Bao Cao Datn Dung

LI CAM OAN
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MC LC

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MC LC

LI CAM OAN ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MC LC ................................................................................................................... 2
DANH SCH CC T VIT TT ........................................................................... 6
DANH SCH HNH V ............................................................................................ 8
LI M U ........................................................................................................... 10
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN ................................................................................ 12
1.1. Gii thiu chng .................................................................................... 12
1.2. M hnh knh truyn khng dy chn lc thi gian, tn s .................... 12
1.2.1. Phn loi fading ....................................................................................... 12
1.2.1.1. Fading tm rng ....................................................................................... 12
1.2.1.2. Fading tm hp ........................................................................................ 12
1.2.1.2.1. Knh truyn chn lc tn s v knh truyn khng chn lc tn s ....... 14
1.2.1.2.2. Knh truyn chn lc thi gian v khng chn lc thi gian .................. 15
1.2.2. M hnh knh fading a ng ............................................................... 15
1.2.2.1. Hin tng fading a ng (multipath fading) ..................................... 15
1.2.2.2. M hnh knh fading a ng ............................................................... 16
1.2.3. M hnh Jake............................................................................................ 18
1.2.4. M hnh Zheng ........................................................................................ 19
1.2.5. M hnh khai trin c bn (BEM) ........................................................... 19
1.2.5.1. Gii thiu BEM ....................................................................................... 19
1.2.5.2. Cc m hnh khai trin c bn ................................................................. 20
1.3. Truyn dn a sng mang ........................................................................ 22
1.3.1. Tng quan v truyn dn a sng mang .................................................. 22
1.3.2. K thut truyn dn OFDM ..................................................................... 22
1.4. M hnh tn hiu....................................................................................... 24
1.5. Cc k thut c lng knh truyn........................................................ 25
1.5.1. Khi nim v c lng knh truyn ...................................................... 25
MC LC

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1.5.2. Thut ton Fisher ..................................................................................... 26
1.6. Kt lun chng ....................................................................................... 27
CHNG 2 .............................................................................................................. 28
C LNG KNH TRUYN CHN LC THI GIAN V TN S TRONG
H THNG THNG TIN A CHNG ONE WAY RELAY ............................... 28
2.1. Gii thiu chng .................................................................................... 28
2.2. Thng tin a chng .................................................................................. 28
2.2.1. Tng quan v thng tin a chng ............................................................. 28
2.2.2. Mc ch s dng relay ........................................................................... 29
2.3. c lng knh truyn trong h thng thng tin a chng one-way relay .
................................................................................................................. 30
2.3.1. H thng One-way relay .......................................................................... 30
2.3.2. u v nhc im ca One-way relay .................................................... 31
2.3.3. c lng knh truyn trong h thng thng tin a chng One-way relay
................................................................................................................. 31
2.3.3.1. M hnh h thng ..................................................................................... 32
2.3.3.2. Khi phc d liu .................................................................................... 34
2.4. Kt lun chng ....................................................................................... 35
CHNG 3 .............................................................................................................. 36
C LNG KNH TRUYN CHN LC THI GIAN V TN S TRONG
H THNG MIMO-OFDM TWO WAY RELAY .................................................. 36
3.1. Gii thiu chng .................................................................................... 36
3.2. Tng quan v h thng thng tin a chng two way relay ...................... 36
3.3. Tng quan v h thng MIMO-OFDM ................................................... 37
3.4. Cc k thut phn tp trong h thng MIMO-OFDM ............................. 38
3.4.1. Phn tp khng gian ................................................................................ 38
3.4.2. Phn tp tn s ......................................................................................... 39
3.4.3. Phn tp thi gian .................................................................................... 39
3.5. M hnh ton hc h thng OFDM Two way relay ................................ 40
3.6. Khi phc d liu .................................................................................... 45
MC LC

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3.7. Kt lun chng ....................................................................................... 47
CHNG 4 M PHNG .................................................................................. 48
4.1. Gii thiu chng .................................................................................... 48
4.2. Kho st h thng One- way relay ........................................................... 49
4.2.1. Lu thut tonca h thng One way relay ...................................... 49
4.2.2. Kt qu m phng v nhn xt ................................................................ 50
4.2.2.1. Kho st MSE_CIR ca cc BEM ........................................................... 50
4.2.2.2. Kho st BER ca cc BEM .................................................................... 51
4.2.2.3. Kho st BER ca cc BEM vi tc khc nhau ................................. 52
4.2.2.4. Kho st BER ca cc BEM vi s hm Q khc nhau ............................ 53
4.2.2.5. Kho st BER ca P BEM vi iu ch s khc nhau ............................ 54
4.3. Kho st h thng Two-way relay ........................................................... 55
4.3.1. Lu thut ton ca h thng Two way relay .................................... 55
4.3.1.1. Kho st h thng 1 anten pht, 1 anten thu v 1 relay ........................... 55
4.3.1.1.1. Kho st MSE ca cc BEM_Coe vi SNR khc nhau .......................... 56
4.3.1.1.2. Kho st MSE ca cc BEM_CIR vi SNR khc nhau .......................... 57
4.3.1.1.3. Kho st BER ca cc BEM vi SNR khc nhau ................................... 58
4.3.1.1.4. Kho st BER ca cc BEM vi tn s Doppler chun ha .................... 59
4.3.1.1.5. Kho st BER ca P- BEM vi tc khc nhau theo SNR .................. 60
4.3.1.1.6. Kho st BER ca BEM vi s pilot chn khc nhau theo SNR ............ 61
4.3.1.2. Kho st h thng MIMO-Multirelay ...................................................... 62
4.3.1.2.1. Kho st MSE ca cc BEM_Coe vi SNR khc nhau .......................... 63
4.3.1.2.2. Kho st MSE ca cc BEM_CIR vi SNR khc nhau .......................... 64
4.3.1.2.3. Kho st MSE v tr chn pilot vi SNR khc nhau ................................ 65
4.3.1.2.4. Kho st MSE s Relay vi SNR khc nhau ........................................... 66
4.3.1.2.5. Kho st MSE s Anten vi SNR khc nhau .......................................... 67
4.4. Kt lun chng ....................................................................................... 68
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI .................................................. 69
1. Kt lun .................................................................................................... 69
MC LC

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2. Hng pht trin ti ............................................................................ 69
TI LIU THAM KHO ......................................................................................... 70
PH LC ................................................................................................................. 72

DANH SCH CC T VIT TT
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1G First Generation Th h th nht
2G Second Generation Th h th hai
3G Third Generation Th h th ba
4G Fourth Generation Th h th t
A
AF Ampify and Forward Khuch i v chuyn tip
AWGN Addition White Gaussian Noise Nhiu Gaussian trng cng
B
BEM Basis Expansion Models M hnh khai trin c bn
BER Bit Error Rate T s bit li
BTS Base Transceiver Station Trm thu pht gc
BW Bandwidth Bng thng
C
CE Complex Exponential Hm m phc
CFO Carrier Frequency Offset lch tn s sng mang
CIR Channel Impulse Response p ng xung knh truyn
CP Cyclic Prefix Tin t lp vng
CSI Channel State Information Thng tin trng thi knh truyn
D
DF Decode and Forward Gii m v chuyn tip
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform Php bin i Fourier ri rc
DPS Discrete Prolate Sphroidal Hm khai trin c bn
G
GCE Generalized Complex Exponential Hm m lin hp suy rng
GI Guard Interval Khong bo v
F
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s

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FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access a truy cp phn chia theo tn s
FFT Fast Fourier Transform Php bin i Fourier nhanh
I
ICI Inter- Carrier Interference Nhiu lin sng mang
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Php bin i Fourier o
ISI Inter- Symbol Interference Nhiu lin k t
L
LTE Long Term Evolution S tin trin di hn
M
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output Nhiu ng vo, nhiu ng ra
ML Maximum Likelihood Kh nng ln nht
M-QAM M Quadrature Amplitude Modulation iu ch bin cu phng M im
MSE Mean Squared Error Li bnh phng trung bnh
O
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc
giao
P
P-BEM Poly nomial BEM Khai trin a thc
PDF Probability Density Function Hm phn b mt xc sut
Q
QAM Quadrature Ampitude Modulation iu ch bin cu phng
S
SDMA Space Division Multiple Access a truy cp phn chia theo khng
gian
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn nhiu

DANH SCH HNH V
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DANH SCH HNH V

Hnh 1.1: Knh truyn khng chn lc tn s (f
0
<W)
Hnh 1.2: Knh truyn chn lc tn s (f
0
>W)
Hnh 1.3: Tn hiu t bn pht n bn thu theo cc ng khc nhau
Hnh 1.4: M hnh truyn tn hiu trong knh fading a ng
Hnh 1.5: chnh xc ca cc BEM vi Q = 7, tc 100km/h
Hnh 1.6: Hiu qu s dng ph trong k thut FDM (a) v OFDM (b)
Hnh 1.7: Cu trc 1 symbol OFDM trong min tn s
Hnh 1.8: Cu trc tnh hiu OFDM pht i my pht

Hnh 2.1: M hnh h thng thng tin a chng
Hnh 2.2: M hnh One-way relay
Hnh 2.3: M hnh truyn dn multi-hop

Hnh 3.1: M hnh h thng two-way relay
Hnh 3.2: M hnh x l two way relay

Hnh 4.1: th MSE_CIR ca cc BEM theo SNR
Hnh 4.2: th BER ca cc BEM theo SNR
Hnh 4.3: th BER ca cc BEM vi tc khc nhau
Hnh 4.4: th BER ca cc BEM vi s hm Q khc nhau
Hnh 4.5: th BER ca P- BEM vi iu ch s khc nhau
Hnh 4.6: th MSE ca cc BEM_Coe vi SNR khc nhau
Hnh 4.7: th MSE ca cc BEM_CIR vi SNR khc nhau
Hnh 4.8: th BER ca cc BEM vi SNR khc nhau
Hnh 4.9: th MSE ca cc BEM vi tn s Doppler chun ha
Hnh 4.10: th BER ca P- BEM vi tc khc nhau theo SNR

DANH SCH HNH V
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Hnh 4.12: th MSE ca BEM_Coe theo SNR
Hnh 4.13: th MSE ca BEM_CIR theo SNR
Hnh 4.14: th MSE v tr chn pilot theo SNR
Hnh 4.15: th MSE s Relay theo SNR
Hnh 4.16: th MSE s Anten khc nhau theo SNR

LI M U
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LI M U

Nhu cu trao i thng tin lin lc ca con ngi rt a dng v phong ph.
Ngnh vin thng hin hin nay cng theo pht trin nhanh chng vi nhiu
bc t ph trong cng ngh mi. Bn cnh cc h thng thng tin ang pht trin
hin nay l 2.5G, 3G th cc nh mng tin hnh trin khai mt chun di ng th
h mi c rt nhiu tim nng, l th h th 4 (4G) s dng cc k thut a truy
cp phn chia theo khng gian, tn s trc giao v thi gian. p ng yu cu v
bng thng rng, tnh di ng cao ca dch v cung cp cho ngi dng, truyn dn
a truy cp phn chia theo tn s trc giao kt hp vi cu hnh truyn dn gm
nhiu anten pht v thu (MIMO) c chn l gii php k thut truyn dn v
tuyn chnh cho cc mng bng rng 4G. Tuy nhin, hiu qu ca h thng MIMO-
OFDM ph thuc nhiu vo chnh xc ca thng tin trng thi knh truyn
(CSI). Chnh v th, yu cu v vic xy dng cc gii thut c lng p ng
knh truyn a ng, chn lc thi gian tn s trong h thng 4G l rt cn thit.
Cng vi h thng truyn dn MIMO- OFDM, mt k thut truyn dn mi
c thng qua bi 3GPP- LTE Advanced l truyn dn thng tin a chng multi-
hop (one way relay v two way relay). Vic c lng knh truyn trong trng
hp ny phc tp hn v chu nh hng ca h s fading qua nhiu chng.
T yu cu cn thit v vic c lng p ng knh truyn a ng, cng
vi mong mun tm hiu k hn v h thng thng tin a chng, em chn ti
nghin cu cho n tt nghip l: c lng knh truyn a chng bin thin
theo thi gian trong truyn dn MI MO-OFDM.
n chia lm 4 chng:
Chng 1: Tng quan
Chng 2: c lng knh truyn chn lc thi gian v tn s trong h
thng thng tin a chng one way relay
Chng 3: c lng knh truyn chn lc thi gian v tn s trong h
thng thng tin a chng MIMO-OFDM two way relay

LI M U
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Chng 4: M phng
n ny s gii quyt cc vn lin quan n vic c lng p ng
knh truyn bng thut ton Fisher v a ra kt qu m phng bng phn mm
Matlab.
BNG PHN CNG NHIM V

TRN VN DNG 08DT1
- Thit lp m hnh h thng.
- Vit chng trnh Matlab m phng h thng two-way MIMO-OFDM.
- Vit bo co chng 3, chng 4.
- Vit bn tm tt n.
TRN TH THU THY 08DT3
- Thit lp m hnh h thng.
- Vit chng trnh Matlab m phng h thng one-way relay.
- Vit bo co chng 1, chng 2.
- Lm slide thuyt trnh.
Trong qu trnh thc hin n, em c gng rt nhiu song khng khi
mc phi nhng sai st, knh mong qu thy c thng cm v ng gp kin
n c hon thin hn.
Sau cng, cho php em by t li cm n n cc thy c gio trong khoa
in T Vin Thng, c bit l thy Nguyn L Hng tn tnh hng dn, cung
cp ti liu v ng vin gip em trong sut thi gian thc hin n ny.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
Nng, thng 06 nm 2013
Sinh vin thc hin

Trn Vn Dng
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

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CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

1.1. Gii thiu chng
Chng ny trnh by cc ni dung sau:
- Tng quan v m hnh truyn dn khng dy
- K thut truyn dn a sng mang
- Tng quan v a truy cp phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM)
- Cc k thut c lng knh truyn

1.2. M hnh knh truyn khng dy chn lc thi gian, tn s
1.2.1. Phn loi fading
Trong m hnh knh truyn khng dy, m hnh truyn tn hiu c chia
thnh 2 loi l fading tm rng v fading tm hp.

