Phn l thuyt ( 40 cu)

1. Trnh by v s phn cc ca mt ghp P-N. Khi chuyn tip P-N c in p t vo n s mt trng thi cn bng.Ty theo cc tnh t vo min P, N m ta c phn cc thun hay phn cc ngc. a.Phn cc thun: Etx P N

i
+

t vo lp chuyn tip P-N mt in trng sao cho min bn dn P c ni ni cc dng, min bn dn N c ni vi cc m. Khi in trng tip xc v in trng ngoi E ngc chiu nhau ( thng thng E>Etx), dng in i chy rt d dng trong mch. Trong trng hp ny, in trng tng hp c chiu ca in trng ngoi. in trng tng hp lm d dng cho s di chuyn ca in tch a s. Cc in t ti chim vng chuyn tip, khin n tr thnh dn in. Vy s phn cc thun h thp barie in th. b.Phn cc ngc: Etx P N

i + E R

t vo chuyn tip P-N mt in trng ngoi sao cho min bn dn P c ni vi cc m ca ngun, min bn dn N c ni vi cc dng http://www.ebook.edu.vn -1-

ca ngun. Khi ta ni chuyn tip P-N phn cc ngc. in trng ngoi E tc ng cng chiu vi in trng ni Etx. in trng tng hp cn tr s di chuyn ca cc in tch a s. Cc in t ca min N chy thng v pha cc dng ca ngun E, khin cho in th min N cao (so vi vng P) li cng cao hn. Vng chuyn tip, cng l vng cch in li cng rng ra. Khng c dng in no chy qua mt ghp P-N. 2. Trnh by cu trc, k hiu v c tnh V-A ca it. Cu trc v k hiu it gm 2 in cc, in cc c ni vi bn dn loi P c gi l ant (A), in cc c ni vi min N c gi l katt (K). A P N K J K A

Dng in chy qua it lm it nng ln, ch yu ti vng chuyn tip, i vi it loi Si, nhit mt ghp Tj cho php l 200C.Vt qu nhit ny it c th b ph hng. lm mt it, ngi ta thng dng cnh tn nhit c qut mt vi tc gi 10m/s, hoc cho nc hay du bin th chy qua cnh tn nhit vi tc ln hay nh ty theo dng in. c tnh vn-ampe ca it Gm 2 nhnh: nhnh thun (1) v nhnh ngc (2). Di in p U>0, it phn cc thun, barie in th gim xung gn bng 0. Khi tng U, lc u dng tng t t, sau khi U ln hn 0, n khi in p thun c gi tr c khong 0.7V i vi Si v khong 0.3V vi Ge. Khi in p thun vt qu gi tr ny th dng thun tng mt cch ng k, ng c tnh c dng hm m. Khi in p U<0, it b phn cc ngc. Khi tng |U|, dng in ngc cng tng t t n khi |U|>0.1V, dng in ngc dng li gi tr vi chc mA. Dng in ny s ph hng it, v vy bo v it ngi ta ch cho chng lm vic di in p U=(0.70.8V)Uz. 3. Trnh by cu trc, k hiu,c tnh V-A ca Transitor lng cc. http://www.ebook.edu.vn -2-

Transito lng cc l mt linh kin bn dn gm cc min bn dn tp cht P,N xen k nhau. Ty theo trnh t ca min P v N ta c 2 loi cu trc in hnh l PNP hoc NPN, dng ng, ct dng in mt chiu c cng tng i ln. H s khuych i dng, k hiu l =10100. in p Vbe1V, Vcesat=(11.5)V. C Ic N B P N E Ic Ib2 Vce.sat Ib1 Ib=0 Vce Ib2>Ib1 Ib Vbe Ie Vce

Cng sut tn tht trong transito, khi lm vic vi ti xc nh, nh hn nhiu ln so vi cng sut tn tht khi transito chuyn trng thi (chuyn t trng thi ct sang trng thi ng v ngc li). Tch ca cng sut chuyn trng thi pc, vi thi gian chuyn trng thi tc l nng lng tn tht trong mt ln chuyn trng thi. Nng lng tn tht t l thun vi tn s hot ng ca transito (nhit bn trong ca transito khng c vt qu 200C). gim nh nng lng tn tht do transito chuyn trng thi gy nn, ngi ta thng dng cc mch tr gip, tc l bt buc transito lm vic trong iu kin : f > 5kHz hoc Vceo 60V, Ic > 5A. 4. Trnh by cu trc, k hiu v c tnh V-A ca Transitor MOS cng sut. http://www.ebook.edu.vn -3-

+ ID

ID

VGS=9V 7.5V

VD
S

6V

+ G VGS ID S

4.5V 3.0V

Transito MOS gm c 3 cc : D (drain) : l cc mng.Cc in tch a s (in t trong thanh n v l trng thanh p) t thanh bn dn chy ra mng S (source) : l cc ngun.Cc in tch a s t cc ngun chy vo thanh bn dn. G (gate) : l cc cng. Cc iu khin. Khc vi cc transito lng cc iu khin bng dng baz, transito MOS c iu khin bng in p t ln cc cng. Transito MOS tc ng rt nhanh, c th ng, m vi tn s trn 100kHz. Khi transito MOS dn dng th in tr ca n khong 0.1 i vi MOS-100V v khong 1 i vi MOS-500V. c tnh V-A : Bnh thng khng c dng in qua knh (ID=0), in tr gia D v S rt ln. Khi cp ngun in VDS>0, dng trn cc mng ID tng dn. Khi VDS t ti gi tr bo ha IDSbh. 5. Trnh by cu trc, k hiu v c tnh V-A ca tiristo. Cu trc v k hiu Tiristo l mt thit b gm 4 lp bn dn P1, N1, P2, N2 t xen k nhau to thnh.Gia cc lp bn dn ny hnh thnh cc chuyn tip ln lt l J1, J2, J3. Tiristo gm 3 cc : ant (A) ni vi phn bn dn P1, katt (K) ni vi phn bn dn N2, cc iu khin G ni vi phn bn dn P2. http://www.ebook.edu.vn -4-

