = x3 kW g(x) = 2x+1 v tUtdtiw fhf.

(i) (f+g) (0)
(iv) (f-g) (
(ii) (f+g) (-2)
2)
(v) (fg) (1-
(iii) (f-g) (-2)
2)
(vi) (fg) (0.5)
(viii) (f g) (-2) f g kgfij fhf.
(vii) (f g) (0)
6)
tUtdtiw fhf.
b) g{f(2)}
f(x) = sinx, g(x) = cosx v tUtdtiw fzLf.

(i)
(f+g) (0) kW (f+g) ( )
(ii)
(f-g) (- ) kW (f-g) ()
(iii)
(fg) ( ) kW (fg) (- )
(iv)
(fg) (0) kW (fg) () ; nkY ( gf ) kgf fhf.
196
7)
tU rhf kgffis fhf.

(i)
1
1+ cosx
(iv)
|x |
|x |+ 1
(ii)
x
1 cosx
(iii)
(v) 1+ cosx
1 cosx
1
sin2x-cos2x
(vi) tanx
8)
1975 tUl xU bjhyh Ca %. 1200. 1977 mt

ML Ca %. 1350. mtuJ Caij fhy nea
rhghf vGJf. nkY 1978 Ca fh.
9)
xU eho kj ruhr theh taJ 2003- 70 tUlf/

1978- mJ 60 Mf ,UjJ. theh vghig neu
xUgo rhghf (nea) fUJf. meho 2013 tUl
thif vgh vjid tUlf vd fyh?
10)
nea rhF f(-1) = 3 kW f(2) = 4 v

(i) f -ia fhf.
(ii) f(3)-ia fhf. (iii) f(a) = 100 vw tif a-it fhf.
g 6.3
Vila ilia bj br-f.

1)
(3, 5] ,ilbt cs xU ahdJ
(a) 3
(b) 5.3
(c) 0
2)
a myhj ,ilbt
(a) (-, )
3)
6)
(c) -1<x<1
x
2
(d) [-, -1]
1 ) vw tif ,UF.
x
2
2
(b) f(x) = x 1 (c) f(x) = 1- x
x
x
x- vkF f(x) =
(a) x < 0
5)
(b) -3<x<5
tU rhf vj rh f(x) = f(
2
(a) f(x) = x +1
x
4)
(d) 4.35
(d) f(x) = x
vw rh bk- kgw rhghF?
(b) x < 0
(c) x < 2
f(x) = x - 4 vw rh kgf
x +3
(a) {x / x -3}
(b) { x / x > -3} (c) { }
(d) x < 2
(d) R
f(x) = sinx vw rh RH R 2 v g(x) = 3sinx - RH
rhdJ
(a) 3
(b) 6
(c)2
197
(d)
3
7)
cotx rh RH rhdJ
(a) 2
8)
11)
12)
13)
(b) - x
2
+2
(c) - 1
2
x+4
(d) 4-2x
(d) 0
f(x) = 2x kW g(x) =( 1 )x f(x) . g(x) kghdJ

2
(a) 4x
(b) 0
(c) 1x
(d) 1
xU rh rhuh kh mLF Fahf brago mrh

(a) mLF rh
(b) klif rh
(c) nfhz rh
(d) nekhW rh
f(x) = | x |- W k
(b) 1
|x |
; x>0 vw
x
(a) m=1
f(x) =
(c) -1
(d) 1
2
rh tiuglfhd rh-
(b) m=0
(d) m tiuaWfglhjJ
(c) m=-1
15)
(d) 2
(c) 2
f(x) = log5x kW g(x) = logx5 v/ (fg) (x) ahdJ

(a) log25x2
(b) logx225
(c) 1
(a) 0
14)
1
2
(b)
f(x) = -2x+4 v f-1(x) ahJ?

(a) 2x-4
10)
(d)
2
(c) 4
sinx kW cosx rhf jiy rhfSF RH rhdJ

(a)
9)
(b)
f(x) = [x] vw bgU KG v rh rf 3<x<4 v f(x)
k
(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 4
198
(d) 2
tif Efj
(DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS)
fj xU gFahd Efj vgJ X msL kbwhU

msil bghWJ khW jij g TWtjhF. E
fjF ltf Ir lD fhiuL bA ~gh
R Mthf.
E fjkhdJ tif Efj/ bjhif E fj vd
,U tiffshf fgLsJ. ,j ghl eh tifbfGit
g mij fhQ Kiwia ff cnsh.
7.1 rh viy
(LIMIT OF A FUNCTION)
7.1.1 viy tKiw (Limiting Process):
tif Efj gkhz tsF `viy fUJUp

,aikahjjhF.
tU vLJfho _y `viy tKiwia bj
gLJnth.
XuyF MuKs tlD n gffis bfhl xGF gy

nfhz xW tiuagLsJ vf. myF tl gugsit
fhoY ( rJu myFf ), gy nfhz gugs FiwthdJ
vgij eh mnth. gy nfhz gffis mff/ mff
gynfhz gugs mfkhwJ. Mdh mj gugs
vbghGJ myF tl gugsit fhoY Fiwthfnt csJ.
vdnt gy nfhz gff mff mff gy nfhz
gugsthdJ myF tl gugsit neh mQFwJ vdyh.
199
7.1.2 rh viy (Limit of a function)

f : R R X rh vf. x bfhLfgl 'a' vw bk- viz
mQFbghGJ/ f(x)-ia kghf bfhl f vw rh mQF bkv l -ia fhz eh Kanth.
vLJiuj 1
f : RR , f(x) = 2x + 1, x3 vd X rh tiuaWfgLsJ
vf.
x 3+
3.1
3.01
3.001
3.0001
3.00001
...
f(x) = 2x + 1
7.2
7.02
7.002
7.0002
7.00002
...
| f(x) 7 |
0.2
0.02
0.002
0.0002
0.00002
...
nkfl mltizUJ x3+ (m.J. 3- tyJ gfUJ

x3) f(x)7 vgij eh cW nehFnth. ,F f(x)- (x3+) tyJ
gf viy 7 MF.
nkY
x
3f(x) = 2x +1
| f(x) 7 |
2.9
6.8
0.2
2.99
6.98
0.02
2.999
6.998
0.002
2.9999
6.9998
0.0002
2.99999
6.99998
0.00002
nkfl mltizUJ x3+ (m.J. 3- ,lJ gfUJ

x3) f(x)7 vgJ bjthwJ. ,F f(x)- (x3+) ,lJ gf viy
7 MF.
Mfnt x, _iw neh (x3) ,UwK mQFbghGJ f(x)7-
kig eh 3-F f mUfhik vLJ bfhlhY f(x) 7-F
mUfhik csJ vd ,j_y bjthwJ.
| f(x) 7 | , ahrij FiwgjF Vwhngh eh x- kig
3-F f f mUfhik bfhL bryyh.
,jid Lt f ( x ) = 7 vW Ffyh.
x3
vLJiuj 2
f : R - {2}R, f(x)
vf
x2 4
x2 vd X rh tiuaWf gLsJ
x2 ,
200
1.9
1.99
1.999
1.9999
2.0001
2.001
2.01
2.1
f(x)
3.9
3.99
3.999
3.9999
4.0001
4.001
4.01
4.1
|f(x)-4|
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
nkfl mltizUJ ,lJ kW tyJ wfUJ

x ,uil neh (x2) mQFbghGJ f(x) 4 vd bjthwJ.
mjhtJ f(x)-4- ahrij FiwgjF Vwhngh eh x-
kig 2-F ff mUfhik bfhL bryyh.
m.J. Lt f ( x ) = 4
x 2
x- kig a- F f mUfhik bfhL brYbghGJ

(Mdh a-F rk ,iy ) f(x)-l ahrij FiwgjF
Vwhngh l vw xU bk- v csJ vd nkfl ,uL
vLJiujf bjgLJwd. ,j 'l'-ia eh x, a-ia mQF
bghGJ f(x)- viy vnwh.
Lt f (x ) = l vd Ffyh.
,ij x
a
cfUJ :
(i)
f(x)- x = a vd uLbghGJ ekF rh k f(a)
ilwJ. bghJthf f(a) l. f(a) tiuaWfgliy
vwhY f(x)- viy l, xa vgJ xU KoW vzhf
tiuaWfglyh.
(ii)
Lt f (x) , Lt f (x) Mad iybgW rkkhdh
xa +
x a
Lt f (x ) iybgW
x a
7.1.3 viy mogil njwf

(i)
Lt [f(x)+g(x)] = Lt f(x) + Lt g(x)

xa
(ii)
xa
Lt [f(x) -g(x)] = Lt f(x) - Lt g(x)

xa
(iii)
xa
xa
xa
Lt [f(x) . g(x)] = Lt f(x) . Lt g(x)

xa
xa
201
xa
(iv)
Lt g ( x ) 0)
Lt [f(x) / g(x)] = Lt f(x) / Lt g(x) , ( x
a
x a
(v)
x a
Lt [c f(x)]
= c
x a
Lt f(x)
x a
x a
7.1.4 viyf Ka th-ghLf

(i)
xn an
xa
Lt
xa
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Lt
sin
= n a n-1 , n xU jKW v vf.
= 1, Miua v
ax 1
= log a
x0
e
x
Lt
ex 1
x
Lt
x0
=1
Lt (1 + 1/n) n = e
n
(vi)
Lt (1+x) 1/x = e
x0
(vii)
Lt
x0
log(1 + x)
= 1
x
vLJfhL 1
kLf
x 2 4x + 6
x 2
x +1
Lt
Lt x 2 4 x + 6
x 2 4x + 6
x 2
x +1
Lt
x 2
Lt ( x + 1)
x2
(2)2 4(2) + 6
2 +1
= 2/3
vLJfhL 2
kLf
Lt
x 4
3 sin 2 x + 2 cos 2 x
2 sin 2 x 3 cos 2 x
202
:
Lt 3 sin 2 x + 2 cos 2 x
x 4
3 sin ( 2 ) + 2 cos ( 2 )
2 sin ( 2 ) 3 cos ( 2 )
Lt 2 sin 2 x 3 cos 2 x
x 4
=
vLJfhL 3
kLf
x 2 25
x5
Lt
x5
:
x 2 25
x 5
Lt
x5
(x + 5 ) (x 5 )
(x 5)
= Lt
x5
( x + 5 ) = 10
= Lt
x 5
vLJfhL 4
kLf
2 + 3x 2 5x
4x
3Lt
x2 0
2 5x
Lt
x0
:
2 + 3x
4x
Lt
x 0
= Lt
2 + 3x
x0
2 5x
)(
4 x 2 + 3x + 2 5 x
x0
2 5x
8x
4x
2 + 3x +
2 5x
= Lt
2 + 3x + 2 5x
x0
2
2+
2 + 3x +
2 + 3x +
(2 + 3x ) (2 5 x )
= Lt
4x
1
2
203
2 5x
vLJfhL 5
kLf
Lt
xa
x3 5 a3 5
x1 3 a 1 3
x 3 / 5 a 3 / 5 x1 / 3 a1 / 3
x3 5 a3 5
=
Lt
x a
xa
x1 3 a1 3
xa
Lt
x a
= 3 a-2/5 1 a-2/3 = 9 a-2/5 + 2/3 = 9 a4/15

5
vLJfhL 6
kLf
sin 5 x
sin 3 x
Lt
x0
Lt
x0
sin 5 x
sin 3 x
5
=
3
= Lt
x0
Lt
x0
sin 5 x
5 x 5 x
3 x sin 3 x
3 x
sin 5 x
5 x
sin 3 x
3 x
=
3
vLJfhL 7
x4 1
=
x 1 x 1
Lt
Lt
xa
x3 a3
v/ a-
kig fhf.
x2 a2
:
LHS
x4 1
= 4
x 1 x 1
= Lt
RHS = Lt
xa
Lt
xa
Lt
xa
x3 a3
x2 a2
x3 a3
xa
x2 a2
xa
3a 2
2a
204
3a
2
3a
2
a = 8
3
4 =
vLJfhL 8
kLf
Lt
x
6 5x 2
4 x + 15 x 2
:
6
5
2
= Lt x
x 4
+ 15
x
6 5x 2
Lt
x 4 x + 15 x 2
y= 1
vf , x v y0
6 5x 2
=
x 4 x + 15 x 2
Lt
Lt
y 0
6y2 5
4 y + 15
= -5/15 = - 1/3.
vLJfhL 9
1
12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ... + n 2
=
n3
3
Wf : Lt
:
Lt
n
12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ... + n 2
= Lt
n
n3
Lt
n
= Lt
n
1 n n + 1 2 n + 1

6 n n n
1
1
1
1 1 + 2 +
6
n
n
y = 1/n , n v y0
= Lt
y0
n (n + 1) (2 n + 1)
6n 3
1
6
[(1) (1) (2 )]
1
3
205
g 7.1
1)
(i)
tUtdtiw kLf.
x3 + 2
x +1
Lt
x2
(ii)
Lt
x
2 sin x + 3 cos x
3 sin x 4 cos x
(iii)
(v)
Lt
x 2
Lt
x3
(vii)
Lt
x a
(ix)
(xi)
2)
3)
4)
Lt
x
(iv)
x
2
x 3 x 3x
(vi)
x 2
f(x) =
x 1
x +1
(x)
tan 8 x
sin 2 x
x0
Lt
x 0
(xii)
Lt
x
2+ x
tan
sin 5 x
3x
(1 + x )n
x 0
Lt
(viii) Lt
xn 2n
x2
Lt
2 x
x
Lt
x 0
x5 8 a5 8
x1 3 a1 3
(3 x 1 ) (4 x 2 )
(x + 8 ) (x 1 )
Lt
Lt
x 5x + 6
x 2 7 x + 10
5x 2 + 3x 6
2x 2 5x + 1
80 v n-ia fhf. (n xU if KG v)
n . vd Wf.
x 7 128
v ,
x 5 32
Lt
x 2
f (x) nkY f (2) vgd iybgWkh
mitfis fhf.
5)
f(x) =
px + q
,
x +1
Lt
x0
f(x) = 2 nkY
Lt
x
f(x) = 1 v,
f (-2) = 0 vd Wf.
7.2 bjhl rh
(CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION)
7.2.1 bjhl (Continuity)
bghJthf/ f(x) vw xU rh x = a - , bjhlahf csJ
v mj tiugl x = a vD K vJ ,iy
206
vgjhwJ. x = a- , VnjD K ,UFkh/ eh mj rhig

x = a- , bjhlahf ,iy vd Twyh. xU Fl
,ilbt xU rh bjhlahf ,Uf ntL v mj rh
mj ,ilbt cs midJ fY bjhlahf ,Uf
ntL.
y
vLJiuj 1
y = x2
x'
x
y'
nkfl tiuglUJ y = x2 vw tiuglF vjj

K ,iy vd ma KowJ. Mifah x- vyh kfSF
mJ bjhlahf csJ.
vLJiuj 2
y=
vw tiuglF x = 2- Kt csJ vd
( x 2 )2
ma KowJ. vdnt mj rh x = 2- bjuhlahf ,iy vW

TwgLwJ.
y
y=
x'
1
2
(x-2)
x
y'
207
tiuaiw
f(x) vw xU rh x = a- bjhlahf ,Uf ntL v
(i)
(ii)
f(a) fhzjfjhf
Lt f(x) fhzjfjhf
xa
(iii)
Lt f(x) = f(a) vd ,Uj ntL.
xa
cfUJ :
nkTa gjidf xW myJ mjF nkgl

TWf f(x) vw rhF x = a- bghUjiy v mj rh
x = a- bjhlahf ,iy vdgLwJ.
7.2.2 bjhl rhf gf
gf:
f(x) nkY g(x) vw ,U rhf x = a- bjhlahf csJ
v
(i)
f(x) + g(x) , x = a- bjhlahdJ
(ii)
f(x) g(x) , x = a- bjhlahdJ
(iii)
f(x) . g(x) , x = a- bjhlahdJ
(iv)
(v)
f (x )
g (x )
x = a- bjhlahdJ, g(a) 0.
f(x) at x = a- bjhlahdJ/ nkY f(a) 0 v
1
, x = a-
f ( x)
bjhlahf csJ
(vi)
f(x), x = a- bjhlahdJ v |f(x)| , x = a- bjhlahf
csJ.
cfUJ :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
xbthU gYW rh bjhl rhghF.

xbthU jKW rh bjhl rhghF.
kh rh bjhl rhghF.
KbwhUik rh bjhl rhghF.
208
vLJfhL 10
sin 3 x
; x0
vf
f(x) = x
1
; x=0
x = 0-
,j rh bjhl rhghf csjh vd
nrhjid br-f
f.
:
x = 0- nkTa rh bjhlahf csjh vgjF _W
gjidf bghUJwdth vd nrhngh.

(i)
x = 0- f(a) = f(0) = 1
(ii)
Lt f(x) = Lt
x0
(iii)
x0
sin 3x
x
= 3.
Lt f(x) = 3 f(0) = 1
x0
gjid (iii) -ia U br-aiy

vdnt bfhLfgLs rh x = 0- bjhlahf ,iy.
vLJfhL 11
x 2 + 6x + 8 vw rh bjhlikia VgLJ
x 2 - 5x + 6
fis fhf.
:
bjhlikia fhz rh gFia aF

rkgLj ntL.
i.e., x2 5x + 6 = 0
(x 3) ( x 2) = 0
x = 3; x = 2.
x = 3 nkY x = 2 vD f bfhLfgLs rh
bjhlahf ,iy.
vLJfhL 12
% . 10,000-I
I _W khjF xU nr fz 12%
TL to j nghlgLwJ. toahdJ mrYl
khjhkhj TlgLwJ. Yit bjhif/ fhy ,jid
sF tiugl tiuJ bjhlik fis
fhf.
209
:
Kj khj Ko Yit bjhif
10,000 + 10,000 (.01) = Rs. 10,100.
,ulhtJ khj Ko Yit bjhif

10,100 + 10,100(.01) = Rs. 10,201.
_whtJ khj Ko Yit bjhif

10,201 + 10,201 (.01) = Rs. 10,303.01.
(m.J.)
X (fhy)
Y (Yit bjhif) 10,100
10,201
10,303.01
Yit bjhif - fhy tiugl

y
10,303.01
10,201
Yit
bjhif
10,100
10,000
x'
fhy (khj)
t = 1, t = 2, t = 3 vD f tiugl bjhl ,yhJ
,Ugij fnwh.
Mfnt t = 1, t =2, t = 3 Ma f tiugl bjhl
bgwiy.
cfUJ :
xbthU khj filY toia fzL Yit

bjhifnahL TL neu bjhlik fhzgLwJ.
210
g 7.2
1)
cos x X bjhl rh vd Wf.
2)
2x 2 + 6x 5
12 x 2 + x 20
3)
kh rh xU bjhlahd rh vdfhLf.
4)
f(x) = | x | vgJ M bjhlahdJ vd Wf.
5)
f(x) =
6)
(x 3) (x 4 ) vw rhF bjhlaw fis fhf.
vw rhF bjhlik fis fhf.
x+2
, x = 1- bjhlaw rh vd Wf.
x 1
x+2
7.3
tifl fUJU
(CONCEPT OF DIFFERENTIATION)
7.3.1 tifbfG (Differential coefficient)
y = f(x) vw rh 'x'- VgL f a khw mjid xj
khwij y-Y VgLJ ,thwhf x- a khW j x
vd y- khW jij y vd bfhf.
y = f(x)
y+y = f (x + x )
y = f (x + x ) - f(x)
Lt
x 0
y
x
y
x
f ( x + x ) f ( x )
x
y
x
vgJ khW j j vd miHfgL.
vgJ x-I bghWj y- tifbfG vdgL. ,jid
dy
dx
vd FLnth.
dy
dx
= Lt
x 0
y
x
,thW tifbfGit bgWKiwia tifl vnwh.

,jid y , f /(x) , D( f (x) ) vd Fo _y Ffyh.
1
211
7.3.2 tifbfG fhz tot fj sf.

P (a , f (a) ) nkY Q ( a + h , f (a + h) ) vgd y = f (x) vw
tistiu Js ,uL f vf.

y
Q
P
R
y = x2
x'
y'
PL, QM vgit x- mRF tiuagl FJnfhLf MQ- F

brFjhf PR-ia tiuf.
PR = LM = h
nkY QR = MQ - LP
= f (a+h) f (a)
=
f ( a + h) f ( a )
h
QR
Lt
P
Q P-ia neh efUbghGJQPR
h0
Mf/ viy Kothf
PQ vw eh P- mj tistiuF PT vw bjhLnfhlhf mik.
bjhLnfhL PT- rh- =
(PQ- rh-)
f (a + h ) f (a )
h
f(x)- tifbfG vgJ y = f (x) vw tistiu (a, f(a))
= Lt
h 0
tiuagl bjhLnfhL MF.

7.3.3 mogil Kiw _y tifbfG fhQ j
y = f ( x ) vw rh tifbfGit tiffhz
tiuaiw _y fhQ Kiwna mogil Kiw _y tif fhQ

jkhF. ,ij ab-initio vW TWt. ,j mogil KiwahdJ
tU IJ iyfis bfhljhf mikwJ.
212
go (i)
bfhLfgLs rhig y-F rkgLl y = f(x) vd MF.

go (ii) bfhLfgLs rh x-ia x + x kh y + y - a
kig fhf.
go (iii) y = f(x +x) f(x) vw to vG y-ia RUFf.
go (iv)
y
-ia kLf.
x
go (v)
-ia fhf.
7.3.4 mogil Kiw _y l rhf tif fhz

(i)
x n -
vf.)
tif bfG (n X jKW v vf.
%gz:
y = xn vf.
x , y vgd Kiwna x, y f VgL f a khwf vf.
y + y= (x + x)n
y = (x + x)n y
= (x + x)n - xn
y
x
dy
dx
nn
n
(Lt
xLt+ x)y ax
Lt
y
x
= Lt
x 0
x
0 0
x
x
a
(x + x)n x n
(x + x )n x n
Lt
( x + x) x
x 0
dy
dx
Lt
( )
(x + x )n x n
( x + x ) x
= n x n-1
d
xn
dx
xx a
( x + x) x
x 0 vgjh, x + x x
= nan-1 )
(Q
nx n 1
213
(ii)
sinx rh tifbfG
y = sinx
x, y vgd Kiwna x, y f VgL f a khwf
vf.
y + y = sin(x + x)
y = sin(x + x) y
= sin( x +x) sinx
y
x
x
x
2 cos x +
sin
2
2
= cos x +
.
2
dy
=
dx
Lt
x 0
x
2
x
2
sin
y
x
sin(
Lt xsin+ x=) 1sin x
Lt
x
x
sin
2
cos(x + x/2). Lt
x 0
x
2
x
0 0
x
2
x
2
sin
= cosx
Lt
x
0
2
= (cosx).1
(Q
= cosx
d
(sin x ) = cos x
dx
214
(iii)
ex - tif bfG
y = ex
x , y vgd Kiwna x, y f VgL f a khwf
vf.
= ex+x
y + y
y = ex+x- y
y = ex+x - ex
= ex (ex 1 )
y
x
dy
dx
x
x
= e (e - 1)
y
x
= Lt
x 0
Lt
x 0
= ex
e x (ex - 1)
x
Lt
x 0
= ex 1 (
Lt
h0
(e x - 1)
x
(e h - 1)
=1)
h
= ex
d (ex) = ex
dx
(iv)
log x -
tibfG
y = log x
x, y vgd Kiwna x, y f VgL f a khwf
vf.
y + y = log (x + x)
y = log (x + x) - y
= log (x + x) - log x
x + x
y = loge
215
x
= log e 1 +
x
y
x
dy
dx
= Lt
x 0
= Lt
x 0
x
x
y
x
x
log e 1 +
= h vf
x = hx
dy
dx
x0 v, h0
log (1 + h)
= hLt
0
hx
= 1 hLt
0
x
log e (1 + h)
h
1
h
= 1 hLt
0 log (1 + h)
Lt
= 1 1
hlog
0e 1 +
= 1 (Q
x
log (1 + h)
1 x
h
= 1)
d
(log x ) = 1x
dx
cfUJ :
1
d (log x) = 1
dx
x
Lt log (1 + h) h
h0
= 1 logee
x
(v)
kh tif bfG
khia k vd bfhlh y = k MF.