1.2.1.1. Fading tm rng
Fading tm rng din t s suy yu ca trung bnh cng sut tn hiu hoc
suy hao knh truyn l do s di chuyn trong mt vng rng. Hin tng ny chu
nh hng bi s cao ln ca a hnh (i ni, rng, cc khu nh cao tng) gia
my pht v my thu. Ta ni pha thu b che khut bi cc vt cn cao. Cc thng k
v hin tng fading tm rng cho php c lng suy hao knh truyn theo
hm ca khong cch.

1.2.1.2. Fading tm hp
Fading tm hp din t s thay i ng k bin v pha tn hiu. iu
ny xy ra l do s thay i nh trong v tr khng gian gia pha pht v pha thu.
Fading tm hp c hai nguyn l s tri thi gian (Time - Spreading) ca tn hiu
v c tnh thay i theo thi gian (Time - Variant) ca knh truyn. i vi cc
ng dng di ng, knh truyn l bin i theo thi gian v s di chuyn ca pha
pht v pha thu dn n s thay i ng truyn sng.
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

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Fading tm hp sinh ra bi nhiu bn sao cc tn hiu truyn vi cc tr
khc nhau kt hp pha nhn. M hnh fading tm hp nh hng trn h thng
MIMO c hai tnh cht sau:
- p ng knh truyn t cc anten pht n cc anten thu l tng hp cc
ng phn x. V cc ng c tr khc nhau ti thi im n nn p
ng xung tri rng trong min thi gian.
- Tn hiu tng hp nhn c mi anten thu l tng cc tn hiu t tt c cc
anten pht.
Ty theo p ng tn s ca knh truyn v bng thng ca tn hiu pht,
tri tr hoc Coherence time v chu k symbol m ta c cc loi knh truyn:
- Knh truyn chn lc tn s v knh truyn khng chn lc tn s.
- Knh truyn bin i nhanh v knh truyn bin i chm.

Fading tm hp
( Tri tr thi gian a ng)

Fading phng
1. BW tn hiu < BW knh truyn
2. Tri tr < T_symbol

Fading chn lc tn s
1. BW tn hiu > BW knh truyn
2. Tri tr > T_symbol

Fading tm hp
(Tri ph Doppler)

Fading bin i nhanh
1. Tri ph Doppler ln
2. Coherence Time < T_symbol
3. Knh truyn bin i nhanh hn
bin i tn hiu di nn.

Fading bin i chm
1. Tri ph Doppler nh
2. Coherence Time < T_symbol
3. Knh truyn bin i chm hn
bin i tn hiu di nn.

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

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1.2.1.2.1. Knh truyn chn lc tn s v knh truyn khng chn lc tn s
Do tn hiu nhn c pha thu l tn hiu pht i theo nhiu ng khc
nhau nn thi gian n pha thu khng ging nhau m c nhng khong thi gian
tr, lm cho p ng ca knh truyn ko di, tn ph ca knh truyn cng thay
i ty theo thi gian tr ny. Ta nh ngha coherence bandwidth l khong tn s
m p ng tn s ca knh truyn l gn nh nhau ti mi tn s. Ta tnh
coherence bandwidth nh sau :

Vi
l thi gian tr nhiu nht.

Nu bng thng ca tn hiu pht nh hn coherence bandwidth ta gi knh
truyn l khng chn lc tn s, ngc li ta c knh truyn chn lc tn s.

Hnh 1.1: Knh truyn khng chn lc tn s (f
0
<W)
Trn hnh 1.1 knh truyn c f
0
ln hn nhiu so vi bng thng ca tn hiu
pht, mi thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu c truyn qua knh chu s suy gim v
dch pha gn nh nhau. Chnh v vy, knh truyn ny c gi l knh truyn
khng chn lc tn s hoc knh truyn flat fading.

Hnh 1.2: Knh truyn chn lc tn s (f
0
>W)
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

Trang 15
Ngc li trn hnh 1.2, ta nhn thy knh truyn c f
0
nh hn nhiu so vi
bng thng ca tn hiu pht. Do ti mt s tn s trn bng tn, knh truyn
khng cho tn hiu i qua v nhng thnh phn tn s khc nhau ca tn hiu c
truyn i chu s suy gim v dch pha khc nhau. Dng knh truyn nh vy c
gi l knh truyn chn lc tn s.

1.2.1.2.2. Knh truyn chn lc thi gian v khng chn lc thi gian
Khi pha pht hoc pha thu hoc cc vt chn sng v dn sng gia pha
pht v pha thu chuyn ng, hin tng Doppler xy ra v lm cho ph tn s tn
hiu nhn c b dch chuyn. S dch chuyn tn s ca ph tn tn hiu ng
ngha vi s thay i ca p ng knh truyn trong min thi gian. Nu s dch
chuyn Doppler ln tng ng vi s thay i knh truyn din ra nhanh v ngc
li. Ta nh ngha coherence time l thi gian m knh truyn thay i khng ng
k.
(

vi

l tn s cao nht gy ra bi hiu ng Doppler.
Nu coherence time nh hn 1 chu k tn hiu ta gi knh truyn l bin
i nhanh (fast fading), ngc li ta gi knh truyn l bin i chm (slow fading).

1.2.2. M hnh knh fading a ng
1.2.2.1. Hin tng fading a ng (multipath fading)
Fading c nh ngha l s thay i cng tn hiu sng mang cao tn
ti anten thu, thng xy ra i vi cc h thng thng tin v tuyn do tc ng ca
mi trng truyn dn.
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

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Hnh 1.3: Tn hiu t bn pht n bn thu theo cc ng khc nhau

1.2.2.2. M hnh knh fading a ng

Hnh 1.4: M hnh truyn tn hiu trong knh fading a ng
Tn hiu s(t) c truyn vo khng gian t anten pht c th c biu din
nh sau:
[
] (1.3)
trong
l tn hiu phc bng tn c s. Tn hiu

c gi l ng bao phc (complex envelope) hay tn hiu tng ng thng
thp (complex lowpass equivalent signal) ca . Ta gi l ng bao phc
ca bi v bin v pha ca chnh l bin v pha ca .
Qua knh truyn fading (gm L ng vt l), tn hiu thu c ti anten thu
c th c biu din:
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

Trang 17

Thay (1.3) vo (1.4) ta c:
]
[
]
[
] (1.5)
Nh vy, tn hiu nhn c di nn c xc nh nh sau:

Bc tip theo, ta s thit lp mt knh truyn hu dng bng cch chuyn
knh truyn lin tc thi gian sang knh truyn ri rc thi gian. S dng cng thc
ca nh l ly mu, gi s rng tn hiu u vo c bng tn gii hn l W,
khi c th biu din tng ng l:

vi
) v

.
Ta c th biu din (1.7) nh tun theo nh l ly mu, nh l ni rng bt
c tn hiu no c bng tn gii hn l W/2 c th c biu din l tng cc hm
c bn trc giao nhau vi cc h s l cc mu ti cc thi im n/W
( ).
Thay (1.7) vo (1.6) ta c :

((
) )

((
) )

Suy ra cc mu
thu c l:
) (
) ) (
)

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

Trang 18
t , t (1.8) suy ra:

Vy m hnh thi gian ri rc ca knh truyn v tuyn c biu din l:

vi
.

1.2.3. M hnh Jake
Knh truyn l mt qu trnh ngu nhin v th qu trnh m phng gp
nhiu kh khn. Tuy nhin ta c th xc nh c hm mt xc sut (pdf) ca
knh truyn, nh thng tin knh truyn c th c khi phc. C nhiu m hnh
ton hc c a ra m phng knh truyn. Trong m hnh Jake c s
dng nhiu trong m phng h thng. M hnh Jake c cho theo cng thc sau:
{[
[]
trong t l thi gian ly mu, n l s ng, k l s knh,
l h s lch pha,
l bit code trc giao (+1 hoc -1),
l pha ban u,
l dch Doppler,
l s b dao ng.
M hnh Jake a ra mt phng php n gin to ra knh Rayleigh
fading bng tng chng chp ca cc hm sin vi tn s v pha ban u khc nhau.
Tuy nhin nu cc thng s ca knh truyn c thit lp ngay t u th
chng s khng cn ng trong m hnh knh truyn chn lc thi gian, tn s.
qu trnh m phng thc t hn th knh truyn phi l mt qu trnh ngu nhin v
vn gi c nhng c tnh thng k. V vy m hnh Zheng c a ra v c
chnh t m hnh Jake.

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

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1.2.4. M hnh Zheng
M hnh Zheng to ra cc mu tng t nh m hnh Jake nhng cn dng
s b dao ng t hn, tuy nhin yu cu s lng ln cc hm sin. Thnh phn
fading c th hin trong thnh phn ng pha v vung pha ti mu th m c
cho bi cng thc sau:

{(
)}
[]

{(
)}
[]
v gc ti ca ng th n l:

trong
l tn s Doppler cc i,
l khong thi gian mu, n l s lng hm

sin,
l nhng pha. C
c khi to ti im khi u ca mi ln
th v c phn b chun trong khong (-, ).

1.2.5. M hnh khai trin c bn (BEM)
1.2.5.1. Gii thiu BEM
Fading c nh hng ln ln tn hiu trong knh truyn chn lc thi gian,
tn s v m hnh Zheng c th to ra h s fading cho mi mu vi nhng c tnh
thng k chnh xc. C th thy t biu thc (1.11) v (1.12) tng quan thi gian
c gii thiu trong knh truyn bi v chuyn ng tng i gia my pht v
my thu. Bng cch s dng tng quan thi gian, nhiu mu knh truyn c th
c xp x vi s lng tham s t hn. y chnh l vic s dng hm khai trin
c bn (BEM).
Trong khi d liu pht c N mu, ti u thu ca knh truyn chn lc thi
gian, tn s yu cu thng tin ca N mu ny biu din knh truyn, khi phc
d liu. Tuy nhin trong h thng s mu N v s symbol pht i (M) ln th c
nhiu bin s v s gp kh khn trong qu trnh khi phc knh truyn. Tuy nhin
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

Trang 20
c th xp x knh truyn chn lc thi gian bng cc m hnh khai trin c bn
(BEM) khc nhau lm gim mt lng ng k s chiu biu din ca knh
truyn.
li knh l, ti mu thi gian n c biu din nh sau:

[]
trong :
- l {0,..., L -1}
- L i din cho di knh truyn
-
i din cho gi tr hm c bn
-
l h s BEM ca m hnh knh

- Q l s hm c bn c s dng trong m hnh khai trin c bn
Biu din cng thc (1.13) di dng vector nh sau:

trong :
].
Vector i din cho tt c cc ng tr thnh:
[9]
trong :
L L
B I B = ,
0 1
[ ,..., ]
T T T
L
c c c

=

1.2.5.2. Cc m hnh khai trin c bn
C cc m hnh khai trin c s c s dng nh sau: Hm m phc (CE),
hm GCE, hm a thc (P), hm Discrete Prolate Spheroidal (DPS), hm Karhuen-
Love (KL).
- Khai trin m phc (CE): c a ra nm 1996 bi Tsatsanis v
Giannakis. Hm c s ca khai trin m phc c cho bi cng thc sau:

y l nhng hm m phc, c chu k bng vi di ca khong c
xem xt. H s CE- BEM c m hnh ton n gin v d thc thi. Tuy nhin v l
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

Trang 21
hm m nn CE-BEM chu nh hng ca Gibbs khi phn tch Fourier, dn n
mo pha v bin , c bit l nhng im bt u v kt thc ca mi frame. T
cng thc trn ta thy h s CE-BEM l c nh trong mt khong thi gian xc
nh, do chu nh hng ca li m hnh do hin tng Gibbs.