A P1 N1 G P2 N2 K J1 J2 J3 K A

c tnh V-A ca tiristo gm 4 on i 3 IH Uz 0 4 1 2

UC U

on 1 : ng vi trng thi kha ca tiristo, ch c dng in r chy qua tiristo. Khi tng U n Uch (in p chuyn trng thi), bt u qu trnh tng nhanh chng ca dng in, tiristo chuyn sang trng thi m. on 2 : ng vi giai on phn cc thun ca J2. Trong giai on ny mi mt lng tng nh ca dng in ng vi mt lng gim ln ca in p t trn tiristo. on 2 cn c gi l on in tr m. on 3 : ng vi trng thi m ca tiristo. Lc ny c 3 mt ghp tr thnh dn in. Dng in chy qua tiristo ch cn b hn ch bi in tr mch ngoi. in p ri trn tiristo rt nh, khong 1V. Tiristo c gi trng thi m chng no i cn ln hn dng duy tr IH. http://www.ebook.edu.vn -5-

on 4 : ng vi trng thi tiristo b t di in p ngc. Dng in ngc rt nh, khong vi chc mA. Nu tng U n Uz dng in ngc tng ln mnh lit, mt ghp b chc thng, tiristo b hng. 6. Trnh by v qu trnh m cho dng chy qua ca Tiristo. Khi cho 1 xung in p dng Ug tc ng vo cc G (dng so vi K),cc in t t N2 chy sang P2. n y, mt s t trong chng chy vo ngun Ug hnh thnh dng iu khin Ig chy theo mch G-J3-K-G, cn phn ln in t, chu sc ht ca in trng tng hp ca mt ghp J2, lao vo vng chuyn tip ny, chng c tng tc , ng nng ln ln, b gy cc lin kt gia cc nguyn t Si, to nn nhng in t t so mi. S in t mi c gii phng ny li tham gia bn ph cc nguyn t Si trong vng chuyn tip. Kt qu ca phn ng dy chuyn ny lm xut hin ngy cng ngiu in t chy vo N1, qua P1 v n cc dng ca ngun in ngoi, gy nn hin tng dn in o t. J2 tr thnh mt ghp dn in, bt u t 1 im no xung quanh cc G ri pht trin ra ton b mt ghp vi tc khong 1cm/100s. in tr thun ca tiristo khong 100k khi cn trng thi kha, tr thnh khong 0.01 khi tiristo m cho dng chy qua. E R1 Rt

K1 R2 Hnh v trn l mt bin php m tiristo n gin. Khi n vo K1, nu Ig Igst th T m. Thng ly Ig = (1.11.2) Igst, Igst l gi tr dng in iu khin ghi trong s tay tra cu tiristo. Khi t tiristo di in p UAK > 0 tiristo tnh trng sn sng m cho dng chy qua, nhng n cn i lnh - tn hiu Ig cc iu khin. 7. Trnh by v qu trnh kho khng cho dng chy qua ca Tiristo. kha tiristo c 2 cch : + Gim dng in lm vic xung di gi tr dng duy tr IH. http://www.ebook.edu.vn -6-

+ t mt in p ngc ln tiristo (l bin php thng dng). Khi t in p ngc ln tiristo UAK < 0, hai mt ghp J1 v J3 b phn cc ngc,J2 by gi c phn cc thun. Nhng in t, trc thi im o tnh cc UAK, ang c mt ti P1, N1, P2 by gi o chiu hnh trnh, to nn dng in ngc chy t katt v ant, v cc m ca ngun in p ngoi. Lc u ca qu trnh, t t0 n t1, dng in ngc kh ln, sau J1 ri J3 tr nn cch in. Cn li 1 t in t b gi li gia 2 mt ghp J1 v J3, hin tng khuych tn s lm chng t dn i cho n ht v J2 khi phc li tnh cht ca mt ghp iu khin. Thi gian kha toff tnh t khi bt u xut hin dng in ngc t0 cho n khi dng in ngc bng 0. y l khong thi gian m ngay sau nu t in p thun ln tiristo, tiristo cng khng m. toff ko di khong vi chc s. Cng thc kha tiristo : Tiristo m + UAK < 0 Tiristo kha. 8. Trnh by s chnh lu it 1 pha 1/2 chu k khi ti l R. S chnh lu it mt pha na chu k v c tnh lm vic khi ti l R nh hnh v D ud R

Trong khong 0< < ,in p u2 dng ,tch cc dng ti im A.it D m cho dng chy qua. Nu xem in p ri trn it Ud=0, ta c: u2=R.i= 2 U2sin

2U 2 sin R Trong khong < < 2 ,u2 m,tnh cc m ti im A. it D b kha

i=

i = 0, UD = 0 it D phi chu in p ngc vi gi tr cc i U= 2 U2,tr trung bnh ca in p chnh lu bng: U2 =

1 2

2 U2sin .d =

2U 2

=0,45U2 -7-

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Tr trung bnh ca dng ti : Id =

Ud 2U 2 = R R
U2

Tr hiu dng ca dng th cp bin p bng

I = I2 =
2R

9. Trnh by s chnh lu it 1 pha 1/2 chu k khi ti l R+ L. S chnh lu nh hnh sau C ud B Dr 2

ud

ud

id

Theo hnh cun cm sinh ra sut in ng t cm mi khi c s bin thin ca dng in e = L

u 2 + e = Ri
di dt

Theo nh lut Om,c th vit phng trnh ca mch in : Hoc L.

di + Ri = 2U 2 sin t = ud dt L. p.I ( p) + R.I ( p) = 2U 2.

Di dng ton t Laplace vi iu kin i(0)=0

p +2
2

I ( p) =

2U 2 . L

1 ( p 2 + 2 )( p + R ) L

t L = X = Z sin ; R = Z cos = R 2 + X 2 ; b =

R L Trn hnh v ta thy trong khong 0 < < 1 ,dng I tng t t l do

cun cm L sinh ra sut in ng t cm e c chiu ngc li vi u 2 ,cun cm L tch ly nng lng

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-8-

Trong khong 1 < < 2 dng i suy gim s.d. t cm e tc ng cng chiu vi u 2 ,cun cm L hon li nng lng.V th it D vn tip tc m cho dng chy qua trong khong < < 2. khi m u 2 < 0 Trong mt chu k nng lng cun L tch ly c khi i tng va bng nng lng n hon li khi i gim.Phng trnh
L= di + Ri = ud dt

Thc t i vi mch R+L thng dng mt it hon nng lng Dr u song song ngc vi mch ti,va bo v it va duy tr c dng in ti trong na chu k m Khi in th im B vt in th im C khong 0.7V th Dr m cho dng ti id chy qua,id=iD.it Dr lm ngn mch mch ti ud=0. it D ch cho dng chy qua trong khong 0 < < .Trong khong
< < 2 dng ti id do cun L cung cp ,n phng nng lng tch ly

c vo mch LRDr.Nu dng cun cm ln c th duy tr c dng id trong ton chu k Kt lun -Dng in ti chm sau u2 mt gc ,vi tg = m.
L
R