216
x , y vgd Kiwna x, y f VgL f a khwf
vf.
y + y = k
y = k y
=kk
y = 0
y
x
=0
dy
dx
d ( kh) = 0
dx
Lt
x 0 x
=0
7.3.5 tifbfG bghJ f

1 : Tl
du
d
(u + v ) =
dx
dx
dv
, u, v vgd x- rhf vf.
dx
%gz:
y = u + v vf. x, u, v, y vgd Kiwna x, u, v, y f
VgL fW khwf vf.

y + y = (u + u) + (v + v)
y = (u + u) +(v + v) y
= u + u + v + v u v.
y = u + v
y
x
= u + v
dy
dx
Lt
x 0 x
= Lt
u v
+
x x
= Lt
u
+ Lt
x x 0
x 0
x 0
217
v
x
= du + dv
dx
dy
dx
dx
= du + dv
dx
dx
cfUJ :
,j ia x- cs KoW rhf TlfSF

ofyh.
2 : fj
u, v vgd x, y- tiffhd jf rhf. nkY y = u-v
v
dy
dx
= du - dv
dx
dx
3 : bgUf
d
(uv )
dx
dv
dx
du
dx
, u, v vgd x- rhf
%gz:
y = uv vf u nkY v vgd x- jgl rhf vf.
x, u, v, y vgd x, u, v, y f VgL fW khwf
vf.
y + y = (u + u)(v + v)
y = (u + u)(v + v) - y
= (u + u)(v + v) uv
= u. v + v u + u v
y
x
= u v +v u + u v
dy
dx
Lt
x 0 x
Lt u
x 0
=u
Lt
x 0
v + Lt v u + Lt u v
x
x
x 0
x 0 x
v + v Lt u + Lt u Lt v
x
x 0 x
x 0 x x 0
218
= u dv + v du + du (0) ( Q x0, v = 0)
dx
dx
dx
= u dv + v du
dx
dx
cfUJ : bgUf o
y = uvw v
dy
dx
= uv d (w) + wu d (v) + wv d (u)

dx
dx
dx
4 : tFj
d u
=
dx v
du
dv
u
dx
dx , u
v2
nkY v vgd x- rhf
%gz:
y =
u
v
vf. u nkY v vgd x- jgl rhf.
x, u, v, y vgd Kiwna x, u, v, y f VgL fW
khwf vf.
y + y = u + u
v + v
y =
dy u
v
v.
u.
x
u + u -ydx x
v + v
v 2 + v v
= u + u - u
v + v
v (u + u) - u(v + v)
v(v + v)
v u - u v
v(v + v)
y
x
dy
dx
Lt
x 0 x
219
v.
= Lt
x 0
dv
v du
- u dx
dx
v2 + 0
v.
5 :
u
v
u.
x
x
v 2 + v v
Q x 0, v = 0)
du
dv
u.
dx
dx
v2
bgUF rhgy tif bfG :

d
dx
[c
f ( x )] = c
d
dx
[ f ( x ) ] , c vgJ kh.
%gz:
y = c f(x) vf.
x , vgJ x- VglToa fa khw. y vgJ y-
VgL fW khw vf.

y + y
cdy( f ( x + x ) f ( x ) )
x
= c f(x + x)dx
= cf(x + x) y
= cf(x + x) - c f(x)
= c(f(x + x) f(x))
y
x
dy
dx
Lt
x 0
Lt
x 0
y
x
c(f (x+x) - f(x))

x
= c f |(x)
d
dx
(cf(x)) = c f |(x)
220
th-ghLf :
(i)
d
( x n)
dx
(ii)
d
dx
(iii)
d
(x)
dx
(iv)
d
(
dx
(v)
= nxn-1
1

x
1
x2
= 1
)
d
(kx)
dx
= k
(vi)
d
dx
(sinx)
= cosx
(vii)
d
dx
(cosx)
= - sinx
(viii)
d
dx
(tanx)
= sec2x
(ix)
d
dx
(cosecx)
= - cotx .cosecx
(x)
d
dx
(secx)
= secx .tanx
(xi)
d
(cotx)
dx
= - cosec2x
(xii)
d
dx
(ex)
= ex
(xiii)
d
dx
(e
(xiv)
d
(log x)
dx
(xv)
d
[ log ( x + a )] =
dx
(xvi)
d
(kh)
dx
ax+ b
= a e
=
a x+b
1
x
1
x+a
= 0.
221
vLJfhL 13
I bghWJ tifLf.
6x 4 7x3 + 3x2 x + 8 -ia x -I
:
y = 6x4 7x3 + 3x2 x + 8
dy
= d (6x 4) d (7x3) + d (3x 2) d (x) + d (8)
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
= 6 d (x4) 7 d (x3) + 3 d (x2) d (x) + d (8)

dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
= 6(4x ) 7(3x ) + 3(2x) (1) + 0

dy
= 24x3 21x2 + 6x - 1
dx
vLJfhL 14
ia x-ia
3x2/3 2 log e x + ex -ia
-ia bghWJ tifbfG fhf.
:
y = 3x2/3 2 log x + ex vf.
e
dy
dx
= 3
d
d
d
(x2/3) 2
(logex) +
(ex)
dx
dx
dx
= 3 ( 2 / 3) x 1 / 3 2 ( 1 / x ) + ex
= 2 x -1/ 3 2 / x + ex
1
62
vLJfhL 15
dy
dx
y = cos x + tan x v
v,
ia x = -
fhf.
6
:
y = cos x + tan x
dy
dx
d
d
( cos x ) +
( tan x )
dx
dx
= - sin x + sec2 x
dy
dx
(at x =
+ (sec /6)2
) = - sin
+ 4
=-
= 5
6
222
vLJfhL 16
cosx . logx ,
x-ia
ia bghWJ tifLf.
:
Let y
= cosx . logx
dy
dx
d
d
(logx) + logx
(cosx)
dx
dx
= cosx
= cosx 1 + (logx) (-sinx)

x
= cos x - sinx logx

x
vLJfhL 17
I x -ia
ia bghWJ tifLf
x2 ex logx -I
:
y = x2 ex logx vf.
dy
dx
= x2 ex
d
d
d
( logx ) + x2 logx
(ex) + ex logx
(x2)
dx
dx
dx
= (x2 ex ) (1/x) + x2 logx (ex ) + ex logx (2x)

= x ex + x2 ex logx + 2x ex logx
= x ex ( 1 + x logx + 2 logx )
vLJfhL 18
x2 + x + 1
x2 - x + 1
, x -ia
ia bghWJ tifLf.
:
y
2
= x 2 + x + 1 vf.
x -x +1
(x
dy
dx
=
=
) dxd (x
x +1
) (
) dxd (x
+ x +1 x2 + x +1
( x 2 x + 1) 2
(x 2 x + 1) (2x + 1) - (x 2 + x + 1) (2x - 1)
(x 2 - x + 1)2
2 (1- x 2 )
(x 2 - x + 1)2
223
x +1
g 7.3
1)
mogil Kiw _y tU rhfis tifLf.

(i) cosx
2)
(ii) tanx
(iii)
cosecx
(iv) x
x-ia bghWJ tifLf.

(i)
(iii)
(v)
(vii)
3x4 2x3 + x +8
x+
+ ex
x
tanx + logx
3x3 - 4x 2 + 2
x
(ii)
5
2
5
- 3 +
x4
x
x
(iv)
3 + 2x x2
x
(vi)
x3 ex
(viii)
axn +
b
xn
(ix)
(x2 + 1) (3x 2 - 2)
(x) (x2 + 2) sin x
(xi)
secx tanx
(xii) x 2 sinx + 2x sinx + e x
(xiii) (xz- x + 1)(x2 + x +1)
(xiv) xn logx
(xv) x2 tanx + 2x cotx + 2
(xvi) x . secx
(xvii)
ex
1 +e x
(xix)
3 5x
3 + 5x
(xxi) x +
x
(xviii)
1 - cos x
1 + cos x
x x 2 3 4
e
log (xx)
x + 2
(xxii) x 2 log x
(xxiii) x tanx + cos x
(xxiv)
ex
(1 + x )
7.3.6 rh rhF tifbfG fhz - r

y -MdJ u- rh. nkY u-MdJ x- rh v
dy
dy du
=
dx
du dx
y-MdJ u- rh , u- MdJ v- rh nkY v-MdJ x-
rh v ,
dy
dy du
=
dx
du dv
dv
dx
fhzyh.
224
vd br-J tifbfG
vLJfhL 19
ia bghWJ tifLf.
x-ia
(i)
(sinx)
(sinx)
(ii) e
:
(i)
dy
= 1
2
du
sinx = u vf.
u-1/2 nkY du = cosx

dx
dy
dy du
dx = du dx
= 1 u 1 / 2 cos x
2
cos x
= 2 (sinx)
(ii)
y =e
dy
= d (e x )
dx
dx
=e
=
d
dx
e x
2 x
vLJfhL 20
log
e x + e-x
I x-ia
ia bghWJ tifLf.
-I
e x - e -x
:
y
y
x
-x
= log e x + e-x vf.
e -e
= log(e + e-x) log(ex - e-x)
dy
= d { log (ex + e-x) } - d { log (ex - e-x) }
dx
dx
dx
x
-x
x
-x
= ex e-x - e x + e-x
e +e
e -e
225
(ex - e-x )2 - (ex + e-x )2

(ex + e-x ) (ex - e-x )
e2x-2 + e-2x -e2x - 2 - e-2x

e2x - e-2x
4
e 2 x e 2 x
vLJfhL 21
I
log (logx)-I
x-ia
ia bghWJ tifgLJf
:
y
= log (logx) vf.

= d { log (logx)}
dx
dy
dx
1
log x
1
1
log x x
1
x log x
d
(log x)
dx
dy
dx
vLJfhL 22
I x-ia
ia bghWJ tifLf.
e4x sin 4x -I
:
y = e4x sin 4x vf.
dy
dx
= e4x d ( sin 4x) + sin 4x d (e4x)

dx
dx
= e4x ( 4 cos4x) + sin 4x (4 e4x)

= 4 e4x ( cos 4x + sin 4x )
g 7.4
x -ia bghWJ tifLf.
1)
3)
3x 2 2 x + 2
x
sin ( e )
2)
( 8 5x )2/3
4)
e sec x
226
5)
log sec x
7)
log ( x +
9)
log cos x2
(x
+ 1) )
sin x + cos x
11)
13)
log { (ex / ( 1 + e x ) }
15)
17)
6)
ex
8)
cos ( 3x - 2)
10)
log {e2x
(x - 2) / (x + 2) }
cot x
12)
14)
log ( sin2x )
16)
sin x 2
{log ( log ( log x )}n
18)
cos 2 x
19)
ex log ( ex + 1)
20)
log { (1 + x2) / (1 x2) }
21)
22)
sin ( log x )
23)
24)
(3 x2 +4 ) 3
tan x
x3 + x + 1
log (log x )
7.3.7 jiy rh tifl

y = f (x) vgJ x- cs tifljf rhghf ,UJ/ mj
jiy rh x = f -1(y) vd tiuaWfgoUjh
dx
dy
dy
1
,
0 vd bfhsyh.
dy dx
dx
th-ghLf
(i)
d (sin-1 x)
dx
(ii)
d (cos-1 x)
dx
(iii)
d (tan-1 x)
dx
(iv)
d (sec-1 x)
dx
(v)
d (cosec-1 x)
dx
(vi)
d (cot-1 x)
dx
1
1- x 2
-1
1- x 2
1
(1 + x 2 )
1
x x 2 -1
-1
x x 2 -1
-1
(1 + x 2 )
227
vLJfhL 23
ia bghWJ tifLf.
cos 1 ( 4 x3 - 3x ) -I
I x-ia
y
x
y
y
y
dy
dx
= cos 1 ( 4 x3 3 x ) vf.
= cos vf.
= cos 1 ( 4 cos 3 3 cos )
= cos 1 ( cos 3 )
= 3
= 3 cos-1 x
3
1 x2
vLJfhL 24
tan
I x-ia
ia bghWJ tifLf.
-I
= tan1
= tan vf.
= tan1
1 x
1+ x
vf;
1 tan
1 + tan
1
dy
dx
tan
/
4
tan
1+
= tan1
1 + tan / 4 tan
= tan1 tan
4
= -
tan 1 x
1
1+ x2
7.3.8 klif rhf tifl

y = f (x ) vgJ X rh vf. ,UwK klif vLJ mj
rhF tif fhQ Kiwia klif rhf tifl vnwh.

228
vLJfhL 25
(2 x + 1)3
I x-ia
ia bghWJ tifLf.
-I
( x + 2 )2 (3 x 5 )5
:
y
log y
(2 x + 1)3
vf.
( x + 2 )2 (3 x 5 )5
(2 x + 1)3
2
5
( x + 2 ) (3 x 5 )
= log
= 3 log (2x + 1 ) 2 log ( x + 2 ) 5 log ( 3x 5 )

x -ia bghWJ tif fhz/
1
y
dy
dx
3
1
1
(2) - 2
(1) - 5
.3
2x + 1
x+2
3x 5
1
y
dy
dx
6
2
15
2x + 1
x+2
3x 5
dy
dx
15
= y
2 x + 1 x + 2 3x 5
(2 x + 1 )3
(x + 2 )2 (3 x 5 )5
2
15
6
2 x + 1 x + 2 3 x 5
vLJfhL 26
I x-ia
ia bghWJ tifLf.
(sin x)cos x -I
:
y = (sin x)cos x vf.
,UwK klif vLf/

log y = cos x log sin x
x -ia bghWJ tif fhz
1
y
dy
dx
= cos x
d
(log sin x ) + log sin x . d (cos x )
dx
dx
= cos x
1
. cos x + log sin x ( sin x )
sin x
cos 2 x
sin x log sin x
sin x
229
dy
dx
= y [cot x cos x sin x log sin x ]

cos x
= (sin x )
[cot x cos x sin x log sin x ]

g 7.5
x -ia bghWJ tifLf.

1)
sin 1 (3x - 4x3)
3)
1 x2
cos1
2
1+ x
5)
tan1
2x
1 x2
2
3x x 3
tan-1
2
1 3x
4)
Sin 1
6)
1+ x2 1
tan1
2x
1+ x2
cot -1 1 + x x
8)
9)
xx
10) (sin x) log x
11)
x sin
13)
ex
15)
7)
2)
tan1
a x2
12) (3x 4)x-2
14) x log x
4 + 5x
4 5x
16) (x2 + 2)5 (3x4 5)4
1
x
18) (tan x) cos x
17)
19)
1 +
x
21)
x3
x2 + 5
(2 x + 3 )
23)
20)
1+ x2
1 x2
22) a
24) (sin x)
230
7.3.9 cgL rhf tif fhz

y = f (x) vw to cs rhfbtgil rhf MF.
f ( x,y) = c, (c vgJ kh) vw mik cs rhf cgL
rhf MF.
vLJfhL 27
v,
xmyn = (x + y)m+n v
dy
dx
y
vd Wf
x
:
xmyn = (x + y)m+n
,UwK klif fhz/

m log x + n log y = (m + n) log (x + y)
x -ia bghWJ tifl
m + n
dy
m n dy
1 +
+
=
x
y dx
x
+
y
dx
m + n m + n dy
.
+
x+ y
x + y dx
=
=
m + n
m
x + y
x
m + n
m dy
m
n dy
nnx
+
n +dy
dy ny
dy
m
my
nx
+m
nyn+nmy

. y x + =y
x + y
x dx
y dx
(xy+ dx
dx
y xy +
y)
yx dx
mx + nx mx my
x (x + y )
=
=
nx my
x
nx my
=
.
nx my
y
x
g 7.6
dy
-ia fhf.
dx
1)
y 2 = 4ax
2) x2 + y2 = 9
231
xy = c2
3)
x2
y2
=1
a2
b2
5)
x 2 2xy + y2 = 16
7)
9)
x2
y2
+
2
a
b2
4)
y =
= 1
6)
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
8)
x 4 + x 2y 2 + y 4 = 0
10)
xy = yx
11)
x2 + y2 + x + y + = 0
12)
y = cos ( x + y )
13)
x y = e x-y
14)
(cos x) y = ( sin y)x
15)
x 2 xy + y2 = 1
7.3.10 Jiz myF rhf tif fhz

x, y vw ,U khfSnk ntbwhU _whtJ kh _y
mika bgWtJ JizayF rhghF. _whtJ khia fhk
-ia fhzyh.
x = f(t) ; y = g(t) vf.
dy
dx
dy
dx
dt
dt dy
dx
ddx
vLJfhL 28
) ; y = a ( 1 - cos
) v dy -ia
x = a ( - sin
ia fhf.
dx
:
dx
d
= a ( 1 - cos)
dy
dx
dy
d
a sin
a (1 cos )
2sin /2 cos /2
2sin 2 /2
dy
d
= cot /2
232
= a ( sin )
g 7.7
dy
dx
-ia
ia fhf.
1)
x = a cos , y = b sin
2)
x = ct , y =
3)
x = a sec , y = b tan
4)
3 x = t3, 2y = t2
5)
x = a cos3
,y =a sin3
6)
x = log t, y = sin t
7)
x = e (sin + cos ) ; y = e (sin - cos
8)
x =
10)
x = 2cos2 ; y = 2 sin2
, y=t+
1
t
9)
x = cos (log t) ; y = log (cost)
11)
x = at2 , y = 2at
7.3.11 bjhl tifl

y = f(x) vw rh tif bfG
mjhtJ f '(x) vgJ

x- rhghf mikayh. f '(x) - ia L tifgLjyh. ,jid
L tifgLj ,ulh tifbfGit bgWnwh.
,jid
d2y
dx 2
myJ y 2 vd vGjyh.
d 2 y - ia
dx 2
,njngh
t _wh tifbfG vngh.

bjhlJ tifgLjyh. mij
cdy
dx
t
,jid d
dx
d2y
2
dx
3
=d y
dx 3
vngh. ,uL kW mjF nkY
tifLjiy ca tifLj vW ,jid fhQ Kiwia bjhl

tifl vW miHnwh.
vLJfhL 29
ia fhf.
y = e x log x v y -ia
2
:
y
= ex log x
y1
= ex
=
ex
x
d
d
(log x) + log x
(ex)
dx
dx
+ log x (ex)
233
1
= ex + log x
= ex
y
2
y
2
d 1
d
1
(ex)
+ log x + + logx
dx x
dx
x
1 1 1
= e x 2 + + + log x e x
x x
x
1
1 1
+ + + log x
x
x
x2
= ex
2x 1
+ log x
2
= e x
vLJfhL 30
x = a (t + sin t) nkY y = a(1 cos t), v
d 2y
dx 2
ia t =
-
fhf.
:
x
= a ( t + sint ) ; y = a ( 1 cost)
= a( 1 + cost) ;
dy
dt
= 2a cos2 t/2 ;
dy
dx
dy
=
dt
= a sint
=dx2a sint/2 cost/2
dt
2a sin t/2 cos t/2

2a cos 2 t/2
= tan t/2
2
d y
d dy
=
2
dx dx
dx
dt
1
sec 2 t/2
dx
2
1
1
sec 2 t .
2
2
2 a cos 2 t
1
sec4 t/2
4a
234
d2y
2
dx t =
(sec /4)4
4 =
/2
1
a
vLJfhL 31
y = x + 1+ x 2
v ( 1 + x2) y2 + x y1 m 2y = 0 vd %.
),
m
= x + 1+ x
= m x + 1+ x
2x
1 +
2
2 1+ x
m 1
= m x + 1+ x2
=
1
m1
1+ x2 + x
1 + x 2
m x + 1+ x2
1+ x2
11
4t a
my
1+ x2
( 1 + x2) (y1)2 = m2y2

x -ia bghWJ tif fhz/ ilgJ
( 1 + x2). 2 (y1) (y2) + (y1)2 ( 2x) = 2m2y y1
2 y1 - M ,UwK tFf
( 1 + x 2 ) y + x y = m 2y
( 1 + x 2 ) y + x y - m 2y = 0
2
vLJfhL 32
x = t +
nkY y = t -
1
t
t = 2 vw fhf.
235
d 2y
-
v ;
kig
2
dx
:
x
= t +
1
t
= t-
1
t
dx
dt
= 1 -
1
t2
dy
dt
= 1+
1
t2
dx
dt
t 2 1
t2
dy
dt
dy
dx
=
=
d2y
2
dx
dy
dt
t 2 +1
t2
t 2 +1
t2
.
=
t2
t 2 1
d dy

dx dx
d
dx
t 2 +1
t 2 1
t2 +1
2
t 1
(t 2 1)2 t (t 2 + 1)(2 t ) dt
=
(t 2 1)2 dx dx
4t t 2 dt
=
2
2
(t 2 1) (t 1)
=
d2y
2
dx
4t 3
(t
at t = 2
4 (2 )
(4 1)
= - 32
27
g 7.8
2
1)
y = ( 4x-1)2
d y
-ia fhf.
dx 2
236
d2y
-ia fhf.
dx 2
v/
2)
y = e -ax
3)
y = log (x + 1)
4)
x = at2 , y = 2at
5)
6)
x
x
v,
d2y
- ia fhf.
dx 2
v/ y -ia fhf.
2
= a cos, y = b sin v y 2 -ia fhf.
= a cos 3 , y = a sin3 vgd JizayF rkghLf v
d2y
-ia fhf.
dx 2
7)
y = Aeax - B e-ax
8)
y = x2 logx
9)
y =
e sin
d2y
dx 2
v
d2y
dx 2
v/
= a 2y
vd Wf.
= 3 + 2 log x
vd bfhL
vd Wf.
(1- x2) y x y y = 0
2
10)
y = a cos ( logx) + b sin ( logx) v x y + x y + y
11)
d2y
-ia
dx 2
y = log x
vd Wf.
= 0 vd Wf.
fhf.
g 7.9
Vila ilia bj br-f.
1)
2x 2 + x + 1
x+2
Lt
x2
(a)
2)
1
2
Lt
x 2
(a) 0
3)
Lt
x1
(a) mn
=
(b) 2
(c)
11
4
(d) 0
2x2 - x - 1
=
x 2 + x -1
(b) 1
(c) 5
(d) 2
(c) m - n
(d) m
n
x m -1
MdJ
x n -1
(b) m + n
237
4)
(x-2) (x + 4)
x( x - 9)
Lt
x
(a) 1
5)
(b) 0
Lt
(b) 0
(b) 6
Lt
x / 2
(c) 1
(d) 2
(c) 1
4
(d)
1
2
sin x
=
x
(b)
2
(a)
8)
(d) -4
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
MdJ
2n 2 + 6
Lt
x
(a) 2
7)
(c) 9
[(1/x) + 2] =
(a)
6)
(c) 2
(d) , VJiy
x 2 36
v x- vkF ju f(x) MdJ vyh
x6
f(x) =
bk-baf J tiuaWfgLsJ.
(a) 36
9)
10)
(b) 6
2x2 8
x2
(a) 0
vD rh bjhlik ahdJ
(b) 8
2
(a)
12)
13)
(c) 2
(d) 4
f(x) vD rh x = a - bjhlahf ,Uf ntLbk

(a) f (a)
11)
(d) , VJiy
(c) 0
d
dx
(a)
x -
(b) f (-a)
(c) 2 f (a)
Lt
x a
(d) f(1/a)
tifbfG x -ia bghWJ
(b) 1/2
1
=
x
log x
y = 2x v
(a) 2xlog 2
(c) 1/
(b) 1/x2
dy
dx
(d) 1/4
(c) -(1/x 2)
(d) -(1/x)
(c) log 2 x
(d) x log 2
=
(b) 2x
238
f(x)=
14)
f(x) = x 2 + x + 1 v f / (0) =
(a) 0
15)
3
x4
18)
21)
22.
23)
d log x
e
dx
(d) -(2/x2)
(c) 1
(d) 0
(c) e x - 3/x
(d) 5ex 1/x
(c) 1/x
(d) 1
=
(b) elog x
dy
dx
sin x v
y =
cos x
(b)
2 sin x
sin x
(c)
2 cos x
d
(e4x) =
dx
(a) e4x
(b)
d
( sin2 x) =
dx
(a) 2 sin x
(b) sin 2x
4e4x
d
( log sec x) =
dx
(a) sec x
(b) 1/secx
y = 2-x v
(a) 2
24)
(c) -(1/x 4)
dy
y = 5e x - 3 log x v
=
dx
(a) 5ex 3x
(b) 5ex 3/x
(a)
20)
(b) -(1/x3)
(b) -1
(a) log x
19)
(d) 1
f(x) = cos x + 5 v f / (/2) =

(a) 5
17)
(c) 2
d 1
=
dx x 3
(a)
16)
(b) 3
x-1
dy
dx
cos x
sin x
(d)
cos x
sin
(c) ex
(d) 4e4x-1
(c) 2 cos x
(d) cos 2x
(c) tan x
(d) sec x tan x
(c) 2 -x log(1/2)
(d) 2-x log 4
=
(b) 2-x log 2
d
(tan-1 2x) =
dx
(a)
1
1+ x2
(b)
2
1+ 4x2
(c)
239
2x2
1+ 4x2
(d)
1
1 + 4x 2
25)
y =
e ax v
(a) 2axy
26)
d
dx
f (x) =
y = e2x v/
(a) 2y
33)
(c) 0
(d)
1
e2
(b) 1
(c) 1+ logx
(d)
log x
x
dy
=
dx
(c) tan
(d) - cot2
(b) tan2
dy
dz
(b) - x2
=
(c) 1
dy
dx
(d) - 1/x2
(b) 1/t
(c) 1 + 2t
(d) 1/2t
d2y
=
dx 2
(b) 4y
(c) y
(d) 0
(c) my
(d) - my
y = sin mx v/
(a) - m2y
34)
(b) -1
x = t 2 nkY y = 2t v/
(a) 2t
32)
(d) 4x2
y = x nkY z = 1/ x v/
(a) x2
31)
(c) x ( 1+x2 )3
x = log sin ; y = log cos v/

(a) - tan 2
30)
(b) 4x ( 1 + x2)
2ay
d
( x logx) =
dx
(a) log x
29)
(d)
log x
v f /( e) =
x
(a) 1/e
28)
(c) 2ax 2
(1 + x2 )2 =
(a) 2x (1 + x 2)
27)
dy
=
dx
(b) 2ax
d2y
=
dx 2
(b) m2y
d2y
=
dx 2
(b) 18 x + 1
(c) 18x + 2
y = 3x3 + x2 + 1 v/
(a) 18 x
240
(d) 3x2 + 1
35)
y = log sec x v/
(a) sec2x
36)
37)
38)
39)
43)
44)
(d) cos x
d2y
- k x = 0 vDbghGJ/
dx 2
(a) 3
(b) 9
(c) 0
(d) 1
y = x log x v/ y =
2
(a) 1
(b) log x
(c) 1/x
(d) x
d2y
=
dx 2
y = log ( sin x )
v/
(a) tanx
(b) cot x
(c) sec2 x
(d) -cosec2x
(c) 0
(d) 24x
y = x4 v/ y3 =
(b) 12x2
y = log x v/ y2 =
(b) - 1/x2
y2 = x
v/
(a) 1
42)
(c) secx tanx
y = e3x v/
(a) 1/x
41)
(b) tanx
(a) 4x3
40)
d2y
dx 2
(c) ex
dy
=
dx
(b) 1/2x
(d) 1
(c) 1 / 2y
(d) 2y
(c) 0
(d) x a-1
d
(a a ) , (a 0) k
dx
(a) 0
(b) a a a-1
(c) 1
(d) a log a
d
( log x) =
dx
(a) 1/ x
(c) 1/x
(d) 1/ 2x
( )
d
xa ,
dx
(a) a x a-1
( a 0) - k
(b) ax
(b) 1 / 2x
241
bjhif Efj
(INTEGRAL CALCULUS)
E fj ,ulhtJ gFahd bjhif E fjij

g eh mJ bfhs Kanth. bjhif Efj gF
ma/ bjh Eg nghwt braghoY/ nkY
bghUshjhu/ tfa vw kw f braghoY msl
KoahjJ MF.
8.1 bjhif E fj fUJU

(CONCEPT OF INTEGRATION)
eh 7-tJ ghl f(x) vw rhF tifbfG fhgij

g Muh-njh. bghJthf f /(x) vgJ x - ia rhj kbwhU
rhghF. ,j ghl tifl `jiy khW Kiwp vw
braiy g Muha Majkhnth. ,j braiy eh `jiy
tifL fhzp myJ `bjhif fhzp vngh.
d
[F (x )] = f(x)
dx
F(x) -ia f(x) - bjhif vd Twyh. ,ij flthW
Fo Flyh.
F(x) =
f (x ) dx
vw FoF bjhifFL vW bga. f(x) -ia

bjhFfgL rh vW dx MdJ x -I bjhifl kh
vgij czJwJ. f(x) dx vgij bjhif cW vW
TWt.
f (x ) dx = F(x) + C, , C vgJ bjhif fhz

vdnt f ( x ) dx vgij tiuaWfglhj bjhif
bghJthf
kh MF.
fhz vd TWtJ tHf.