- Khai trin GCE: c a ra vo nm 2000 bi Thomas v Vook. Hm
c s ca khai trin GCE c cho bi cng thc sau:

(

Tng t hm CE, nhng khong cch tn s ca n c thu hp li nh
vo h s G, do gim c nh hng ca modelling error v trnh c
Doppler do khong cch tn s nh hn tn s Doppler.
- Hm a thc (P): c a ra nm 1999 bi Borah v Hart. L mt tp
cc a thc tng ng vi khai trin Taylor:

Nh vy c ti vi m hnh khai trin c s BEMs tn ti v mi loi c
nh ngha bi cc hm c bn c s dng trong vic to ra cc B. Ma trn B
c thit k l duy nht ng vi mi hm c s c chn.
o c chnh xc ca BEM ta dng li bnh phng trung bnh (MSE)
chun ha. MSE c tnh t CIR thc t h v m hnh xp x ha c tnh t B
v c. Li bnh phng trung bnh p ng xung knh truyn c nh ngha nh
sau:

{
}
{
}

Hnh 1.5: chnh xc ca cc BEM vi Q = 7, tc 100km/h
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

Trang 22
1.3. Truyn dn a sng mang
1.3.1. Tng quan v truyn dn a sng mang
T khi bt u mng t bo, truyn dn n sng mang c s dng
truyn ti thng tin. Tuy nhin trn thc t, nhng knh truyn khng dy chu tc
ng mnh m ca hin tng fading a ng, iu ny gy ra mt mt tn hiu
nghim trng. Khi tn hiu pht nm trong passband, bng thng tn hiu tp trung
quanh tn s sng mang. Trong truyn dn bng rng bng thng tn hiu ln v
chim dng mt ph tn s ln. Khi hin tng fading chn lc tn s tc ng ln
tn s sng mang th ton b thng tin s b mt. Mt phng php trnh nh
hng ca hin tng chn lc tn s l truyn dn a sng mang. Thay v s dng
mt tn s sng mang truyn mt tn hiu bng rng, my pht s s dng nhiu
sng mang con. chnh l php bin i t knh truyn la chn tn s bng
rng, thng lng cao thnh nhng knh truyn con khng chn lc tn s, thng
lng thp. thc hin iu ny, bng thng nhng knh truyn con cn phi b
hn Coherence bandwidth ca knh truyn. Mt vi sng mang con c th b mt
mt trong qu trnh truyn dn do hin tng fading a ng, nhng phn ln tn
hiu c pht i vn c nhn ti u thu, kt hp vi vic m ha knh, phn b
mt c th khi phc li c. Mt cch n gin nht thc hin truyn dn a
sng mang l k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM). Mi
knh con c cp pht mt tn s truyn dn ng thi trn cc sng mang ph
khc nhau.

1.3.2. K thut truyn dn OFDM
K thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM) l mt k thut
iu ch a sng mang, trong cc k t d liu (data symbol) c iu ch
thnh nhng song mang ph (hay sng mang con) song song cch u nhau. Cc
sng mang ph ny c s phn chia tn s ti thiu cn thit duy tr tnh trc
giao tng ng vi dng sng trong min thi gian, cn ph tn hiu tng ng vi
cc sng mang ph khc nhau chng ln trong min tn s. Vi mt bng tn c
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

Trang 23
sn, vic chng ln ph ca cc sng mang con ny s lm tng hiu qu s dng
ph ln rt cao, ln hn nhiu so vi k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s thng
thng.
Ngoi ra OFDM cn l mt k thut n gin c p dng rt hiu qu
khc phc hin tng nhiu lin k t ISI trong hiu ng tri tr trong fading a
ng bng cch s dng khong bo v (GI period) ti v tr bt u ca mi
symbol v rt thch hp cho cc knh truyn fading la chn tn s trong thng tin
v tuyn bng cch bin i knh truyn chn lc tn s thnh tp hp cc knh
truyn fading phng v cho php lung thng tin tc cao c truyn song song
vi tc thp trn cc knh bng hp.
Mt tn hiu OFDM gm mt s lng ln cc sng mang c khong cch
rt gn nhau. Khi iu ch cc tn hiu thoi, d liu, ln sng mang, ph ca
chng s chng ln ln nhau. iu cn thit ti my thu l phi nhn c ton b
tn hiu ca gii iu ch chnh xc d liu. Vi cc k thut trc y nh FDM,
khi tn hiu c truyn gn nhau th chng phi c tch bit nhau my thu c
th tch ri chng bng b lc v phi c khong bng bo v gia chng. Tuy
nhin vi nhng ci tin ca OFDM, mc d ph ca cc sng mang chng ln ph
ln nhau, chng vn c th n c my thu m khng b nhiu bi v chng c
tnh trc giao.

Hnh 1.6: Hiu qu s dng ph trong k thut FDM (a) v OFDM (b)

Trong nhng thp k va qua, nhiu cng trnh khoa hc v k thut OFDM
c thc hin khp ni trn th gii. c bit l cng trnh khoa hc ca
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

Trang 24
Weistein v Ebert chng minh rng php iu ch OFDM c th c thc hin
thng qua php bin i IDFT v php gii iu ch OFDM c th c thc hin
bng php bin i DFT. Pht minh ny cng vi s pht trin ca k thut s lm
cho k thut iu ch OFDM c ng dng ngy cng rng ri. Hn na, thay v
s dng IDFT/DFT ngi ta c th s dng php bin i nhanh IFFT/FFT s lm
gim phc tp v tng tc x l tn hiu my pht v my thu.

1.4. M hnh tn hiu

Hnh 1.7: Cu trc 1 symbol OFDM trong min tn s

Tn hiu pht OFDM bng tn c s c truyn i c biu din nh
sau:

trong
{ }
,..., 0,..., 1
g
n N N e ,
g
N l chiu di tin t Cyclic- Prefix.

Hnh 1.8: Cu trc tnh hiu OFDM pht i my pht
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

Trang 25
Qua knh truyn fading chn lc thi gian, tn s cc mu th n nhn c
trong symbol OFDM th m c biu din nh sau:

trong ne {0,., N-1}, h
l,n,m
l p ng xung ca knh truyn fading a ng v
z
n,m
l nhiu trng cng Gaussian (AWGN) vi cng sut nhiu l N
0
.
khng xy ra nhiu lin k t ISI th chiu di N
g
ca tin t lp CP phi
tha mn N
g
L-1.
Tn hiu y
n,m
qua b S/P c chuyn t ni tip sang song song vi tip tc
c a vo b bin i FFT. Tn hiu thu c trong min thi gian c biu
din nh sau:

1.5. Cc k thut c lng knh truyn
1.5.1. Khi nim v c lng knh truyn
gim nh nh hng ca hin tng fading, nhng thng tin v knh
truyn l cn thit v quan trng ti my pht v my thu. Tuy nhin bit c
mt cch chnh xc cc thng tin v knh truyn l iu rt kh. V vy c lng
knh truyn l yu cu u tin v cn thit ca mt h thng nhm lm gim s sai
khc ca hm truyn ca knh thu so vi knh pht do nhiu nguyn nhn trong qu
trnh truyn dn. Trong n ny s tp trung nghin cu phng php c lng
knh truyn dng pilot.
Pilots l chui nhng k t c pht t nhng chm im iu ch s v
c bit ti c my pht v my thu. Trong sut khong thi gian truyn pilot, my
thu s c lng knh truyn tm p ng xung knh truyn (CIR). C hai vn
chnh trong vic c lng knh cho h thng v tuyn OFDM.
- Sp xp tn hiu thng tin v s lng pilot.
- Phi t c hai yu cu chnh l phc tp thp v kh nng c
lng tt.
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

Trang 26
Trong m hnh knh truyn la chn thi gian v tn s, pilot c sp xp
dng lc, khong cch gia cc pilots cn phi nh hn Coherent bandwidth ca
knh truyn p ng knh truyn c c lng tt. Trong phm vi n ny,
p ng xung knh truyn CIR c c lng bng thut ton Fisher, k thut c
lng Maximum Likelihood cng vi s dng cc hm khai trin c bn (BEM).
Vector biu din cc mu nhn c ti my thu l:

trong y l vector biu bin cc mu nhn c ti my thu, S l ma trn cha cc
k t pilot (s c nghin cu k hn trong chng sau), c l vector cha cc h
s ca BEM c c lng, z l vector biu din nhiu AWGN.
Da vo vector thu y, nhng thng tin bit v pilots v gi tr cc hm c
bn B cha trong S, u thu s c lng cc h s ca BEM l vector c . Nhng
tham s ca knh truyn cho php u thu khi phc li p ng knh truyn v s
dng n trong qu trnh khi phc d liu. Hiu sut ca php c lng c o
bng thnh phn MSE chun ha ca c nh ngha nh sau:

{
}
{
}

MSE chun ha ca p ng xung knh truyn c nh ngha nh sau:

{(
}
{
}

Mc d MSE ca cc h s ca BEM s nh gi hiu qu ca php c
lng, nhng MSE chun ha ca CIR l mt thng s quan trng bi v CIR lin
quan trc tip n qu trnh khi phc d liu ti u thu.

1.5.2. Thut ton Fisher
Trong c lng Fisher, vector c c xem nh mt vector xc nh cha
bit. Phng php ny khng cn s dng hm phn b xc sut v hm t tng
quan ca vector p ng knh truyn. u im ca phng php ny l tnh n
gin bi v u thu khng cn bit bt c thng tin no v s phn b ca c. Mc
tiu l c lng tham s ca vector c, ng thi phi ti thiu ha c MSE. C
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

Trang 27
rt nhiu phng php khc nhau t c kt qu c lng trong thut ton
Fisher. T m hnh tuyn tnh c thit lp sn, k thut Maximum Likelihood
l phng php n gin nht v rt hiu qu.
Nhng n s khc nhau to ra nhng hm likelihood khc nhau, ph thuc
vo vector quan st, t hm phn b mt xc sut (PDF) nhng n s c th
c suy ra. iu c cng thc ha nh mt vn ti u ha, trong cc
hm tham chiu l nhng hm likelihood. tnh c lng ML, kt qu c tm
thy bi s nghin cu trong tt c cc vector tham s l lm ti u ha c hm
log-likelihood. Kt qu ca php c lng c cho nh sau:
|

1.6. Kt lun chng
Trong chng ny trnh by tng quan v truyn dn khng dy. Thch
thc ca thng tin di ng hin nay l knh truyn chn lc thi gian, tn s v
s dng OFDM t c hiu qu ph cao v chng li fading a ng. S gii
thiu ca BEM p ng nh mt s thit lp ca vn c lng knh truyn bin
i thi gian. Nhng khi nim c bn ca c lng cng c gii thiu. ng
thi chng ny gii thiu thut ton c s dng c lng knh truyn
l thut ton Fisher.

CHNG 2 C LNG KNH TRUYN CHN LC THI GIAN V TN
S TRONG H THNG THNG TIN A CHNG ONE WAY RELAY

Trang 28
CHNG 2
C LNG KNH TRUYN CHN LC THI GIAN V TN S
TRONG H THNG THNG TIN A CHNG ONE WAY RELAY

2.1. Gii thiu chng
Chng ny trnh by v cc ni dung:
- Tng quan v h thng thng tin a chng v relay
- M hnh h thng
- c lng knh truyn trong h thng thng tin a chng One-way relay

2.2. Thng tin a chng
2.2.1. Tng quan v thng tin a chng

Hnh 2.1: M hnh h thng thng tin a chng

C mt s cch tip cn thc hin phn tp trong vic truyn dn khng
dy nhiu anten c th c s dng phn tp theo khng gian hoc tn s.
Nhng nhiu anten khng phi lc no cng c sn, hoc ch qu xa c th
t c cht lng tn hiu tt. c s phn tp, cch tip cn thch hp l s

Trang 29
dng thm trm chuyn tip gi l relay. M hnh ca h thng c minh ha nh
hnh v trn.
Khi thng tin i t trm gc n thu bao thay v ch i mt chng gi y
phi i qua nhiu chng. Chng hn nu gia trm gc v thu bao l mt relay th
thng tin phi i qua hai chng: chng mt gia trm gc v relay, chng hai gia
relay v thu bao. Thng tin c truyn nh vy c gi l thng tin a chng.

2.2.2. Mc ch s dng relay
Vic dng relay trong mng LTE c tc dng lm tng cht lng dch v,
dung lng h thng cng nh din tch bao ph. i vi mng t bo, cng i ra
vng bin ca t bo th cht lng sng cng thp, ng thi tc truy cp ca
thu bao gim xung ng k, vic dng trm tip sng relay s ci thin c tc
truy cp i vi cc thu bao vng bin t bo. Ngoi ra trong mi trng
th vi nhiu nh cao tng, i khi trm BTS khng th giao tip trc tip vi thu
bao di ng, tc l ng LOS b nh cao tng che khut khin cht lng sng
thp. Cc trm chuyn tip relay t trn cc nh cao tng c th khc phc c
hin tng ny.
Da trn qu trnh x l ti relay, c 2 giao thc c a ra:
- Khuch i v chuyn tip (AF): Relay thc hin nhim v n gin l
khuch i tn hiu nhn c, sau chuyn tip chng n ch.
- Gii m v chuyn tip (DF): Relay cn phi gii m tn hiu, ti m ha, sau
chuyn tip tn hiu ti ch.
Nh vy giao thc DF phc tp hn hn giao thc AF. Trong khun kh
n ny, giao thc c s dng l AF, tt c cc nodes c ng b v knh
truyn gia cc nodes l knh Rayleigh fading.


Trang 30
2.3. c lng knh truyn trong h thng thng tin a chng one-way relay
2.3.1. H thng One-way relay
One-way relay l m hnh thng tin a chng c xut u tin. Trong
relay gi nhim v chnh l khuch i tn hiu v chuyn tip tn hiu. Relay
nhn tn hiu t trm gc, khuch i tn hiu ri chuyn tip n thu bao hoc
nhn tn hiu t thu bao, khuch i v chuyn tip nn One-way relay ch yu cu
x l trong lp vt l.