-Khi khng c Dr in p chnh lu ud c cha mt on mang gi tr

-Trong mt chu k,cun L tch ly c bao nhiu nng lng th n hon li by nhiu . 10. Trnh by s chnh lu it 1 pha hai na chu k khi ti l R. Vit biu thc gii tch.
ud

A
i21

ud i22 u21 2

0
2L

u22

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-9-

Ta c s chnh lu: Theo s ta thy trong khong 0 < < ,u21 dng, u22 m D1 m cho dng chy qua, D2 b kha.
2U 2 sin R ud2=u22-u21= 2 2U 2 sin Trong khong < < 2 ,u21 m,u22 dng ,D2 m,D1 kha ud1= 2 2U 2 sin 2 2 Tr trung bnh ca in p chnh lu Ud= U2

i d=

Tr trung bnh ca dng ti Id=

2 2 U2 R

Tr trung bnh ca dng chy qua it ID= Biu thc gii tch ud=
2 2U 2 2 1 + cos 2 = Ud + ua 3

Id 2

11. Trnh by s chnh lu it 1 pha hai na chu k khi ti l R+L.Vit biu thc gii tch. Ta c s chnh lu nh hnh v D1 A ud M B id E
1 2

ud

D2

Chc nng ca cun L l tch ly nng lng khi dng id tng v hon li nng lng khi dng id gim Ta c phng trnh mch in: ud= 2U 2 sin t id=I0 e X +
R

R ( ) sin + sin e X R2 + X 2

2U 2

i vi na chu k u tin 0 < < ,I0=0. http://www.ebook.edu.vn - 10 -

Trong biu thc trn X= L , tg = Nhn xt:

X R

Ti bt k im no lun lun c in th ca im A hoc in th ca im B ln hn in th ca im M.Do khng cn s dng it hon nng lng. 12. Trnh by s chnh lu it 1 pha hai na chu k khi ti l R+E.Vit biu thc gii tch. Ta c s chnh lu nh sau D1 u21 R u22 D2 E
E

ud

Theo nh s ta thy trong khong 0 < < ,dng id ch xut hin khi u21>E. id=
2U 2 sin E R 2 2U 2 cos 1 sin 1 R T
2U 2 E R

Tr trung bnh ca dng ti: Id=

Tr hiu dng chy trong cc na cun dy th cp bin p: I21=I22= Biu thc gii tch : ud=

2T

2 2U 2 2 1 + cos 2 = Ud + ua 3

13. Trnh by s chnh lu cu it 1 pha khi ti l R+E Theo s ta thy: Trong khong 0 < < , u 2 = 2U 2 sin t dng,tch cc dng ti im A u2 E khng c dng chy trong mch ti, tt c cc it u b kha.Khi u2>E,D1,D3 m cho dng chy qua.Ta c: http://www.ebook.edu.vn - 11 -

D1 u2 D4 id =
2U 2 sin E R

D2 A B

id E R

ud

Trong khong < < 2 ,in p u2<0,tch cc dng ti im B.it D2 v D4 cho dng chy qua : id=
2U 2 sin E R

E
1

Tr trung bnh ca dng ti: 2

2

cos 1 Id= 2 2U 2 sin 1 R

Tr trung bnh ca dng chy qua it ID=

Id 2

in p ngc ln nht mi it phi chu Unm= 2U 2 . Kt lun: Khi ti l R+E dng id l dng gin on.in p ud=E+R.id t trn phn ng ng c,l in p nhp nh lm nh hng n s lm vic ca ng c in mt chiu 14. Trnh by s chnh lu it 3 pha tia khi ti l R+E. Vit biu thc gii tch. S chnh lu nh hnh: c dng ti id l dng lin tc,phi tha mn iu kin E <
2U 2 . 2 Xt ti thi im ng vi 1 , ta thy
2

u2a u2b u2c ud ud R A

2U 2 2

D1

i1

D2 i2 D3 i3

uA>uB>uN>uc, uA-uN> 2U 2 > E vy it D1 cho dng chy qua .uC<0 nn D3 b kha D1 m lm cho in th im M l uM=uA ,v uA>uB nn D2 b kha Tng t ta thy rng : Trong khong v D3 kha

6 < <

E S

5 , D1m, D2 6

P B
1

0 - 12
3

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2L

Trong khong

5 9 ,D2 m, D1 v D3 b kha < < 6 6 9 13 Trong khong < < , D3 m, D1 v D3 b kha 6 6

Kt lun Vi iu kin E<

2U 2 2 2U 2 E R

Dng ti id l dng lin tc,c cng nh sau idmax=

ud gm cc chm hnh sin to nn. -P,Q,S l giao im ca cc chm,l ni m mt it trc s m nui dng cho ti. Tr trung bnh ca in p ti Ud=
3 6U 2 2

in p ngc cc i t trn mi it Unm= 6U 2 Trng hp E>

2 U2 2 3 2U 2 cos Id= sin R T
Id 3

Tr trung bnh ca dng chy trong it : ID= Biu thc gii tch: ud= thc gii tch.

3 6U 2 cos 3 = Ud + ua 1 + 2 4

15. Trnh by s chnh lu it 3 pha cu khi ti l R+E. Vit biu S chnh lu it cu ba pha. c dng ti id l dng lin tc, phi tha mn iu kin ud>E. i 0 D1 A D4 D3 B C D6 D2 R D5 E 0 i2a 0

i4

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id - 13 0

Hot ng ca s Xt ti thi im ng vi 1 ,in th ti cc im A,B,C nh sau uA>uB>uC Dng in ti i t im A n im C.it D1 m cho dng chy qua,cc it D3,D5 b kha v in th catt ca chng ln hn in th ant ca chng. Tm tt hot ng theo bng sau: Khong Chiu dng in it m in p ti 3 T A n B 1v 6 u2a-u2b T n
3 6 5 6 7 6 9 6 11 6 6 5 6 7 6 9 6 11 6 13 6 6

A-C B-C B-A C-A C-B

1-2 3-2 3-4 5-4 5-6

u2a-u2c u2b-u2c u2b-u2a u2c-u2a u2c-u2b

Kt lun -Dng ti bao gi cng xut pht t im c in th cao nht ti im c in th thp nht . -Mi it cho dng chy qua trong mt phn ba chu k -Mi cun dy th cp bin p cho dng chy qua trong 2 ln mt phn ba chu k:1/3 chu k vi it trn v 1/3 chu k vi it di -Tr tc thi ca in p ud bng hiu ca tr tc thi in p ca hai pha ang cp cho dng ti -ud gm 6 chm hnh sin to nn -in p ngc ln nht mi it phi chu:Um= 6U 2 -Tr trung bnh ca in p chnh lu Ud= -Tr trung bnh ca dng ti Id=
Ud E R 3 6U 2