242
bjhifo EQff
8.2
(INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES)
l Kof
(i)
xn dx
x n +1
n +1
C , n -1
1
dx
xn
x n +1
+ C,n1
n +1
log x + C
x+a
dx
log (x+a) + C
(v)
k.f(x) dx
k f(x)dx + C
(vi)
k. dx
kx + C
(vii)
ex dx
ex + C
(viii) ax dx
ax
+C
log e a
(ii)
(iii)
x dx
(iv)
(ix)
sinx dx
- cosx + C
(x)
cosx dx
sinx + C
(xi)
sec2x dx
tanx + C
(xii)
secx tanx dx
secx + C
(xiii)
cosec2x dx
- cotx + C
(xiv)
cotx cosec x dx =
- cosecx + C
(xv)
[ f1(x) + f2(x)] dx =
f1(x) dx + f2(x) dx
(xvi)
dx
= sin-1 x + C
1 x
dx
(xvii)
1+ x
(xviii)
dx
= tan-1x + C
= sec 1 x + C
x 1
243
(x )
(xix)
f (x )
(xx)
[f(x)]n f '(x)dx
dx
= log f(x) + C
[ f (x )] n +1
n +1
+C
vLJfhL 1
1
x x
kLf
dx
:
1
dx
x2
= (x2 - 2 + x-2) dx
x x dx
x3
1
2x + C
3
x
e x 2x 2 + xe x
dx
x 2e x
2+
vLJfhL 2
kLf
:
e x 2 x 2 + xe x
dx
x 2e x
ex
xex
2x 2
+
x 2e x x2e x x 2e x dx
1
2
dx
dx +
dx
= x 2 dx -2 e-x dx + 1x dx
=
x -2 +1
- 2 +1
+2e-x + log x + c
1
+2e-x + log x + c
x
vLJfhL 3
kLf
x+1
dx
x+2
244
:
=
x+2
dx
dx
x+2
x+2
(bjhF 1-ia To ff)

dx
(x+2)
2
(x + 2 ) 2 (x + 2 ) + C
3
1 (x + 2 )
1 + C
2(x + 2 ) 2
3
1
2
(x + 2 ) 2
3
x + 2 dx
1
2
x+2
dx - (x+2)
3
2
12
dx
1
2
(x 1 ) +
vLJfhL 4
kLf
1 + sin2x dx
1+ sin2x dx
1 2 x + 2 sin x cos x
sin 2 x x++cos
dx
x+2
(sin x + cos x ) dx
(sin x + cos x ) dx
(sinx - cosx) + C
g 8.1
tUtdtiw kLf :
1)
(4 x
3)
2 x
1
3
dx
+ 8x +
+ ex
x
dx
2)
5 x
4)
245
x +
x
1
dx
dx
dx
5)
7)
x + x
dx
x7 2 + x5 2 + 1
dx
2
x x 1
2
9)
3 e
11)
(3 2 x )(2 x + 3 )
13)
dx
dx
+ 3 cos x 7 sin x
x
x+2
15)
17)
19)
21)
(x
23)
(x
25)
(x
dx
dx
x+3
x2 1
2
+1
ex
(5secx. tanx + 2cosec x)
8)
x 3 + 3x 2 + 4
x3 + 1
x 4
10)
12)
14)
1 x
16)
x+3
18)
1+ x
20)
1 + cos x
22)
ex x
xe x
24)
(3 x + 2 )
26)
1 sin
x 1+
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
x
dx
x +1
x2
dx
dx
dx
1 sin 2 x
4
6)
dx
dx
x 2 + e x
+ e 2 x + 7
dx
dx
dx
dx
2
dx
dx
8.2.1 <L br-Kiw (ul Kiw) _y bjhif fhz

vLJfhL 5
kLf
dx
x +x
:
x+x
(1 + x )
x 1+
= t vf
246
= dt
dx
2 x
dx
dx
x+x
x 1+
dt
= 2 log t + C = 2 log (1 + x ) + C
vLJfhL 6
1
kLf
dx
:
1
x
vf
= t
= dt
1
x
dx =
dt
1
x2
= et + C
1
= e
dx
+ C
vLJfhL 7
kLf
sec x
dx
sec
dx
sec x (sec x + tan x )

dx
(sec x + tan x)
sec 2 x + sec x tan x

(sec x + tan x )
sec x + tan x = t vf
(sec x tan x + sec2x) dx = dt
247
dx
dt
t
= log t + C
sec x dx
vdnt sec x dx = log (sec x + tan x) + C

g 8.2
tUtdtiw kLf .
dx
1)
(2 x 3)
dx
2)
(3 2 x )
3)
dx
4)
dx
5)
(x 1)
dx
6)
(3 x
dx
8)
7)
4x + 3
x2
x sin (x )
2
9)
(log x ) 2
x
11)
sin
)(
+ 1 x3 + x 4
dx
x
(2 x + 1)
dx
12)
(x +1)(x
14)
4+ x
16)
x log x
18)
( 2 x + 1)
20)
2x + 3
+ 3x + 5
13)
15)
e x ex
e x + e x
17)
sec 2 (log x )
19)
x log x
21)
cot
x2 + x
3
+ 2x
x2
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
log (log x)
dx
dx
sec 2 x
dx
(1 2 tan x) 4
22) cosec x dx
248
10)
x +1
dx
4 x +3
dx
dx
dx
dx
23)
x (1 + log x )
25)
27)
3 + log x
x
sec 2
dx
x tan
x
dx
24)
26)
x (x
28)
30)
(2x + 1)
32)
tan x
dx
4
+1
x
4
29)
(x
31)
sec 2 x
a + b tan x
1 .2 x dx
dx
x tan -1 x 2 dx
1 + x4
2x + 4
dx
x2 + x + 4
dx
dx
8.2.2 Ka bjhifLf
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
dx
+ a2
1
x
tan 1
a
a
dx
a2
1
xa
log
2a
x+a
dx
x2
1
a+x
log
+ C
2a
ax
dx
2
a x
dx
2
x +a
dx
2
x a2
x
= sin 1
a
(
log (x +
= log x + x 2 + a 2
=
x2 a2
)
)
+ C
+ C
nkfl th-ghLfis gagL bjhifLj fis

fhQ Kiwia tU fzFf eh ff cnsh.
vLJfhL 8
kLf
dx
4 - x2
249
dx
4-x
vLJfhL
dx
= sin-1 ( x ) + c
(2)2 - x2
kLf
dx
5+x
:
dx
5+ x
dx
( 5)
+ x2
tan
vLJfhL 10
kLf
dx
7
dx
7
dx
2
( 7)
x
log
2 7
x+
1
vLJfhL 11
kLf
dx
4x 2 9
dx
2
4x 9
dx
4 x2 9
1
2
dx
2
x (3 2 )
2
1
log x +
250
2
x 2 (3 2 )
8.2.3
ax
dx
+ bx + c
vw mik cs bjhifLfis
fhQ Kiw
gF cs bjhFfgL rhig fhugLj Kokhdh

mij gF dfshf J bfhsyh. ,iyba/ gF
cs bjhFfgL rhig tff TLj myJ ahrkhf
kh mikJ wF bjhifl ntL.
vLJfhL 12
kLf
dx
7 + 6x x
:
7 + 6x x2 = 7 - (x2 - 6x)
= 7 (x2 6x + 9 9)
= 7 + 9 (x 3 )2
= 16 (x-3)2
dx
7 + 6x x
dx
(4 ) (x 3)
4 + (x 3 )
1
log
2 4
4 (x 3)
1
x +1
log
8
7 x
+ C
vLJfhL 13
kLf
dx
+ 3x + 2
:
x2 + 3x + 2 = (x + 1) ( x + 2 )
1
A
B
=
vf.
+
x +1
x+2
x 2 + 3x + 2
1
= A ( x +2) + B ( x + 1)
x = -1 v A = 1
x = -2 v B = -1
251
dx
x +1
dx
x+2
= log ( x+1) - log ( x+2) + C

= log
8.2.4
ax
px + q
+ bx + c
x +1
+ C
x+2
dx vw mik cs bjhifLfis
fhQ Kiw.
-ia
ax2 + bx + c -ia fhugLj Koahk ,Ujh

px + q = A
d
ax 2 + bx + c + B vdbfhf
dx
px + q = A ( 2ax + b) + B vD to vG/ A kW B -
kfis fhz ntL. wF tHfkhd Kiw bjhif fhz
ntL.
vLJfhL 14
kLf
2x
2x + 7
dx
2
+x+3
d px
2 x+dx+q 7
dx
ax
22 2
dx2
x x++bx
+3 xx+++c23
( 2x2 + x + 3 ) + B vf
2x + 7
= A
2x + 7
= A ( 4x + 1 ) + B
x - Fzfij rkgLj ilgJ
4A = 2 ;
A = 1/2 ;
A+B = 7
B = 13 / 2
=
1
I1 = 2
2x
1
2
1 2 ( 4 x + 1) + 13 2
2x2 + x + 3
dx
13
4x + 1
dx +
2
2
+x+3
2x
2x
4x + 1
dx
2
+x+3
nkY
252
I2 =
13
2
2x
dx
+ x+3
dx
+ x+3
I1 =
1
log 2 x 2 + x + 3
2
I2
dx
13
2
2 2x + x + 3
+ C1
=
=
8.2.5
13
4
(x + 1 4 )
(x + 1 4 )
dx
dx
+ (3 2 1 16
dx
2
+ ( 23 4 ) 2
x +1 4
13 4
+C
tan 1
4
23
23 4
1
log 2 x 2 + x + 3
2
13
4
x +1 4
+ C
tan 1
23
23 4
13
vw mik cs bjhifLfis
ax + bx + c
fhQ Kiw.
ax2 +bx +c -ia tff TLj myJ ahrkhf kh
mikJ ca th-ghLfis gagL bjhif fhz ntL.

vLJfhL 15
kLf
dx
5 + 4x x 2
2x + 7
dx
2
+ x+3
2x
:
5 + 4x x2 =
=
=
=
- (x2 - 4x -5)
- (x2 - 4x + 4 - 4 - 5)
- [(x - 2 )2 - 9]
9 - (x - 2)2
dx
5 + 4x x
dx
9 (x 2 )
dx
3 2 (x 2 )
= sin 1
x2
253
vLJfhL 16
dx
kLf
4x
+ 16x 20
:
4x2 + 16 20 = 4 (x2 + 4x 5 )
= 4 [ x2 + 4x + 4 4 5]
= 4 [ (x + 2)2 9]
8.2.6
dx
2
4 x + 16 x 20
px + q
ax 2 + bx + c
fhQ Kiw
dx
=
=
1
2
1
2
4[( x + 2 ) 2 9 ]
dx
(x + 2 )
log
32
{(x + 2 ) +
x2 + 4x 5
dx vw mik cs bjhifLfis
bjhFia/ gF tifbfG kW kh thyhf

,UFgo flthW vGjKo.
px + q = A d (ax2 + bx + c) + Bd (x 2 + 2 x 1)
dx
dx
A kW B- kfis fLoJ wF tHfkhd Kiw
bjhif fhz ntL.
vLJfhL 17
kLf
2x + 1
dx
x 2 + 2x 1
:
+ B vf
2x+1 = A
2x + 1 = A ( 2x +2) + B
cWf Fzfij rkgLj

2A = 2 ; 2A + B = 1
;
B = -1
A= 1
254
dx
1 .(2 x + 2 ) 1
(2x + 2)
I1 =
(2 x + 2 )
dx
x 2 + 2x 1
dx -
x + 2x 1
dx
2
x + 2x 1
dx vf
x2 + 2x 1
x2 + 2x 1 = t2 vf
(2x + 2 ) dx = 2t dt
I1 =
2t
t2
dt = 2 dt
= 2t
= 2 x 2 + 2 x 1 + C1
dx
I2 = -
= -
vf
+ 2x 1
= - log (x + 1) +
dx
(x + 1)
2x + 1
x 2 + 2x 1
( 2)
dx = 2
x2 + 2x 1
x + 1( x + 1) +
x 2 + 2 x 1 - 2log
2
x + 2 x 1
flitfis kL br-f
1
3+ x
3)
5)
7)
dx
2
+1
2)
2x
dx
4
4)
5 x
dx
6)
8)
dx
9x 1
dx
9 4x
255
dx
dx
25 + 36 x 2
2
+C2
x2 + 2x 1 + C
g 8.3
1)
dx
+ 2x + 3
9)
9x
11)
13)
15)
dx
+ 6x + 5
10)
dx
3 x + x2
2
7x 6
3x + 2
dx
4x + 1
dx
2x2 + x 3
12)
14)
16)
dx
2
x + 4x + 2
2
x +1
+ 4x 5
dx
x+2
4x + 3
dx
2x + 4
dx
x2 + 2x 1
8.2.7 gF bjhifL
u, v vgd x - cs tifbfG fhzjf rhf v
dv = uv -
du
vgJ gF bjhifL th-ghlhF.
cfUJ :
(i)
bjhFfgL rh bgUf gydhf ,Ujh mjid RU/
Tl nkY fj fis gagL bjhifia fhzyh.

,iyba eh gF bjhifL Kiwia gagL
bjhifL br-j ntL.
(ii)
gF bjhifL Kiwia gagLJbghGJ eh 'ILATE'

vGJf tirgo u vw rhig za br-a ntL.
,F I
nfhz nekhW rh
L
klif rh
A
,a rh
T
nfhz rh
E
mLF bjhl rh
vLJfhL 18
kLf x. ex dx
:
u
du
x. e
dx
dv = ex dx vf
v = ex
= x ,
= dx ,
= x ex
x
dx
= xe - e + C
= ex ( x 1 ) + C
256
vLJfhL 19
kLf
log x
(1 + x )
dx
:
u = log x
1
x
du =
(1+ x)
log x
2
dx
dv =
v =
(1+ x)2
vf
(1 + x)
1 1
1
.
= - ( log x )

1+ x x
1+ x
dx
1
(log x )
1+ x
dx
x (1 + x )
1
(log x ) +
1+ x
dx
1+ x
dx
(gF dfshf vGj)

=
=
1
(log x ) +
(1 + x )
1
(1 + x )
log x log (1 + x )
1 xcos
sin
2xx)2 x22x+x dx
(log
.. sin
sin
dxlog
2 4 2 2
vLJfhL 20
kLf
x.sin2x
, sin2x dx = dv vf
u = x
du = dx
x cos 2 x
2
x cos 2 x
2
dx
cos 2 x
= v
2
+
+
x cos 2 x
+
2
+ C
257
x
1+ x
+ C
+ C
vLJfhL 21
kLf x n logx
dx , n -1
:
dv = xn dx vf
u = log x ,
1
x
du =
dx
x n log x
,
dx
x n +1
n +1
v =
=
x n +1
log x
n +1
x n +1
1
log x
n +1
n +1
x n +1
1
log x
n +1
n +1
x n +1
n +1
x n +1
1
log x
n +1
n +1
x n +1 1
dx
n +1 x
n
dx
+ C
+ C
g 8.4
flitfis kL br-f
dx
2)
x log x
dx
4)
xa
dx
6)
dx
8)
x sin 3x
10)
tan
12)
1)
xe
3)
log x
5)
(log x )
7)
x cos 2 x
9)
cos x dx
x sec x tan x
11)
dx
dx
dx
log x
x2
dx
dx
x dx
ex
dx
l bjhifLf
8.2.8
(i)
x2 a2
(ii)
x2 + a2
dx
dx
x
2
x2 a2
x
2
x2 + a2 +
258
a2
log x +
2
a2
log x +
2
x2 a2
x2 + a2
(iii)
a2 x2
x
2
dx
a2 x2 +
a2
x
sin 1
2
a
vLJfhL 22
kLf
49 x 2
dx
(7 )
x
2
16x 2 + 9
dx
49 x 2
dx
x2
dx
49
sin
2
49 x 2 +
x

7
vLJfhL 23
kLf
dx
:
16 x 2 + 9
= 4
x
2
= 4
3
+
4
16 x 2 + 9
16 x 2 +
16
3
x2 +
4
(3 4 )
dx
dx
log x +
3
x2 +
4
9
log 4 x + 16 x 2 + 9
8
vLJfhL 24
kLf
x 2 16 dx
x 2 16
dx
=
=
=
x
2
x
2
x 2 (4 )
x 2 16
dx
x 2 16
x 2 16
x 2 16 8 log x +
259
16
log x +
2
g 8.5
flitfis kL br-f
1)
x 2 36
2)
dx
16 x 2 dx
3)
25 + x 2
dx
4)
x 2 25
dx
5)
4x2 5
dx
6)
9 x 2 16
dx
8.3 lkhd bjhifL

(DEFINITE INTEGRAL)
x = a nkY x = b viy f(x) vw bjhl rh lkhd
bjhiflhdJ.
b
f ( x)
[ F (x ) ]ab
dx =
= F (b) F(a) , a, b ,uL
Kiwna viy/ nk viy vdgL.

lkhd bjhifil fhz eh Kj bfhLfgl
rhF tHfngh bjhif fhz ntL. wF x- F nk
viyia uL ilj kF viyia uL
ilj kF ,ilnas ahrij fhz ntL
vLJfhL 25
2
kLf
(4x
+ 2x + 1
dx
:
2
(4 x
1
+ 2x + 1
x4
x2
dx = 4
+ 2 + x
2
1
4
= ( 24 + 22 +2) ( 1 + 1 + 1)
= ( 16 + 4 + 2 ) 3 = 19
260
vLJfhL 26
3
2x
1+ x
kLf
dx
:
10
2x
2 1 + x 2
dt
t
5
dx
1 + x2 = t vf
2x dx = dt
x = 2 v t = 5
x= 3 v t = 10
= [logt]105 = log 10 - log 5
10
5
log 2
loge
=
=
vLJfhL 27
e
kLf
xlogx
dx
:
x logx dx
u = log x
du =
x log x dx =
=
1
x
dx
x2
logx
2
dv = x dx
v =
x2
2
1
x2
logx
x
2
2
2
2
= x
log x 1 x
2
2 2
261
x2
2
1
dx
x
dx
vf
x log x
x2
x2
log x
=
4 1
2
dx
e
2
= log
1
e
0
4
4
= e x 1 e + 1
2
1
4
vLJfhL 28
kLf
sin
x dx
sin
dx
1 cos 2 x
= x
sin2 x
sin x dx
2
vLJfhL 29
kLf
:
x2
x 2
x2
x sin 2 xe
=
0
2
4
0
=
xe
dx
dx vg
262
dx
x2 = t vf
2x dx = dt
x = 0 v t = 0
x =
t =
2e
dt
[et ]0
1
2
1
[0 + 1]
2
1
2
g 8.6
flitfis kL br-f
2
1)
(x
+ x +1
5)
dx
0 1 + x 2
2+ x
2
1 x
xe x
2)
dx
3)
dx
x
3
4)
0
dx
dx
6)
dx
xe x
dx
7)
ex
0 1 + e 2 x
dx
8)
x
0 1 + x 4
dx
10)
log x
dx
1 x2
1+ x
dx
11)
tan 2 x
9)
dx
12)
263
2x + 4
dx
cos
13)
14)
dx
cos x
(1 + sin x )(2 + sin x )
dx
e2
15)
1 + cos 2 x
16)
dx
17)
dx
x (1 + log x )
dx
18)
9 x2
.e x
dx
8.3.1 tiuaWj bjhifia Tl viyahf fhz

njw:
_oa ,ilbt [ a, b ] ahdJ n rk gFfshf fgL/

mj xbthU gF mfy h vd bfhf. nh = b a d
b
f ( x)
dx
Lt h[ f ( a + h ) + f ( a + 2 h ) + . . . + f ( a + nh ) ]
h 0
a + h , a + 2h , a + 3h, . . . a + nh vgd [ a , b] vD ,ilbtia n rk

gFfshf F f MF. xbthU gF mfy h MF.
[%gz njitiy]
vLJfhL 30
tiuaWj
bjhifia
Tl
viyahf
bfhL
dx kig fhf .
:
b
f ( x ) dx =
h 0
a
b
2
x
dx =
Lt h[ f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + ... + f (a + nh)]
{(
Lt h (a + h) 2 + (a + 2h) 2 + ... + (a + nh) 2
n
h 0
) (
) (
Lt h a 2 + 2 ah + h 2 + a 2 + 4 ah + 4 h 2 + ... a 2 + 2 anh + n 2 h 2
n
h0
264
)}
Lt h na 2 + 2 ah (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n ) + h 2 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ... + n 2
)}
n
h0
= Lt h na
n
h 0
n (n + 1 ) h 2
+
n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1)
2
6
+ 2 ah
a = 1 ; h = 1 vgjh/
2
x 2 dx = Lt
n ( n + 1) ( 2 n + 1)
1
1
n + . n (n + 1) +
n
n
6n 2
n + 1 n ( n + 1) ( 2 n + 1)
Lt 1 +
+
n
6n3
1
1
n 3 1 + 2 +
1
n
n
= Lt 1 + 1 + +
3
1
n
6n
0
n
1
1
1 + 2 +
1
n
n
= Lt 2 + +
1
6
n
0
n
= 2+
2
=
6
7
3
g 8.7
tiuaWj bjhifia Tl viyahf
bfhL fl bjhiff k fh.
2
1)
dx
2)
dx
1
2
3)
3
x
1
dx
4)
x
0
265
dx
g 8.8
Vila ilia bj br-f
1)
2)
c = 5x4 jiy tifbfGthdJ

(a) x 4
(b) x5
(c) 4x5 + c
dx =
(a) 3
3)
(b) x + C
10
x
(b)
21
dx
(a) 21 x
dx
(b) 14x
sin ax
8)
x
(a)
9)
1
x
2x
(a) log
x + C (c) x
(b) e5x + C
(d) -ex + C
x + C (d)
x +C
(c)
1 5x
e +C
5
1 5x
e
5
(d)
dx =
1
cos ax + C
a
(a)
(c) ex + C
(a) 5x + C
7)
(c) 10 log x + C (d) log x + C
5x
1
x2
(b) e-x + C
(a) - e + C
6)
(d) 3x + c
dx
-x
5)
(c) 3x
dx =
1
x
(a)
4)
(d) 5x4
(b)
1
cos ax + C (c) sin ax + C (d) cos ax + C
a
dx =
+
(b) -
1
x
(c)
1
+C
x2
(d) -
1
+C
x2
dx =
x + C
(b)
1
log x
2
266
(c) log x + C (d)
1
2
log x + C
10)
x +4
dx =
(a) ex + C
11)
2 sec x
2
(b) e x+4 + C
. 3 x
e x+4
+ C
4
(d) e4x + C
dx =
(a) 2 tan x + C
12)
(c)
(b) sec 2x tan x + C (c) tan2 x + C (d) tan x + C
dx =
(2 3 )
2
(a) log x + C
3
(2 3 ) x
(c)
13)
(b)
log x 2
x +1
log e 2
+ C
2
3
(d) log
dx =
(a) 2 log (x + 1 ) + C
(c) 4 log (x + 1) + C
(b) 2 log (x + 1) + c
(d) log (x + 1) + C
14)
(x + 1)
(a)
15)
dx =
(x + 1)9
+C
(b)
(x + 1)7
7
+ C (c) (x+1) 8 +C (d) (x+1) 4 + C
4x3
dx =
4
+1
(a) log ( x4 + 1 )
(c) log ( x4 + 1 ) + C
16)
cos ec x
(b) 4 log ( x4 + 1 ) + C
(d) , VJiy
dx =
(a) log (tan x/2) + C

(c) log tan x + C
17)
x4
1 + x5
(b) log cosec x + C

(d) log ( cosec x + tanx )
dx =
(a) log ( 1 + x 5 )
(b) log ( 1 + x4 ) + C
(c) log ( 1 + x 5 ) + C
(d)
267
1
log ( 1 + x 5 ) + C
5
18)
dx
=
+ a2
(a) tan 1
x
+C
a
(b)
1
x
tan 1 + C
a
a
1
(c) tan
a
+C
x
(d)
1 1 x
+C
sin
a
a
e [ f ( x) +
f / ( x)
19)
dx =
(b) ex f / (x) + C
(d) e-x + C
(a) e f(x) + C
(c) ex + C
e (sin x + cos x )
x
20)
dx =
(b) ex sinx cosx + C

(d) ex sinx + C
(a) e cosx + c
(c) e x + C cosx
dx
1 + 4x
21)
(a)
1
1
tan 1 2 x + C(b) tan 1 x + C
2
2
(c)
1
tan 1 ( x + c )
2
(d) tan-1 (2x) + C
(2 x + 3)
22)
(2x + 3)4
(a)
(c)
2
(2x + 3)4
8
23)
dx =
+C
(b)
+C
(d)
(2x + 3)3
8
(2x + 3)2
16
+C
+C
dx - k
(a) log 2
(b) 0
(c) log 3
(d) 2 log 2
24)
(a)
dx - k
1
3
(b)
1
3
(c)
268
2
3
(d)
2
3
25)
dx - k
(a) 0
(b) -1
26)
(x
+1
(c)
1
5
(d)
1
5
(c)
1
3
(d)
4
3
dx - k
(a)
1
27)
4
3
(b)
1+ x
2
3
dx - k
(a) log 2
(b) 2 log 2
(c) log
1
2
(d) log
28)
dx - k
(a)
62
5
(b)
32
5
(c)
15
4
(d)
31
5
29)
tan x
dx - k
1
2
(b) log 2
sin x
dx - k
(a) log
(c) 2 log 2
(d) log
(c) 2
(d) -2
(c) -1
(d) 2
30)
(a) 1
(b) 0
31)
cos x
dx - k
(a) 0
(b) 1
269
32)
ex
x
1 + e
- k
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c)
1
log 2
2
(d) log 2
33)
dx - k
(a) 1
4
34)
(a)
(b) 0
dx
16 x 2
(c)
(d) -1
(c)
(d)
(c)
(d)
- k
(b)
- k
35)
(a)
(b)
dx
6423 4
1+ x
270
ruF Kjf/ gFf kW

fl guf
(STOCKS, SHARES AND DEBENTURES)
xU tjfF njitgL _yjd f mfkhf ,U

m_yjdij uL bghUL xU TL gF Wtd (Joint Stock
Company) JtfgL. mjfhd thf Maj ntiyfis
br-gt mWtd fjh (Promoter) vwiHfgLth.
,j JtfgL WtdkhdJ ruF Kjf/ gFf kW fl
guf btLj _ykhf jdF njitahd ia uL.
guf FlgL k mt Kf k (Face Value)
(myJ) x k (Nominal Value) (myJ) rk k (Par Value)
vdgL.
9.1 mogil bfhiff

(BASIC CONCEPTS)
9.1.1 gFf (Shares)
WtdF njitgL bkhj _yjd gy a

myFfshf fgL. mit gFf vdgL. vLJfhlhf
xU WtdF njitgL bkhj _yjd %. 5/00/000 vW
mJ xbthW %. 10 ks myFfshf fgoUg jhf
bfhlh xbthU myF %. 10 Kf ks gF MF.
_yjd msit/ mJ vjid myFfshf fgLwJ
vgij bghUJ gFf Kf k mik. gFfis
thatf gFjhuf (Share holders) vdgLt. gFfis KG
v klFfjh thfnth fnth Ko.
9.1.2 ruF Kjf (Stocks)
xU Wtd gFf KGikahfnth gFahfnth

brYjgoUfyh. WtdkhdJ KGikahf gz brYjgl
gFfis bjhFJ xU ruF Kjyhf (Stock) khwyh. ruFKj
vgJ bjhFfgl _yjd gF vgjh mtiw d msY
thf f Ko.
271
9.1.3. fl guf (Debentures)
,it xU Wtd bghJ kflUJ bgW fl MF.