Hnh 2.2: M hnh One-way relay

Hnh 2.2 l m hnh n gin gm mt trm pht giao tip vi mt thu bao
di ng s dng one-way relay. trao i thng tin gia trm gc v thu bao,
mt khe tn s c cp pht. Gi s khe thi gian u tin, thng tin c truyn
t trm gc n relay (TS1). Relay nhn thng tin, khuch i v chuyn tip n
thu bao trong khe thi gian th 2 (TS2). Trong khe thi gian th 3, thu bao gi
thng tin n relay (TS3). Relay thu nhn thng tin, khuch i v chuyn tip n
trm gc trong khe thi gian th 4 (TS4). Nh vy giao tip gia trm gc vi
thu bao s dng mt relay, ta phi tn 1 khe tn s v 4 khe thi gian tng cng.
Ngoi ra thng tin n v i t mt relay ch ti mt ch duy nht ti mt
thi im, do n c gi l one-way relay.


Trang 31
2.3.2. u v nhc im ca One-way relay
u im: n gin v ch yu cu x l khuch i v chuyn tip trong lp
vt l. Do , one-way relay c kch thc nh, gi thnh thp hn nhiu so vi
mt trm BTS ng thi c th s dng in thoi di ng lm mt relay trong khi
cht lng ng truyn c m bo.
Nhc im: hiu qu s dng khe thi gian thp do s dng thm cc khe
thi gian chuyn tip. Nu s dng mt relay cn 4 khe thi gian giao tip.
c lng knh truyn cng s phc tp hn khi thu bao hoc relay di chuyn so
vi ngun.

2.3.3. c lng knh truyn trong h thng thng tin a chng One-way
relay
Trong h thng thng tin a chng (multi-hop), c lng knh truyn c th
c biu din bi 2 qu trnh ring bit:
- T ngun ti relay (SR).
- T relay ti ch (RD).
Tuy nhin phn chia nh vy c th gy ra bt li trong truyn dn AF. V d
ti relay phi lng t ha thng tin trng thi knh truyn (CSI) c c lng
trong chng th nht, sau chuyn tip n n ch. iu ny khng ch gy gim
hiu qu s dng bng thng, m cn gy mo CSI v tng tr. trnh nhng
bt li nu trn, thut ton c lng knh truyn ni tng c xut, trong
knh truyn fading t ngun qua relay ti ch c gi l knh truyn a chng v
vic c lng knh ch cn thc hin ti ch. Chng ny s gii quyt vn v
c lng knh chn lc kp bng k thut Maximum Likelihood (ML). c bit
lm gim s lng n s cn phi c lng, m hnh khai trin c bn (BEM)
c p dng trong n ny.


Trang 32
2.3.3.1. M hnh h thng

Hnh 2.3: M hnh truyn dn multi-hop
Xt mt h thng trong ngun c 1 anten pht, ch c 1 anten thu.
tng qut, xt h thng c R relays, ngun v relays c gi thit l c nh.
Ngun s dng khi truyn dn OFDM vi tn hiu c iu ch M-QAM. Trong
1 khi k t OFDM c P k t pilots c s dng c lng knh v D k t l
k t d liu. Sau khi bin i IFFT v chn tin t CP, tn hiu pht di nn ti k
t OFDM th m, trong thi gian th n c biu din nh sau:

trong {- ,...,0,... 1}
g
n N N e ,
g
N i din cho chiu di tin t CP,
, k m
X l sng
mang con d liu iu ch th k trong k t OFDM th m.
Trong khong thi gian pilot ca mt khung truyn, ti ngun gi i P k t
pilots OFDM c ch s l {
1
...
P
m m }. Tn hiu sau c gi n multi-relays,
trong knh truyn gia ngun v relay l knh truyn chn lc thi gian v tn
s. Trong giao thc truyn AF, tn hiu nhn ti relay c khuch i vi mt h
s bin i thi gian
,
p
n m
o . Qua knh truyn chn lc thi gian, tn s c chiu di
L gia ngun v relay, sau khi lt b CP, tn hiu c pht i t ngun trong mu

Trang 33
thi gian th n trong k t OFDM th m c khuch i vi h s
,
p
n m
o ti relay
r
R . C th hn, tn hiu c pht i t relay c th c vit li:
)
trong
l nhiu trng cng AWGN c phng sai ,|
v trung
bnh {
} ,
i din cho p ng xung knh truyn chn lc thi gian

v tn s gia ngun v relay, trong bao gm c nh hng ca suy hao ng
truyn. Tn hiu nhn ti ch ti k t OFDM th m, mu thi gian th n l tng
chng chp ca tn hiu n t tt c relay. C th, tn hiu nhn ti ch l:

Cng thc (2.3) ch ra rng tn hiu nhn ti ch bao gm thnh phn tn
hiu hu ch b nh hng bi knh truyn chn lc kp ni tng v nhiu AWGN.
H s fading t ngun n ch c th c vit li nh sau:

gim s lng n s cn phi c lng, BEM c th c dng xp
x
( )
'', ,
p
r
l n m
nh sau:
{ }
Nh vy, tn hiu nhn c ti ch c biu din li nh sau

Xp chng N mu nhn c l:

Thu gn cng thc (2.7) ta c:

Trang 34

Dng vector ca tt c tn hiu pilot nhn c biu din nh sau:

H s c c c lng bng k thut c lng ML nh sau

H s fading
c th c khi phc ti ch :

2.3.3.2. Khi phc d liu
H s khuch i bin i thi gian c s dng trong sut qu trnh truyn
pilot ca mt khung truyn. Tuy nhin n gin hn trong qu trnh khi phc
d liu ti ch, h s khuch i c s dng trong thi gian truyn d liu ca
mt khung truyn l bt bin thi gian
( ) r
o .
Qu trnh truyn pilot cng nh qu trnh truyn d liu, dng cc pilot thu
c c lng knh truyn sau khi phc d liu ti u thu.
Tn hiu nhn c trong min tn s sau bin i DFT l

trong :
-
l p ng tn s knh
truyn (CFR).
-
l thnh
phn can nhiu lin sng mang.
-
i din cho thnh phn nhiu trong min

tn s. S dng k thut ML c lng, ta c tn hiu c lng l:

Trang 35

Vi
M
_ i din cho tt c k t iu ch M-QAM c pht i.

2.4. Kt lun chng
Trong chng ny trnh by cc vn v c lng knh truyn chn
lc thi gian v tn s trong h thng thng tin a chng one-way relay. trnh
mo tn hiu, tng hiu qu s dng bng thng, knh truyn ni tng c xut,
v vic c lng knh ch cn c thc thi ti ch bi k thut Maximum
Likelihood.

S TRONG H THNG MIMO-OFDM TWO WAY RELAY

Trang 36
CHNG 3
C LNG KNH TRUYN CHN LC THI GIAN V TN S
TRONG H THNG MIMO-OFDM TWO WAY RELAY

3.1. Gii thiu chng
Chng ny trnh by cc ni dung sau
- Gii thiu tng quan v h thng thng tin a chng two way relay
- Gii thiu tng quan v h thng MIMO-OFDM
- Cc k thut phn tp trong h thng MIMO-OFDM
- M hnh ton hc h thng MIMO-OFDM Two way relay
- c lng knh truyn MIMO-OFDM Two way relay
- Khi phc d liu

3.2. Tng quan v h thng thng tin a chng two way relay
M hnh one-way relay c nhng u im nht nh nh n gin, kch
thc nh, gi thnh thp hn so vi tram BTS, ng thi c th s dng chnh in
thoi di ng lm mt one-way relay trong khi cht lng ng truyn c m
bo. Tuy nhin, h thng one-way relay c nhng nhc im khng th trnh khi.
l hiu qu s dng khe thi gian thp. Chnh v th th h relay th hai two-
way relay c xut khc phc nhc im ny.

Hnh 3.1: M hnh h thng two-way relay

Trang 37
Khc vi one-way relay, trong two-way relay thng tin n relay t trm gc
v thu bao ti cng mt thi im v thng tin c chuyn tip t relay n trm
gc v thu bao cng cng mt thi im, do n c tn l two-way relay. M
hnh h thng two-way relay c biu din nh hnh (3.1).
Ta xt m hnh h thng thng tin gia trm gc vi mt thu bao di ng,
s dng mt relay nh hnh (3.1). Trm gc, relay v thu bao di ng c xem
nh cc nodes. Nhim v chnh ca relay trong h thng two-way relay tng t
nh trong h thng one-way relay l tip nhn, trn cc bn tin n nhn t trm
gc v cc thu bao trong khe thi gian th nht, x l ri gi li ng thi cho
trm gc v thu bao trong khe thi gian th hai. Cch thc thc hin ny ca relay
c gi l Network coding.
Tng t trong h thng one-way relay, da trn qu trnh x l ti relay, c
2 giao thc c a ra: Khuch i v chuyn tip (AF), gii m v chuyn tip
(DF).
3.3. Tng quan v h thng MIMO-OFDM
Cc h thng thng tin khng dy lun c nghin cu nhm ci thin cht
lng dung lng cng nh kh nng chng hin tng a ng. Ci thin cht
lng dch v bng cch tng cng sut, dung lng h thng c th tng khi tng
bng thng. Tuy nhin cng sut cng ch c th tng ti mt mc nht nh no
v cng sut pht cng tng th h thng cng gy nhiu cho cc h thng thng tin
xung quanh, bng thng h thng cng khng th tng mi c v vic phn b
bng thng c chun ho sn. V chnh v th c rt nhiu nghin cu
tm ra cc k thut nhm gip ci thin cht lng thng tin.
H thng MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) gi l tuyn thng tin
im - im vi a anten ti pha pht v pha thu. T nhng nm u nghin cu
cho n gn y cho thy h thng MIMO c th tng ng k tc truyn d
liu, gim BER, tng vng bao ph h thng v tuyn m khng cn tng cng sut
hay bng thng h thng nh hin tng phn x a ng m to ra nhiu knh o

Trang 38
ring l gip tng dung lng knh truyn. Chi ph phi tr tng tc truyn d
liu cng tng, phc tp ca h thng x l tn hiu nhiu chiu cng tng ln.
H thng MIMO c th tng dung lng knh truyn v s dng bng thng
rt hiu qu nh ghp knh khng gian (V - BLAST), ci thin cht lng ca h
thng ng k nh vo k thut phn tp pha pht (STBC), pha thu (STTC) m
khng cn tng cng sut pht hay tng bng thng ca h thng. V k thut
OFDM l mt k thut truyn dn tc cao vi cu trc n gin nhng c th
chng fading chn lc tn s bng cch chia lung d liu tc cao thnh N lung
d liu tc thp truyn qua N knh truyn con s dng tp tn s trc giao. Knh
truyn chu fading chn lc tn s c chia thnh N knh truyn con c bng
thng nh hn, khi ln cc knh truyn con chu fading phng. OFDM cn loi
b c nhiu lin k t ISI khi s dng khong bo v ln, v nhiu lin sng
mang ICI. Ngoi ra vic s dng k thut OFDM cn gim phc tp ca b
Equalizer ng k bng cch cho php cn bng tn hiu trong min tn s. T
nhng u im ni bt ca thng MIMO v k thut OFDM nn vic kt hp h
c nghin cu v ng dng cho h thng thng tin khng dy bng rng.

3.4. Cc k thut phn tp trong h thng MIMO-OFDM
3.4.1. Phn tp khng gian
Phn tp khng gian cn gi l phn tp anten. Phn tp khng gian c s
dng ph bin trong truyn thng tin khng dy. Phn tp khng gian s dng nhiu
anten hoc nhiu chui array c xp trong khng gian ti pha pht hoc pha thu.
Cc anten c phn chia nhng khong cch ln sao cho tn hiu khng b
nhiu vi nhau. Yu cu v khong cch gia cc anten tu thuc vo cao ca
anten, mi trng lan truyn v tn s lm vic. Khong cch in hnh khong vi
bc sng l cc tn hiu khng b tng quan vi nhau. Trong phn tp
khng gian cc phin bn ca tn hiu pht c truyn n ni thu to nn s d
tha trong min khng gian. Phn tp khng gian lm gim hiu sut bng rng,
iu ny rt quan trng trong truyn thng khng dy tc cao.

Trang 39
C th chia ra phn tp khng gian thnh 3 loi: Phn tp anten pht, phn
tp anten thu, phn tp anten pht v thu. Trong phn tp anten thu, nhiu anten
c s dng nhiu ni thu nhn cc phin bn ca tn hiu pht mt cch c
lp. Cc phin bn ca tn hiu pht c kt hp mt cch hon ho tng SNR
ca tn hiu thu v lm gim bt fading a ng.
Trong h thng thc t, t c BER ca h thng theo yu cu, ta kt
hp hai hay nhiu h thng phn tp thng thng cung cp s phn tp nhiu
chiu.

3.4.2. Phn tp tn s
Phn tp tn s ngha l s dng nhiu thnh phn tn s khc nhau pht
cng mt thng tin. Cc tn s cn c phn chia m bo khng b nhiu v b
nh hng fading mt cch c lp, khng b tng quan nhau. Trong truyn thng
di ng, cc phin bn ca tn hiu pht thng c cung cp cho ni thu dng
d tha trong min tn s cn c gi l tri ph. K thut tri ph rt hiu qu
khi bng thng nht qun ca knh truyn nh. Tuy nhin khi bng thng nht qun
ca knh truyn ln hn bng thng tri ph, tri tr a ng s nh hn chu k
ca tn hiu. Phn tp tn s gy ra s tn hao hiu sut bng thng tu thuc vo
s d tha thng tin trong cng bng tn s.