-Dng chy trong it bng dng ti: iD=id

Id 3

-Tr trung bnh ca dng chy trong mi it ID= Biu thc gii tch: ud=

3 6U 2 2 1 + cos 6 = Ud + ua 35

16. Trnh by phng php lc in bng t in. http://www.ebook.edu.vn - 14 -

D U Uc ic C iR R

Ud B A 0 1 2
2 2Uc

C 2 3

Cung cp in p ngun l u = 2U sin t . Khi it D m cho dng chy qua th :

i
dt

2U sin R

=C

d uC

= 2U .C. cos

i = i R + iC

Trong cc na chu k dng ca in p ngun, chng no u > uc th t C c np in. N tch ly nng lng (C.uc2)/2. Khi u bt u nh hn uc th it kha, t in C phng 1 phn hoc tt c nng lng vo R. Tr trung bnh ca in p ti l :
3 2 ( 2 ) 1 CR .d + 2 U sin . d 2 U sin . 2 e 2 2 1

2 l gc kha ca it, khi = 2 th i = 0 tg2 = -RC. sin3 = sin2.exp[- ( 3 - 2 )/RC ]. 1 = 3 - 2. in p trn ti l in p nhp nh. Nu hng s thi gian RC >> T, T l chu k dao ng ca in p u vo b lc, tc l it ch np in trong khong thi gian rt ngn so vi T th c th biu din ng cong uc mt cch gn ng bng ng rng ca. http://www.ebook.edu.vn - 15 -

U U Ud T 0 Biu thc chung ca t s nhp nh :

1 1 1 . = Kc m x .2 fCR m x . fCR
U=Q/C

mx l s xung ca in p u vo b lc trong mt chu k in p ngun. 17. Trnh by phng php lc in bng b lc LC. B lc LC c dng cho thit b chnh lu cng sut ln. B lc ny cho php thnh phn mt chiu ca in p chnh lu i qua v ngn chn thnh phn xoay chiu. in p u ra ca cc b chnh lu c th c trin khai thnh chui Foirie nh sau : i vi chnh lu mt pha hai na chu k :
2 2U 2 4 . 2 U 2 cos 2t = U d + 3

L Ud C R

i vi chnh lu ba pha hnh tia :

C1

. 2 U 2 cos 2t

u u

3 6U 2 2

i vi chnh lu cu 3 pha :
d

3 3 . 2 U 2 cos 3t = U d + At 3 . 2 U 2 cos 3t 8

3 6U 2

6 3 . 2 U 2 cos 6t = U d + 35

c3

. cos 6t

Biu thc tng qut ca in p chnh lu l : Trong : U2 : gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha. n : tn s gc ca sng hi. Ud : gi tr trung bnh ca in p chnh lu. Vi sng hi tn s thp m XL >> XC th dng xoay chiu chy qua L, C s quyt nh bi XL. Khi ta c t s nhp nh : http://www.ebook.edu.vn - 16 -

u =U
d

+ u c = U d + 2 U 2 cos nt

LC

n
2

LC

LC =

i vi chnh lu mt pha 2 na chu k : n = 2, A = 4/3. i vi chnh lu ba pha hnh tia : n = 3, A = i vi chnh lu cu 3 pha : n = 6, A = R+L. UT1 T1 U21 U1 R U22 T UT2 I0 0 T1, T2 dn. Trong thc t L>>R nn id l dng khng lin tc. V vy, khi bit gc m th ta s xc nh c gc tt dng = + . Dng id c cng gi tr bng I0 khi = v khi = + = . Tr trung bnh ca in p ti l : 2 id Ud L id 0 + 2 Ud
6 3 35 3 3 . 8

n K
2 2

LC

18. Trnh by s chnh lu tiristo 1 pha hai na chu k khi ti l

Khi cha cp ngun cho mch th T1 v T2 kha. Khi cp ngun th

2 2U 2

cos

Tr trung bnh ca dng in ti l : I d = U d

R

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- 17 -

19. Trnh by s chnh lu tiristo 1 pha hai na chu k khi ti l R+L+E. T U21 U22 R Ud 0 T id Ud E 0 2 Ud Ud

id

id Id 0 Hot ng : Khi = th T1 m cho dng chy qua. Khi =+2 th T2 dn. l gc m ca tiristo. Tr trung bnh ca in p (Ud) v dng in (Id) :
E

= R. I d +

( )
- 18 -

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Trong :

2U 2

(cos cos )
E ( ) R

2U 2

(cos cos )

20. Trnh by ch nghch lu ph thuc. Tr trung bnh ca in p chnh lu tiristo c dng Ud = U0cos. Trong : -U0 ph thuc vo s chnh lu v in p ngun xoay chiu. - l gc iu khin, v nguyn tc = 0 . Nu > /2 v Ud < 0 th b bin i khng cn cung cp dng id cho mch ti na v tiristo ch cho dng chy qua 1 chiu duy nht t ant n katt. iu kin thc hin ch nghch lu ph thuc l : - o 2 u ni dy ca E. - Tr s tuyt i ca tr trung bnh Ud trong na chu k phi nh hn E. - Gc m > /2. Trong s trn, khi T1 m, tr trung bnh ca in p ti l : Ud = R.Id E. Trong :
UT1 T + E UT2 T L id Ud U21 Ud 0 E =+ 0 UT2 U21 2

U21 R U22

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U I
d

2 2U 2

cos

E +U d R

Do gc m qu ln nn tiristo trng thi kha phi chu in p dng trong phn ln thi gian, n ch chu in p m trong gc , gi l gc kha, ng vi thi gian t=/. m bo cho tiristo c kha chc chn th t phi ln hn toff ca tiristo. Trong thc t = /18. 21. Trnh by v hin tng trng dn. Hin tng trng dn xy ra trong cc s m cun dy th cp my bin p ngun bng hoc ln hn hai. Hin tng trng dn lm nh hng n c tnh ra ca cc b bin i. Xt hin tng trng dn trong s chnh lu mt pha hai na chu k.