Wtd bgW flDF Fl to rjj to Fl fhy
,ilbtf bfhLfgL. nkY Fl fhy Ko fl
U bfhLfgL.
9.1.4 gF j (Dividend)
gFjhuUF ,ilna J bfhLfgL Wtd

,yhg gF j vdgL. gFjhu xbthUtU mt ths
gFf Kfk bkhj knfg jh rhu mogil
gF j bgWt. gF j bghJthf rjj FfgL.
9.1.5 gF rij (Stock Exchange)
ruF Kjf/ gFf/ fl guf ,t tjf

gtjidf gF rij eilbW. mF mit vj
iyF ilwnjh mj iyia mt rij iy
vnwh. rij iyahdJ Kf kF rkkhf/ mfkhf/
Fiwthf ,Ujh Kiwna rkiy (at par) mf iy (at premium)
f iy (at discount) vwiHfgL.
9.1.6 tUkhd j (Yield or Return)
xUt %. 100I gF rij KjL br-J thF xU

Wtd ruF KjYF mj WtdUJ mt bgW
ML tUkhd mj ruF Kj tUkhd j MF. ,J
bghJthf rjj FfgL.
9.1.7 juF (Brokerage)
ruF Kjf/ gFf fl guf ,t thf w

gtjidf mjfhd juff _ykhf eilbgW. mtj
nritfhd flz juF MF. juf bgW jufhdJ Kfk
mogil fzlgL. ,J bghJthf rjjkhf FfgL.
ruF Kj thfgLnghJ juF/ rij iyl TlgL.
fgLnghJ juF/ rij iy ffgL.
9.1.8 gFf tiff
Kakhf gFf ,UtifgL.

(i)
KDik gFf (Preference shares)
(ii)
rhjh gFf (Equity or ordinary shares)
272
KDik gFjhufSFa j cikf:

(i)
(ii)
rhjh gFjhufSF gFj mgjF Kdnu/

xU Fl iyahd j jf gF j
bgwyh.
Wtdij fiyF iy Vglh KDik
gFjhuf Wtd M K cikl jkJ
_yjdij Ug bgwyh.
9.1.9 ruF Kjf ytuij RUf TW Kiw

`120, cs 15% ruFKjp v rkjgl ruF Kj
Kfk %. 100, rij iy %. 120, gF j 15% vd
bfhnth.
9.1.10 gFfSF fl gufSF cs ntWghLf
flit Kakhd ntWghLf MF.

gFf
fl guf
1. gF gz vgJ Wtd 1. fl guf flf

_yjd X mfkhF.
kLnk. mtiw thatf
gFjhufis
XusF
W
tdF
fl
Wtd brhjfhuf
bfhLjt Mt.
vdyh.
2. gFjhufSF Wtd 2. WtdF ,yhg il
,yhg gF ilF.
jhY ilfhlhY fl
,yhg nghJkhdjhf ,yh
gujhufSF
xJ
knyh myJ KY ,yhk
bfhsgl to ilJ
nghdhnyh mtfSF VJ
L.
ilfhk nghfyh.
3. fl
gujhufSF 3. fl gujhuf jf
bfhLf ntoa to Kj
toia
KDikl
bfhLf
gL
L.
bgW bfht.
vaJjh gFjhufSF
gFjkhf jugL.
273
4. gFjhufSfhd gF j 4. fl gujhufSfhd to
j Kdnu khfgL
Wtd <L ,yhg msit
rhUF.
LwJ.
5. Wtd j gFfis Ug 5. Fl fhy Ko fl
gujhufSF mtj
bgW gz juhJ.
KjL Ug bfhLfgL.
6. Wtd _lgLkhdh gF 6. fl gujhufSF mtj
jhuf jkJ gF gzij
KjL Ug ilJL.
Xus myJ KY ,Hf
nelyh.
7. gFf KjL br-tJ 7. CW clhF th- Fiw.
Cf mogilyhdJ.
vdnt
gzF
CW
clhF th- cL.
8.Wtd gFjhuf 8. mJ nghw cik VJ fl
gujhufSF ilahJ.
Tlf fyJ bfhL
XlF
cik
gF
jhufSF cL.
ruF Kjf/ gFf/ fl guf ,t thf w

eltoiff mls fja Egfis tU
vLJfhLf sF.
vLJfhL 1
7% ruFKj %. 100 Kfks 120 gFf
XuhL tUkhdij fLo.
Kfk (%.)
ML tUkhd (%.)
100
120 x 100
7
?
ML tUkhd= 120 x 100 x 7

100
= %. 840
274
vLJfhL 2
8% ruF Kj
ML tUkhd %. 80 ilF 8
bjhifia fhf.
:
tUkhd (%)
ruFKj (%)
8
80
100
?
ruF Kj
= 80 x 100
8
= %. 1,000
vLJfhL 3
%. 100 Kfks gFfis bfhl 6%
ruFKj/ ML tUkhd %. 360 bfhL thfgl
gFf vifia fhf.
:
tUkhd (%)
ruFKj(%)
6
360
ruFKj =
100
?
360 x 100 = Rs. 6,000
6
gFf vif = 6000 = 60.

100
vLJfhL 4
%. 100 Kfks 150 gFf ML tUkhd
%. 1200 v gF j fhf.
:
ruFKj (%)
150 x 100
100
tUkhd (%)
1200
?
275
tUkhd=
100
x 1200
150 x 100
= Rs. 8
gF j = 8%
vLJfhL 5
7% ruFKj %. 8400F vts
70, cs 7
thf Ko vW fLo.
:
KjL (%)
ruF Kj (%)
70
100
8400
ruFKj = 8,400 x 100

70
= %. 12,000
vLJfhL 6
10% f cs ruFKjiy %. 9000F xUt
thFwh. gFj 20% v mtj tUkhdij
fhf.
:
KjL (%)
tUkhd(%)
90
9000
20
?
tUkhd = 9,000 x 20
90
= %. 2,000
vLJfhL 7
4 % f cs 8 3 % ruFKj k %.9300 v
4
mj mlfiyia fhf.
276
:
ruF Kj (%)
mlf iy (%)
100
(100-4) = 96
9300
mlf iy
= 9,300 x 96
100
= %. 8,928
vLJfhL 8
KjoF 8% ilF 9% ruFKj mlf
iyia fhf.
:
tUkhd (%)
mlf iy (%)
100
mlf iy
= 9 x 100
8
= %. 112.50
vLJfhL 9
%. 7200F 6% ruFKj %. 100 Kfk
gFfis rush thdh.
mtUF %. 540 tUkhd
oaJ v xU g mlfiyia fhf.
:
tUkhd (%)
mlfiy (%)
540
7200
mlfiy
?
=
6 x 7200
540
= %. 80
277
vLJfhL 10
80, cs 20
20% ruFKj tUkhd j fhf.
:
KjL (%)
tUkhd (%)
80
100
tUkhd j
20
?
= 100 x 20
80
= 25%
vLJfhL 11
25
25% f cs 20
20% ruFKj tUkhd j
fhf.
:
KjL (%)
tUkhd (%)
(100-25) = 75
100
tUkhd j
20
?
= 100 x 20
75
= 26
2
3
vLJfhL 12
20% m f i y c s 2 0
0% r u F K j t U k h d
j fhf.
:
KjL (%)
tUkhd (%)
120
100
tUkhd j
20
?
= 100 x 20
120
= 16
2
3
%
278
vLJfhL 13
10% ruFKj gFf %.
%. 15 Kfks 10
10F ilFkhdh mj tUkhd j fhf.
:
KjL (%)
Kfk (%)
10
100
15
?
Kfk =
100 x 15
10
= %. 150
,bghGJ
Kfk (%)
tUkhd (%)
100
150
10
?
tUkhd j
= 150 x 10
100
= 15%
vLJfhL 14
vJ wj KjL? : 80, cs 7
7% ruF Kj
myJ 96, cs 99% ruFKj.
:
xbthU ruFKjY %. (80 x 96) KjL br-tjhbfhnth.
7% ruFKj
KjL (%)
tUkhd (%)
80
80 x 96
tUkhd =
80 x 96 x 7
80
= %. 672
279
9% ruFKj
KjL (%)
tUkhd (%)
96
80 x 96
tUkhd =
9
?
80 x 96 x 9
96
= %. 720
xnu KjoF 9% ruF Kj 7% ruFKjiy l mf

ML tUkhd LwJ.
96, cs 9% ruFKj wjJ.
vLJfhL 15
vJ wj KjL? : 140, cs 20
20% ruFKj
myJ 70, cs 10
10% ruFKj.
:
xbthU ruF KjY % . (140 x 70) KjL br-tjhbfhnth.
20% ruFKj
KjL (%)
tUkhd (%)
140
20
140 x 70
tUkhd =
140 x 70 x 20
140
= %. 1,400
10% ruFKj
KjL (%)
tUkhd (%)
70
140 x 70
tUkhd =
10
?
140 x 70 x 10
70
= %. 1,400
280
xnu KjoF ,U ruF KjfS rkkhd tUkhd

jUwd.
mit rkhd ruFKjfshF.
vLJfhL 16
92, cs %. 12/000 ks 6
6% ruFKjiy
xUt th iy 96 MFnghJ wh. mt mil
,yhg fhf.
:
ruFKj (%)
100
12000
,yhg
,yhg (%)
(96-92) = 4
?
= 12000 x 4
100
= %. 480
vLJfhL 17
105, tha %. 4250 ks ruFKjiy xUt
87, wh.
mt mil e l vts?
:
ruFKj (%)
el
el
100
(105-87) = 18
4250
= 4250 x 18
100
= %. 765
vLJfhL 18
%. 25 Kfks 400 gFfis 1
% juF bfhLJ
FnghJ ,uhk bfhLF bkhj juF bjhifia

fhf.
281
:
Kfk (%)
juF (%)
100
1
2
400 x 25
juF =
400 x 25 x 1
100
2
= %. 50
vLJfhL 19
%. 100 Kf ks 70 gFfis xUt tha
tif jufhf bfhLjJ %. 105 v juF j fhf.
:
Kfk (%)
juF (%)
70 x 100
100
juF j =
105
?
100 x 105
70 x 100
=1
1
2
vLJfhL 20
%.
iy
5/000
1
2
ks
ruFKjiy
1
2
% juF bfhLJ xUt thFwh. mj
ruFKj mlf iyia fhf.
:
Kfk (%)
mlfiy (%)
100
(100-9
5000
mlf iy
1
2
1
2
?
= 5000 x 91 = %. 4,550
100
282
) = 91
vLJfhL 21
2% juF bfhLJ/ %. 20/000 Kfks ruFKjiy
xUt 44
W ilF
44% mf iy wh.
bjhif vts?
:
Kfk (%)
WilF bjhif (%)
100
20,000
(100+44-2) = 142
?
W ilF bjhif =
20000 x 142
100
= %. 28,400
vLJfhL 22
%. 7/500F 15
15% ruFKjiy 18
18% mf iy
2 % juF bfhLJ xUt thFwh. tha ruF Kj
Kfkigia gF yhgbjhifia fhf.
:
mlfiy (%)
Kfk (%)
(100+18+2) = 120
100
7,500
Kfk =
?
7500 x 100
120
= %. 6,250
nkY
Kfk (%)
,yhg gF (%)
100
15
6,250
,yhg gF
?
= 6250 x 15
100
= %. 937.50
283
vLJfhL 23
,uhk %. 5/400F 9% ruF Kjiy 11% f
thdh 11% juF bfhLjh v mtj tUkhd rjj
fhf.
:
KjL (%)
tUkhd (%)
(100-11+1) = 90
100
tUkhd =
100 x 9
90
= 10%
vLJfhL 24
90, cs 9
1
2
% ruF Kj ,UJ %. 1938
tUkhd ilf njitahd KjL bjhif vts?

(juF
juF 11%)
:
tUkhd (%)
9
KjL (%)
1
2
(90+1) = 91
1938
KjL
?
=
1938
x 91
9 12
1938
19
2
x 91
= 1938 x 2
19
x 91
= %. 18,564
284
vLJfhL 25
80, c %. 9/000 ks 7
7% r u F K j i y f k
vgt W mj_y ilj gzij 120, cs
15% ruFKj KjL br-wh. mtuJ tUkhd
VgL khwij fhf.
:
7% ruFKj
ruFKj (%)
tUkhd (%)
100
9000
7
?
tUkhd = 9000 x 7
100
= %. 630----- (1)
nkY
ruFKj (%)
WilF bjhif %.
100
9000
80
?
WilF bjhif = 9000 x 80

100
= %. 7,200
15% ruFKj
KjL (%)
120
7,200
tUkhd (%)
15
?
tUkhd = 7200 x 15
120
= %. 900------------ (2)
(1), (2) ,tiw xL eh Ko br-tJ vdbt tUkhd
khw (mf) %. 270 MF vgjhF.

285
vLJfhL 26
Kfk %. 5000 cs 20
62%
20% ruF Kjiy xUt 62
mf iyF wh. W tj gzij bfhL 22
22%
f cs 15
15% ruFKjiy thFwh. mtj tUkhd
khw fhf. (juF
juF 2%)
:
20% ruFKj
Kfk (%)
tUkhd (%)
100
5,000
20
?
tUkhd = 5000 x 20
100
= %. 1,000
-------------- (1)
nkY
Kfk (%)
W ilF bjhif (%)
100
5,000
(162-2) = 160
?
WilF bjhif
= 5000 x 160
100
= %. 8,000
15% ruFKj
KjL (%)
(100-22+2)= 80
8,000
tUkhd (%)
15
?
tUkhd = 8000 x 15
80
%. 1,500 ------------ (2)
(1), (2) ,tiw xL eh Ko br-tJ vdbt tUkhd
khw (mf) %. 500 MF vgjhF.
286
vLJfhL 27
89, cs 12
12% ruF KjY 95, cs 8
8% ruF
KjY rkkhd bjhiff KjL br-agLwwd. (,U
eltoiffY 1% juF) 12% ruF Kj ,UJ
kwij fhoY %. 120 mf tUkhd ilFkhdh
xbthU ruF KjY KjL br-agl bjhiffis
fhf.
:
xbthU ruF KjY KjL br-agl bjhif %. x vf.
12% ruFKj
KjL (%)
tUkhd (%)
(89+1) = 90
x
12
?
tUkhd =
x
90
x 12
= %. 2 x
15
8% ruF Kj
KjL (%)
tUkhd (%)
(95+1) = 96
8
?
tUkhd =
x
96
x8
= %. x
12
fzgo
2x
15
- x
12
= 120
15, 12 ,t ..k. 60M bgUFf

ie. 8x - 5x = 7200
ie.
3x = 7200
ie.
x
= %. 2,400
287
vLJfhL 28
Uk nukh mtf 96, cs %.8/000 ks
7 % ruF Kjiy gj _y ilj bjhifia %. 100
Kfkila gFfis bfhl 10
10% ruF Kj KjL
br-jjh mtuJ tUkhd %. 80 mfjJ v 10%
ruFKj xU g mlf iyia fhf.
:
7% ruFKj
ruFKj (%)
tUkhd (%)
100
8,000
tUkhd = 8000 x 7
100
= %. 560
nkY
ruFKj (%) W ilF bjhif (%)
100
96
8,000
WilF bjhif
= 8000 x 96
100
= %. 7,680
10% ruFKj
tUkhd = %. (560 + 80) = %. 640.

tUkhd (%)
mlf iy (%)
640
7680
10
mlfiy
= 10 x 7680
640
= %. 120
288
vLJfhL 29
xU Wtd bkhj Kj %. 5/00/000 MF. ,J
6 % gFjK %. 100 Kfk cs 1000 KDik
gFfshf %. 100 Kfks 4/000 rhjh gFfshf
mikJsd. mj Wtd tUl ,yhg %. 40/000
v 100 KDik gFfis 200 rhjh gFfis
ths U. nfhgh mtf tUkhd fhf.
:
KDik gFf= %. (1,000 x 100)
= %. 1,00,000
rhjh gFf
= %. (4,000 x 100)
= %. 4,00,000
bkhj gFyhg = %. 40,000

KDik gFfSfhd ,yhg
gF (%)
gF,yhg (%)
100
1,00,000
gFyhg
?
= %. 6,000
rhjh gFfSF gFyhg

= %. (40,000 - 6,000)
= %. 34,000
KDik gFfUJ nfhgh bgW tUkhd
gF (%)
gF,yhg (%)
1,00,000
6,000
100 x 100
yhg gF
= 100 x 100 x 6,000

100000
= %. 600
289
rhjh gFfUJ nfhgh bgW tUkhd

gF (%)
gF,yhg (%)
4,00,000
200 x 100
yhg gF
34,000
?
= 200 x100 x 34,000
400000
= %. 1,700
nfhgh bgW bkhj tUkhd

= %. (600 + 1700)
= %. 2,300
vLJfhL 30
xU Wtd _yjd 16
16% gFj bfhl 50/000
KDik gFfis 25/000 rhjh gFfis
bfhljhf csJ. KDik kW rhjh gFf
xbth Kfk %. 10 MF. mj WtdF
i l j b k h j , y h g % . 1 / 6 0 / 0 0 0 , , U J % . 2 0 / 000
nr fh %. 10/000 kwf fhf
xJfgLwJ v rhjh gFjhufSF bfhLfgL
gFj fhf.
:
KDik gFf
= %. (50000 x 10)
= %. 5,00,000
rhjh gFf
= %. (25,000 x 10)
= %. 2,50,000
bkhj ,yhg gF
= %. (1,60,000 - 20,000 - 10,000)

= %. 1,30,000
KDik gFfSfhd ,yhg

gFf (%)
gF ,yhg (%)
100
5,00,000
16
?
290
yhg gF
= 500000 x 16
100
= %. 80,000
rhjh gFfSfhd ,yhg gF

= %. (1,30,000 - 80,000)
= %. 50,000
rhjh gFfSF
gFf (%)
,yhg gF (%)
2,50,000
50,000
100
gF j
100 x 50,000
250000
= 20%
9.2 x
j (NOMINAL RATE) bfhl fl

guf bk- tUkhd j
(EFFECTIVE RATE OF RETURN)
fl gufSfhd toahdJ X Mo xU jlitFnk

bfhLfglh mjF x j csJ vngh. mj x
jfhd bk-ahd tUkhd jij tU Nu _y
fhzyh.
E
F
M
[(1+
i k
k
,
E
= bk-tUkhd j
= fl gu Kfk
= fl guKfkF fuhd rij k
= MLF XuyF gzfhd x to
= XuhLF to mfgL jlitf.

291
vLJfhL 31
%. 100 Kf ks 15% fl gu 2% mf
iy ilwJ toahdJ fhyhLF xUKiw
mfgo bk- tUkhd j fhf.
klif fzLf
:
E
= F
= 100
102
= 100
102
= 100
102
[(1 +
[(1+
i k
k
log 1.0375 =
0.15 4
4
0.0161
4 x
-------0.0644
0.0644
1.160
=
=
1 .2041 +
antilog
[(1 + 0.0375) 1]
[(1 .0375 ) 1]
4
log 100
log 0.160
= 100 [1.160-1]
log 102
102
= 100 [0.160] = 0. 1569 = 15.69%

102
antilog
2.0000
-------1.2041
2.0086 -------.1955
.1955
= 0.1569
vLJfhL 32
%. 1000 Kfks 16
16% tha guf %. 990F
btlgLwd. toahdJ
miuahLF xUKiw
1
mfgo bk- tUkhd j fhf.
:
E
= F
= 1000
990
= 100
99
= 100
99
[(1 + ) 1]
[(1+ ) 1]
i k
k
0.16 2
2
[(1 + 0 .08 ) 1]
[(1.08 ) 1]
2
= 100 [1.166]
99
= 100 [0.166] = 0.1677 = 16.77 %

99
292
klif fzLf
log 1.08
= 0.0334
2 x
-------0.0668
antilog
0.0668
=
1.166
log 100
= 2.0000
log 0.166
=
.2201 +
-------1.2201
log 99
= 1.9956 -------.2245
antilog .2245
= 0.1677
g 9.1
1)
%. 25 Kfks 10 % ruFKj 300 gFf ML

tUkhdij fhf.
2)
%. 90 ML tUkhd jU 9 % ruFKj ruFKj

bjhifia fLo.
3)
%. 100 Kf ks/ %. 900 ML tUkhd jU ruF Kj

gFf vifia fhf.
4)
%. 6480F 90, cs 9% ruFKj vts thfyh?
5)
112 cs 7
% ruF Kj %. 22/400 KjL br-tjh
ilF ML tUkhd ahJ?

6)
4 % mfiy cs %. 9/000 ks 8 % ruFKj mlf

iy ahJ?
7)
120, cs 8 % ruFKj KjL br-tjh ilF tUkhd

j fhf.
8)
80, cs 12 % ruFKj 12Uzh KjL br-jh. tUkhd

j fhf.
9)
120, cs 15% ruF Kj tUkhd j fhf.
10)
10% f cs 18% ruF Kj tUkhd j fhf.
11)
4 % mf iy cs 8 % ruF Kj tUkhd j fhf.
12)
vJ wj KjL? : 120, cs 6% ruFKj myJ 95, cs

5% ruFKj.
13)
vJ wj KjL : 10 % mf iy cs 18% ruF Kj/ 4%

f cs 12% ruFKj?
14)
%. 70 Kfks 12% fl gu 10% f ilwJ v

mj tUkhd j fhf.
293
15)
90, cs %. 100 Kfks 18% flgu vts KjL

br-jh MLF %. 8/100 tUkhd L?
16)
%. 8/000I gF rij KjL br-J 10% Kfk %. 100 cs

gFfis bfhl ruFKjiy xUt thdh. mtUF
% . 500 tUkhd LwJ v thfgl gF x
mlfiyia fhf.
17)
U. rkh mtf %. 3900F 5% ruFKj thdh. mtUF

%. 150 ML tUkhd iljJ v tha ruFKj
mlfiyia fhf.
18)
105, tha %. 4/500 ks ruFKjiy 90, gjh xUt

mil el vts?
19)
%. 100 Kfks jdJ 350 gFfis 1
1
2
% juF j
U. fnz FnghJ mt bfhLF juF bjhif fhf.

20)
%. 10 Kfks 500 gFfis thf U. unk %. 100 juF gz

bfhLjhbu juF j fhf.
21)
%. 6050F 1% juF bfhLJ 9% mf iys 8% ruFKj

vts kF thfyh?
22)
14% mf iy %. 1/035F 10 % ruF Kjiy 1 % juF bfhLJ.

xUt thFwh/ Kfkig gF bjhifia fhf.
23)
102, cs %. 10/000 Kfks 20 % ruFKjiy U. n#

wh. W tj gzij bfhL 12 % f cs 15 %
ruFKjiy thFwh. juF 2% v mt tUkhd khwij
fhf.
24)
80, cs %. 9/000 ks 7 % ruFKjiy Uk. Rth

wh. W tj gzij 15% ruFKj KjL br-jjh
mtuJ tUkhd %. 270 mfkhdh 15% ruFKj xU g
mlf iyia fhf.
294
25)
U. ghf %.34/000I 80, cs 8% ruFKj xU gFia

ia 90, cs 7
1
2
% ruFKj KjL br-wh. mtuJ
ML tUkhd %. 3/000 v xbthU tif ruF KjY mt

KjL br-jJ vts?
26)
xU Wtd bkhj _yjd %. 3/00/000/ , csJ 10 %

gFj bfhl 1/000 KDik gFf. kwJ rhjh gFf.
X Mo mj Wtd %. 20/000 ,yhg gF bjhif bfhLf
Ko br-jJ. vyh gFf Kfk jyh %. 100 v rhjh
gFf gFj fhf.
27)
xU 16% gF gu 5% f btlgLwJ. to MLF

,UKiw mfgLkhdh bk- tUkhd jij fhf.
g 9.2
Vila ilia bj br-f

1)
100 Kfks ruFKj mf iy fgLwJ. mj

rij iy
(a) 90
(b) 120
(c) 100
(d) , VJiy
2)
%. 100 Kfks gF 110F gidahwJ 1% juF

bfhLfglh xU g mlf iy
(a) 109
(b) 111
(c) 100
(d) , VJiy
3)
100 Kfks gF 110F fgLwJ 1% juF

mfgLkhdh xU gF W tj gz
(a) 109
(b) 111
(c) 100
(d) , VJiy
4)
gF j fzl mogilahf bfhsgLtJ

(a) Kf k
(b) rij k (c) _yjd (d) , VJiy
108, cs ruFKjiy thf %. 8100KjL br-agLwJ.
thfgl ruFKj
(a) %. 7,500
(b) % . 7,000
(c) %. 7,300 (d) % . 7,800
5)
295
6)
7)
8)
102, cs %i. 5000 ks ruFKjiy thf njitahd

KjL
(a) % . 6,000
(b) % . 5,300
(c) %. 5,200 (d) % . 5,100
%. 10/000 ruFKjiy 10% mf iy gjh ilF
bjhif
(a) %. 12,000
(b) % . 11,000
(c) %. 6,000 (d) %. 12,500
90, cs 9% ruFKj tUkhd j
(a) 10%
9)
11)
(d) 8%
(b) 15%
(c) 7%
(d) 28%
%. 100 Kfkila gFfis bfhl 10%. ruF Kjiy thf

U. uh gF rij %.8/000 KjL br-wh. mtUF %.200
tUkhd iljh mt tha gF x mlf iy
(a) %. 280
(b) % . 250
(c) % . 260
(d) %. 400
150, cs 9% ruF Kj tUkhd j
(a) 6%
12)
(c) 6%
rkk cs %.200 Kfks 14% flgu tUkhd

j
(a) 14%
10)
(b) 9%
(b) 10%
(c) 6.75%
(d) 6.5%
3% ruFKj 4% tUkhd j v mj rijiy

(a) % . 75
(b) % . 133
(c) %. 80
(d) %. 120
296
a
(STATISTICS)
10
10.1 ika nghfsitf

(MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY)
ruhr vgJ bkhjtuf uJt k MFpp

- Knu R. f (Murray R.Speiegel)
ruhrf vdgL ikanghfsitf/ bkhj tufis
ugw xiw kig jUwd. bkhj tufS rkkhd
myJ rkkw kfis cilajhf ,UF.
ika nghfsitf/ ,lmsLf (Measures of Location)
vW tHfgLwJ.
bghJthf X kh flj tuf (observation)
mtuf cs VnjD xU ika kig neh efJ FwJ
vgJ flaLwJ. cjhuzkhf/ khztf cau (br..)
mla tu bgUghikahd kf 160 br.liu R
miktij czuyh. ,khahd/ VnjD xU ika kig vyh
tufS R Fw nghF ikanghF vW bga.
,ika kig kl ikanghfsitf KaYwd.
ruhr msitf gytiff cL mitahtd
(i)
TL ruhr (Arithmetic Mean)
(ii)
,iliy (Median)
(iii) KfL (Mode)
(iv) bgUF ruhr (Geometric Mean)
(v)
,irruhr (Harmonic Mean)
a ruhrf KakhdjhF. lhl. A.L. bgs
(Bowley) `àiy ruhrf ma vW FLtJ f
bghUjkhdjhf ,UFpp vW T ruhrf KaJtij
ssh.
297
ghit : glh tuf (Raw Data)

x1, x2,... xn vw jj flj kfSF
(i)
TLruhr = x =
(ii)
,iliy
= n xiw gil v v/ eL cW k
= n ,uil gil v v/
(iii)
KfL
= bgUghikahf fHToa k
,U eL cWf ruhr
vLJfhL 1
fl tufSF/ ruhr/ ,iliy/ KfL
Mait fhf.
3, 6, 7, 6, 2, 3, 5, 7, 6, 1, 6, 4, 10, 6
:
ruhr = x =
=
3 + 6 + 7 + .... + 4 + 10 + 6
= 5.14
14
,iliy :
nkFLs kfis VWtir (,wFtir)
mikf.
1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,x7,fx
x 7, 10
N
n
,F n = 14, vgJ ,uilgil v.
,iliy = ,U eL cWf ruhr
=6
KfL
=6(
6 vw k bfhLfgLs tuf 5
Kiw ftjh)
bjhFfgl tuf (jj

jj
jj)
fbtfis bfhl xU bjhF cs x1, x2, ... xn vw

kfSF
, ,F N = f
(i)
TLruhr
(ii)
,iliy
= N
2 F rW ifahd F miy
(iii)
KfL
btQF bjhlila x - k
= ifahd fbtQF ,izahd x- k.
298
vLJfhL 2
fl tufSF ruhr/ ,iliy/ KfL
Mait fh.
k (x)
0
1
2
3
4
5
fbt (f) 8
10
11
15
21
25
:
x
f
fx
cf
0
8
0
8
ruhr =
1
10
10
18
2
11
22
29
3
15
45
44
4
21
84
65
5
25
125
90
N = f = 90
fx = 285
fx
N
= 3.17
,iliy :
N = f = 90
N
90
= 2 = 45
2
N
2 = 45-F rW ifahd F fbt 65 MF.
F fbt 65-F ,izahd x- k 4 MF.