3.4.3. Phn tp thi gian
Phn tp thi gian c th thu c tn hiu qua m ho v xen knh. Ta xem
2 trng hp sau: Truyn k t lin tip v dng xen knh khi li knh truyn rt
nh.
Phn tp thi gian c th t c bng cch truyn d liu ging nhau qua
nhng khe thi gian khc nhau, ti ni thu tn hiu fading khng tng quan vi
nhau. Khong cch thi gian yu cu t nht bng thi gian nht qun ca knh
truyn hoc nghch o ca tc fading
. M iu khin li thng s
dng trong h thng truyn thng cung cp li m so vi h thng khng m

Trang 40
ho. Trong truyn thng di ng, m iu khin li kt hp vi xen knh t
c s phn tp thi gian, cc phin bn ca tn hiu pht n ni thu di dng
d tha trong min thi gian. Khong thi gian lp li cc phin bn ca tn hiu
pht c qui nh bi thi gian xen knh thu c fading c lp ng vo b
gii m. V tn thi gian cho b xen knh dn n tr hon vic gii m, k thut
ny thng hiu qu trong mi trng fading nhanh, thi gian nht qun ca
knh truyn nh.

3.5. M hnh ton hc h thng OFDM Two way relay
Trc ht ta gi s rng:
- Trm gc, relay, thu bao c k hiu theo th t l S, R, D.
- Ti S c
anten, ti R c relays, ti D c
anten.
- Khng c ng truyn thng gia trm gc v thu bao.
- Knh truyn gia cc nodes l knh truyn bin i nhanh, chn lc tn s,
c phn b Rayleigh.
- Cc tham s h thng v k t pilots gi i t trm gc v thu bao l nh
nhau.
- Giao thc c s dng ti relay l khuch i v chuyn tip (AF).
- H s khuch i ti relay l bin i thi gian thi gian
.
Trm gc cn chuyn bn tin n thu bao, ta gi l
. Cng lc , thu
bao cn gi bn tin n trm gc, ta gi l
. Qu trnh trao i thng tin c

thc hin trong 2 khe thi gian vi s tr gip ca relay. Cc p ng xung knh
truyn gia cc node trong cc khe thi gian c k hiu nh hnh (3.2).

Trang 41

Hnh 3.2: M hnh x l two way relay

Sau khi bin i IFFT v chn tin t CP, tn hiu pht di nn ti k t
OFDM th m, trong thi gian th n ca mi node S, D trong khe thi gian th nht
c biu din nh sau:

trong {- ,...,0,... 1}
g
n N N e ,
g
N i din cho chiu di tin t CP,
, k m
X l sng
mang con d liu iu ch th k trong k t OFDM th m.
Theo gi thit ban u, tn hiu pilot pht i t S n R v t D n R l ging
nhau v pht ng thi. Qua knh truyn chn lc kp gia cc node, tn hiu nhn
c ti relay sau khi lc b CP trong mu thi gian th n trong k t OFDM th
m c vit li nh sau:
- Tn hiu n t S

- Tn hiu n t D

Trang 42

trong
l nhiu trng cng AWGN c phng sai ,|

v trung bnh {
} ,
i din cho p ng xung knh truyn

la chn thi gian v tn s gia S-R v D-R, trong bao gm c nh hng ca
suy hao ng truyn. Ti relays, tn hiu c khuch i vi h s
, sau
c truyn tip n cc nodes. Nh vy tn hiu pht i ti relays l:

trong
) l nhiu AWGN tng cng ti

Relay, chy theo a, b.
Theo gi thit ban u, giao thc c s dng l AF, do trong khe thi
gian th 2, tn hiu c pht t R n S v D thng qua knh truyn chn lc kp.
S v D ng vai tr tng ng, do ta ch cn xt tn hiu nhn c ti D v
thc hin vic c lng ti D. Qu trnh din ra tng t ti S.
Tn hiu nhn c ti 1 anten D c biu din nh sau:

Thay (3.4) vo (3.5) ta c:


Trang 43

trong
l nhiu AWGN ti
node D.
t
,
{

v ,

T (3.6) ta c

gim bt s lng thng s cn c lng, ta dng m hnh BEM biu
din
nh sau:
{

vi
[ ]

vi
[ ]
trong
i din cho chiu di k t OFDM sau khi chn CP,

; v M l tng s k t OFDM (data v pilot)
trong 1 burst. Tc user c gi thit l khng i trong 1 burst ca k t

Trang 44
OFDM.
theo th t i din cho gi tr hm khai trin c bn th

q v h s BEMs.
Vi s xp x knh truyn bng cc hm khai trin c bn BEM, tn hiu
nhn ti ch c th c vit nh sau:

trong

Trong 1 burst M k t OFDM, c P k t pilots OFDM v D k t data.
gim s hng biu din khng gian tn hiu, chn Q M N. V
c
bit ti c u thu v u pht, do ti u thu ch cn c lng h s ca BEM
.
Xt nhng k t pilot OFDM {
}. Dng vector ca tt c tn hiu

pilot nhn c biu din nh sau:

trong :
l tn hiu thu ca tt c pilots.
[*
] l tn hiu pht ti S v D
,
(*
+)
+,
*[
*[
*[
*[


Trang 45
.
H s c

c c lng bng k thut c lng ML nh sau:
c = argmaxln ( | )
D
p y c
vi |
|
[ ]
[ ],

Ly vi phn hm p(y|c) tnh nh sau:
ln ( | )
H
c c
p y c
c
=
c
c
= 0
2( )
H
H
y Sc S (

= 0
Vy =
( )
1
H H
S S S y
(3.11)

Ti S (hoc D), ta thc hin khi phc h s fading:
{

3.6. Khi phc d liu
Tn hiu nhn ti ch ti anten
trong min thi gian ti mu thi gian th

n i vi k t d liu
{ }
1
...
D
m m l:

Tng t nh trong qu trnh truyn-nhn pilot, d liu n u thu c th
c vit li nh sau:


Trang 46
trong
c nh ngha nh trong (3.6).

Tn hiu nhn c trong min thi gian sau bin i FFT l:

trong :
- p ng tn s knh truyn (CFR)
{

- Thnh phn nhiu lin sng mang ICI :

- Thnh phn nhiu trong min tn s c tnh nh sau:

S dng k thut ML c lng, ta c tn hiu c lng l:

vi
M
_ i din cho tt c k t iu ch M-QAM c pht i.


Trang 47
3.7. Kt lun chng
Trong chng ny gii thiu v m hnh h thng thng tin a chng two
way relay kt hp vi MIMO-OFDM gii quyt c vic c lng knh truyn
chn lc thi gian, tn s trong h thng ny. Bng thut ton Fisher kt hp vi s
dng cc m hnh khai trin c bn, p ng knh truyn c c lng, t ta
c th khi phc d liu cn thit ti u thu.

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 48
CHNG 4 M PHNG

4.1. Gii thiu chng
Chng ny trnh by cc vn sau y:
- Lu thut ton
- Kt qu m phng bng phn mm Matlab
- Nhn xt v nh gi kt qu

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 49
4.2. Kho st h thng One- way relay
4.2.1. Lu thut tonca h thng One way relay

S

S
S

. Tnh MSE trung bnh ca CIR v Coe.
. Tnh BER trung bnh ca h thng.
V th BER, MSE ca CIR v Coe
theo SNR.
Kt thc
Tnh MSE ca CIR v Coe
tng cc trial
data_sym ++
Trial ++
Bt u
Thit lp thng s LTE, OFDM, BEM, v tr
pilot, data, khi to MSE CIR, COE,N trial.
index>length(SNR)
Tnh sig_power, to pilot
index:=1
Tnh No, ma trn pht pilot S
BEM_ML_ma, Trials :=1
Trial > N_trial
- To d liu pht bin_seq t ngun S.
- iu ch s.
- To knh truyn chn lc thi gian, tn s dng m hnh
Zheng, vecto h s p ng knh truyn qua 2 chn.
- Tnh tn hiu nhn c ti my thu ( Pilot + Data).
- c lng h s BEM, p ng knh truyn bng
ML_estimator.
- Tnh p ng tn s cc BEM tng ng, data_sym:=1.
data_sym>N_data_sym
Tnh s bit li tt c trial vi
mi BEM.
index ++
BEM_

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 50
4.2.2. Kt qu m phng v nhn xt
4.2.2.1. Kho st MSE_CIR ca cc BEM

Hnh 4.1: th MSE_CIR ca cc BEM theo SNR

Da vo hnh (4.1) d dng thy rng vic s dng GCE-BEM v P-BEM tt
hn so vi CE-BEM, cht lng ca vic c lng CIR ty thuc vo vic chn s
pilot vv tr pilot (s c kho st bn di). H s G ca GCE-BEM chia nh
khong tn s hn so vi CE-BEM dn n vic c lng tt hn trong knh
truyn chn lc tn s.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
SNR of overall relay channel
M
S
E
MSE with ML detection and different BEM-CIR-COE

MSE CE CIR ML
MSE GCE CIR ML
MSE P CIR ML
Trials =300, 3pilots/21symbols [1 10 21],
BPSK, G coe=4, N bases=3.

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 51
4.2.2.2. Kho st BER ca cc BEM

Hnh 4.2: th BER ca cc BEM theo SNR

Da vo hnh (4.2) d dng thy vic s dng k thut ML c lng
knh truyn (ML BEM) l tng i tt so vi knh truyn t h s BEM hon ho
(Perfect BEM) c to ra t m hnh.Khi so snh BER gia h thng knh truyn
c c lng v knh truyn c to ra t m hnh Zheng (Perfect CSI) ta thy
gn nh xp x nhau. Khi so snh ML-CE v Perfect CE ta thy vic c lng ny
l cha tt l do l pilot chn vo cha ti u i vi knh truyn c to ra.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
B
E
R
BER with ML detection and different levels of CSI

TI
Perfect CE
Perfect GCE
Perfect P
ML CE
ML GCE
ML P
Perfect CSI
Trials =300, 3pilots/21symbols [1
10 21],
BPSK, G coe=4, N bases=3

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 52
4.2.2.3. Kho st BER ca cc BEM vi tc khc nhau

Hnh 4.3: th BER ca cc BEM vi tc khc nhau

Hnh (4.3) m phng ti SNR=40, vic thay i tc nh hng n knh
truyn thay i nhanh ( Fast Fading) dn n p ng knh truyn bin i nhanh.
iu ny nh hng ln n vic c lng knh truyn, tc cng cao BER cng
xu.
Hnh v trn cng cho thy vic c lng knh truyn so vi cc BEM xp
x p ng knh truyn c to ra cho kt qu tt.

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Mobile Speed of overall relay channel
B
E
R

Perfect CE
Perfect GCE
Perfect P
ML CE
ML GCE
ML P
Perfect CSI

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 53
4.2.2.4. Kho st BER ca cc BEM vi s hm Q khc nhau

Hnh 4.4: th BER ca cc BEM vi s hm Q khc nhau

Hnh (4.4) kho st s hm Q s dng c lng, s lng hm Q s
dng ty thuc vo s k t truyn i v nhn ti u thu, s pilot chn vo c
lng knh truyn. Vic ti u ha s lng hm Q s dng sao cho s bin cn
c c lng l t nht v vic c lng l tt nht.
Theo hnh (4.4) ta thy i vi h thng s dng Q=3 cho kt qu tt nht
xp x vi knh truyn to ra (Perfect CSI). Khi tng s lng hm Q vi s mu
thu c c nh th khng c lng h s C- BEM cho ton b knh
truyn, khi gim s hm Q th h s C c lng s t khng c lng knh
truyn bin i nhanh.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
B
E
R

Q=1 ML CE
Q=3 ML CE
Q=5 ML CE
Q=7 ML CE
Q=1 ML GCE
Q=3 ML GCE
Q=5 ML GCE
Q=7 ML GCE
Q=1 ML P
Q=3 ML P
Q=5 ML P
Q=7 ML P
Perfect CSI

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 54
4.2.2.5. Kho st BER ca P BEM vi iu ch s khc nhau

Hnh 4.5: th BER ca P- BEM vi iu ch s khc nhau

Da vo hnh (4.5) kho st MLP-BEM vi cc mc iu ch s khc nhau.
Khi tng s mc iu ch th tc truyn d liu tng nhng kh nng chu li
km.
i vi h thng khng m ha knh truyn th BPSK s cho tc bit
truyn chm nhng m bo c BER ti u thu tt. V vy vic kho st trong
n ny iu iu ch s s dng BPSK so snh cc kt qu vi nhau c
thun tin.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
B
E
R
BER with different QAM

BPSK
QPSK
16-QAM
64-QAM

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 55
4.3. Kho st h thng Two-way relay
4.3.1. Lu thut ton ca h thng Two way relay
4.3.1.1. Kho st h thng 1 anten pht, 1 anten thu v 1 relay

S

S
S

. Tnh MSE trung bnh ca CIR SRD v
Coe (SRD +DRD).
. Tnh BER trung bnh ca h thng.
V th BER, MSE ca CIR SRD v
Coe (SRD+DRD) theo SNR.
Kt thc
Tnh MSE CIR knh SRD, Coe
SRD v DRD tng cc trial
data_sym ++
Trial ++
Bt u
Thit lp thng s LTE, OFDM, BEM, v tr pilot, data, khi
to MSE CIR, COE,N trial cho 2 knh truyn SRD v DRD.
index>length(SNR)
Tnh sig_power, to pilot
index:=1
Tnh No, ma trn pht pilot S1,S2
BEM_ML_ma ca 2 knh SRD v
DRD, Trials :=1
Trial > N_trial
- To d liu pht bin_seq t ngun S1, S2 ( S1 ->S, S2->D).
- iu ch s d liu 2 ngun pht S1 (S) v S2(D).
- To knh truyn chn lc thi gian, tn s dng m hnh
Zheng, vect h s p ng knh truyn qua 2 chn ca 2
knh truyn SRD v DRD.
- Tnh tn hiu nhn c ti my thu (D) ( Pilot + Data) t 2
ngun S1, S2.
- c lng h s BEM, p ng knh truyn SRD v DRD
bng ML_estimator.
data_sym>N_data_sym
. Tnh d liu thu c ti S2 sau khi tr tn
hiu pht ti S2 theo min tn s.
. Tnh s bit li tt c trial vi mi BEM.
index ++