T U21 R U22 T

0 e22

2 3

2 e21

L e21 R i e22 L

i1 T ic L

i1 0 i2 Id Id

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Gi thit : L = th i xem nh c nn thng, id = Id trong thi gian n dn. in cm Lc 0, gi l in cm chuyn mch, cn tr s t bin ca dng in. T1 m. Khi = 2 = + ta cho xung iu khin m T2. Lc ny e22 > 0, T2 m. Kt qu l T1 v T2 cng m cho dng chy qua. Dng i2 tng ln cn i1 gim xung v i1 + i2 = Id =const. Gi s khi = 3, i1 = 0, T1 b kha, th i2 = Id. Nh vy dng ti Id chuyn t mch ca T1 sang mch ca T2. y chnh l qu trnh chuyn mch. = 3 - 2 gi l gc trng dn. *in p ngn mch uc.

u = e e
c

22

21

= 2 Lc

di
dt

Nu chuyn t gc ta 0 sang gc ta 2 th ta c biu thc sau :

e e

22 21

= 2 U 2 sin ( + + ) = 2 U 2 sin ( + ) = 2 2 U 2 sin ( + ) = 2 X c

= 2 U 2 sin ( + )

di

d
2U 2

*Dng ngn mch ic :

ic =
0

2U 2

sin ( + )d =

[cos cos( + )]

*Phng trnh chuyn mch : Khi = , kt thc qu trnh chuyn mch : i1 = 0, i2 = Id. T phng trnh ca dng ngn mch ic ta c :
cos cos( + ) =

X I 2U
c

i vi trng hp ang xt, ud = 0 trong giai on trng dn. Vy do hin tng trng dn nn tr trung bnh ca in p ti l Ud s nh hn trng hp l tng Ud mt lng U.
U =

X I
c

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- 21 -

22. Trnh by s chnh lu tiristo iu khin cu 1 pha khi ti l thun tr. Hot ng : Khong 1 + 1 +1 2+1

= 2 U 2 sin t

Chiu dng in AB B-A

Tiristo m 13 2-3

in p U2A - U2B U2B U2A

Tr trung bnh ca in p ti, dng ti, dng tiristo nh sau :

U I I
T A T id R ud
d

= d

2U 2

(1 + cos )

=Ud R =

id Id 0 iT13 0 iT24 0 1 +1 2

i2 u2

T B T

23. Trnh by s chnh lu tiristo iu khin cu 1 pha khi ti l R+L. Hot ng : Khong 1 + 1 +1 2+1 Chiu dng in AB B-A Tiristo m 13 2-3 in p U2A - U2B U2B U2A

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Tr trung bnh ca in p ti, dng ti :

U I
d

2 2U 2

cos

i2 u2

T A T

T B T

id L

id Id 0 ud iT13 0 iT24 0 1 +1 2

U
R

24. Trnh by s chnh lu tiristo iu khin cu 1 pha khng i xng. Hot ng : Khi = 1 cho xung iu khin m T1. Trong khong 1 2 th T1 v D2 cho dng chy qua. u2 i du th D1 m ngay, T1 kha, dng id = Id chuyn t T1 sang D1. D1 v D2 cng cho dng chy qua, ud = 0. Khi = 3 = + th T2 m. Dng ti id = Id chy qua D1 v T2. it D2 b kha. Tr trung bnh ca in p ti :

2 U 2 sin .d =

2U 2

(1 + cos )

Tr trung bnh ca dng ti l :

U
R

Tr trung bnh ca dng trong it :

ID =

I ( + )
d

Tr trung bnh ca dng trong tiristo :

I ( )
d

Tr hiu dng ca dng chy trong cun dy th cp my bin p : http://www.ebook.edu.vn - 23 -

= I d 1

Nhn xt : cos1 ca s cu khng i xng cao hn so vi s cu i xng. S ny khng cho php lm vic ch nghch lu ph thuc.
ud T A T D2 id id Id 0 iT1 iD2 iD1 0 iT2 0 0 1= 2

i2 u2

B L D3 R

ud

25. Trnh by phng php bo v qu p cho cc b bin i . Nguyn nhn gy ra qu in p c chia lm 2 loi : a.Nguyn nhn ni ti : Khi kha tiristo bng in p ngc, cc in tch i ngc hnh trnh, to ra dng in ngc trong khong thi gian rt ngn (10100s). S bin thin nhanh chng ca dng in ngc gy ra sc in ng cm ng rt ln trong cc in cm ca ng dy ngun dn n cc tiristo. Qu in p ny l tng ca in p lm vic l L
di ni trn. dt

b.Nguyn nhn bn ngoi : Thng xy ra ngu nhin nh khi c st nh, khi cu tr bo v nhy, khi ng, ct dng in t ha my bin p, by gi nng lng t trng tch ly trong li st t, chuyn thnh nng lng in trng cha http://www.ebook.edu.vn - 24 -

trong cc t in k sinh gia dy qun s cp v th cp ca my bin p. in p ny c th ln gp 5 ln in p lm vic. bo v qu in p ngi ta thng dng mch RLC, bo v ring tng tiristo.(nh hnh v). Ngi ta thng chn in p nh mc ca tiristo l U1,2U1m. Tr s ny vn nh hn nhiu so vi gi tr cc i ca cc qu in p k trn. Cc L du Dy qu in p c tc tng trng ln. o hm dt chy in p sinh ra dng in chy qua t in C,
i=C du . in cm L hn ch bin dng in ny dt

Khi kch thch m tiristo, t in C s phng in qua tiristo, in tr R hn ch dng in ny. (Thc t :C=0.011F, R=101000, L=50100H). 26. Trnh by phng php bo v ngn mch cho cc b bin i .

R C

Ngn mch trong h thng tiristo xy ra do ngn mch ngoi hay ngn mch ca thit b do s xuyn thng phn t bn dn, bo v ngn mch trong cc h thng c tiristo ngi ta dng cc cu ch c bit, loi c hot ng cc nhanh. trnh nhm ln vi cc cu ch thng, loi cu ch c bit ny c cu to khc khng lp ln c. cc h thng c cng sut nh, bo v ngn mch ngi ta dng cu ch thng, song kh nng ngt dng rt km. V khi cc cu ch hot ng ct nhanh dng in li to ra p qu ln. Dng nh mc ca cu ch mc ni tip vi tiristo phi ln hn gi tr dng hiu dng ca tiristo khi ti nh mc. Kh nng ngt ngn mch ca cu ch phi ln. c tnh dngthi gian ca cu ch phi nm di c tnh qu ti dng in ca tiristo t nht trong khong thi gian ti 100ms. Vi nhng thi gian ln hn th cu ch s khng bo v m lc ny nhim v ca n li l cc automat t ng bo v qu ti.