,iliy = 4
fd
( N x c)
KfL :
,F ifahd fbt 25 MF. ifahd fbtQF

,izahd x- k 5 MF.
KfL = 5
10.1.1 bjhl miybt gutYfhd TLruhr
,Kiw TLruhr fhz Nu.
= A+
,F A = VnjD xU trahd _y (
miybt ika kfYUJ
njbjLfyh).
d
x -A
vgJ xnth ika kfUJ
c
vLfgl yf
299
= ,ilbt
N = f = miybtf TLj
vLJfhL 3
fltF TLruhr fh
kbg
20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
khztf
vif
5
8
12
15
6
4
:
x -A
kbg
khztf ikak d = c
vif
x
A=55, c=10
fd
20-30
25
-3
-15
30-40
35
-2
-16
40-50
12
45
-1
-12
50-60
15
55
60-70
65
70-80
75 Nfd x c 2
N = f = 50
fd = -29
TLruhr
= A+
= 55 + -29
50 x 10
= 49.2
vLJfhL 4
fltF TLruhr fh
Ca (%.)
: 100-119 120-139 140-159 160-179 180-199
bjhyhsf
vif :
18
21
300
13
:
Ca bjhyhsf ika k d = x - A
c
vif
f
fd
A=149.5, c=20
100-119
120-139
140-159
18
21
13
109.5
129.5
149.5
-2
-1
0
-36
-21
0
160-179
169.5
180-199
189.5
N = f = 60
fd = -46
= A+
= 149.5 +
( -46
)
60 x 20 = 134.17
10.1.2 bjhl miybt gut ,iliy
bjhl miybt gut mjhtJ bjhFfgl tuf

miybtf ,UFbghGJ/ ,iliyasit fhQ
Nuij gagL bgw Ko.
,iliy = l +
,F l
m
f
c
N
=
=
=
=
=
N
m
2
( Nfd x c )
x c
,iliy tu
,iliy rnw Ka F miybt
,iliy cs miybt
,iliyF <lhd ,ilbt
f = miybtf TLj
vLJfhL 5
fQ gut ,iliy Caij fhf.
Ca (%
% .) :
bjhyhsf
vif
vif:
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
20
10
301
:
Ca
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
,F
bjhyhsf
F miybt
c.f.
3
5
20
10
5
N = f = 43
3
8
28
38
43
N
43
2 = 2 = 21.5
21.5-F rW ifahd F miybt 28 MF. ,F

miybtF <lhd ,iliy 40-50 MF.
l = 40, m = 8, f = 20, c = 10
,iliy = l +
= 40 +
N
2
-m
f xc
(21.5-8
x 10)
20
= %. 46.75
vLJfhL 6
X mYtyfYs egf ,iliy vilia
fhQ tufUJ fhf.
vil (..
..
..)
:
vif:
egf vif
:
60-62
20
63-65 66-68
113
138
vil
egf vif
60-62
63-65
66-68
69-71
72-74
20
113
138
130
19
f = 420
N=
302
F
miybt
20
133
271
401
420
69-71 72-74
130
19
,F
N
420
2 = 2 =210
N
2 = 210- F
rW ifahd F miybt 271 MF.

,F fbtF <lhd ,iliy 66 - 68 MF. ,j
,iliy it 65.5 - 68.5 vW khw br-J bfhs.
l = 65.5 , m = 133 , f = 138 , c = 3
N2 m x c
,iliy = l + f
= 65.5 +
( 210138-133 x 3) = 67.2 .uh.
10.1.3 bjhl miybt gut KfL
bjhl miybt gutYfhd Kfoid fhQ Nuij

gagL bgwyh.
f -f
1 0
KfL = l + 2f -(f + f ) x c
1 0
2
,F l = KfL ,ilbt tu
f1 = KfL ,ilbt cs fbt
f0 = KfL ,ilbtF rnjw Ka ,il
btfhd miybt.
f2 = KfL ilbtF rnw a ,il
btfhd miybt
c =
KfL ,ilbtu } ,ilbt.
cfUJ :
y neuf ruhr kW ,iliy MatUJ Kfil

fLofyh. rk gut/ ruhr/ ,iliy kW KfL Ma
_W bghU (xWgL) ,UF. rkuw gutyhf ,Ujh/
ruhr/ ,iliy kW KfL Mait fhQ mDgt bjhlF
cgoUF.
303
TLruhr - KfL = 3(TLruhr - ,iliy)

=> KfL = 3 ,iliy - 2 TLruhr
vLJfhL 7
tU tufSF Kfil fhf.
dT (%.
%.
%.) :
50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
bjhyhsf
vif :
35
60
78
110
80
:
cr miybt = 110, ,tiybt 80-90 vD

,ilbt csJ. Mf KfL ,ilbt 80-90 MF.
l = 80, f1 = 110, f0 = 78; f2 = 80; c = 10.
(
(
f -f
1 0
KfL = l + 2f -(f + f ) x c
1 0
2
110-78
= 80+ 2(110)-(78+80) x 10
= %. 85.16
10.1.4 bgUF ruhr
(i)
n kf bgUF ruhrbagJ/ n kf
bgUF bjhif n- MtJ tf _ykhF.
mjhtJ/ X u (set) cs x1, x 2 .....x n vw n jj

cWf bgUF ruhrahdJ
n
x1 . x2 . x3 ... xn myJ (x1. x2 .....xn) 1/n MF.
cfUJ :
log G = log (x1, x2..........xn)1/n
1
= n log (x1, x2..........xn)

1
log G = n log xi
i=1
304
log G =
logx
n
bgUF ruhr = G = Antilog
( )
logx
n
vLJfhL 8
3, 6, 24, 48 Mat bgUFruhr fhf.
:
bfhLfgLs kfis x vf.
x
log x
0.4771
0.7782
24
1.3802
48
1.6812
log x= 4.3167
G.M. = 11.99
(ii)
jj fbt gut/ mjhtJ if x1, x2....x n vw n

khf fbtf Kiwna f 1, f2, f n vwh/ mj
bgUF ruhrahdJ,
G = x f1 x f 2 ... x f n
1
2
n
1
N
, N = f = f1 + f2 + ... +fn
cfUJ :
1
log G = N log x1 1 x 2
f2
... x n
fn
= N [f1 log x1 + f2 log x2 + ..... + fn log xn]

1
= N fi log xi
305
log G =
f i logx i
N
G = Antilog
fi logx i
N
vLJfhL 9
fhQ tufSF bgUF ruhria fhf.
x
f
:
:
x
10
15
25
40
50
f
4
6
10
7
3
10
4
15
6
25
10
40
7
50
3
:
log x
1.0000
1.1761
1.3979
1.6021
1.6990
f logx
4.0000
7.0566
13.9790
11.2147
5.0970
N = f = 30
G
f logx = 41.3473
= Antilog
= Antilog
( 41.3473
)
30
f logx
N
= Antilog (1.3782)
= 23.89
(iii)
bjhl miybt gutYfhz bgUF ruhr vgJ

G = Antilog
f logx
N
, N = f kW x vgJ ,ilbtf eLk

vLJfhL 10
tU tufSF bgUF ruhr fhf.
kbgf
kbgf: 0-10
khztf :
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
15
25
306
:
kbg khztf ika k
f
x
0 10
5
5
10 20
7
15
20 30
15
25
30 40
25
35
40 50
8
45
N = f = 60
G
= Antilog
= Antilog
(84.5243
)
60
f logx
N
log x
f log x
0.6990
3.4950
1.1761
8.2327
1.3979
20.9685
1.5441
38.6025
1. 6532
13.2256
f log x = 84.5243
= Antilog (1.4087) = 25.63

cfUJ :
bfhLfgL tufSF G.M. A.M. mjhtJ/ bfUF

ruhr < TLruhr
10.1.5 , i r r u h r
(i)
gy cWf ,irruhrbagJ/ mcWf jiy
kf (reciprocals) TLruhr jiy k MF.
x1, x2... xn vgd cWfshf ,Ujh/ x1 , x1 , ..., x1 . Mait
1
2
n
cWf jiy kfshF. ,jiy kf

TLj =
1
x
(1x ) MF kW ,t TLruhr = n
MF.
vdnt cWf jiy kf TLruhr

jiy k = n1

x
H =
n
1

x
307
vLJfhL 11
6, 14, 21, 30 Mat ,ir ruhraia fhf.
:
x
1
x
6
14
21
30
0.1667
0.0714
0.0476
0.0333
1 = 0.3190
x
H = n1
x
4
= 12.54
0.3190
,ir ruhr H = 12.54

(ii)
jj miybt gutYF/ mjhtJ x 1, x 2.....x n vw

khf miybtf Kiwna f 1 , f 2 , .....f n vwh/
,irruhr H vgJ/
H=
1
f1 f 2
fn
x1 + x 2 +...+ x n
1
N
N
1
=
( xf )
xf
( ) , N = f
vLJfhL 12
tU tufSF ,irruhria fhf.
x:
10 12
14
16
18
20
f:
5
18
20
10
6
1
:
x
10
12
14
16
18
20
5
18
20
10
6
1
N = f= 60
f
x
0.5000
1.5000
1.4286
0.6250
0.3333
0.0500
f = 4.4369
x
308
(iii)
f
x

60 = 13.52
4.4369
bjhl fbt gut ,ir ruhrbagJ

H=
N
xf
( ) MF.
, F N = f kW x = ,ilbtf eLk
vLJfhL 13
tU tufSF ,ir ruhria fhf.
cWf ms : 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
cWf : 12
15
22
18
10
:
ms
f
x
50-60
12
35
0.2182
60-70
15
65
0.2308
70-80
22
75
0.2933
80-90
18
85
0.2118
90-100
10
95
0.1053
f = 1.0594
N = f = 77
H = N = 77 = 72.683
1.0594
xf
cfUJ :
bfhLfgL tufSF
(i)
H.M. G.M. => ,ir ruhr < bgUF ruhr
(ii)
H.M. G.M. A.M.

=> ,irruhr < bgUFruhr < TLruhr
(iii)
(A.M.) x (H.M.) = (G.M.)2

=> TLruhr x ,irruhr = (bgUFruhr)2
309
g 10.1
1)
nH bfhLfgLs bjhF cs cWfSF TLruhr

fhf.
25, 32, 28, 34, 24, 31, 36, 27, 29, 30.
fl tufSF TLruhr fhf.

taJ
:
8
10
12
15
bjhyhsf
vif :
5
7
12
6
2)
18
10
bfhLfgLs xU o cs egf TLruhria

fhf.
xbthU oYs egf
vif
: 2
3
4
5
6
{Lf vif : 10
25
30
25
10
3)
yf Kiwia gagL TL ruhr fhf.

kbgf
: 40
50
54
60
68
khztf vif: 10
18
20
39
15
4)
80
8
nH bfhLfgLs tufSF mDgt bjhlig gagL

TLruhr/ ,iliy/ kW KfL fhf.
kbgf : 0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
khztf vif: 5
10
25
30
20
10
5)
6)
7)
fhQ fbt gutYF TLruhr/ ,iliy/ kW KfL

fhf.
viy : 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89
fbt : 5
9
14
20
25
15
8
4
fhQ bjhF cs cWfSF ,iliy fhf.
37, 32, 45, 36, 39, 31, 46, 57, 27, 34, 28, 30, 21
8)
,iliy fhf. 57, 58, 61, 42, 38, 65, 72, 66.
fhQ miybt gutYF ,iliy fhf.

dT (%. )
: 5
10
15
20
egf vif (f) : 7
12
37
25
9)
25
22
30
11
10 khztf bgw kbgf nH bfhLfgLsd.

,iliy fhf.
kbgf (10-F)
: 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
khztf vif: 1
5
6
7
10
15
11
5
10)
310
11)
12)
fhQ tufSF ,iliy fhf.

kbgf: 10-25
25-40
40-55
55-70
fbt :
6
20
44
26
85-100
1
fhQ tufSF ,iliy fLof.
viy :1-10
fbt : 3
13)
70-85
3
11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90

7
13
17
12
10
91-100
6
fhQ bjhF cs tufSF KfL fhf.

41, 50, 75, 91, 95, 69, 61, 53, 69, 70, 82, 46, 69.
14)
15)
fltF KfL fhf.

Jfmsf:
22
jahfgl n#hof
vif: 10
28
30
32
34
22
48
102
55
fhQ gutYF KfL fhf.

ms
:
10
11
12
13
fbt:
10
12
15
19
14
20
15
8
16
4
17
3
18
2
16)
fhQ gutYF KfL fhf.

viy : 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50
fbt :
4
12
16
22
10
8
6
4
17)
fl tufSF bgUF ruhr fhf.

35, 386, 153, 125, 118, 1246
18)
fl tufSF bgUF ruhr fhf.

k
:
10
12
15
20
fbt:
2
3
10
8
50
2
19)
fl gut/ 60 khztf mfl ghl bgw

kbgfnshL bjhl bfhLsJ.
kbgf :
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50 50-60
khztf :
3
8
15
20
10
4
bgUF ruhr fhf.
20)
fhQ tufSF ,ir ruhr fhf.

2, 4, 6, 8 10
21)
,ir ruhr fhf.

msf :
6
fbt:
4
7
6
311
8
9
9
5
10
2
11
8
22)
fhQ tufSF/ ,ir ruhr fhf.

viy :
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
fbt :
4
6
10
7
50-60
3
10.2 gutif / jw msf

(MEASURES OF DISPERSION)
cWfSF
cWfSF fhzgLw ntWgho ms gutif
/ jwyhF
jwyhF - A.L. bgs
jj cWfis bfhl bjhF}/ vyh

cWfS rkkhf ,UfhJ. cWfSilna ahr myJ
ntWghL fhzgL. cjhuzkhf/ X F cs khztf
bgw kbgfis eh nehdh/ mbkbgfSilna
cs ahrij } ntWghil v fhz Ko.
rW K eh thj bghJ ruhrf myJ ika
nghfsitf/ tuf bghJthd msit (iynghif)
kLnk Fwd. ju/ xU bjhF myJ gut mls
jj cWfSilna cs jw jikia bjgiy.
Mifah/ cWfSF fhzgL ntWgho msit kL
(msj) br-tjF/ gutif msf } jw msf vW
miHfgL/ ntW y msf gagLwd.
Fghf/ bfhLfgl (gu tif msf } jw msf)
xUgut cs jj cWfSilna fhzgLw
ntWghLmyJ gutif } jw Matiw fhLof
cjwd. tuf (data) ntWghil (gutif}jw)/
gut cs ika k (bghJ ruhr) myJ VnD xU trahd
_y myJ VnjD kw k Matiw bghUJ bjJ
bfhsyh.
,uL myJ mjF nkgl gutfSfhd ruhr myJ
,iliy kW KfL Mait rkkhf ,Ufyh. Mdh xU
bjhl cs jj cWf bgJ ntWgoUF. cjhuzkhf/
Gs ,U khztf bgw kbgfis vLJbfhnth.
312
khzt I
68
72
63
67
70
340
ruhr 68
khzt II
82
90
82
21
65
340
ruhr 68
,U khztfS xnu ms nj cilatf vW Ko

br-tJ jtwhF/ Vbd khzt-II/ xU jh (ghl) nj
bgwiy vgJ cik. nkY/ khzt- I- kbgfS
ilna cs ntWghL (ahr)/ khzt-II- kbgfSF
fhzgL ntWghill Fiw vgJ ftfjfJ. Fiwthd
ntWghL vgJ wghd Fzhrakhjyh khzt- I vyh
ghlfY rkms nj bgwtuhUwh.
,thwhf/ tuf cik iyia/ Kakhd
Fzhrafis btbfhzttjF/ ika nghfsitf
nghJkhdjhf ,iy vgJ bjthwJ. vdnt gu tif msf
} jw msf vd miHfgLw/ ntW y msf
njitahwd.
10.2.1 R
R vgJ bgUkF/ WkF ,ilnas ntWghL

MF.
Fo/
R = L - S
,F L = bgUk (bgUk)
S = Wk (Wk)
RbfG =
L -S
L +S
vLJfhL 14
tUtdtF R kW RbfG fhf.
6
8
5
10
11
12
313
:
L = 12
(bgUk)
S =5
(Wk)
=L-S=7
RbfG =
L -S = 0.4118
L +S
vLJfhL 15
tU gutYF R kW RbfG fhf.
ms
20 - 22 23 - 25
vif
26 - 28
19
29 - 31 32 - 34
42
27
:
bfhLfgoUgJ X bjhl gutyhF. Mfnt fl
Kiwia gWnth.
,F L = nk ika k
L = 32 + 34 = 33
2
S = ika k
S = 20 + 22 = 21
RbfG =
= L - S = 12
L -S = 0.22
L +S
10.2.2 lyf / juyf (Standard Deviation)
kf TLruhraUJ vLfgl yff

ruhr tf_y/ lyf MF.
.. vgJ l yf RUfkhf (kh) vw
Fil lyfij Ff gagLjgLwJ.
lyf tfij/ gutgo (variance) 2 vw Flh
FfgLwJ.
314
(i)
glh tufSF lyf fzLj

d 2
n
,F d = x - x
n = cWf vif
vLJfhL 16
fhQ tufSF lyf fhf.
75, 73, 70, 77, 72, 75, 76, 72, 74, 76
:
x
75
73
70
77
72
75
76
72
74
76
x = 740
=
d=x-
d2
1
-1
-4
3
-2
1
2
-2
0
2
d = 0
1
1
16
9
4
1
4
4
0
4
d2 = 44
x x
n
740
= 10 = 74
lyf
=
(ii)
d 2
n
44
10
= 2.09
g l h t u f S F l y f f h Q j (T
TL
ruhria gagLjhk
gagLjhk)
,Kiw lyfij fhQ Nu ahbj

=
( ) ( )
x 2
n
x 2
n
315
vLJfhL 17
fl u cs cWfSF lyf fhf.
1, 3, 5, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 2.
:
bfhLfgLs cWfis x vf.
x
: 1 3 5 4 6 7 9 8 10 2
x2
: 1 9 25 16 36 49 81 64 100 4
,F x = 55
x2 = 385
(iii)
( ) ( )
(385
) (1055 )2
10
x 2
n
x 2
n
= 2.87
yf Kiwia gagL glh tufSF

lyf fhQj
A vgij VnjD xU trahd _ykhf vLJbfhlh/
=
( ) ( )
d 2
n
d 2
n
,F d = x - A
A = VnjD xU cWahd _y
d2 = tf yff TLj
d = yff TLj
n = cWf vif
vLJfhL 18
nH bfhLfgLs tufSF/ l yf
fhf.
25, 32, 53, 62, 41, 59, 48, 31, 33, 24.
:
A = 41 vW vLJbfhs
x:
25 32 53
62
41
d = x -A -16 -9 12
21
0
d2
256 81 144 441
0
316
59
18
324
48
7
49
31
-10
100
33
-8
64
24
-17
289
,F d = - 2
d2 = 1748
( ) ( )
(1748
) (10-2 )2
10
=
(iv)
d 2
n
d 2
n
= 13.21
bjhFfgl jj tufSF lyf

fhQj
,Kiw
fd 2
N
=
vLJfhL
tU
x
6
f:
7
:
19
tufSF lyf fhf.
9
12
15
18
12
13
10
8
fx
6
9
12
15
18
7
12
13
10
8
42
108
156
150
144
N=
f =50
d=x-6
-3
0
3
6
d2
fd2
36
252
108
0
90
288
xfx
9
N
0
9
36
fx = 600
fd2 = 738
= 600 = 12
50
=
(v)
, d = x - x
fd 2 =
N
738 = 3.84
50
bjhFfgl bjhl tufSF jnfh ruhria

gagLjkh lyf fhQj
,Kiw
=cx
fd2
N
2
(Nfd ) , d =
317
x -A
c
vLJfhL 20
tU tufSF lyf fhf.
,ilbt : 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
miyba : 8
12
17
14
9
7
4
:
A = 35 vW vLJbfhs.
fbt
,ilbt
f
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
ika
d = x-A
c
k x
8
12
17
14
9
7
4
5
15
25
A35
45
55
65
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
fd2
N
-24
-24
-17
0
9
14
12
72
48
17
0
9
28
36
(Nfd )
210
71
= 10 x
fd 2
fd=-30 fd2=210
N=
f = 71
=cx
fd
30
)
(-71
= 16.67
10.2.3. khWjbfG / khWghL bfG (Co-efficient of variation)

khWj bfG } khWghLbfG/ C.V. vW FfgL
tHfgLwJ.
C.V. = ( x 100)%
x
cfUJ :
(i)
khWghLbfG vgJ X j MF. ,ij
gagL ,uL myJ mjF nkgl gutiy xlyh.

(ii)
khWghLbfG Fiwthf cs f bghUjkhdJ

myJ f iyahdJ vW/ khWghLbfG mfkhf
cs f ntWghLsJ myJ Fiwthd
bghUjKssJ vW tHfgLwJ.
318
vLJfhL 21
,uL efuf fhzgL X Fl bghU
iyf nH bfhLfgLsJ.
efu A: 40
80
70
48
52
72
68
56 64 60
efu B: 52
75
55
60
63
69
72
51 57 66
vj efu iy f iyahdjhf csJ?
:
efu A efu B dx =x- x dy=y40
80
70
48
52
72
68
56
64
60
52
75
55
60
63
69
72
51
57
66
-21
19
9
-13
-9
11
7
-5
3
-1
-10
13
-7
-2
1
7
10
-11
-5
-4
= 610 =61
y=
= 620 = 62
10
xy xy
n
10
x =
1338 = 11.57
10
y =
634 = 7.96
10
x
x 100
x
= 11.57 = 18.97%
61
C.V. (y)
d2y=(y-
441
361
81
169
81
121
49
25
9
1
100
169
49
4
1
49
100
121
25
16
d2x = 1338
x=610
y=620
C.V. (x)
d2x=(x- )2
y
x 100
y
= 7.96 = 12.84 %
62
319
d 2y = 634
)2
Ko :
xLj, C.V. (y) < C.V (x)
efu B- iy f iyahdjhf csJ.
g 10.2
1)
fhQ tufSF R/ kW RbfG fhf.

(a)
(b)
12, 8, 9, 10, 4, 14, 15

35, 40, 52, 29, 51, 46, 27, 30, 30, 23.
2)
fhQ tufSF R kW RbfG fhf.

msf
:
60-62
63-65
66-68
69-71
72-74
vif :
5
18
42
27
8
3)
fhQ tufSF R kW fbfG fhf.

T ( %.)
: 35-45 45-55
55-65
65-75
75-85
bjhyhsf
vif : 18
22
30
6
4
4)
XU bjhF cs vfSF lyf fLof

3, 8, 6, 10, 12, 9, 11, 10, 12, 7.
5)
yF Kiwia gagL/ fhQ bjhF cs

cWfSF lyf fhf.
45, 36, 40, 36, 39, 42, 45, 35, 40, 39.
6)
fhQ tufSF (i) TLruhr (ii) yf Kiw

(iii) neKiw Matiw gagL lyf fhf.
25, 32, 43, 53, 62, 59, 48, 31, 24, 33
7)
fhQ tufSF lyf fhf.

x
f
8)
9)
:
:
1
3
2
7
3
10
lyfij fhf.
xU Ml bgw
nfhf vif : 0
Mlf vif : 1
4
3
1
2
5
2
2
4
3
3
4
0
fhQ bjhl gutYF lyfij fhf.

viy :
4-6
6-8
8-10
10-12
12-14
fbt :
10
17
32
21
20
320
5
2
10)
fhQ gutYfhd l yfij fhf.

tUlhu yhg (nfho): 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
tf vif : 10
14
25
48
tUlhu yhg (nfho): 100-120 120-140 140-160
tf vif : 33
24
16
11)
fltF khWghL bfGit fLof.