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 56
4.3.1.1.1. Kho st MSE ca cc BEM_Coe vi SNR khc nhau

Hnh 4.6: th MSE ca cc BEM_Coe vi SNR khc nhau

Hnh (4.6) biu din c lng h s BEM, t c lng p ng knh
truyn. Vi h thng two-way relay vic c lng h s qua 2 knh truyn SRD
(t S1 n Relay v n S2) v knh truyn DRD (t S2 n Relay quay v S2).
MSE Coe hnh (4.6) biu din li bnh phng trung bnh ca c 2 knh SRD v
DRD. T tch cc h s thnh 2 knh tng ng ri c lng 2 p ng knh
truyn tng ng.
Ging nh vic c lng trong h thng one-way relay vi v tr chn pilot
trn th vic c lng ca P-BEM cho c lng tt hn so vi GCE-BEM, CE-
BEM vi cng thng s h thng.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
M
S
E
MSE with ML detection and COE SRD-DRD

MSE CE coe ML
MSE GCE coe ML
MSE P coe ML
Trials =300,
3pilots/21symbols [1 10
21],
BPSK, G coe=4, N
bases=3,Vkph=50

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 57
4.3.1.1.2. Kho st MSE ca cc BEM_CIR vi SNR khc nhau

Hnh 4.7: th MSE ca cc BEM_CIR vi SNR khc nhau

Hnh (4.7) biu din vic c lng p ng knh truyn SRD ca cc BEM
khc nhau.Vi h thng two-way relay cn c lng p ng knh truyn qua 2
knh SRD v DRD.
Tuy nhin do tnh cht i xng v ng b cc h s ti 2 u pht (S1 v
S2) nn n ch kho st p ng knh truyn trn chng SRD. T cc h s P-
BEM cho kt qu c lng tt hn nn p ng knh truyn cng cho kt qu tt
hn so vi CE-BEM v GCE-BEM.
Knh truyn c to ra l knh truyn bin i nhanh theo thi gian nn
vic c lng TI cho kt qu c lng xu hn so vi vic s dng BEM p
ng theo s thay i knh truyn.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
M
S
E
MSE with ML detection and CIR

MSE TI CIR ML SRD
MSE CE CIR ML SRD
MSE GCE CIR ML SRD
MSE P CIR ML SRD
Trials =300,
3pilots/21symbols [1 10 21],
BPSK, G coe=4, N
bases=3,Vkph=50

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 58
4.3.1.1.3. Kho st BER ca cc BEM vi SNR khc nhau

Hnh 4.8: th BER ca cc BEM vi SNR khc nhau

Hnh (4.8) biu din BER ti u thu tng ng vi d liu c to ra mi
ln th, s symbol pilot s dng l 3 trn 21 k t pht i, kt qu cho thy cc kt
qu c lng trn chnh xc vi BER ti u thu.
T hnh (4.8) cho thy vic chn pilot [1 10 21] th ML CE kt qu cho c
rt xu so vi Perfect CE, t y cho thy v tr chn pilot l rt quan trng trong
vic c lng knh truyn. So snh vi knh truyn c to ra (Perfect CSI) th
kt qu thu c t MLP-BEM v MLGCE-BEM l rt tt.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
B
E
R

TI
Perfect CE
Perfect GCE
Perfect P
ML CE
ML GCE
ML P
Perfect CSI
Trials =300,
3pilots/21symbols [1 10 21],
BPSK, G coe=2, N
bases=3,Vkph=50

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 59
4.3.1.1.4. Kho st BER ca cc BEM vi tn s Doppler chun ha

Hnh 4.9: th MSE ca cc BEM vi tn s Doppler chun ha

Da vo hnh (4.9) ta thy vic nh hng ca tc n knh truyn trong
h thng SNR=40dB, khi tc tng th tn s Doppler tng nh hng n tn hiu
thu c, knh truyn Fast Fading khng ch nh hng bi vn tc m cn nh
hng bi tc ly mu, kt hp 2 iu kin trn hnh 4.9 kho st nh hng ca
tn s Doppler chun ha F
D
.T
S,
y cho T
S
c nh theo chun LTE .
tc thp th knh truyn bin i chm, kt qu c lng tt i vi c
4 m hnh trn. Khi tc tng ln chnh xc ca c lng gim dn.

0.0001 0.0006 0.0012 0.0062 0.0123 0.0247 0.0494
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Normalized Doppler Frequency (F
D
.T
s
)
M
S
E

C
I
R

MSE TI CIR ML SRD
MSE CE CIR ML SRD
MSE GCE CIR ML SRD
MSE P CIR ML SRD
1
km/h
5
km/h
10
km/h
50
km/h
100
km/h
200
km/h
400
km/h
Trials=300,
3pilots/21symbols
[1 10 21],
BPSK, G=2,
Nbases=3,SNR=40

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 60
4.3.1.1.5. Kho st BER ca P- BEM vi tc khc nhau theo SNR


Hnh (4.10) kho st theo P-BEM cho thy khi tc tng ln th BER ti
u thu s gim theo. tc thp th BER gn nh xp x nhau v knh truyn
bin i gn nh ging nhau, khi tc cng tng th knh truyn bin i nhanh
dn n vic c lng tr nn kh khn, BER ti u thu s tng ln ng k.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
B
E
R
Different User speed km/h

1km/h
5km/h
10km/h
50km/h
100km/h
200km/h
400km/h
800km/h
Ntrials =300, ML-P BEM,
pilots/symbols=3/21 [1
10 21]], Nbases =3

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 61
4.3.1.1.6. Kho st BER ca BEM vi s pilot chn khc nhau theo SNR


Hnh (4.11) kho st s lng chn pilot vo thng tin truyn i tng ng
s pilot ln lt l 2,3,4 pilot trn 21 k t truyn i. S lng pilot cng nhiu th
u thu cng c nhiu k t pilot thc hin vic c lng knh truyn.
Tuy nhin khi s pilot tng th nh hng n hiu sut truyn d liu, v vy
m bo cho hiu sut ca h thng th cn kho st s k t pilot chn vo bao
nhiu l hp l m bo c BER v hiu sut ca h thng. i vi h thng
LTE-4G hin nay hiu sut chn pilot khong t 10% -> 15%.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
B
E
R

O=9.5%,CE
O=9.5%,GCE
O=9.5%,P
O=14.3%,CE
O=14.3%,GCE
O=14.3%,P
O=19.1%,CE
O=19.1%,GCE
O=19.1%,P

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 62
4.3.1.2. Kho st h thng MIMO-Multirelay
- Lu kho st s Relay

S
S

index ++
S
Relay_index>length(N_relay)
. Tnh MSE trung bnh ca CIR SRD vi
SNR v N_relay khc nhau.

V th MSE ca CIR SRD theo SNR v
N_relay khc nhau.
Kt thc
Trial ++
Bt u
Thit lp thng s LTE, OFDM, MIMO,v tr pilot, data, khi to MSE CIR, N
trial, kho st N_relay cho 2 knh truyn SRD v DRD.
index>length(SNR)
Tnh sig_power, to pilot tng
ng ,index:=1
Tnh No, ma trn pht pilot S1,S2
BEM_ML_ma ca 2 knh SRD v
DRD, Trials :=1
Trial > N_trial
- To d liu pht bin_seq t ngun S1, S2 ( S1 ->S, S2->D).
- iu ch s d liu 2 ngun pht S1 (S) v S2 (D).
- To knh truyn chn lc thi gian, tn s dng m hnh Zheng,
vect h s p ng knh truyn qua 2 chn ca 2 knh truyn
SRD v DRD.
- Tnh tn hiu nhn c ti my thu (D) ( Pilot + Data) t 2
ngun S1, S2.
- c lng h s BEM, p ng knh truyn SRD v DRD bng
ML_estimator.
- Tnh p ng tn s cc BEM tng ng, data_sym:=1.
Tnh MSE CIR SRD tng cc trial ca tng SNR_index,
relay_index vi cc BEM tng ng.
Relay_index++

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 63
4.3.1.2.1. Kho st MSE ca cc BEM_Coe vi SNR khc nhau

Hnh 4.12: th MSE ca BEM_Coe theo SNR

Da vo hnh (4.12) biu din c lng h s BEM trong h thng MIMO-
OFDM Multirelay cho c 2 knh SRD v DRD, so snh vi hnh (4.6) ta thy khi
tng s anten pht, thu v relay ln th s lng knh truyn tng dn n s lng
tham s cn c lng tng ln ng k.
Khi h s c cn c lng tng ln ng k th s lng mu thu ti u thu
ln hoc s lng pilot cn c lng phi ln m bo y cc thng
s c lng knh truyn bin i.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
M
S
E
MSE with ML detection and COE

MSE CE coe ML
MSE GCE coe ML
MSE P coe ML
N Tx=2; N Rx=2, Relay=2;
Nbases =3; V=50km/h;
pilots/symbols =3/21 [1 10 21]

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 64
4.3.1.2.2. Kho st MSE ca cc BEM_CIR vi SNR khc nhau

Hnh 4.13: th MSE ca BEM_CIR theo SNR

Da vo hnh (4.13) biu din c lng MSE i vi h thng N_Tx=2,
N_Rx=2 v Relay =2 cho knh truyn SRD. Nh cc kt qu c lng trn th khi
s lng anten pht, thu v s relay bng 2 kt qu c lng vn tt.
Khi tng s lng anten th thng s cn c lng nhiu hn so vi h
thng SISO nn cn tng s lng pilot chn hoc tng s lng mu thu c bng
cch tng khung ca s N_fft.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
M
S
E

MSE TI CIR ML SRD
MSE CE CIR ML SRD
MSE GCE CIR ML SRD
MSE P CIR ML SRD
N Tx=2; N Rx=2, Relay=2;
Nbases =3; V=50km/h;
pilots/symbols =3/21 [1 10 21]

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 65
4.3.1.2.3. Kho st MSE v tr chn pilot vi SNR khc nhau

Hnh 4.14: th MSE v tr chn pilot theo SNR

Hnh (4.14) biu din c lng knh truyn theo cc BEM vi v tr chn
pilot khc nhau (s lng pilot bng nhau). Ty vo p ng knh truyn bin i
nhanh hay chm theo thi gian m v tr chn pilot s nh hng ln n vic c
lng knh truyn. Hnh v trn cho thy khi chn v tr [1 5 12] cho kt qu tt
nht khi truyn 21 symbol tng ng vi m hnh knh truyn c to ra.
V vy vic ti u ha v tr chn pilot hin ang l k thut c nghin cu
rng ri trong vic c lng knh truyn s dng pilot.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
M
S
E

[1 10 21] TI
[1 7 15] TI
[1 5 12] TI
[1 10 21] CE
[1 7 15] CE
[1 5 12] CE
[1 10 21] GCE
[1 7 15] GCE
[1 5 12] GCE
[1 10 21] P
[1 7 15] P
[1 5 12] P

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 66
4.3.1.2.4. Kho st MSE s Relay vi SNR khc nhau

Hnh 4.15: th MSE s Relay theo SNR

Da vo hnh (4.15) ta thy khi s lng relay ln th kt qu c lng
khng tt bng s lng relay nh. Khi tng s lng relay th kh nng chuyn tip
thng tin cng ln, tuy nhin s lng knh truyn c to ra nhiu nh hng n
s lng tham s cn c c lng, nh hng n nhiu vn khc nh tri
tr, nhiu xuyn k t, knh truyn chn lc tn s ln khi chu nh hng ca hin
tng a ng
S lng relay v v tr t relay nh hng n vic thu tn hiu tt hay xu,
ng thi h s khuch i bin thin theo a ng v theo mu trong k thut
AF nh hng ln n cht lng tn hiu thu c ti ch.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
M
S
E

1 relay,CE ML est
1 relay,GCE ML est
1 relay,P ML est
2 relay,CE ML est
2 relay,GCE ML est
2 relay,P ML est
3 relay,CE ML est
3 relay,GCE ML est
3 relay,P ML est
4 relay,CE ML est
4 relay,GCE ML est
4 relay,P ML est

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 67
4.3.1.2.5. Kho st MSE s Anten vi SNR khc nhau

Hnh 4.16: th MSE s Anten khc nhau theo SNR

Da vo hnh (4.16) biu din li bnh phng trung bnh h s BEM cho 2
chng SRD v DRD, CIR cho chng SRD. Hnh v cho thy khi s lng anten
pht v thu tng th kt qu c lng s thp i, v khi tng s lng anten pht th
s lng knh truyn tng nn cn nhiu tham s c lng, p ng knh truyn
to ra nhiu nh hng n vic khi phc d liu ti u thu, nh hng n BER
ti u thu.
S lng anten c chn sao cho m bo c h thng phn tp tt, dung
lng ln, m bo c t s bit li ti u thu ng vi cng sut pht hp l.