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Thng s

t0 =

t0
0

dt ca cu ch l thng s c bn dng chn

cu ch khi c ngn mch (dng v thi gian nh hn 10ms).Gi tr I2t0 phi nh hn I2t l gi tr thng s qu ti ca tiristo. Khi cc tiristo lm vic song song phi dng cu ch mc ni tip vi cc tiristo trong cc nhnh ring r. Cu ch c nhm c chn theo biu thc : I2t0 I2t[n(1-s)+s]2. Trong : I2t0 l thng s ngt ca cu ch nhm. I2t l thng s qu ti ca mi mt tiristo. N l s lng cc tiristo lm vic song song. S 0.2 l h s lu ti s phn b khng u dng in nhnh song song. Khi t cc tiristo pha s cp ca bin p th thng s ngt tiristo tnh nh sau :
2

U 2 I t I U1
2 0

Trong : U2,U1 l in p nh mc ca my bin p pha th cp v s cp. 27. Trnh by phng php bo v qu ti cho cc b bin i . Nh chng ta bit, cc tiristo lm vic tin cy khi nhit cng tc ca n khng vt qu nhit gii hn ca tip gip. iu yu cu phi gii hn cng sut tn hao, ch yu l tn hao ti biu hin qua thi gian dn. V d gc dn = W-z (W l gc ct, z l gc m) trong cc h thng iu khin pha. Vic gii hn cng sut tn hao trong tiristo bng cch o trc tip n thc t khng thc hin c. Trong cc h thng ny i lng c th o c l dng tiristo. Vy c s hot ng ca hh thng bo v qu ti l dng phn hi m nhm gim thi gian dn ca tiristo khi dng in qu ln. Ngi ta cng c th s http://www.ebook.edu.vn - 26 -

dng h thng tc ng mt ln ngt xung m tiristo khi dng qua tiristo vt qu gi tr cho php. Hnh trn biu din s khi ca h thng bo v qu ti dng phn hi : H thng gm cc khu c bn sau : - UT l h thng tiristo. - B cm bin o lng dng in PP. - Filt lc tn s thp F. - B khuych i ngng W. a. B cm bin dng : Trong cc h thng cp in bng ngun xoay chiu, b cm bin dng thng l b bin dng, cun th cp c ti mt in tr v mt cu chnh lu cho in p ra mt chiu c gi tr ph thuc vo i lng dng ti.Hnh di biu din cc mch chnh lu dng in dng cho b cm bin dng. B cm bin ny thng c t pha s cp ca bin p cp in cho h thng tiristo. B cm bin ny cho php kh qu p cun th cp b bin dng trnh gy nn s bo ha li thp v chng c s qu p do tng dng qu ln pha s cp trong cc h thng iu khin pha khi gc m nm trong phm vi 60 < z < 120, c bit khi ti thun tr. qu in p ny c th lm thay i phm vi iu khin ca tn hiu iu khin, loi tr hon ton qu p ngi ta s dng nhng sn in tr ni vi cc bin p cng sut nh chuyn mt cch tin cy dng dng in trong mch. mch in p ca b bin dng c th s dng cc phn t phi tuyn loi varisto nhm to c mi lin h ca dng gii hn vi gi tr dng hiu dng pha in p ngun np. http://www.ebook.edu.vn - 27 Ngun np iu khin ngoi UT PP + F W Ti

b. Filt lc : in p 1 chiu sau b chnh lu phi c lm phng, nu khng s nh hng ti tnh n nh ca h thng. Trong cc h thng iu chnh pha c th xut hin hin tng dao ng vi cc tn s thp. V l do hng s thi gian ca filt phi ln. Hng s thi gian ln lm nh hng ti tnh ng ca h thng, ch yu l nh hng ti tc phn ng ln s thay i ti. iu i hi chng ta phi chon filt lc mt cch ph hp, ch yu da vo kt qu thc nghim trn m hnh. a. khuych i : y ch cn dng khuych i 1 bc, song n phi c kh nhit hon ton v np bng in p n nh. Nn dng khuych i vi phn, dng it zener nhn c in p ngng.
i

u iTB

a, Tn hiu ra ph thuc vo gi tr trung bnh dng in

u iTB

b, Tn hiu ra ph thuc vo bin dng ti.

28. Trnh by phng php bo v qu nhit cho cc b bin i . Thit k chnh xc cc h thng bo v qu nhit ca tiristo ch thc hin c ch n nh v ch cho ta tng nhit n nh. ch qu , tn hao tc thi c th ln nhng gi tr trung bnh khng vt qu gi tr cho php. http://www.ebook.edu.vn - 28 -

iu kin ny khng phi lc no cng t c v bo v tiristo da trn c s hn ch dng in s khng cn ngha ch qu na, do h thng gii hn dng in hot ng da trn c tnh dng thi gian. V vy, phng php bo v qu nhit ca tiristo c kt qu l phng php bo v bng nhit . Phng php hin ang c s dng rng ri da trn c s o nhit ca tiristo hoc nhit bn ngoi cu trc bng phng php in, Bo v qu nhit c th thc hin nh sau : 1. Ngt lu di thit b c bo v, khi a thit b vo lm vic li cn s can thip ca ngi iu hnh. 2. Ngt tm thi thit b c bo v v khi nhit h thp thit b t ng ng li. 3. n nh nhit bng cch t gi hn gc dn khi nhit vt qu gi tr cho trc. Phng php o nhit ngoi ca cu trc da trn cm bin nhit lng kim l n gin v r tin nht, nhng khng chnh xc do b cm bin nhit hot nh khng nhy. nng cao chnh xc ta phi thc hin thm nhiu bin php ph lm cho gi thnh thit b tng, nn t c s dng. C 3 phng php bo v nhit trn y c th thc hin nh cc cm bin bn dn nh : nhit in tr, it, tranzitochng l nhng thit b c nhy cao v tnh lp li ln. Nhng h thng bo v qu nhit vi cc thit b ny ang c s dng rng ri. Vic bo v qua nhit bn trong tiristo phc tp v rt kh thc hin, trong thc t khng s dng.