40 41 45 49 50 51 55 59 60 60
12)
nHs/ xU thu jf iyUJ/ vj efu

iy f iyahdjhf csJ vgij fhf.
efu A : 498
500
505
504
502
509
efu B : 500
505
502
498
496
505
13)
fhQ tufUJ/ vj t k f iyahdjhf

csJ vgij fLof.
x : 55 54
y: 108 107
52
105
53
105
56
106
58
107
52
104
50
103
51
49
104 101
10.3. fjf
(CONCEPT OF PROBABILITY)
fl nrhjidfis gyid br-

(i)
xU gij/ Fl cauUJ nH nghLj
(ii)
xU nfhig gh/ xU njfuo rfiuia nrj
(iii) vw beU bgnuhiy CWj
nkTa xbthU nrhjidY/ Ko myJ isf
rakhdJ kW KTona TwToa tifia rhjJ. mjhtJ/
nrhjid (i)- gJ ra ia bjhL vgJk/ nrhjid (ii)-
rfiu gh ra fiu vgJ/ kW nrhjid (iii)- bgnuh
ra vJL vgJ nrhjidF Kng bjj isfjh.
Mdh y nrhjidfshd
(i)
Njhl rfuij RWj
(ii)
LfoUJ X il vLj
(iii) xU ehzaij RoLj
(iv) xU gfilia Rj
nghwt Ko myJ isf rakwit.
321
cjhuzkhf/ xU ehzaij RLbghGJ/ jiy myJ

vw ,uL rhjfkhdisf kLjh vgJ xbthUtUF
bj. Mdh ,j ,uL isf/ ,Jjh ra
isaToaJ vW vj xU eguhY KTona Tw ,ayhJ.
mijngnw xU gfil dh 1 myJ 2 myJ .... 6 vw MW
rhjfkhd isf vgJ ra Mdh ,j MW isf
vj xU is/ ciknyna isaToaJ vgij cWahf
ekh Tw ,ayhJ.
,jifa nrhjidf vyh bjgLw f
elgjFa th-ig fjf vd miHnwh.
,fjf/ f elgjFa th-id xU v _ykhf
twJ.
rakw Niy eljgL nrhjid btghLfSF
vQUit bfhLgjF fjf jJt mKfgLjglJ.
a mogilfS xwhd/ fjf VHh
who/ gja isahLf _y MugkhdJ. Mdh fhy
bry/ bry fjf gaghL mfkhf kjth vyh
iyfY KaJt bgWtij mnth.
10.3.1 mogil fUJUf

rkth-s nrhjid (Random Experiment)
(i)
isfis}Kofis cila vj xU braiy nrhjid

vnwh.
rkth-s nrhjid vgJ
(i)
vj xU nrhjid vyhisfS KTona
bjUjh
(ii)
Fl vd isit xU nrhjid VgLJ vgJ
KTona bjahUjh
(iii) xnu khahd gjid/ xU nrhjidia Ug
Ug br-jh.
(ii)
f (Event)
xU nrhjid vyh isfis ff vnwh.

322
(iii)
TWbt (Sample Space)
xU nrhjid/ fHToa xbthU is bjhFig/

mnrhjid TWbt MF.
mTWbt S vW
FfgLwJ.
(iv)
xiwbahW yF ff (Mutually Exclusive events)
ff/ VjhtJ xW fGbghGJ kw f

VglhjthW jilgLnkahdh/ mff xiwbahWyF
ff vdTwyh. mjhtJ/ ,uL myJ mjF nkgl
xiwbahW yF ff xnu rka xnu nrhjid
eilbgwKoahJ.
cjhuzF
52 Lfis bfhl foUJ xU il vLgjhf
bfhnth. , VglToa tU ffis A kW B vW
gf
A
: ng L vf.
B
: Aho L vf.
,j ,U A kW B ff xiwbahW yF
ffshF. Vbd vLfgl L ng Mf/ Aho
Mf ,Uf KoahJ
(v)
rhyh ff (Independent events)
ff (,uL myJ nkgl)/ VglToa myJ

VglKoah f xW/ kw ff xbthW VgLtij
jLfhkUFkhdh/ mff midJ rhyh
ffshF.
vLJfhlhf
xU ehzaij RLbghGJ/ Kj RLj VglToa
`jiyp vw f/ ,uL/ _W kW mjF nk RLj
VglToa `jiyp vw fF rhyhk ,UF.
u f Complementary Event
f A ftJ/ f A fHhk ,UgJ u
ff vd tHfgLwJ. f A fHhk ,Ugij/ AC
(vi)
myJ A/ myJ A vW FL/ f A u f vW

thfgLwJ.
323
(vii)
rkth-ila ff (Equally likely)
xU nrhjid ff (,uL myJ nkgl) VnjD

xU f kwtiw l fHToa th- mfKsJ vW
vghf ,ayhbj/ mnrhjid ff ah
rkth-ila ff vd miHfgLwJ.
(viii) rhjfkhd ff / tiff (Favourable events or cases)
xU nrhjid X Fl f ftjF rhjfkhd /

fhuzkhd vyh isfis myJ tiffis/ mfF
rhjfkhd ff myJ rhjfkhd tiff vnwh.
cjhuzkhf/
,uL gfilfis xnu rka Rj vw nrhjidia
gf.
,nrhjid/ ,uL gfil fhzgL vf TLj
bjhif 7 Mf ,UgjFa rhjfkhd ff ahbj :
(1,6) (6,1) (5,2) (2,5), (3,4), (4,3).
mjhtJ/ TLj bjhif 7 Mf ,UgjF/ ,nrhjid

rhjfkhf 6 tiff fhzgLwJ.
(ix)
th-thd ff (Exhaustive Events)
vj xU nrhjidY/ isaToa rhaKs midJ

m vnwh.
isfis/ th-thd ff
n
10.3.2 fid Mugfhy tiuaiw
xU nrhjid/ n th-thd/ xiwbahW yF
rkth-ila isfis bfhljhf/ mt m isf A
vD f ftjF rhjfkhditahf ,U/ m/n vw
j/ f A eilbgWtjfhd fjf vW miHfgLwJ/
kW mfjfit P(A) vW FfgLwJ.
P (A) =
cfUJ :
(i)
O < P(A) < 1
P(A) = 0 v, A vgJ xU rhakw f MF.
A vw X f rhjfkhd tiff (m), bkhj
th-thd ffSF (n) ifahf ,Uf KoahJ.
(ii)
324
mjhtJ 0 < m < n

0 < m <1
n
(iii)
P(S) = 1 v/ S ra f MF.
vLJfhL 22
xU ig 3 t/ 6 btis/ 7 y iw gJf csd.

mtUJ vLfgL ,uLgJf/ 1 btisahf
kbwhW ykhf ,Ugjfhd fjf vd?
:
bkhj gJf = 3 + 6 + 7 = 16
16 gJf, 2 gJf 16C2 tf njbjLfyh.
n = 16C2 = 120
vLfgL ,uL gJf 1 btisahf 1 ykhf

,Ugjfhd fia A vd bfhs.
6 btis kW 7 y w gJf ,Ugjh/ f A
eilbgWtjF rhjfkhd bkhj tiff 6C1 x 7C1 = 6 x 7 = 42 MF.
mjhtJ m = 42
P(A) = m
n
= 42 = 7
120
20
vLJfhL 23
xU ehza ,uL Kiw RlgLwJ Fiwj
gr xU jiy ilgjfhd fjfit fLof.
:
,F TWbt S = {(H,H), (H,T), (T,H), (T,T)}
bkhj rhaKs isf n = 4
Fiwjgr xU jiy vw f VgLtjF rhjfkhd

isf (H,H), (H,T), (T.H) MF.
bkhj rhjfkhd isf m = 3
P ( Fiwj gr xU jiy bgWj) = 3
4
325
vLJfhL 24
1- U J 100 t i u s v f U J X v
njbjLfgLwJ. mj v (i) 5-
bgUffshf
F ifahf/
M t F g L g i t a h f (iii) 70-
(ii) 7-M
,Ugjfhd fjf vd?
:
rhaKs isf bkhj vif = 100C1 = 100
(i)
5- bgUf vw fF/ rhjfkhd isfshtd

(5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55..100)
rhjfkhd isf = 20C1 = 20
P (njbjLfgl 5- bgUf) = 20 = 1
100
(ii)
7-M tFgLgit vw fF rhjfkhd isfshtd

(7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84, 91, 98)
rhjfkhd isf = 14C1 = 14
P (njbjLfgl v 7-M tFgLgit) = 14 = 7
100
(iii)
50
70-F ifahdJ vw fF
rhjfkhd isf = 30
P (njbjLfgL v 70F ifahdJ) = 30 = 3
100
10
10.3.3 fjf - ed tiuaiw
fjf ed mQFKiw/ KGtJ/ cikfSF (axioms)

cglJ kW fzaiy (set theory) mogilahf bfhLsjhF.
cikfSF cglfjf aia gogjF/ y
mogilahd concepts tiuaWf ntoaJ mtakhwJ.
mitf ahtd
(i)
TWbt (Sample space):
xnu khahd gjid / UgUg eilbgW

nrhjid xbthU rhaKs isfS/ TW (sample
space) vd tHfgLwJ. vyh TWf bjhFig
TWbt vd miHfgL S vW FfgLwJ.
326
(ii)
f (Event):
TWbt VjhtJ xU gF fz f vW
miHfgLwJ.
xiwbahW yF ff (Mutually Exclusive
Events):
AB = mjhtJ A kW B vgd nruh fzf v A
kW B ff xiwbahW yF ffshF.
(iii)
cjhuzkhf/
S = {1,2,3,4,5} vf.
A = xiw vf bjhF = {1,3,5}
kW B = ,uil vf bjhF = {2,4}
AB =
vdnt A kW B vgJ xiw xW yF ff
MF.
cfUJ :
fz thyhd TWf
(i)
AB
=> A, B f VnjD xW ftJ
(ii)
AB
=> A, B ff Ma ,uL xUnf ftJ
(iii)
=> A, B ffB
fH ,ayhik
(iv)
=> f A fGtJ/ fH B fH ,ayhjJ
10.3.4 fjf tiuaiw (btgil cikf thyhf)

E vgJ xU nrhjid kW S vgJ mnrhjidnahL
bjhl bfhL xU TwbtahF. S vw TWbt cs
xbthU fl/ P(A) (A- fjf) vW FfgLw xU
bk-baiz eh bjhl gLJtij/ A- fjf vW
miHfgLwJ. mfjf P(A), tU btgil
cikfSF cgLsJ.
btgil cik 1.
P(A) 0
btgil cik 2.
P(S) = 1
btgil cik 3.
A1, A2 ... vgit S- cs
xiwbahW yF bjhl ffshdh/
P (A1 A2 ...) = P(A1) + P (A2) +...
327
vLJfhL 25
xU
TWbt
vf.
S = {w 1 , w 2 , w 3 } v g J
tUtdtW vit S TWbt nk xU fjf
btia tiuaWwJ
tiuaWwJ?
P(w3) = 1
(i)
P(w1) = 1,
P(w2) =
(ii)
P(w1) = 2 , P(w2) = 1 ,
(iii)
P(w1) = 0,
(i)
P(w1), P (w2) , P (w3) Mait Fiwbazy
P(w2) = 2
3
P(w3) = - 2
3
P(w3) = 1
:
ie: P(w1) 0, P(w2) 0, P (w3) 0.
Mdh P(w1) + P(w2) + P (w3) 1

vdnt 2- go/ fjf rh bjhF fjf
TWbtia tiuaWfiy.
(ii)
,F P(w3) Fiwk/ Mjyh cik 1-go/ fjf

rh bjhF/ fjf TWbtia tiuaWfiy.
(iii)
,F P(w1), P(w2), P(w3)2 Mait Fiwbazy.

3
nkY P(w1) + P(w2) + P(w
)=0+
3
2 + 1
3
3
=1
vdnt cik 1,2 -go/ fjf rh bjhF fjf

TWbtia tiuaWwJ.
vLJfhL 26
P v g J S = {w 1 , w 2 , w 3 } v w T W b t f j f
rhgy vf.
P(w1) = 1 kW P(w3) = 1 v/
3
kig fhf.
P(w 2)-
,F P(w1) =
1
3
kW P(w 3) =
v MF.
328
1
2
Ma ,uL Fiwyh
btgil cik 2- go,

P (w1) + P(w2) + P (w3) = 1
P (w2) = 1 - P(w1) - P (w3)
=1- 1 - 1
3
= 1 vgJ xU Fiwyh v MF.

6
P(w2) = 1
10.3.5 ffSfhd fjf mogil njwf

njw : 1
S vgJ xU TWbt vf. P() = o. mjhtJ rhayh
f fjf akhF.
%gz:
S = S vgJ eh mjnj.
ie.
P (S) = P(S)
P(S) + P() = P(S) (btgil cik 3- go)
P() = 0
A
njw : 2
S vgJ xU TWbt kW A vgJ mTWbt xU
f v/
P( A ) = 1-P(A)
%gz :
A
= S vgJ eh mjJ
P(A
) = P(S)
P(A) + P(
P(
) = 1 btgil (2) kW (3)- go
) = 1 - P(A)
10.3.6 Tl njw
TW
TW:
A kW B Ma VjhtJ ,U ff v
P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) - P(AB)
329
cfUJ :
(i)
,U ff A kW B Mait xiwbahW
yFff v AB=
(ii)
P(AB) = 0
P(AB) = P(A) + P(B)

A,B,C vw VnjD _W ffSF Tl njwij
Jiufyh
P(ABC) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(AB) - P(AC)- P(BC) +
P(ABC).
vLJfhL 27
eF FYfg xU LfoUJ vLfgL
xU L ng lhfnth/ V lhfnth ,Ugjfhd
fjf vd
vd?
:
Lf bkhj vif = 52.
vdnt/ TWbt 52 TWf fhzgL/ xbthU
TWfS rk fjfit bgUF.
vLfgl L ``ng vlhfpp ,Ugjfhd fia A
vf.
13
C1
P(A) = P(vLfgL L52 ng
)
C1
Vbd f A- 13 ng Lfis
cilajhf ,UF.
P(A)
= 13
52
vLfgl L ``V lhfpp ,Ugjfhd fia B vf.

P(B) = P (vLfgL L ``Vpp)
=
C1
52
C1
Vbd f B- 4 TWf ,UF.
mjhtJ 4 V Lf
= 4
52
330
(AB) vw fyit f ``ng- V-pp vw xnuxU

TWia bfhoUF.
vdnt P(AB) = P (vLfgL L ``ng d cs V
Lpp)
= 1
52
Mifah njitahd fjf

P (AB) = P (vLfgl L ng myJ V Mf ,UgJ)
= P (A) + P(B) - P(AB) (Tl njwgo)
= 13 + 4 - 1
52
52
52
= 16 = 4
52
13
P(AB) = 4
13
vLJfhL 28
U J 20 t i u c s v f U J / x U v
1-
rkth- Kiw njbjLfbgw mj v 3-
bgUfkhfnth myJ v 4- bgUfkhfnth
,Ugjfhd fjf vd?
:
rkth- Kiw njbjLfgL xU viz/ 20C1 tf

njbjLf Koa. mjhtJ TWbt S, 20 TWfis
bfhoUF.
S = {1,2,3,... 20}
njbjLfgL v 3- bgUfkhf}klfhf ,Ugjfhd

f A v/
A = {3,6,9,12,15,18}
P (A) = P (njbjLfbgw v 3- bgUfkhf} = 6
20
njbjLfgL v 4- bgUfkhf}klfhf ,Ugjfhd

f B v/
B = {4,8,12,16,20}
P(B) = P (njbjLfgl v 4- bgUfkhf) = 5
20
AB vw f 12, vw xnu xU TWia

bfhoUF mTW 3- bgUfkhf/ 4- bgUfkhf
,UF
331
AB = {12}
P(AB) = P (njbjLfbgw v 3- bgUfkhf 4-
bgUfkhf ,Ugjfhd}
= 1
20
vdnt njitahd fjf/

P(AB) = P (njbjLfbgw v 3- bgUf myJ v
4- bgUfkhf ,UgjF)
= P(A) + P(B) - P (AB)
= 6 + 5 - 1
20
20
20
= 10
20
P(AB) = 1
vLJfhL 29
xU ig 6 fU kW 5 t gJf csd.
mtUJ 2 gJf rkth- Kiw njbjLf
bgwh mit ,uL xnu w ,Ugjfhd
fjf vd?
:
bkhj gJf = 11
vLfgl gJf = 2
vdnt th-thd tiff vif = 11C2 = 55
,U gJfS fUik w bgWtjfhd fia A vd/
,U gJfS t w bgWtjfhd fia B vd
bfhf.
vdnt fjf Tl njw go/ njitahd fjf
ahbj
P (,U gJfS xnu w ,Ugjfhd) = P(AUB)
= P(A) + P(B)
6
c2
11
c2
c2
11
c2
= 15 + 10 = 25 = 5
55
55
55
11
332
vLJfhL 30
xU bgo 6 t/ 4 btis kW 5 fU
gJf csd. mtUJ 4 gJfis xU eg
rkth- Kiw vLwh. mthW vLfl
gJf/ xbthU wY Fiwj gr xU gJ
,Ugjfhd fjf vd?
:
bkhjKs gJf = 15
vLfgl gJf = 4
th-thd tiff vif = 15c4 = 1365
bgoUJ rkth- Kiw vLfgl 4 gJf/
xbthU wY Fiwj gr xU gJ ,Ugjfhd E vw
f/ fl xiw xW yF tf eilbgwyh.
(/ bt/ f vgJ t/ btis/ fU gJfis FF)
E = ( = 1, bt = 1, f = 2) U ( = 2, bt = 1, f = 1) U ( = 1, bt = 2, f = 1)
vdnt/ fjffhd TLj njwgo/
P(E) = P(=1, bt=1, f=2) + P(=2, bt=1, f=1) + P(=1, bt=2, f=1)
6
c1 x 4c1 x 5c2
15
c4
c2 x 4c1 x 5c1
15
c4
c1 x 4c2 x 5c1
15
c4
1
[(6 x 4 x 10) + (15 x 4 x 5) + (6 x 6 x 5)]
c4
15
15
1
[240 + 300 + 180] = 720
c4
1365
= 48
91
10.3.7 gjidF cgl fjf (conditional probability)

tiuaiw
tiuaiw:
A kW B Mad/ TWbt S- cs ,U ff vf.
f A Vfdnt elJsnghJ/ f B- gjidF
cgl fjfit
P(B/A) =
P(A I B)
,
P(A)
vW tiuaWfgLwJ.
, P(A) 0 vd ,UgJ mtakhF.

333
cfUJ :
P(A I B)
P(B)
, P(B) 0 v
(i)
,Jnghnw P(A/B) =
(ii)
P(A/B), P(B/A) Matiw eh fzLnghJ/ Fiwfgl
TWbtia bghUJ fzLtJ mtakhwJ.

vLJfhL 31
_W ehzaf RlgLwJ. ,t Kj
ehza `p njhdh/ vyhtY `p njhW
tjfhd fjf vd?
:
,F H = jiy/ T = vgij Fgjhf bfhnth. _W
ehzafis RL nrhjid Kothf cUthF TWbt.
S = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (THH), (THT), (HTT), (TTH), (TTT)}
n(S) = 8.
f A = Kj ehza `p njhWtJ
= {(THH), (THT), (TTH), (TTT)}
n(A) = 4.
n(A)
= 4
n(S)
8
P(A) =
= 1
2
P(A I B)
midJ `p bgWtjfhd fia
B vf. mjhtJ (TTT)
P(A)
BA vw fyit f xnu rka midJ
ehzaf `p njhWtJ kW Kj ehza `p njhWtJ
Ma ,U ffis Fgjhf bfhnth.
BA
n(BA)
= {(TTT)}
=1
P(AB)
n(A I B)
= 1 (
n(S)
8
Q BA = AB)
vdnt/ Nugo
P(B/A)
P(B/A) =
1
8
1
2
= 2 = 1
8
334
vLJfhL 32
xU bgo 4 t/ kW 6 gir gJf csd.
,bgoUJ xw xwhf rkth- Kiw
,U gJf U nghlhk vLfgLwd. Kj
vLfgl gJ gir wkhf ,UFnghJ/ ,ulhtjhf
vLfgl gJ girahf ,Ugjfhd fjf
vd?
:
ff A kW B Matiw flthW tiuaWf.
A = {vLfgl Kj g w gir}
B = {vLfgl ,ulhtJ g w gir}
bkhj gJf vif = 4+6 = 10
xw xwhf/ rkth- Kiw ,uL gJf
vLfgLwJ.
,F eh P(B/A) I fzlntL.
Kj gij vLFnghJ/
P(A) = P( Kj gJ gir wkhf ,UgjF)
6
C1
10
C1
6
10
vLfgl Kj IJ (gir) U nghlhk ,Ujh/
bgo cs bkhj gJf vif 9 Mf/ kW
bkhjKs gir w gJf vif 5 Mf FiwwJ.
=
P(AB)
Mifah P(B/A)
C1
10
C1
C1
C1
= 6 x 5 =1
10
P (vLfgl Kj gJ gir vDbghGJ

vLfgL ,ulhtJ gJ girahf ,UF)
P(B/A) =
P(A I B)
P(A)
1
3
6
10
= 1 x 10 = 5
3
10.3.8 rhgw ffSfhd bgUf njw

A kW B Mad ,U rhgw ff v
P(AB) = P(A) P(B)
335
cfUJ :
A1, A2, ... An Mait n vif bfhl rhgw ff
v P(A1 A2 A3 ... An) = P(A1) P(A2) P(A3) ... P(An)
vLJfhL 33
Jgh RLngho x/ ,yif v-tjfhd
A-
fjf
3
4
1
2
fjf
, B-
2
3
kW C-
fjf
MF. A, B, C M a _ t U x n u , y i f x n u r k a
RLwhf v/
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
_tU ,yif v-tjfhd

xnu xUt kL ,yif v-tjfhd
Fiwj gr ahnuD xUt ,yif
v-tjfhd fjfit fzLf.
:
,F P(A) = 12 , P(B) =
P( A ) = 1(i)
2 , P(C) = 3
3
4
= 1 , P( B ) = 12
= 1 , P( C ) = 1- 3 = 1
3
4 4
P (_tU ,yif v-tJ) = P(ABC)

12 P(B) P(C)
= P(A)
C
B
3
2
(
A, B, C rhgW v-tJ)
2 3 = 1
3 4
4
ffis flthW tiuaWngh.

E1 = {xnu xUt kL ,yif v-tJ}
=
{(A I B I C ) U ( A I B I C ) U ( A I B I C)}
E2 = {Fiwj gr ahnuD xUt ,yif v-tJ}

= {(A U B U C)}
,F
(ii)
P(E1) = P(A B
) + P( A B
1 1 + 1 2 1 + 1 1 3
3 4
2 3 4
2 3 4
=
= 1
336
) + P( A
C)
(iii)
P(E2) = P (ABC)
= P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(AC) - P(BC) - P(CA) + P(ABC)
= 1+ 2 +3-1 2-2 3-1 3+1 2 3
2
2 3
3 4
2 4
2 3 4
= 1+2+3-1-1-3+1
2
= 23
24
vLJfhL 34
A, B, C vw 3 khztfl xU fzF
jugLwJ. mfzif mtf gjfhd fjf
Kiwna 1 , 1 , 1 v/ mfzif gjfhd fjf
2
vd?
:
P(A) = P(fzif A gjfhd fjf) = 1
P(B)
= P(fzif B gjfhd fjf) = 1
P(C)
= P(fzif C gjfhd fjf) = 1
A, B, C vgd rhgw ff vgjh

P(AB)
= P(A) P(B) = 1 1
P(BC)
= P(B) P(C) = 1 1
P(CA)
= P(C) P(A) = 1 1
2 3
3 4
4 2
P(ABC)= P(A) P(B) P(C) = 1 1 1
2 3 4
P( fzif gjfhd fjf ) = P( ahnuD xUt

fzif gjfhd fjf)
= P (AUBUC)
= P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(AB) - P(BC) - P(CA) + P(ABC)
337
= 1+1+1-1 1-1 1-1 1+1 1 1

2
2 3
3 4
2 4
2 3 4
= 12 + 8 + 6 - 4 - 2 - 3 + 1 = 18 = 3
24
24
10.3.9 ng njw (Bayes Theorem)

S vgij TWbt vf. A1, A2, ... An vgd TWbt S-
cs bjhlgw ffshf/ B, P(B) 0 vgJ TWbt S-
VnjD xU fia Fgjhf bfhlh/ ng njw TWtJ

ahbj/
P (Ar /B) =
P(A r ) P ( B/A r )
n
P(A r ) P ( B/A r )
vgjhF.
r =1
vLJfhL 35
xnu khahd ,U bgof/ Kiwna 4 btis
kW 3 t/ 3 btis kW 7 t gJf
csd. rkth- Kiw xU bgo njbjLfgL/
mUJ xU gJ vLfgLwJ. mgJ btis
wKilaitahf ,Ugjfhd fjfit fhf. mgJ
btis wKilaitahf ,UFgr/ mgJ Kj
bgoUJ tUtjfhd fjf fhf
fhf?
:
A1, A2 vw bgof Kiwna 4 btis kW 3 t/ 3
btis kW 7 t gJf csd.
i.e
A1
A2
4 btis
3 btis
3 t
7 t
bkhj 7 gJf
bkhj 10 gJf
,U bgof xU bgo rkth- Kiw njbjLf

gLwJ
P(A 1) = P(A2) = 1
338
njbjLfgl bgoUJ xU gJ njbjLfgLwJ.

mgJ btis iwKilajhf ,UToa fia B vf.
P(B/A 1 ) = P( njbjLfgl btis gJ Kj
bgoUJ tUtjfhd)
P(B /A1) = 4
7
P (B/A2) = P (njbjLfgl btis gJ ,ulhtJ

bgoUJ tUtjfhd.)
P(B/A2) = 3
10
P (B) = P ( njbjLfgl gJ btis w
,Ugjfhd)
= P(A1) P(B/A1) + P (A2) P(B/A2)
= 1 4+1 3
2 7
2 10
= 61
140
ng njwgo/ btis gJ Kj bgoUJ

tUtjfhd fjf ahbj
P(B1/A) =
P(A1 ) P(B/A1 )
P(A1 ) P(B/A1 ) + P(A2 ) P (B/A2 )
1 4
4
2 7
7
=
= 40
61
1 4 + 1 3
4+ 3
2 7
2 10
7 10
vLJfhL 36
xU bjhrhiy 3 ,auf A 1 , A 2 , A 3 Kiwna 1000,
2000, 3000 U F f x b t h U e h S c g b r - w d .
m t A1 1%- , A2 1.5%- , A3 2%- F i w s t i w
cg br-wd. xU eh Ko/ cgUJ
rkth- Kiw xU UF njbjLfglnghJ mJ
F i w s j h f f h z g l J . m J , a u A 1-
cgUJ tjJ vgjfhd fjf vd?
339
:
P(A1) = P(,au A1 cg br-j UFfSfhd)
= 1000 = 1
6000

= 2000 = 1
6000

= 3000 = 1
6000
njbjLfgl UF Fiwilajhf ,Ugjfhd fia

B vf.
P(B/A1)= P(Fiws UF ,au A1 -UJ tUtjfhd)
= .01
,ijnghynt
P(B/A2) = P(Fiws UF ,au A2 -UJ tUtjfhd)
= .015
P(B/A3) = P(Fiws UF ,au A3 -UJ tUtjfhd)
= .02
eh fhz ntoaJ P(A1/B)
vdnt ng njwgo eh bgWtJ ahbj