1 2 3 4
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
Number of antennas NTx - NRx
M
S
E
MSE with ML detection COE and CIR

CE coe ML
GCE coe ML
P coe ML
MSE CE CIR ML SRD
MSE GCE CIR ML SRD
MSE P CIR ML SRD

CHNG 4 M PHNG
Trang 68
4.4. Kt lun chng
Chng 4 cho ta thy nhng kt qu m phng vi s thay i cc thng s
khc nhau ca qu trnh c lng knh truyn chn lc thi gian tn s trong h
thng thng tin a chng (One way relay v two way relay). Trong chng ny,
vic m phng c thc hin lp vt l.i vi cc lp cao hn, cht lng s
tt hn nh vo m ha (m ha ngun, m ha knh) pht hin v sa li.Qua kt
qu m phng, vi vic s dng cc hm c bn khc nhau s cho nhng kt qu
m phng khc nhau.

KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI

Trang 69
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI

1. Kt lun
Vi nhng u im ng k h thng MIMO- OFDM ang c ng dng
rt nhiu trong cc h thng vin thng tc cao.V th, vic c lng knh
truyn cng tr nn cn thit nng cao cht lng tn hiu cng nh tc truyn
dn. Trong khun kh n ny, vic c lng knh truyn dng tn hiu pilot
trong truyn dn MIMO- OFDM a chng (one way relay v two way relay)
c nghin cu vi thut ton c s dng l FISHER. Khc vi c lng knh
truyn trong block- fading, vic c lng knh truyn chn lc thi gian v tn s
cho php tng kh nng nhn bit c tn hiu thu trong khi thu bao di chuyn
lin tc vi tc nhanh v knh truyn a ng. ng thi vic c lng p
ng knh truyn trong h thng thng tin a chng c thc hin ti ch bng
cch s dng cc hm c bn khc nhau (BEMs) xp x s thay i thi gian ca
knh truyn, nhm lm gim ng k s lng tham s cn c lng, v th cho
php c lng chnh xc v tin cy hn trong iu kin SNR thp.

2. Hng pht trin ti
ti ny tp trung nghin cu c lng p ng knh truyn (CIR)
trong truyn dn MIMO OFDM a chng.Tuy nhin, y vn lch tn s
(CFO v SFO) c gi thit hon ho v vn ng b tn s ly mu v thi
im ly mu cha c gii quyt. ng thi cha kt hp c phng php a
truy cp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA) vo h thng. Nu c iu kin th
ti s c pht trin thm c lng ng thi lch tn s sng mang, lch
tn s mu v p ng knh truyn, tnh ton ng b tn s ly mu v thi im
ly mu tn hiu pht c th thu c tn hiu t hiu sut cao hn na hoc s
gii quyt vn kt hp SDMA vo h thng MIMO- OFDM two way relay.

TI LIU THAM KHO
Trang 70
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn L Hng, Thng tin di ng, khoa in t Vin thng, i hc
Bch Khoa, i hc Nng.
[2] Nguyn L Hng, Research Problems in 4G (LTE) Mobile Communications
[3] Hong L Uyn Thc, Thng tin s, khoa in t Vin thng, i hc Bch
Khoa, i hc Nng.
[4] Nguyn Vn Tun, Thng tin vi ba- v tinh, Nh xut bn Gio dc 2011.
[5] Andrea Goldsmith (2005), Wireless Communication, Standford University.
[6] Bin Jiang, Feifei Gao, Xiqi Gao and Arumugam Nallanathan, Channel
Estimation for Amplify- and- Forward Two- Way relay network with Power
Allocation, publication in the IEEE ICC 2009 proceedings.
[7] Franz Hlawatsch, Gerald Matz, Wireless Communications over rapidly time
varying chanels, The Boulevard, Langford, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK
[8] Gongpu Wang, Feifei Gao, Wen Chen, and Chintha Tellambura, Channel
Estimation and Training Design for Two- Way Relay Networks in Time- Selective
Fading Enviroment, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 10, No.
8, August 2011.
[9] Hung Nguyen- Le, Tho Le- Ngoc, Nghi Tran, Bayesian Joint Estimation of
CFO and Doubly selective channels in MIMO- OFDM Transmission, Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Motreal, Quebec,
Canada H3A 2K6.
[10] Loic Canonne- Velasquez, Hung Nguyen- Le, Tho Le- Ngoc, Cascaded
Doubly- Selective channel estimation in multi-relay AF OFDM Transmissions,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada H3A 2A7, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
Engineering, Danang University of Technology, Vietnam.
[11] LTE-Advanced and Next Generation Wireless Networks Channel Modelling
and Propagation, Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

TI LIU THAM KHO
Trang 71
[12] Salama S. Ikki, and Sonia Aissa, Two-way Amplify- anf- Forward Relaying
with Gaussian Imperfect Channel Estimations, IEEE Communications Letters,
Vol. 16, No. 7, July 2012.
[13] Zhaoxi Fang and Jiong Shi, Least Square Channel Estimation for Two- Way
relay MIMO OFDM, ETRI Journal, Vol. 33, No. 5, October 2011.
[14] Tim Whitworth, Mounir Ghogho, and Desmond C. McLernon, An Optimized
Basis Expansion Model For Time- Varying Channel Estimation, School of
Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
[15] Ye (Geoffrey) Li, Gordon Stuber, Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing for Wireless Communications, Georgia Institute of Technology.

PH LC
Trang 72
PH LC

CODE MAIN_PROGRAM_MSE_MIMO_OFDM_TWO WAY RELAY
close all;
clear all;
clc;
display('Uoc luong kenh truyen he thong MIMO-OFDM vs MultiRelay');
display('Author: Tran Van Dung - Tran Thi Thu Thuy');
warning('off');

%% =======Khoi tao==============
N_trial = 3e2;
%========Thong so du lieu=================
N_LTE_frame = 1;
N_slot = 3;
N_sym_slot = 7;
N_OFDM_sym = N_slot*N_sym_slot*N_LTE_frame;
N_fft = 256;
N_cp = 10;
Ns = N_fft+N_cp;
%==========Thong so khac====================
fs = 1.92e6;
fc = 2e9;
L = 5;
G_coe = 2;
PDP = exp(-[0:L-1]/4)/sum( exp(-[0:L-1]/4) );% Power Delay Profile
N_bases = 3;
v_kph=50;
%========Multi Relays=========================
N_relay = 2; % So luong Relay
relay_gain_range = 3;
alpha_tv=relay_gain_range;
alpha_data=relay_gain_range;
%=======Multiple Antennas================
N_rx = 2; % so luong anten thu
N_tx = 2; % % so luong anten phat

%========Modulation===================
M_QAM = 2;
[sig_power] = signal_power_computation(M_QAM);
mess_len = log2(M_QAM);

%% ======Pilot-Data Symbol Position =========
pilot_pos = [1 10 21];

data_pos = [1:N_OFDM_sym];
for ii = 1:length(pilot_pos)
data_pos = data_pos(data_pos ~= pilot_pos(ii));
end
N_data_sym = length(data_pos);
N_pilot_sym = length(pilot_pos);
N_pilot_TICE = 2; % So Pilot tru ra de uoc luong kenh truyen TI dua vao
CIR_pilot

PH LC
Trang 73
SNR = [0:5:40];

%% --------------------Tao pilot_signal- Co the cho T1 giong T2----------
--
subcarrier_power =1;%
% --------------------Tao pilot phat tu ra N_tx--------------------------
-
bin_rand_seq1 = randint(1,N_fft*log2(M_QAM)*N_OFDM_sym*N_relay*N_tx);
bin_rand_seq1=
reshape(bin_rand_seq1,N_fft,log2(M_QAM),N_OFDM_sym,N_tx,N_relay);
ave_amplitude = 0;
for tx_anten =1 :N_tx
for pilot_sym = 1:N_OFDM_sym
for subcarr_T1 = 1:N_fft
for relay = 1:N_relay
pilot_subcarriers_T1(subcarr_T1,pilot_sym,tx_anten,relay) =
MQAM_modulation(bin_rand_seq1(subcarr_T1,:,pilot_sym,tx_anten,relay),subc
arrier_power);

ave_amplitude = ave_amplitude +
abs(pilot_subcarriers_T1(subcarr_T1,pilot_sym,tx_anten,relay))^2;
end
end
end
end
ave_amplitude = ave_amplitude/N_OFDM_sym/N_fft/N_relay/N_tx;
%% ===========================Tao Pilot S2==========================
subcarrier_power =1;
% --------------------Tao pilot phat tu ra N_tx--------------------------
-
bin_rand_seq2 = randint(1,N_fft*log2(M_QAM)*N_OFDM_sym*N_relay*N_rx);
bin_rand_seq2=
reshape(bin_rand_seq2,N_fft,log2(M_QAM),N_OFDM_sym,N_rx,N_relay);
ave_amplitude = 0;
for rx_anten =1 :N_rx
for pilot_sym = 1:N_OFDM_sym
for subcarr_T2 = 1:N_fft
pilot_subcarriers_T2(subcarr_T2,pilot_sym,rx_anten,relay) =
MQAM_modulation(bin_rand_seq2(subcarr_T2,:,pilot_sym,rx_anten,relay),subc
arrier_power);

ave_amplitude = ave_amplitude +
abs(pilot_subcarriers_T2(subcarr_T2,pilot_sym,rx_anten,relay))^2;
end
end
end
end
ave_amplitude = ave_amplitude/N_OFDM_sym/N_fft/N_relay/N_rx;

%% ------------Khoi tao mang MSE CIR vs COE------------------------------
MSE_TI_CIR_ML_SRD =zeros (length(SNR),1);
MSE_CE_CIR_ML_SRD = zeros(length(SNR),1);
MSE_GCE_CIR_ML_SRD = zeros(length(SNR),1);
MSE_P_CIR_ML_SRD = zeros(length(SNR),1);

PH LC
Trang 74

MSE_CE_coe_ML = zeros(length(SNR),1);
MSE_GCE_coe_ML = zeros(length(SNR),1);
MSE_P_coe_ML = zeros(length(SNR),1);

%% ----------------------Khoi tao BEM-----------------------------------
[P_ma,P_ma1,P_ma2,pInv_P_ma,pInv_P_ma1,pInv_P_ma2,GCE_ma,GCE_ma1,GCE_ma2,
pInv_GCE_ma,pInv_GCE_ma1,pInv_GCE_ma2,...
CE_ma,CE_ma1,CE_ma2,pInv_CE_ma,pInv_CE_ma1,pInv_CE_ma2] =...
PGCE_BEM_Gen(N_bases,G_coe,N_LTE_frame,N_slot,N_sym_slot,N_fft,N_cp);

for SNR_index = 1:length(SNR)

No = sig_power/(10^(SNR(SNR_index)/10)); % Noise

[S1_CE,S2_CE,S_CE,S1_GCE,S2_GCE,S_GCE,S1_P,S2_P,S_P,CE_ML_ma,GCE_ML_ma,P_
ML_ma,CE_ML_ChanEst_ma,GCE_ML_ChanEst_ma,P_ML_ChanEst_ma,...
TI_ML_ma,TI_ML_ChanEst_ma,tx_pilot_sig_T1,tx_pilot_sig_T2] =
Pilot_Tx_Sig_Gen_MAP_ML(No,N_relay,alpha_tv,...

L,N_fft,N_cp,pilot_pos,pilot_subcarriers_T1,pilot_subcarriers_T2,CE_ma1,C
E_ma2,GCE_ma1,GCE_ma2,P_ma1,P_ma2,N_tx,N_rx);

for trial = 1:N_trial
disp(['Current SNR=', num2str(SNR(SNR_index)), '; Current trial=',
num2str(trial)]);
%% ---------------Zheng Model----------------------------------------

[gamma2_SRD,gamma2_DRD,CE_coe_SRD,CE_coe_DRD,CE_coe_SRD_DRD,GCE_coe_SRD,G
CE_coe_DRD,GCE_coe_SRD_DRD,P_coe_SRD,P_coe_DRD,P_coe_SRD_DRD,...

CIR_pilot_SRD,CIR_pilot_DRD,CIR_SR,CIR_DR,CIR_RD,CIR_SRD,CIR_DRD,TI_CIR_p
ilot_SRD,TI_CIR_pilot_DRD] =Zheng_BEM_CIR_Gen(L,PDP,N_tx,...

N_rx,N_relay,v_kph,N_bases,N_LTE_frame,N_slot,N_sym_slot,pilot_pos,data_p
os,N_pilot_TICE,N_fft,Ns,fs,fc,pInv_CE_ma1,pInv_CE_ma2,pInv_GCE_ma1,...
pInv_GCE_ma2,pInv_P_ma1,pInv_P_ma2);
%% -----------------------Rx-Signal--------------------------------------
----
[rx_pilot_sig_SRD_reshape] = Rx_Sig_Gen(N_tx,N_rx,N_relay,alpha_tv,L,...

N_fft,N_cp,pilot_pos,data_pos,No,CIR_SR,CIR_RD,CIR_DR,tx_pilot_sig_T1,tx_
pilot_sig_T2);

%% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-

TI_CIR_ML_SE_SRD,CE_CIR_ML_SE_SRD,GCE_CIR_ML_SE_SRD,P_CIR_ML_SE_SRD,CE_co
e_ML_SE,GCE_coe_ML_SE,P_coe_ML_SE,CE_coe_ML_ma,GCE_coe_ML_ma,...
P_coe_ML_ma]
=ML_MAP_channel_estimator(N_tx,N_rx,CE_ma1,GCE_ma1,P_ma1,CIR_pilot_SRD,N_
relay,L,CE_coe_SRD_DRD,GCE_coe_SRD_DRD,P_coe_SRD_DRD,...