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29. Trnh by phng php bo v chng tc tng dng in cho cc b bin i . Trong nhng mch khng c cm khng v trong cc h thng xung c tng dng ln dng tiristo thng i hi phi c gii hn tng dng di/dt khi m, bng cch a thm cun khng vo mch. Cun khng tuyn tnh c nhc im gy qu in p khi ngt. Ngi ta thng dng cun khng bo ha c lm bng li thp l loi vt liu t mm hnh xuyn trn cun 1 vng dy. V c cm ng t ln nn phi dng phng tin kh t li thp khi m li tiristo. Cun khng bo ha li ferit khng c nhc im ny nn c s dng thng xuyn. S vnh khuyn ferit K c thit din Sfe dng cho cun khng mt vng dy tnh nh sau :
K=

Et S B
sat fe

Vi

= sat

Z S fe B E

Trong : Z l s vng dy, Z=1. B l gia s cm ng ca li thp. E l in p np o bng vn. Dng in chy trong qu trnh bo ha Isat phi nh hn so vi gi tr dng m. Dng Isat c tnh nh sau : Isat = HsItb/Z. Trong : Hs l cng t trng cn t c cm ng bo ha(A/m2). Itb l di trung bnh ca ng sc t.

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30. Trnh by phng php bo v chng tc tng in p qu mc cho cc b bin i .

T C Rd R UNGM 0.67UD
M

UNG

D 0

B bo v qu p RC mc song song vi cc tiristo gim rt nhiu tc tng in p khi kha v bo v tiristo khi tng in p.Hnh v biu din mt phng php bo v chng tng in p rt c hiu qu.Gi tr C c tnh nh sau : RC Trong -hng s thi gian tng in p R-in tr ti in tr Rd pha chn sao cho khi t phng (E/Rd),lc tiristo m khng lm tng dng cc i ca tiristo qu gi tr cho php.it D phi l it hot ng nhanh,nu khng in tr Rd khng lm c nhim v ca mnh.Cc phn t C,Rd,v D cn t sao cho tht gn tiristo bo v gim ti mc ti thiu t cm.T in cng cn dng loi c cm khng nh. 31. Trnh by phng php bo v chng tc ng tng h cho cc b bin i Thng cc h thng tiristo n lm vic tt ngay t pha sn xut th. Tuy nhin nhng h thng c nhiu tiristo i khi xut hin s tc ng tng h gia cc tiristo. Hin tng ny c th gy ra bi qu in p, bi bin dng in p ngun np hoc nh hng bi mch ti khc hay s h cm ca cc phn t mch

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Hin tng tc ng tng h thng xy ra mch ti c t cm nh. chng li hin tng tc ng ny ta c th s dng cc bin php sau: - Gii hn tng dng in. - Cp in cho h thng bng in p khng bin dng. - Lp rp mt cch hp l, trnh dng dy dn qu di mch iu khin. - Gim tng tr vo ca mch iu khin bng cch s dng nhng h thng phn t c in tr vo khng ln lm. - S dng b n p tt v ring bit cho cc h thng iu khin. 32. Trnh by phng php chng nhiu Radio cho cc b bin i . Tt c nhng nguyn nhn gy nn tc ng tng h trong h thng tiristo cng l nguyn nhn gy nhiu radio. Tuy nhin nguyn nhn ch yu gy nhiu radio l s thay i nhy bc dng in pht ra nhiu c ph lin tc vi bin t l nghch vi tn s. Phng tin c bn nhm loi b nhiu radio l gim tc tng dng trong h thng bng cch a thm cm khng vo mch ti hoc tiristo. gim mc nhiu radio truyn vo li cung cp ta dng mch lc LC. Trong cc thit b thng dng i hi kh ti mc ti a nhiu radio thng dng filt i xng. Loi filt lc ny dp tn hiu radio rt hiu qu, song n ch s dng cho h thng c cng sut nh. Vi h thng c cng sut ln phi s dng fitl LC t pha ngun np v mch RC pha ti. Mt iu lu : do tnh cht cc nhiu c to ra l cc ph lin tc nn ta khng c cch no tnh chnh xc cc thng s ca filt lc m thng phi chn chng theo cc thng s kinh nghim.

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33. Nu cc nguyn tc iu khin xung. Trnh by nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh. y l phng php iu khin bng cch so snh 2 in p: in p ng b k hiu uS thng c t vo u o ca khu so snh c dng xung rng ca hay cosin v in p iu khin k hiu ucm thng c t vo u khng o ca khu so snh. Hiu in th u vo ca khu so snh: ud= ucm- us im bng nhau ca 2 in p ny xc nh cho ta thi im gi xung vo cc iu khin tiristo, nu in p ng b c dng xung rng ca th gc iu khin tiristo c xc nh nh sau:

u cm U sm

T biu thc ta thy gc iu khin ph thuc tuyn tnh vi in p iu khin ucm. Thay i gi tr ucm s thay i c gc iu khin. Khi in p ng b c dng cosin th lut bin i c biu din nh sau:

u cm = u s tb u stb cos u stb u cm cos = u stb

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us ucm 0 t 2

us ustb ucm 0 t 2

34. Nu cc nguyn tc iu khin xung. Trnh by nguyn tc iu khin thng ng ARCCOS. Theo nguyn tc ny ngi ta dng hai in p: - in p ng b u s vt trc in p t ln ant v katt ca tiristo mt gc /2. uAK= Umsint us= Umcost - in p iu khin ucm l in p mt chiu, c th iu chnh c bin theo 2 chiu (m v dng).

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- Nu t u s vo cng o v ucm vo cng khng o ca khu so snh th khi u s= ucm ta s nhn c mt xung u ra ca khu so snh khi khu ny lt trng thi.

U m cos = ucm
Do : Khi ucm=Um th =0 Khi ucm=0 th =/2 Khi ucm=- Um th = 35. Trnh by v s phi hp cng tc gia cc tiristo khi chng mc ni tip. Khi in p c gi tr 1000V hoc ln hn thng phi mc ni tip cc tiristo. Khi cc tiristo lm vic ni tip do nhiu nguyn nhn m s phn b in p trn cc tiristo thng khng u, v vy cn dng cc thit b phn u in p gia cc tiristo. S phn b khng u in p gia cc tiristo c th xut hin ch tnh hay ng. Nhng nguyn nhn sau y s gy nn s phn b in p khng u gia cc tiristo: nhau. - C thi gian m khc nhau. - C thi gian ngt khc nhau. http://www.ebook.edu.vn - 35 T i 0 UA1 UAII UA
T2 T1
cm = arccos U m