P(A1/B)
P(A1 ) P(B/A1 )
P(A1 ) P(B/A1 ) + P(A 2 ) P(B/A2 ) + P(A3 )P(B/A3 )
1 x (.01)
6
= 1
x (.01) + 1 x (.015) + 1 x(.02)
6
.01
= .01 = 1
.01 + .03 + .06
.1
10
vLJfhL 37
UFf cg br- bjhrhiy x
, a u f A 1 , A 2 , A 3 K i w n a 25%, 35% k W 40% c g
br-wd.
mt
bkhj
c g 5, 4, 2,
rjj
UFf
Fiwsjhf
fhzgLwd.
cgUJ/
rkth-
Kiw
xU
UF
vLfgLnghJ/ mJ Fiwsjhf fhzgLwJ. mJ
, a u A 2-t h c g b r - a g l J v g j f h d
340
fjf vd?
:
= 25 = .25
100
,ijnghynt P(A2) =
35 = .35 kW
100
P(A3) = 40 = .4
100
njbjLfgl UF Fiwilajhf ,Ugjfhd fia

B vf.
P(B/A1)= P(Fiws UF ,au A1 -UJ tUtjfhd)
= 5 =.05
100
,ijnghynt P(B/A2) =
4 = .04 kW P(B/A ) = 2 = .02

3
100
100
eh fhz ntoaJ P(A2/B)

vdnt ng njwgo/ eh bgWtJ ahbj
P(A2/B)
P(A 2 ) P(B/A 2 )
P(A1 ) P(B/A1 ) + P(A) P(B/A 2 ) + P(A 3 )P(B/A 3 )
(.35) (.04)
(.25) (.05) + (.35) (.04) + (.4) (.02)
= 28
69
g 10.3
1)
_W ehzaf RlgLwJ. , (i) jiy Hhk ,UgjF

kW (ii) Fiwj gr xU jiy Gtjfhd fjfit fhf.
2)
xU KGikahd gfil ,UKiw rgLbghGJ/ vf TLj

9 bgWtjfhd fjfit fLof.
3)
4 btis/ 6 fU gJfis bfhl xU igUJ/ rkth-
341
Kiw ,uL gJf vLfgLwJ (i) ,uL btisahf

kW (ii) ,uL fUghf ,Ugjfhd fjf vd?
4)
{1,2,3,....100} UJ xU v njbjLfgLbghGJ mbt

(i) tf vzhf (ii) 3 myJ 7 bgUfkhf
5)
xU ig 4 btis/ 5 fU kW 6 t gJf csd.

rkth- Kiw xU gJ vLfgLnghJ/ mgJ t myJ
btis wkhf ,Ugjfhd fjf vd?
6)
,uL gfilf xnu rka rgLnghJ/ muL

ehzaf nk fhzgL vf TLj 10F ifahf
,Ugjfhd fjf vd?
7)
xU eg 4-/ 3 Kiw ,yif v-Jth vd/ kbwhU eg 3- 2

Kiw ,yif v-Jth vd bjwJ. ,U egfS RLbghGJ/
,yF v-jgLtjfhd fjf vd?
8)
_W bgof Kiwna/ 1 btis/ 2 t/ 3 fU/ 2 btis/ 3

t/ 1 fU/ 2 btis/ 1 t/ 2 fU/ gJf csd. rkth-
Kiw xU bgo njbjLfgL mUJ ,uL gJf
vLfgLwJ. mU gJfS 1 t/ 1 btis vd
fhzgLwJ. mitf ,ulhtJ bgo ,UJ tjjfhd
fjf vd?
9)
xU bjhrhiy A1, A 2 , A3 vw _W ,auf Kiwna

20%, 35% kW 45% bghUfis cg br-wJ. A1 vw
,au cg br-jt 2% gGJsit vgjid K
mDgt _y maKowJ. mijnghynt A 2 kW A 3
,auf cg br-t Kiwna 3% , 5% bghUf
gGJsitahf fhzgLwJ. rkth- Kiw cg
br-all bghUUJ/ xW vLfgL/ mJ gGJsit vd
fhzgLwJ. mbghU/ ,au A 3 -M cg br-aglJ
vgjfhd fjf vd?
10)
U1, U2, U3 vw _W ghuf Kiwna ,uL t kW
xU fU ; _W t kW ,uL fU ; xU t kW xU
fU gJf ,Ugjhf bfhnth. _W ghuf xU
342
ghu rkth- Kiw njbjLfgL mtUJ xU gJ

vLfgLwJ. mg w fU vd fhzgLwJ. mgJ
U3 vw ghuUJ njbjLfgljfhd fjf vd?
g 10.4
Vila ilia bj br-f
1)
flt vit xW ikanghfsitahF?

(a) R
(b) khWghLbfG
(c) ,iliy
(d) , VJiy
2)
2, -2 TL ruhr
(a) 2
(b) 0
3)
4)
5)
6)
2, 20, 10, 8, 1 - ,iliy vd?

(a) 20
(b) 10
(c) 8
(d) , VJiy
(d) , VJiy
KfL vgJ
(a) mf miyf m
(c) xU bjhl Kj k
(b) eLk
(d) , VJiy
0,2, 8, 10 bgUFruhr
(a) 2
(b) 10
(c) 0
(d) , VJiy
jj n cWfSfhd/ ,irruhr vgJ

a)
7)
(c) -2
n
x
(b)
n
1
1x
(c)
n
1x
(d) , VJiy
flt vJ jw msit my?

(a) H.M
(b) S.D.
(c) C.V.
(d) , VJiy
8)
xU bjhl TLruhr/ (lyf) 2 Mait 10 kW 25

v/ khWghLbfG vgJ
(a) 25
(b) 50
(c) 100
(d) , VJiy
9)
xU bjhl lyf/ khWghLbfG Ma 5 kWk 25 v/

TLruhr vgJ
(a) 20
(b) 5
(c) 10
(d) , VJiy
10)
A, B vw ff Fiwj gr VnjD xU f
eilbgWtjfhd fjf
(a) P(AB)
(b) P(AB)
(c) P(A/B)
343
(d) , VJiy
11)
P(A) + P ( A ) =
12)
(a) -1
(b) 0
(c) 1
(d) , VJiy
A kW B Mait xiwbahW yF ff v/
P(AB) vgJ
(a) P(A) + P(B)
(c) 0
13)
xU LfoUJ/ xU ng il njbjLgjfhd fjf

ahJ?
(b) 1
13
(a)
14)
(d) , VJiy
(c) 1
24
(b) 0
(d) , VJiy
P(A/B) =
(a)
P(AI B)
P(A)
(b)
P(AI B)
, P(B) = 0
P(B)
P(AI B)
, P(B) 0
P(B)
(d) , VJiy
1
52
vyh cWfis mogilahf
bfhlit vJ?
(a) R
(b) ,iliy
(c) ruhr
(d) KfL
(c)
16)
(c) 1
4
6 t/ 8 fU/ 10 kr kW 1 gir gJf bfhl xU

igUJ/ xU btis gij njbjLgjfhd fjf
(a) 1
52
15)
(b) P(A) + P(B) - P(AB)

(d) , VJiy
17)
flt/ fil cWfsh ghfglhjJ vd?

(a) ,iliy
(b) ruhr
(c) KfL
(d) lyf
18)
ruhr/ ,iliy/ kW KfL MatF ,ilna cs mDgt

bjhl vd?
(a) ruhr - KfL = 3 ,iliy (b)ruhr-KfL=3 (ruhr-,iliy)
(c) ruhr - KfL = 2 ruhr
(d) ruhr = 3 ,iliy - KfL
19)
lyf tf vgJ
(a) ruhr yf
(b) fhkhd yf
(c) khWghL
(d) R
20)
A kW B Mait xWbfhW bjhlgw ff v
344
P(A I B) =
(a) P(A) P(B)
(b) P(A) + P(B) (c) P(A/B)
(d) P(B) - P(A)
21)
flt vJ r
(a) ,ir ruhr < bgUF ruhr < TL ruhr
(b) ,ir ruhr > bgUF ruhr < TL ruhr
(c) TL ruhr < bgUF ruhr < ,ir ruhr
(d) , VJiy
22)
flt vJ r
(a) ( T.r x ,.r. )2 = bg.r.
(b) T.r. x ,.r. = (bg.r.)2
(c) (,.r. x bg.r) = (T.r.)2
(d)
23)
rhaKs f fjf vd
(a) 1
24)
(b) 0
(c) -1
(d) S
rhakw f fjf vgJ

(a) 1
25)
T.r + bg.r. = ,.r.

2
(b) 0
(c) 2
(d)
PROBABILITY vw thijUJ rkth- Kiw xU
vGJ njbjLfgLwJ.
,Ugjfhd fjf ahJ
(a) 3
11
(b) 2
11
mbtGJ
(c) 4
11
345
cvGjhf
(d) 0
ilf
mfS mnfhitfS
g 1.1
2)
12
(i) A + B = 4
6
12
(ii) 4
6
7
1 8
3
12
15 5 10
(iii) 5A = 20 45 40
10 25 23
18 4 10
(iv) 0 6 2
8 12 4
3)
8 4
, BA =
AB =
9 12
4)
11 40 39
AB = 0 18 14 , BA =
7 18 15
5)
9 13
, BA =
AB =
12 18
11)
12 20 24
AB = ( 29 ), BA = 3 5 6
6 10 12
12)
1
AB = 12
2
13)
14)
2
1
2
7
1 8
3
12
14 16
3 6
8 38 3
4 14 1
9 41 8
7 16 10
17 16 6
8 1 4
2
1
2
1
, BA = 12
2
A vD FLgJF njitahd fnyhf kW uj Kiwna

12000, 320 myFf. ,njnghW B vD FLgJF
njitahditf 10900, 295 myFf MF.
11 15 16
15 15 16
25 35 43
-3
-7
15)
- 6
2
346
-2
1
18)
60
27
58
31
44
32
22)
(i)
23)
45 60 55 30
(i)
58 72 40 80
44 6
32
(iv)
5 10
0
40
34
(ii)
(iii)
19
18
80
45
60
(ii) 2 x 4 (iii) 55
30
58
72
40
(iv) (i) vgJ (iii) - u iu khW m

g 1.2
1) (i) 24 (ii) 9
(iii) 8
2) 10
3) 1
4) A vgJ a mnfhit 5) A vgJ akw mnfhit
6) 0
7) 0
8) -120
9) 5
g 1.3
1) (c)
2) (c)
6) (b)
7) (a)
11) (b)
12) (c)
16) (c)
17) (a)
21) (a)
22) (b)
26) (b)
27) (d)
3) (a)
8) (c)
13) (c)
18) (b)
23) (a)
28) (d)
4) (c)
9) (d)
14) (b)
19) (b)
24) (a)
29) (b)
5) (b)
10) (a)
15) (a)
20) (b)
25) (c)
30) (a)
,afj
g 2.1
4
-19
1) 5 ( x -3 ) + 5(x + 2)
1
21
21
2) x + 2 + x + 3
-2
21
3) x + 3 + x + 3
2
3
5) 25(x + 3) + 25(x 2 ) +
5(x 2 ) 2
4) 2(x + 2) + 2(x 2) - x +1
6) 9(x -1) - 9(x + 2 ) - 1 2 7) 4(x -1) - 4(x+1) + 1 2

3(x+ 2)
2(x+1)
2
8) x 1 (x+3)2
9) 3x2 + 2x-5
x -2 x-1
3x+1
10) 2(x -1) - 2

2(x +1)
g 2.2
1) n = 10
5) 6666600
13!
11!
11!
2) 21 3) (i) 3! 3! 3! (ii) 2! 2! 2! (iii) 4! 4! 2!

4) 1344
6) (i) 8! 4! (ii) (7!) (8p4) 7) 1440 8) 1440 9) (i) 720 (ii) 24
347
g 2.3
1) (i) 210 (ii) 105
5) 3360
2) 16
6) 858
3) 8
7) 9
4) 780
8) 20790
g 2.5
1)
n(n +1) (n + 2) (n + 3)
4
2)
3)
2n(n +1) (2n +1)

3
4) n(3n2+6n+1)
5) 3 (2n2+15n+74)
6)
n(n+1) (n+2) (3n+5)

12
n(n +1) (n + 2)
6
g 2.6
1) 11c5 (-2)5x,
11
6
c6 2
2) 12c6
3) 10c4(256)
5) 9c4
4)
3x17 9 x19
, - c5
96
16
y3
x3
144x 2
y7
6) 12c4(24)
g 2.7
1) (a)
2) (a)
5) (a)
6) (a)
9) (c)
10) (a)
13) (a)
14) (b)
3) (b)
7) (a)
11) (a)
15) (c)
4) (b)
8) (b)
12) (a)
16) (b)
17) (d)
bjhldf kW bjhlf
g 3.1
2
4
1) 23
, 19
1
2) 248
g 3.2
1) 11, 17, 23
1
1
3) 18 , 11
, 14
2) 15, 45, 135, 405, 1215

1
, 17
4) 4, 64
348
g 3.4
1) (a) 2, 32
, 23
5
1
, 24
, 20
(b) 12
13
1
1
1
c) 1, 14 , 27
, 256
, 3125
(d) 1, 0, 12
(e) 2, 16, 96, 512, 2560
(f) -1, 1, -1, 1, -1
15 ,
, 0, 13
(g) 5, 11, 17, 23, 29

2) 2, 6, 3, 9, 4, 12, 5
3) (a) {0, 2} b) {-1, 1}

1
4) (a) n2 (b) 4n-1 (c) 2+ 10 n

5) (a) 1, 12
, 14
, 18
(d) n2-1
1
, 161 , 32
10 n
3n
(e)
(b) 5, -10, 20, -40, 80, -160
(c) 1, 4, 13, 40, 121, 364
(d) 2, 6, 15, 34, 73, 152
(e) 1, 5, 14, 30, 55, 91
(f) 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3
(g) 1, 1, 3, 11, 123, 15131
(h) 1, -1, 3, 1, 5, 3
g 3.5
1) %. 27,350 2) i) %. 5,398 ii) %. 5,405
4) %. 13,110 5) %. 1,710
6) %.18,000
8) 22 12
3) %. 95, 720
7) 12%
46
MLf (njhuhakhf)
g 3.6
1) %. 5,757.14
5) %. 12,590
8) %. 8,095
12) %. 403.40
g 3.7
1) (a)
2) (a)
7) (b)
8) (a)
13) (a)
14) (c)
19) (b)
20) (a)
25) (b)
26) (b)
31) (b)
32) (c)
9) 16.1%
2) %. 2,228 3) %. 6,279
6) ,au B I thfyh
9) %. 5,796 10) %. 6,987
13) %. 7,398
3) (b)
9) (a)
15) (d)
21) (a)
27) (b)
33) (b)
4) (d)
10) (b)
16) (a)
22) (d)
28) (c)
349
10) 12.4%
4) %. 3,073
7) %. 1,198
11) %. 46,050
5) (a)
11) (d)
17) (b)
23) (b)
29) (d)
6) (b)
12) (a)
18) (b)
24) (b)
30) (a)
gFKiw tot fj
g 4.1
1) 8x+6y-9 = 0
3) 8x2+8y2-2x-36y+35 = 0
5) 3x-4y = 12
7) x-y-6 = 0
9) 3x2+3y2+2x+12y-1 = 0
2) x-4y-7 = 0
4) x2+y2-6x-14y+54 = 0
6) x2-3y2-2y+1 = 0
8) 24x2-y2 = 0
10) 2x+y-7 = 0
g 4.2
1) 2x-3y+12 = 0
2) x-y+5
3) x + 2y - 6 = 0 ; 2x + y = 0
7
4) 5
17
5) - 2 myJ 6
2 =0
6) 2x-3y+12 = 0
7) x-
3 y + 2 +3
3 =0
8) 9x - 33y + 16 = 0 ; 77x + 21y - 22 = 0

g 4.3
2) h = -33
5) 3x+y-5 = 0
8) y = 4x+6000
3) 20x-15y+38 = 0
6) Rs. 0.75
9) 24 = 7x+24000
4) x-3y+4 = 0
7) y = 7x+500
g 4.4
1) x2+y2+8x+4y-16 = 0
2) x2+y2-4x-6y-12 = 0
3) , 4
4) x2+y2+8x-12y-33 = 0
5) x2+y2-8x+2y-23 = 0
7) x2+y2-6x-8y+15 = 0
9) x2+y2-4x-6y-12 = 0
6) x2+y2-6x-6y+13 = 0
8) 5x2+5y2-26x-48y+24 = 0
g 4.5
1) x+3y-10 = 0
3) 6 myFf
1
6) 2
2) 2x+y-7 = 0
4) a2(l2+m2) = n2
46
g 4.6
1) (a)
2) (b)
7) (c)
8) (c)
13) (b)
14) (a)
3) (a)
9) (b)
15) (b)
4) (b)
10) (b)
16) (b)
350
5) (b)
11) (a)
17) (a)
6) (b)
12) (c)
nfhz
g 5.1
31
12) 12
13) 8
14)
1 3
2 2
18) 4
19) 1+
g 5.2
3) cosA = 24 , cosecA = 25 4) 1331 5) 1
25
8) (i) -cosec 23o
6) cotA
276
(ii) cot 26 o
g 5.3
3 ) (ii)
5. (i) -(2+
2 2
1 3
8) (i)
36
325
(ii) -
253
325
g 5.4
117
44
cos3A = 125
; tan3A = 44
117
14) sin3A = 125

g 5.5
1
1. (i) 2 ( cos 2 - cosA)
(ii) 2 (cos2C - cos2B)
A
1
1
1
(iii) 2 ( 2 + cos2A) (iv) 2 (cos3A + cos
3 )
2. (i) 2cos42osin10o (ii) -2sin4Asin2A (iii) cos20o
g 5.6
1) (i)
(ii) 5
(iii) 3
2) (i) = n + 3 ; nZ
(iv)
(v) 6
4
(vi)
(ii) = 2n + 3 ; nZ, = 2n + 3 ; nZ
(iii) = n + 2 ; nZ iv) = n + 3 ; nZ
g 5.7
1
6) x = -1 myJ 6
7) x = 2 myJ -4
351
33
9) 65
g 5.8
1) (d)
2) (a)
7) (b)
8) (d)
13) (c)
14) (a)
19) (d)
20) (a)
25) (a)
26) (d)
31) (c)
32) (a)
37) (a)
38) (a)
3) (c)
9) (b)
15) (d)
21) (c)
27) (b)
33) (b)
39) (a)
4) (a)
10) (c)
16) (c)
22) (c)
28) (c)
34) (a)
40) (b)
5) (c)
11) (c)
17) (c)
23) (c)
29) (a)
35) (d)
rhfS mt tiuglfS
g 6.1
5) 2x-3+h
6) 0
7) kgf { x / < 0 or x > 1}
100n ; 0 n < 25
8) C = 115n- n2 ; 25 n
5
12) f(
1
x
x
) = 31+5x
9) (-, 2] and [3, ]

= 3x + 5
1
, f(x)
13) 2 x2 +1 ; + 2
x -1
g 6.2
4)
log 8 ; (log2)3
5)
(i) 1
(ii) -11 (iii) -5 (iv) -1 (v) 41-29 2

8
(viii) 3 ; kgf R-{ - 2 }
(vi) 0.25
(vii) 0
6)
(i) 1, 1
(ii) -1, 1
7)
(iv) (0, 0) ; kgf R-{(4n+1) 2 ; n xU KG v}

(ii) R-{2n ; nZ}
(i) R - {(2n+1) ; nZ}
(iii) 2 ,
12
(iii) R-{n+ 4
; nZ}
(v) R-{2n ; nZ}

8)
%. 1,425
10)
i) f(x) = 3 x + 3
(iv) R
(vi) R-{(2n+1) 2 ; nZ}
9) 74 tUlf
1
10
13
ii) f(3) = 3
352
(iii) a = 290
6) (a)
12) (b)
18) (b)
24) (c)
30) (d)
36) (d)
g 6.3
1) (d)
2) (d)
7) (b)
8) (c)
13) (a)
14) (b)
3) (a)
9) (b)
15) (b)
4) (a)
10) (c)
5) (a)
11) (d)
6) (c)
12) (a)
tif Efj
g 7.1
1) (i) 10/3 (ii) - 5 (iii) 1/3
15 7 24
a
8
(xii) 5 / 2
(vi) 1
(vii)
(xi) 12
(iv) - 1/ 2
(v) 2
(viii) 5/3
(ix) 1 (x) 4
4) 28 / 5 , f ( 2 ) -ia fhz ,ayhJ
2) 5
g 7.2
2) 5/4, - 4/3.
(6) x = 3 and x = 4
g 7.3
1) (i) - sin x
(ii) sec2 x
2) (i) 12x3 6x2 + 1

(iii)
(v)
(iii) - cotx cosec x

(ii)
15
1
20 3 2 6 1 11 2 x 3 2
x + 4 62 x3 2+ e x
5
x
22 x x3 x x
(iv)
sec2 x + 1/x
(vii)
(iv)
1
3 + x2
x2
(vi) x 2 e x ( x + 3 )
(viii)
ax 2 n b
x n +1
(ix) 2x(6x2 + 1) (x) x2 cosx + 2 ( cosx + x sinx)
(xi) sec x( 1 + 2 tan2x) (xii) 2sinx ( x - 1) + x cos (x - 2) + ex

(xiii) 2x (2x2 + 1) (xiv) xn-1 ( 1 + n log x)
(xv) 2 ( x tanx + cot x) + x( x sec2 x 2 cosec2 x)
(xvi) sec x (2 x tan x + 1)
2 x
ex
(xvii)
353
(1 + e )
x 2
1
2
(xviii) tan
x
2 x
1 + tan
2
2
30
(xix)
(3 + 5x)2
(xxi) 1 1
x2
(xxii) x ( 1 + 2 log x ) (xxiii) x sec 2 x + tan x sin x
(xx)
(xxiv)
xe x
(1 + x )2
g 7.4
3x 1
1)
10
2)
3) e x cos ( ex)
13
3(8 5 x )
secx
4) e (secx tanx) 5) tan x
2
3x 2 x + 2
7)
10)
9) -2x tan(x2)
8) - 3 sin(3x-2)
2 x2 3
x2 4
11) esinx + cosx (cosx sinx)
12) - cosec2 x. ecotx 13)

1
15)
(e
2 tanx
6) 2xex
tan x
18) - 2 sin 2x
1
1+ e x
x 2 1 1
16) 2x cosx x2x 22+41
sec2 x)
19)
14) 2 cotx
1
log 1 + e
x
1+ e
ex
n 1
17) n [log (log (log x ))]
x. log x. log (log x )
20)
4x
1 x4
4)
2
1+ x2
2 3
cos (log x )
1 3
3x 2 + 1
22)
x + x +1
x
3
log (logx)
2
23) x
[1+log (logx) 24) 18 x ( 3x + 4) 2
21)
) (
g 7.5
1)
3
1 x
6)
1
2 1+ x2
2)
3
1+ x2
3)
7)
1
2 1+ x2
8)
2
1+ x2
1
a x2
354
5)
2
1+ x2
9) xx ( 1 + logx)
log sin x
10) (sinx)log x cot x. log x +
3(x 2 ) log (3 x 4 )
+
12) (3x 4)x-2
x 2
3x 4
14) xlogx
( )
2 log x
x
15)
sin -1x
x
11) xsin-1 x
log x
1- x2
13) e .x (1 + log x)
xx
8
5 3 4 + 5x
.
3 4 5 x 16 25 x 2
5
4 10 x
48 x 3
1x 1
16) (x 2 + 2 ) (3 x 4 5 ) 2
+
17) x 2 (1 log x)
4
x
x + 2 3x 5
18) (tan x)cos x ( cosec x sin x log tanx)
21)
1
1
1
20)
log 1 +
x
x 1 + x
19) 1 +
2x
1+ x2 1 x2
4
x
x2 + 5 3
+
(2 x + 3 )2 x x 2 + 5 2 x + 3
x3
23) x
2 + log x
2 x
(22)
ax
32
log a
(24) (sin x)x [x cot x + log sin x]
y xby 222 xx 2 + y 2
2yaxy 2xy2 x+ 2 y 2
g 7.6
1)
2a
y
2)
x
y
6) (ax + hy )
(hx + by )
10) y x log y y
x y log x x
13)
log x
(1 + log x )2
3)
7) 1
5)
4)
8)
9)
b2x
a2y
y
x
11)
14)
2x + 1
2y +1
12)
log sin y + y tan x

log cos x x cot y
355
sin ( x + y )
1 + sin ( x + y )
15)
g 7.7
1) -
b
cot
a
5) - tan
9)
t tan t
sin (log t )
2) -
1
t2
3)
b
a
cos ec
6) t cos t
7) tan
10) -1
11)
4)
1
t
8)
2 t 2 1
t 3/ 2
1
t
g 7.8
2) a2y
1) 32
5) -
b
cos ec 3
a2
g 7.9
1) (c)
2) (b)
7) (c)
8) (b)
13) (a)
14) (d)
19) (a)
20) (b)
25) (a)
26) (b)
31) (b)
32) (b)
37) (c)
38) (d)
43) (a)
44) (b)
3) -
6)
(1 + x )
4) -
1
sec 4 cos ec
3a
3) (d)
9) (c)
15) (a)
21) (b)
27) (c)
33) (a)
39) (d)
1
2at 3
1
x2
11)
4) (a)
10) (a)
16 (b)
22) (c)
28) (c)
34) (c)
40) (b)
5) (d)
11) (c)
17) (b)
23) (c)
29) (a)
35) (a)
41) (c)
bjhif Efj
g 8.1
(1) x (x3 1 ) + C
(2) x 5 +
2
x x 14
3
x + C
x2
+ log x + 2 x + C
2
(3)
x4
+ 4 x 2 + 5 log x + e x + C
2
(5)
1
3
x4
+ x 2 + 3 log x + C (6) 5 sec x - 2 cot x + C

4
2x2 2
(7)
2 72 2 52
x + x + log x + C
7
5
(4)
(8)
2 72 6 52
x + x + 8x1 2 + C
7
5
356
6) (c)
12) (c)
18) (d)
24) (b)
30) (b)
36) (b)
42) (a)
(9) 3ex + 2 sec-1 (x) + C