N_bases,CE_ma,GCE_ma,P_ma,pilot_pos,N_fft,N_cp,rx_pilot_sig_SRD_reshape,C
E_ML_ChanEst_ma,GCE_ML_ChanEst_ma,P_ML_ChanEst_ma,TI_ML_ChanEst_ma);

PH LC
Trang 75
%% ---------------------------------------------------------------------
--
MSE_TI_CIR_ML_SRD(SNR_index,1) = MSE_TI_CIR_ML_SRD(SNR_index,1)
+ TI_CIR_ML_SE_SRD;
MSE_CE_CIR_ML_SRD(SNR_index,1) = MSE_CE_CIR_ML_SRD(SNR_index,1)
+ CE_CIR_ML_SE_SRD;
MSE_GCE_CIR_ML_SRD(SNR_index,1) =
MSE_GCE_CIR_ML_SRD(SNR_index,1) + GCE_CIR_ML_SE_SRD;
MSE_P_CIR_ML_SRD(SNR_index,1) = MSE_P_CIR_ML_SRD(SNR_index,1) +
P_CIR_ML_SE_SRD;

MSE_CE_coe_ML(SNR_index,1) = MSE_CE_coe_ML(SNR_index,1) +
CE_coe_ML_SE;
MSE_GCE_coe_ML(SNR_index,1) = MSE_GCE_coe_ML(SNR_index,1) +
GCE_coe_ML_SE;
MSE_P_coe_ML(SNR_index,1) = MSE_P_coe_ML(SNR_index,1) +
P_coe_ML_SE;
end
end
MSE_CE_coe_ML = MSE_CE_coe_ML/(N_trial);
MSE_GCE_coe_ML = MSE_GCE_coe_ML/(N_trial);
MSE_P_coe_ML = MSE_P_coe_ML/(N_trial);
MSE_TI_CIR_ML_SRD = MSE_TI_CIR_ML_SRD/(N_trial);
MSE_CE_CIR_ML_SRD = MSE_CE_CIR_ML_SRD/(N_trial);
MSE_GCE_CIR_ML_SRD = MSE_GCE_CIR_ML_SRD/(N_trial);
MSE_P_CIR_ML_SRD = MSE_P_CIR_ML_SRD/(N_trial);
%% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
figure(1);
semilogy(SNR,MSE_CE_coe_ML,'-
og','LineWidth',2,'MarkerEdgecolor','g','MarkerFacecolor','w','MarkerSize
',6);
hold on
semilogy(SNR,MSE_GCE_coe_ML,'-
sb','LineWidth',2,'MarkerEdgecolor','b','MarkerFacecolor','w','MarkerSize
',6);
hold on
semilogy(SNR,MSE_P_coe_ML,'-
dr','LineWidth',2,'MarkerEdgecolor','r','MarkerFacecolor','w','MarkerSize
',6);
hold on

h = legend('MSE CE coe ML','MSE GCE coe ML','MSE P coe ML');

set(gca,'FontSize',10);
set(h,'FontSize',10);
title('MSE with ML detection and COE');
xlabel('SNR of overall relay channel');
ylabel('MSE');
grid on
%% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
figure (2);
semilogy(SNR,MSE_TI_CIR_ML_SRD,'-
^k','LineWidth',2,'MarkerEdgecolor','k','MarkerFacecolor','w','MarkerSize
',6);
hold on
semilogy(SNR,MSE_CE_CIR_ML_SRD,'-

PH LC
Trang 76
og','LineWidth',2,'MarkerEdgecolor','g','MarkerFacecolor','w','MarkerSize
',6);
hold on
semilogy(SNR,MSE_GCE_CIR_ML_SRD,'-
sb','LineWidth',2,'MarkerEdgecolor','b','MarkerFacecolor','w','MarkerSize
',6);
hold on
semilogy(SNR,MSE_P_CIR_ML_SRD,'-
dr','LineWidth',2,'MarkerEdgecolor','r','MarkerFacecolor','w','MarkerSize
',6);
hold on

h = legend('MSE TI CIR ML SRD','MSE CE CIR ML SRD','MSE GCE CIR ML
SRD','MSE P CIR ML SRD');
set(gca,'FontSize',10);
set(h,'FontSize',10);
title('MSE with ML detection and CIR');
xlabel('SNR of overall relay channel');
ylabel('MSE');
grid on

FUNCTION TX_PILOT_SIG
function
[S1_CE,S2_CE,S_CE,S1_GCE,S2_GCE,S_GCE,S1_P,S2_P,S_P,CE_ML_ma,GCE_ML_ma,P_
ML_ma,CE_ML_ChanEst_ma,GCE_ML_ChanEst_ma,P_ML_ChanEst_ma,...
TI_ML_ma,TI_ML_ChanEst_ma,tx_pilot_sig_T1,tx_pilot_sig_T2] =
Pilot_Tx_Sig_Gen_MAP_ML(No,N_relay,alpha_tv,...

L,N_fft,N_cp,pilot_pos,pilot_subcarriers_T1,pilot_subcarriers_T2,CE_ma1,C
E_ma2,GCE_ma1,GCE_ma2,P_ma1,P_ma2,N_tx,N_rx)

N_pilot_sym = length(pilot_pos);
Ns = N_fft + N_cp;
K = 2*L-1;

S1_CE = [];
S1_GCE = [];
S1_P = [];
S1_TI =[];

S2_CE = [];
S2_GCE = [];
S2_P = [];
S2_TI =[];

%% ------------------ Tao S1 --------------------------------------------
-
for m=1:N_pilot_sym
S1_tilde_m_CE_tx =[];
S1_tilde_m_GCE_tx =[];
S1_tilde_m_P_tx =[];

PH LC
Trang 77
S1_tilde_m_TI_tx=[];

for tx_anten =1: N_tx
S1_tilde_m_CE = [];
S1_tilde_m_GCE = [];
S1_tilde_m_P = [];
S1_tilde_m_TI = [];

tx_pilot_sig_T1(1:N_fft,1:K,tx_anten,relay,m) = circulant_ma(
sqrt(N_fft)*ifft(pilot_subcarriers_T1(1:N_fft,m,tx_anten,relay),N_fft),K
);

S1_tx_CE = [];
S1_tx_GCE = [];
S1_tx_P = [];

for relaytap =1:K
S1_tx_CE = [S1_tx_CE
diag(tx_pilot_sig_T1(1:N_fft,relaytap,tx_anten,relay,m)*alpha_tv)*CE_ma1(
Ns*(pilot_pos(m)-1) + N_cp + [1:N_fft],:)];
S1_tx_GCE = [S1_tx_GCE
diag(tx_pilot_sig_T1(1:N_fft,relaytap,tx_anten,relay,m)*alpha_tv)*GCE_ma1
(Ns*(pilot_pos(m)-1) + N_cp + [1:N_fft],:)];
S1_tx_P = [S1_tx_P
diag(tx_pilot_sig_T1(1:N_fft,relaytap,tx_anten,relay,m)*alpha_tv)*P_ma1(N
s*(pilot_pos(m)-1) + N_cp + [1:N_fft],:)];

end

S1_tilde_m_CE = [S1_tilde_m_CE S1_tx_CE];
S1_tilde_m_GCE = [S1_tilde_m_GCE S1_tx_GCE];
S1_tilde_m_P = [S1_tilde_m_P S1_tx_P];
S1_tilde_m_TI = [S1_tilde_m_TI
tx_pilot_sig_T1(1:N_fft,1:K,tx_anten,relay,m)*alpha_tv];
end

S1_tilde_m_CE_tx= [S1_tilde_m_CE_tx S1_tilde_m_CE];
S1_tilde_m_GCE_tx= [S1_tilde_m_GCE_tx S1_tilde_m_GCE];
S1_tilde_m_P_tx= [S1_tilde_m_P_tx S1_tilde_m_P];
S1_tilde_m_TI_tx =[S1_tilde_m_TI_tx S1_tilde_m_TI];
end

S1_CE = [S1_CE ;kron(eye(N_rx),S1_tilde_m_CE_tx)]; % Qua trinh SRD
S1_GCE = [S1_GCE ;kron(eye(N_rx),S1_tilde_m_GCE_tx)]; % Qua trinh SRD
S1_P = [S1_P ;kron(eye(N_rx),S1_tilde_m_P_tx)]; % Qua trinh SRD
S1_TI = [S1_TI ;kron(eye(N_rx),S1_tilde_m_TI_tx)];
end

%% ==================================Tao S2==============================

for n=1:N_pilot_sym
S2_tilde_m_CE_tx =[];
S2_tilde_m_GCE_tx =[];

PH LC
Trang 78
S2_tilde_m_P_tx =[];
S2_tilde_m_TI_tx=[];

for rx_anten =1: N_rx
S2_tilde_m_CE = [];
S2_tilde_m_GCE = [];
S2_tilde_m_P = [];
S2_tilde_m_TI = [];

tx_pilot_sig_T2(1:N_fft,1:K,rx_anten,relay,n) = circulant_ma(
sqrt(N_fft)*ifft(pilot_subcarriers_T2(1:N_fft,n,rx_anten,relay),N_fft),K
); %
S2_tx_CE = [];
S2_tx_GCE = [];
S2_tx_P = [];
for relaytap =1:K
S2_tx_CE = [S2_tx_CE
diag(tx_pilot_sig_T2(1:N_fft,relaytap,rx_anten,relay,n)*alpha_tv)*CE_ma2(
Ns*(pilot_pos(n)-1) + N_cp + [1:N_fft],:)];
S2_tx_GCE = [S2_tx_GCE
diag(tx_pilot_sig_T2(1:N_fft,relaytap,rx_anten,relay,n)*alpha_tv)*GCE_ma2
(Ns*(pilot_pos(n)-1) + N_cp + [1:N_fft],:)];
S2_tx_P = [S2_tx_P
diag(tx_pilot_sig_T2(1:N_fft,relaytap,rx_anten,relay,n)*alpha_tv)*P_ma2(N
s*(pilot_pos(n)-1) + N_cp + [1:N_fft],:)];

end

S2_tilde_m_CE = [S2_tilde_m_CE S2_tx_CE];
S2_tilde_m_GCE = [S2_tilde_m_GCE S2_tx_GCE];
S2_tilde_m_P = [S2_tilde_m_P S2_tx_P];
S2_tilde_m_TI = [S2_tilde_m_TI
tx_pilot_sig_T2(1:N_fft,1:K,rx_anten,relay,n)*alpha_tv];
end

S2_tilde_m_CE_tx= [S2_tilde_m_CE_tx S2_tilde_m_CE];
S2_tilde_m_GCE_tx= [S2_tilde_m_GCE_tx S2_tilde_m_GCE];
S2_tilde_m_P_tx= [S2_tilde_m_P_tx S2_tilde_m_P];
S2_tilde_m_TI_tx =[S2_tilde_m_TI_tx S2_tilde_m_TI];
end

S2_CE = [S2_CE ;kron(eye(N_rx),S2_tilde_m_CE_tx)]; % Qua trinh SRD
S2_GCE = [S2_GCE ;kron(eye(N_rx),S2_tilde_m_GCE_tx)]; % Qua trinh SRD
S2_P = [S2_P ;kron(eye(N_rx),S2_tilde_m_P_tx)]; % Qua trinh SRD
S2_TI = [S2_TI ;kron(eye(N_rx),S2_tilde_m_TI_tx)];
end

%% ---------------Tao mang S-----------------------------------
S_CE =[S1_CE S2_CE];
S_GCE =[S1_GCE S2_GCE];
S_P =[S1_P S2_P];
S_TI =[S1_TI S2_TI];

% Uoc luong kenh truyen dung ML cho toan bo dap ung kenh truyen
% CE-BEM

PH LC
Trang 79
CE_ML_ChanEst_ma = (S_CE'*S_CE)^-1*S_CE';
CE_ML_ma = S_CE*CE_ML_ChanEst_ma;
% GCE-BEM
GCE_ML_ChanEst_ma = (S_GCE'*S_GCE)^-1*S_GCE';
GCE_ML_ma = S_GCE*GCE_ML_ChanEst_ma;
% P-BEM
P_ML_ChanEst_ma = (S_P'*S_P)^-1*S_P';
P_ML_ma = S_P*P_ML_ChanEst_ma;
% under assumption of TI channels
TI_ML_ChanEst_ma = (S_TI'*S_TI)^-1*S_TI';
TI_ML_ma =S_TI*TI_ML_ChanEst_ma;

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LI CAM OAN

l thi gian tr nhiu nht.

l tn hiu phc bng tn c s. Tn hiu

l bit code trc giao (+1 hoc -1),

l khong thi gian mu, n l s lng hm

l h s BEM ca m hnh knh

l nhiu trng cng AWGN c phng sai ,|

i din cho p ng xung knh truyn chn lc thi gian

i din cho thnh phn nhiu trong min

. Qu trnh trao i thng tin c

l nhiu trng cng AWGN c phng sai ,|

i din cho p ng xung knh truyn

) l nhiu AWGN tng cng ti

i din cho chiu di k t OFDM sau khi chn CP,

theo th t i din cho gi tr hm khai trin c bn th

}. Dng vector ca tt c tn hiu

l tn hiu thu ca tt c pilots.

trong min thi gian ti mu thi gian th

c nh ngha nh trong (3.6).

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