IA I I II

- Do s khc nhau v cu to lm cho c tnh V-A ca tiristo khc

- S phn b in p khng u trng thi tnh xut hin do c s khc nhau ca c tnh V-A. Ta nhn thy do c tnh V-A khc nhau khi mc ni tip dng in ging nhau nhng in p t ln tiristo khc nhau. S phn b in p ch ng khc nhau l do thi gian m v ngt ca cc tiristo khc nhau. V thi gian m cc tiristo khc nhau nn khi m tiristo no c thi gian m ngn hn s m trc, in p ngun t c ln tiristo cha m. kh hon ton hin tng ny ta c th dng bin php tng bin v tc xung iu khin. 36. Trnh by v s phi hp cng tc gia cc tiristo khi chng mc song song. Khi dng ti ln, mt tiristo khng p ng c dng ti, ngi ta thc hin ghp cc tiristo lm vic song song vi nhau. Khi hai tiristo lm vic song song do cu trc khc nhau m s phn b dng khng ging nhau. Nhng nguyn nhn gy s phn b dng khc nhau l: - Do s khc nhau v cu to lm cho c tnh V-A ca cc tiristo khc nhau - C thi gian m khc nhau - C thi gian ngt khc nhau. S phn b dng in khng u trng thi tnh xut hin do c s khc nhau ca c tnh V-A. Ta nhn thy do c tnh V-A khc nhau khi mc song song in p trn cc tiristo nh nhau nhng dng in chy qua cc tiristo khc nhau. S phn b dng in ch ng khc nhau l do thi gian m v ngt ca cc tiristo khc nhau. Khi m tiristo no c thi gian m ngn hn s m trc , dng in ti s chy qua tiristo ny, i vi cc tiristo cha m th khng c dng in chy qua. http://www.ebook.edu.vn - 36 -

Khi ngt th tiristo no c thi gian ngt ngn hn s nhn c c tnh tt trc nn khng dn dng, dng ti chuyn sang tiristo cn ang dn.

IA IA1 T
1

T
2

II

Ti 0 UA 37. Trnh by v nguyn l hot ng b bin tn cu 1 pha. S gm 4 tiristo, b tr theo kiu cu, tng cp tiristo T1 v T3, T2 v T4 c iu khin m mt cch chu k, cc it D1, D2,D3,D4 u song song ngc vi cc tiristo tng ng. T mt ngun in mt chiu E, s cho php to ra trn ti mt in p hnh sin ch nht, c tn s bin i c. Hot ng ca s : Gi thit T2 v T4 ang cho dng chy qua ( dng ti i t B n A). Khi t=0, cho xung m T1 v T3; T2 v T4 b kho li. Dng ti i khng th o chiu mt cch t ngt, n tip tc chy theo chiu c v suy gim dn. D1 v D3 dn dng khin T1 v T3 va kp m b kho li. in p trn ti U=E. Khi t=t1i=0,D1 v D3 b kho li T1 v T3 s m li nu cn xung iu khin tc ng vo cc cc G1 v G3, dng ti i>0 v tng trng, chy theo chiu t A n B. http://www.ebook.edu.vn - 37 UA

Giai on t=0t1 l giai on hon nng lng. Khi t = T/2 cho xung m T2 v T4 ;T1 v T3 b kho li. Dng ti i chy qua D2 v D4 khin cho T2 v T4 va kp m b kho li. Khi t=t3,i=0, T2 v T4 s m li, i<0,dng chy theo chiu t B n A. Biu thc dng ti: Khi bt u cho xung m T1 v T3 , ta c phng trnh:
L di + R.i = E dt di a.E + a.i = dt R

Tng t khi cho xung m T2 v T4 ta c phng trnh:

di R.i = E dt E i = 1 e a ( t T / 2 ) + I m .e a ( t T / 2 ) R L

+E D1 G1 D4 0 G4 T1
A

T2 L+R u G3 G2 B T3

D2

T4

D3

38. Trnh by v s bin tn cha t sng hi. c im ca cc s ny l ngoi sng c bn, cn cha nhiu sng hi, sng hi ny gy ra nhng tn tht rt ln. Ngi ta c th trit tiu mt s sng hi bng cch cng cc xung in p ch nht c tn s in p ra mong mun nhng lch nhau v thi gian. in p ra c dng bc v rng mi bc l /6. Trong mi na chu k c: Hai bc cao nht, cao bng Vm Hai bc cao va, cao bng bVm Hai bc thp nht, cao bng aVm http://www.ebook.edu.vn - 38 -

Cc sng hi gy tn tht ln l cc sng bc 3 v bc 5 v vy khi trit tiu c n th cc sng bc 7,9,11,15,21 cng s b trit tiu.
V bVm Vm bVm 2

39. Trnh by v s phn loi cc b nghch lu. C th chia cc loi nghch lu thnh 2 nhm nghch lu ln: - Nghch lu p. - Nghch lu dng. * Nghch lu p: C nhng c im sau: - in p ra c dng ch nht , c gi tr khng i, c tnh ca dng ph thuc vo ti. - Ngun in cung cp lm vic nh my pht sc in ng v vy trong thc t cn phi mc song song mt t in ln. - Khi ti c tnh cht cm khng nht thit phi s dng it ngc m bo s cn bng nng lng cm khng. - c tnh ti Uti=f(Iti) c dng nm ngang. * Nghch lu dng: c cc c im sau - Dng ra gm dng ti v dng chuyn mch tiristo ca t in c dng ch nht, cn in p ph thuc vo cc thng s ca ti. - Ngun in cung cp lm vic nh ngun dng v th phi mc ni tip vi n mt cun in khng ln. http://www.ebook.edu.vn - 39 -

- Khi ti c tnh cm khng, s cn bng cng sut khng thc hin bng t in chuyn mch v vy ti tng hp nht thit phi c c tnh dung khng. - c tnh ti c dng ng thng nghing. 40. Trnh by v cc c im ca b nghch lu c lp. B nghch lu c lp c nhng c im sau: - C kh nng iu chnh tn s trong mt phm vi nht nh m khng phi thay i cu trc phn ng lc. - C th thay i trong gii hn ln t s gia in p mt chiu ca ngun np v in p ra xoay chiu. - n nh in p ra khi thay i h s cng sut ti. - Khng t on trong cng tc, c th chu c ngn mch mch xoay chiu. - C th lm vic c ch khng ti. - C kh nng nhn c dng in p ra gn hnh sin nht. - Khng b dao ng khi np ng c d b hoc ng b. - C phi i xng gia cc pha nh khi ti phi i xng - n gin v c s lng van t. - C hiu sut bin i nng lng ln. - C kh nng thay i th t cc pha.

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