(11) 9x -
(10) log x
4x3
+C
3
(12)
1
+C
3x 3
2 32 2 52
x + x + x2 + C
3
5
(13)
3 23
x + 3 sin x + 7 cos x + C
2
(14) 2 x 1 2
(15)
2
x x+3+C
3
(16)
2 32
x + +C
3
2
(x + 7 ) x + 1 + C
3
(17) x 2tan-1 x + C
(18) x tan-1x + C
(19) (sin x + cos x) + C
(20) tan
(21)
1
+ ex + C
3x 3
(23) log x +
(25)
x
+C
2
(22) log x + e-x + C
1
+ ex + C
x
(24) 3x3 + 4x2 + 4x + C
1
2e 2 x + 7 x + C
x
(26) tan x + sec x + C
g 8.2
(1)
(3)
(5)
+C
12 (2 3 x )
5
(4x + 3)6 5 + C
24
2
3 x 1
(7)
(x
+ 4x + 8 + C
1
cos( x 2 ) + C
2
(2)
1
+C
2(3 2 x)
(4)
e 4 x +3
+C
4
(6)
1 3
x +x4
2
+C
(8) -2 cos x + C
1
(log x ) 3 + C
3
(10)
2 2
( x + x) 3 2 + C
3
x2 +1 + C
(12)
1 2
x + 2x
8
+C
(13) log ( x3 + 3x + 5 ) + C
(14)
x3
1
tan 1
6
2
+ C
(9)
(11)
357
(15) log ( ex + e x ) + C
(16) log ( log x ) + C
(17) tan ( log x) + C
(18)
(19) log {log (log x )} + C
(20)
(21) log ( sinx) + C
(22) - log ( cosec x + cot x ) + C
(23) log ( 1 + log x ) + C
(24)
1
tan 1 x 2
4
(25)
2
(3 + log x )3 2 + C
3
(26)
1
x4
log 4
+C
4
x +1
(27)
(tan x )
(28)
(x
(29)
(31)
1
5
+C
1
4 (2 x + 1 )
+C
+C
6 (1 2 tan x )
( )}
(2 x + 4 )3 2
+C
+ C
2 2
x +x+4
3
+C
(30)
1
log (a + b tan x ) + C
b
(32)
32
+C
log sec x + C
g 8.3
1)
1
3
x
+ C
tan 1
3
3)
1 x2
log
+C
4 x + 2
5)
2)
( )
tan`1 2 x + C
4)
log
2 5
1
log 3 x + 9 x 2 1 + C
3
6)
1
log 6 x +
6
7)
1 1 2 x
sin + C
2
3
8)
9)
1
3x + 1
tan 1
+C
6
2
10) log ( x + 2 ) +
11) log x
1
+
2
5 + x
+C
5 x
1
2
tan
36 x 2 + 25 + C
x +1
+C
2
x2 + 4x + 2 + C
1
1
x 1
3 x + x 2 +C 12) log x 2 + 4 x 5 log
+C
6
2
x+5
358
13)
7
9
x2
log x 2 3 x + 2 + log
+C
2
2
x 1
1
x 3
log x 2 4 x + 3 + 2 log
+C
2
x 1
14)
16) 2 x 2 + 2 x 1 + 2 log ( x + 1) +
15) 2 2x 2 + x 3 + C
x2 + 2x 1 + C
g 8.4
1) - e-x ( x+ 1 ) + C
4)
x2
1
log x + C
2
2
2)
3) x ( log x 1 ) + C
ax
1
x
+ C 5) x ( log x )2 2x ( log x 1 ) + C
log e a
log e a
6)
1
(log x + 1) + C
x
x sin 2 x cos 2 x
+C
+
2
4
7)
sin 3 x x cos 3 x
+C
9
3
1
10) x tan1 x log 1 + x 2 + C
2
9) x cos 1 x 1 x 2 + C
8)
11) x sec x - log (secx + tanx) + C
ex ( x2 2x + 2 ) + C
12)
g 8.5
x
2
1)
x 2 36 18 log x +
x 2 36 + C
2)
x
x
16 x 2 + 8 sin 1 + C
2
4
3)
x
25
log x + 25 + x 2 + C
x 2 + 25 +
2
2
4)
x
2
5)
x
2
6)
8
x
9 x 2 16 log 3 x + 9 x 2 16 + C
3
2
x 2 25
4x2 5
25
log x +
2
5
log 2 x +
4
x 2 25
)+C
4x2 5 + C
359
g 8.6
1)
29
6
2) 5 log 2
1
(e 1)
2
3)
4)
7) tan 1 (e)
8) 1 -
5) 3 (e 1)
6)
9)
10)
11) (log 4)-1
12)
14) log
15)
16)
13)
17)
2
3
18)
g 8.7
1)
3
2
2) e - 1
3)
g 8.8
1) (b)
2) (d)
7) (a)
8) (b)
13) (a)
14) (a)
19) (a)
20) (d)
25) (c)
26) (a)
31) (b)
32) (d)
15
4
3) (c)
9) (a)
15) (c)
21) (a)
27) (d)
33) (a)
4)
1
3
4) (a)
10) (b)
16) (a)
81 4122)
) 1)
((e31 13(c)
log
3428 3 e 2
28) (a)
34) (d)
5) (b)
11) (a)
17) (d)
23) (a)
29) (b)
35) (a)
6) (c)
12) (b)
18) (b)
24) (d)
30) (c)
ruF Kjf/ gFf kW fl guf

g 9.1
1) %. 750
2) %. 1,000
3) 100
4) %. 7,200 5) %. 1,500
6) %. 9,360
7) 6
2
3
8) 15%
9) 12.5%
11) 7
9
13
12) 95, cs 5% ruFKj
13) 110 , cs 18% flgu 14) 13

360
1
3
10) 20%
15) %. 40,500
16) %. 160
17) %. 130
20) 2%
21) %. 5,500
22) %. 900, %. 90
23) tUkhd Fiw %. 333.33

25) %. 10,000, %. 24,000
18) %. 675
24) %. 120
26) 5%
27) 17.47%
g 9.2
1. (b)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (a)
5. (a)
6. (d)
7. (b)
8. (a)
9. (a)
10. (d)
11. (a)
12. (a)
a
g 10.1
1) 29.6
2) 13.1
3) 4
4) 58
5) 33
6) 49.3
7) 34
8) 59.5
9) 20
10) 8
11) 48.18
12) 44.67
13) 69
14) 32
15) 13
16) 26.67
17) 183.35
18) 17.07
19) 28.02
20) 4.38
21) 8.229
22) 30.93
g 10.2
1) (a) 11, .58 (b) 29, .39
2) 12, .0896
3) 40, .33
5) S.D = 3.25
4) S.D = 2.52
6) (i) S.D = 13.24
(ii) S.D = 13.24
(iii) 13.24
7) S.D = 1.07
8) S.D = 1.44
9) S.D = 2.47
10) S.D = %. 31.87 (nfhof)
11) C.V = 13.92
12) C.V(A) = .71, C.V(B) = .67, C.V(B) < C.V(A)

vdnt efu B- y iy f iyahdJ.
13) C.V =(x) = 5.24, C.V(y) = 1.90, C.V(y) < C.V(x) vdnt
efu Y- y gF iy f iyahdJ
361
19) %. 525
g 10.3
1) 1 , 7
2) 1
3) 2 , 1
4) 1 , 43
5) 2
6) 1
7) 11
8) 6
9) 45
10) 15
12
12
15
11
10
74
100
3
37
g 10.4
1) (c)
2) (b)
3) (c)
4) (a)
5) (c)
6) (c)
7) (a)
8) (b)
9) (a)
10) (a)
11) (c)
12) (a)
13) (c)
14) (b)
15) (c)
16) (c)
17) (a)
18) (b)
19) (c)
20) (a)
21) (a)
22) (b)
23) (a)
24) (b)
25) (c)
362
LOGARITHMS
Mean Differences
00
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
88
99
10
11
12
13
14
0000
0414
0792
1139
1461
0043
0453
0828
1173
1492
0086
0492
0864
1206
1523
0128
0531
0899
1239
1553
0170
0569
0934
1271
1594
0212
0607
0969
1303
1614
0253
0645
1004
1335
1644
0294
0682
1038
1367
1673
0334
0719
1072
1399
1703
0374
0755
1106
1430
1732
4
4
3
3
3
8
8
7
6
6
12
11
10
10
9
17
15
14
13
12
21
19
17
16
15
25
23
21
19
18
29
26
24
23
21
33
30
28
26
24
37
34
31
29
27
15
16
17
18
19
1761
2041
2304
2553
2788
1790
2068
2330
2577
2810
1818
2095
2355
2601
2833
1847
2122
2380
2625
2856
1875
2148
2405
2648
2878
1903
2175
2430
2672
2900
1931
2201
2455
2695
2923
1959
2227
2480
2718
2945
1987
2253
2504
2742
2967
2014
2279
2529
2765
2989
3
3
2
2
2
6
5
5
5
4
8 11 14 17
8 11 13 16
7 10 12 15
7 9 12 14
7 9 11 13
20
18
17
16
16
22
21
20
19
18
25
24
22
21
20
20
21
22
23
24
3010
3222
3424
3617
3802
3032
3243
3444
3636
3820
3054
3263
3464
3655
3838
3075
3284
3483
3674
3856
3096
3304
3502
3692
3874
3118
3324
3522
3711
3892
3139
3345
3541
3729
3909
3160
3365
3560
3747
3927
3181
3385
3579
3766
3945
3201
3404
3598
3784
3962
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
5
8 11
8 10
8 10
7 9
7 9
13
12
12
11
11
15
14
14
13
12
17
16
15
15
14
19
18
17
17
16
25
26
27
28
29
3979
4150
4314
4472
4624
3997
4166
4330
4487
4639
4014
4183
4346
4502
4654
4031
5200
4362
4518
4669
4048
4216
4378
4533
4683
4065
4232
4393
4548
4698
4082
4249
4409
4564
4713
4099
4265
4425
4579
4728
4116
4281
4440
4594
4742
4133
4298
4456
4609
4757
2
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
4
7
7
6
6
6
9 10
8 10
8 9
8 9
7 9
12
11
11
11
10
14
13
13
12
12
15
15
14
14
13
30
31
32
33
34
4771
4914
5051
5185
5315
4786
4928
5065
5198
5328
4800
4942
5079
5211
5340
4814
4955
5092
5224
5353
4829
4969
5105
5237
5366
4843
4983
5119
5250
5378
4857
4997
5132
5263
5391
4871
5011
5145
5276
5403
4886
5024
5159
5289
5416
4900
5038
5172
5302
5428
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
6
5
5
5
5
7
7
7
6
6
9
8
8
8
8
10
10
9
9
9
11
11
11
10
10
13
12
12
12
11
35
36
37
38
39
5441 5453
5563 5575
5682 5694
57985809
5911 5922
5465
5587
5705
5821
5933
5478
5599
5717
5832
5944
5490
5611
5729
5843
5955
5502
5623
5740
5855
5966
5514
5635
5752
5866
5977
5527
5647
5763
5877
5988
5539
5658
5775
5888
5999
5551
5670
5786
5899
6010
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
4
6
6
6
6
5
7
7
7
7
7
9 10 11
8 10 11
8 9 10
8 9 10
8 9 10
40
41
42
43
44
6021
6128
6232
6335
6435
6031
6138
6243
6345
6444
6042
6149
6253
6355
6454
6053
6160
6263
6365
6464
6064
6170
6274
6375
6474
6075
6180
6284
6385
6484
6085
6191
6294
6395
6493
6096
6201
6304
6405
6503
6107
6212
6314
6415
6513
6117
6222
6325
6425
6522
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
9 10
8 9
8 9
8 9
8 9
45
46
47
48
49
6532
6628
6721
6812
6902
6542
6637
6730
6821
6911
6551
6646
6739
6830
6920
6561
6656
6749
6839
6928
6571
6665
6758
6848
6937
6580
6675
6767
6857
6946
6590
6684
6776
6866
6955
6599
6693
6785
6875
6964
6609
9702
6794
6884
6972
6618
9712
6803
6893
6981
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
4
4
6
6
5
5
5
7
7
6
6
6
8
7
7
7
7
9
8
8
8
8
50
51
52
53
54
6990
7076
7160
7243
7324
6998
7084
7168
7251
7332
7007
7093
7177
7259
7340
7016
7101
7185
7267
7348
7024
7110
7193
7275
7356
7033
7118
7202
7284
7364
7042
7126
7210
7292
7372
7050
7135
7218
7300
7380
7059
7143
7226
7308
7388
7067
7152
7235
7316
7396
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
6
6
8
8
7
7
7
363
LOGARITHMS
Mean Differences
00
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
88
99
55
56
57
58
59
7404
7482
7559
7634
7709
7412
7490
7566
7642
7716
7419
7497
7574
7649
7723
7427
7505
7582
7657
7731
7435
7513
7589
7664
7738
7443
7520
7597
7672
7745
7451
7528
7604
7679
7752
7459
7536
7612
7686
7760
7466
7543
7619
7694
7767
7474
7551
7627
7701
7774
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
60
61
62
63
64
7782
7853
7924
7993
8062
7789
7860
7931
8000
8069
7796
7868
7938
8007
8075
7803
7875
7945
8014
8082
7810
7882
7952
8021
8089
7818
7889
7959
8028
8096
7825
7896
7966
8035
8102
7832
7903
7973
8041
8109
7839
7910
7980
8048
8116
7846
7917
7987
8055
8122
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
65
66
67
68
69
8129
8195
8261
8325
8388
8136
8202
8267
8331
8395
8142
8209
8274
8338
8401
8149
8215
8280
8344
8407
8156
8222
8287
8351
8414
8162
8228
8293
8357
8420
8169
8235
8299
8363
8426
8176
8241
8306
8370
8432
8182
8248
8312
8376
8439
8189
8254
8319
8382
8445
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
70
71
72
73
74
8451
8513
8573
8633
8692
8457
8519
8579
8639
8698
8463
8525
8585
8645
8704
8470
8531
8591
8651
8710
8476
8537
8597
8657
8716
8482
8543
8603
8663
8722
8488
8549
8609
8669
8727
8494
8555
8615
8675
8733
8500
8561
8621
8681
8739
8506
8567
8627
8686
8745
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
5
5
75
76
77
78
79
8751
8808
8865
8912
8976
8756
8814
8871
8927
8982
8762
8820
8876
8932
8987
8768
8825
8882
8938
8993
8774
8831
8887
8943
8998
8779
8837
8893
8949
9004
8785
8842
8899
8954
9009
8791
8848
8904
8960
9015
8797
8854
8910
8965
9020
8802
8859
8915
8971
9025
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
80
81
82
83
84
9031
9085
9138
9191
9243
9036
9090
9143
9196
9248
9042
9096
9149
9201
9253
9047
9101
9154
9206
9258
9053
9106
9159
9212
9263
9058
9112
9165
9217
9269
9063
9117
9170
9222
9274
9069
9122
9175
9227
9279
9074
9128
9180
9232
9284
9079
9133
9186
9238
9289
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
85
86
87
88
89
9294
9345
9395
9445
9494
9299
9350
9400
9450
9499
9304
9355
9405
9455
9504
9309
9360
9410
9460
9509
9315
9365
9415
9465
9513
9320
9370
9420
9469
9518
9325
9375
9425
9474
9523
9330
9380
9430
9479
9528
9335
9385
9435
9484
9533
9340
9390
9440
9489
9538
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
4
4
4
90
91
92
93
94
9542
9590
9638
9685
9731
9547
9595
9643
9689
9736
9552
9600
9647
9694
9741
9557
9605
9652
9699
9745
9562
9609
9657
9703
9750
9566
9614
9661
9708
9754
9571
9619
9666
9713
9759
9576
9624
9671
9717
9764
9581
9628
9675
9722
9768
9586
9633
9680
9727
9773
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
95
96
97
98
99
9777
9823
9868
9912
9956
9782
9827
9872
9917
9961
9786
9832
9877
9921
9965
9791
9836
9881
9926
9969
9795
9841
9886
9930
9974
9800
9845
9890
9934
9978
9805
9850
9894
9939
9983
9809
9854
9899
9943
9987
9814
9859
9903
9948
9991
9818
9863
9908
9952
9996
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
364
ANTI-LOGARITHMS
Mean Differences
00
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
88
99
.00
.01
.02
.03
.04
1000
1023
1047
1072
1096
1002
1026
1050
1074
1099
1005
1028
1052
1076
1102
1007
1030
1054
1079
1104
1009
1033
1057
1081
1107
1012
1035
1059
1084
1109
1014
1038
1062
1086
1112
1016
1040
1064
1089
1114
1019
1042
1067
1091
1117
1021
1045
1069
1094
1119
0
0
0
0
0
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
1122
1148
1175
1202
1230
1125
1151
1178
1205
1233
1127
1153
1180
1208
1236
1130
1156
1183
1211
1239
1132
1159
1186
1213
1242
1135
1161
1189
1216
1245
1138
1164
1191
1219
1247
1140
1167
1194
1222
1250
1143
1169
1197
1225
1253
1146
1172
1199
1227
1256
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
1259
1288
1318
1349
1380
1262
1291
1321
1352
1384
1265
1294
1324
1355
1387
1268
1297
1327
1358
1390
1271
1300
1330
1361
1393
1274
1303
1334
1365
1396
1276
1306
1337
1368
1400
1279
1309
1340
1371
1403
1282
1312
1343
1374
1406
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
1413
1445
1479
1514
1549
1416
1449
1483
1517
1552
1419
1452
1486
1521
1556
1422
1455
1489
1524
1560
1426
1459
1493
1528
1563
1429
1462
1496
1531
1567
1432
1466
1500
1535
1570
1435
1469
1503
1538
1574
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
1585
1622
1660
1698
1738
1589
1626
1663
1702
1742
1592
1629
1667
1706
1746
1596
1633
1671
1710
1750
1600
1637
1675
1714
1754
1603
1641
1679
1718
1758
1607
1644
1683
1722
1762
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
1778
1820
1862
1905
1950
1782
1824
1866
1910
1954
1786
1828
1871
1914
1959
1791
1832
1875
1919
1963
1795
1837
1879
1923
1968
1799
1841
1884
1928
1972
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
1995
2042
2089
2138
2188
2000
2046
2094
2143
2193
2004
2051
2099
2148
2198
2009
2056
2104
2153
2203
2014
2061
2109
2158
2208
.35
.36
.37
.38
.39
2239
2291
2344
2399
2455
2244
2296
2350
2404
2460
2249
2301
2355
2410
2466
2254
2307
2360
2415
2472
.40
.41
.42
.43
.44
2512
2570
2630
2692
2754
2518
2576
2636
2698
2761
2523
2582
2642
2704
2767
.45
.46
.47
.48
.49
2818
2884
2951
3020
3090
2825
2891
2958
3027
3097
2831
2897
2965
3034
3105
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
1285
1315
1346
1377
1409
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
1439
1472
1507
1542
1578
1442
1476
1510
1545
1581
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1611
1648
1687
1726
1766
1614
1652
1690
1730
1770
1618
1656
1694
1734
1774
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
1803
1845
1888
1932
1977
1807
1849
1892
1936
1982
1811
1854
1897
1941
1986
1816
1858
1901
1945
1991
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2018
2065
2113
2163
2213
2023
2070
2118
2168
2218
2028
2075
2123
2173
2223
2032
2080
2128
2178
2228
2037
2084
2133
2183
2234
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
2259
2312
2366
2421
2477
2265
2317
2371
2427
2483
2270
2323
2377
2432
2489
2275
2328
2382
2438
2495
2280
2333
2388
2443
2500
2286
2339
2393
2449
2506
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
2529
2588
2648
2710
2773
2535
2594
2655
2716
2780
2541
2600
2661
2723
2786
2547
2606
2667
2729
2793
2553
2612
2673
2735
2799
2559
2618
2679
2742
2805
2564
2624
2685
2748
2812
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
2838
2904
2972
3041
3112
2844
2911
2979
3048
3119
2851
2917
2985
3055
3126
2858
2924
2992
3062
3133
2864
2931
2999
3069
3141
2871
2938
3006
3076
3148
2877
2944
3013
3083
3155
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
365
ANTI-LOGARITHMS
Mean Differences
00
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
88
99
.50
.51
.52
.53
.54
3162
3236
3311
3388
3467
3170
3243
3319
3396
3475
3177
3251
3327
3404
3483
3184
3258
3334
3412
3491
3192
3266
3342
3420
3499
3199
3273
3350
3428
3508
3206
3281
3357
3436
3516
3214
3289
3365
3443
3524
3221
3296
3373
3451
3532
3228
3304
3381
3459
3540
1
1
1
1
1
.55
.56
.57
.58
.59
3548
3631
3715
3802
3890
3556
3639
3724
3811
3899
3565
3648
3733
3819
3908
3573
3656
3741
3828
3917
3581
3664
3750
3837
3926
3589
3673
3758
3846
3936
3597
3681
3767
3855
3945
3606
3690
3776
3864
3954
3614
3698
3784
3873
3963
3622
3707
3793
3882
3972
.60
.61
.62
.63
.64
3981
4074
4169
4266
4365
3990
4083
4178
4276
4375
3999
4093
4188
4285
4385
4009
4102
4198
4295
4395
4018
4111
4207
4305
4406
4027
4121
4217
4315
4416
4036
4030
4227
4325
4426
4046
4140
4236
4335
4436
4055
4150
4246
4345
4446
.65
.66
.67
.68
.69
4467
4571
4677
4786
4898
4477
4581
4688
4797
4909
4487
4592
4699
4808
4920
4498
4603
4710
4819
4932
4508
4613
4721
4831
4943
4519
4624
4732
4842
4955
4529
4634
4742
4853
4966
4539
4645
4753
4864
4977
.70
.71
.72
.73
.74
5012
5129
5248
5370
5495
5023
5140
5260
5383
5508
5035
5152
5272
5395
5521
5047
5164
5284
5408
5534
5058
5176
5297
5420
5546
5070
5188
5309
5433
5559
5082
5200
5321
5445
5572
.75
.76
.77
.78
.79
5623
5754
5888
6026
6166
5636
5768
5902
6039
6180
5649
5781
5916
6053
6194
5662
5794
5929
6067
6209
5675
5808
5943
6081
6223
5689
5821
5957
6095
6237
.80
.81
.82
.83
.84
6310
6457
6607
6761
6918
6324
6471
6622
6776
6934
6339
6486
6637
6792
6950
6353
6501
6653
6808
6566
6368
6516
6668
6823
6982
.85
.86
.87
.88
.89
7079
7244
7413
7586
7762
7096
7261
7430
7603
7780
7112
7278
7447
7621
7798
7129
7295
7464
7638
7816
.90
.91
.92
.93
.94
7943
8128
8318
8511
8710
7962
8147
8337
8531
8730
7980
8166
8356
8551
8750
.95
.96
.97
.98
.99
8913
9120
9333
9550
9772
8933
9141
9354
9572
9795
8954
9162
9376
9594
9817
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
4064
4159
4256
4355
4457
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
4550
4656
4764
4875
4989
4560
4667
4775
4887
5000
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
5093
5212
5333
5458
5585
5105
5224
5346
5470
5598
5117
5236
5358
5483
5610
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
5702
5834
5970
6109
6252
5715
5848
5984
6124
6266
5728
5861
5998
6138
6281
5741
5875
6012
6152
6295
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
6383
6531
6683
6839
6998
6397
6546
6699
6855
7015
6412
6561
6714
6871
7031
6427
6577
6730
6887
7047
6442
6592
6745
6902
7063
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7 9
8 9
8 9
8 9
8 10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
7145
7311
7482
7656
7834
7161
7328
7499
7674
7852
7178
7345
7516
7691
7870
7194
7362
7534
7709
7889
7211
7379
7551
7727
7907
7228
7396
7568
7745
7925
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
7998
8185
8375
8570
8770
8017
8204
8395
8590
8790
8035
8222
8414
8610
8810
8054
8241
8433
8630
8831
8072
8260
8453
8650
8851
8091
8279
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8670
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8110
8299
8492
8690
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9441
9661
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9036
9247
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9683
9908
9057
9268
9484
9705
9931
9078
9290
9506
9727
9954
9099
9311
9528
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366

Std11 BM TM

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Copyright:

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Std11 BM TM

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Available Formats

tf fj

U. it. Uhd rgj,

rhf bjhl - tiugl sf - tifbfG fhQj tot fj sf - mogil nfhghLfUJ tifbfG

ruF Kjf/ gFf kW fl guf (15 tFf)

ruFKjf/ gFf kW fl guf 271

vf kW rhfis/ brtf mik tUkhW

nkfl mik cs vf kW rhfis FF

rJu m (Square Matrix)

tir 2-I cila rJu m MF.

tir 3-I cila rJu m MF.

xnu xU iuia cila m iu m vdgL.

xnu xU u cila m u m vdgL.

vgJ 3 x 1 tir u m MF.

a m (Zero Or Null Matrix)

X m cs _yff midJ akhf ,U/

vgJ 2 x 2 tirs a m MF.

_iyl m (Diagonal Matrix)

xU rJu m Kjik _iyl _yffis jJ/

vgJ tir 2 -I cila _iyl m

vgJ tir 3 -I cila _iyl m MF.

1, -2, 5 Mait Kjik _yl _yffshF. 3, -2, 7 Mait

xU _iyl m midJ _iyl cWfS K -F

vw m tir 3 -I cila ir mahF.

myF m (Unit Matrix)

xU ir m midJ _iyl _yff k

vgJ tir 2 -I cila myF mahF.

vgJ tir 3 -I cila myF mahF.

1.1.4 X mia ir bfhL bgUFj (Multiplication

irah bgUfgl m tUkhW tiuaWfgLwJ.

KA= (Kaij) midJ i, j fSF

tiuaWfgLwJ. mjhtJ mt cs midJ _yff

,uL mf tU gjidF cglh ,uL

,uL mf tirf rkkhf ,U (TlYF

,U mf xnu tirahf miknghJ kLnk mt

,t bgUf AB vgJ m x n juKila C = (cij) vw

= 2 x 5 + (-1) x (-2) 2 x (-7) + (-1) x (4)

mf bgUf Tl mogil mikj

mfSnk a mfshf ,Uf ntoa

,F A, B ,U mfS a mf my. Mdh mt

,t iufis/ ufshf myJ ufis/ iufshf

vgij X vzhf fUJbghGJ

6 + 4 2 + (8) 10+ (3) 10 6 7

1(-2) + 2(-2) + 3x2

3(-1) + 6(-1) + 9(1)

3(-2) + 6(-2) + 9(2)

1(-4) + 2(-4) + 3x4

= 2(-1) + 4(-1) + 6(1) 2(-2) + 4(-2) + 6(2) 2(-4) + 4(-4) + 6x4

3(-4) + 6(-4) + 9x4

1x2 + (-4)x0 + 2(-4) 1x(-3) + (-4)x1 + 2x(-2)

mf bgUfiy gagL/ nkFLs

A, B, kW C tiffSfhd VWk vifia E vw mah

= (500 1000 200) 8

= (5000 + 8000 + 2400

10000 + 5000 + 1800)

2436 + 2926 + 1656

fhQ mfSF AB kW BA - kig fhf.

(AB) T = BT AT vgij rghf.

nkFLs jftfis mahf vGj. mf

fhQ mf TLj fhf.

(i) (A+B) (A-B) A2 - B2

(i) (A+B) (C+D) (ii) (C+D) (A+B)

tf fj/ bghUa/ fbgh ma kW a

nkFl jftfis m to vGj.