Nghich Luu Ap

n tt nghip GVHD: Ts.
Nguyn Vn Minh Tr
SVTH: Phm Cao Thng - Lp 032A Trang 1

Chng I: GII THIU B NGHCH LU
I. Gii thiu chung:
B nghch lu l b bin i tnh, m bo bin i mt chiu thnh xoay
chiu. Ngun cung cp l mt chiu, nh cc kho chuyn mch lm thay i cch ni
u vo v u ra mt cch chu k to nn u ra xoay chiu. B nghch lu hot ng
ph thuc vo loi ngun v ti.
Cc b nghch lu c phn lm hai loi: (phn loi theo qu trnh in t xy
ra trong nghch lu)
- B nghch lu p c cung cp t ngun p mt chiu.
- B nghch lu dng c cung cp t ngun dng mt chiu.
Ngun mt chiu thng thng l in p chnh lu, c quy v cc ngun mt chiu
c lp khc. Loi ngun s xc nh quan im chuyn mch.
in p hoc dng in ra ca b nghch lu p hay nghch lu dng c to
nn t mt sng trong mt na chu k gi l b nghch lu c iu khin ton sng.
Do s pht trin ca cc linh kin bn dn cng sut v phng php iu khin,
ngi ta s dng phng php iu bin rng xung PMW (Pulse Width
Modulation) mi na chu k c to nn t nhiu sng c rng thch hp, nh
d dng lc in p v dng in ra. V th bt u nghin c cn nghin cu s
lm vic vi iu khin ton sng v lm c s so snh vi s lm vic vi iu bin
rng xung. Tip theo s cp n b bin tn cng hng c in p hay dng
in cung cp gn tn s cng hng ca mch cng hng t suy gim. Chng
thng c s dng cung cp cho cc ti tn s trung bnh c h s cng sut rt
nh (t nng bng cm ng), chng i hi iu khin c bit. B bin tn nghch
lu dng hoc p thng c s dng trong truyn ng in xoay chiu c tc
thay i.

II. B nghch lu p mt pha:
B nghch lu p mt pha c cung cp bng ngun p mt chiu c tr
khng rt nh, do in p U khng chu nh hng ca bin thin dng in qua
n. in p v mt chiu c chuyn mch to nn in p ra xoay chiu U ( vi
tn s tu ).
n tt nghip GVHD: Ts. Nguyn Vn Minh Tr
Dng in ra I v dng in vo I
d
ph thuc ti pha xoay chiu. Ti ny c
th bt k vi iu kin khng phi l mt ngun p khc ( in dung hay sc in
ng xoay chiu ) mc trc tip vo u ra.
nghin cu cc b nghch lu p mt cch tng qut, ta gi thit ti dng
xoay chiu l l tng, ngha l dng in ti I l hnh sin.
C ba loi b nghch lu mt pha :
- B nghch lu c my bin p im gia (b nghch lu y - ko ).
- B nghch lu phn p vo in dung ( b nghch lu bn cu ).
- B nghch lu cu.
Hai b nghch lu u ch cn hai kho chuyn mch nhng phi c mt im
gia pha ra xoay chiu hoc pha vo mt chiu, trong khi b nghch lu cu
cn bn kho chuyn mch.
* Hin nay ngun p vn l ngun c s dng ph bin trong thc t. Hn
na in p ra ca nghch lu p c th iu ch theo cc phng php khc nhau
c th gim c sng iug ho bc cao. Trc kia nghch lu p b hn ch trong
ng dng v cng sut ca cc van ng lc iu khin hon ton cn nh. Hn na
vic s dng nghch lu p bng Tiristo khin cho hiu sut ca b bin i gim, s
iu khin phc tp. Ngy nay cng sut cc van ng lc nh: GTO, IGBT cng
tr nn ln v c kch thc gn nh, do nghch lu p tr thnh b bin i thng
dng v c chun ho trong cc b bin tn cng nghip.
Trong qu trnh nghin cu ta gi thit cc van ng lc l cc kho in t l
tng, tc l thi gian ng v m bng khng, nn in tr ngun bng khng.
II.1. Cu to:

Hnh 1.1a S b nghch lu cu mt pha ngun p
E
C
0
D
1
T
1
T
2
D
2
D
3
T
3
T
4
D
4
i
d
i
t
Z
t
S c m t trn hnh 1.1a. S gm 4 van ng lc ch yu l: T
1
, T
2
,
T
3
, T
4
v cc it D
1
, D
2
, D
3
, D
4
dng tr cng sut phn khng ca ti v li v
nh vy trnh c hin tng qu p u ngun.
T C c mc song song vi ngun m bo cho ngung u vo l ngun
hai chiu ( ngun mt chiu thng c cp bi chnh lu ch cho php dng i
thgeo mt chiu). Nh vy t C thc hin tip nhn cng sut phn khng ca ti,
ng thi t C cn m bo cho ngun u vo l ngun p (gi tr C cng ln ni tr
ca ngun cng nh v in p u vo c san phng).
II.2. Nguyn l lm vic:
na chu k u tin (0
2
u ), cp van T
1
, T
3
dn in, ph ti c u vo
ngun. do ngun l ngun p nn in p trn ti U
1
= E ( hng dng in c trn
hnh v). Ti thi im
2
u u = , T
1
v T
3
b kho, ng thi T
2
v T
4
m ra. Ti s c
u vo ngun theo chiu ngc li, tc l du in p trn ti s i chiu v U
t
= -E
ti thi im
2
u . Do ti mang tnh tr cm nn donmgf vn gi nguyn hng c, T
1
,
T
3
b kho nn dng khp mch qua D
2
, D
4
. Sut in ng cm ng trn ti s tr
thnh ngun tr nng lng thng qua D
2
, D
4
v t C (ng nt t).
Tng t nh vy khi kho cp T
2
, T
4
dng ti s khp mch qua D
1
, D
3
. th in
p ti U
t
, dng ti i
t
, dng qua it i
D
v dng qua Tiristo c biu din hnh 1.1b.

Hnh 1.1b: th biu din cc thng s ca nghch lu cu 1 pha ngun p
i
D1,3
i
D2,4
i
i
D1,3
i
t
U
t
0
0
0
0
i
T1, T3
t
t
t
t
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
II.3. Cc phng php chn van cho s :
II.3.1. Phng php ton t Laplace:
Dng in p xoay chiu trn ti Ut c th chuyn i v dng bin i Laplace
nh sau:
( )
}

=
t
pt
pt t
dt E e
e
p U
0
. .
1
1

( )
( )
( ) p Z
p U
p I
t
t
=
( )
(
(
(
+
=

T
L
R
t
L
R
t
t
t
t
t
e
e E
p L
.
.
t
1
. 2
1
R

Phng php ny phc tp nn t dng.
II.3.2. Phng php iu khin sng vung:
Ti l (R+L)
Ta c biu thc dng ti i (T
1
, T
3
m): E i R
dt
di
L = + . =>
R
E a
i a
dt
di .
. = +
Dng Laplace:
( ) ( )
p R
E a
p I a i p pI
.
.
. 0 ) ( = +
Vi iu kin ban u: i(0) = -I
m
;
L
R
a = => ( )
at
m
at
e I e
E
i

= . 1
R

Khi T2, T4 m ta c phng trnh:
E i R
dt
di
L = . =>
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 2
. 1
R
T
t a
m
T
t a
e I e
E
i
in p ti c dng hnh sin ch nht i xng. N l mt hm l, chu k . Trin
khai Fourier ta c:
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + = ... 5 sin
5
1
3 sin
3
1
sin
4
t t t
E
u e e e
t

* Tnh chn IGBT v it:
p dng cng thc:
( )
at
m
at
e I e
E
i

= . 1
R

ng vi
2
T
t = , i = I
m
=>
2
2
1
1 .
T
a
T
a
m
e
e
R
E
I
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

Vi
1
t t = , i = 0 =>
( )
1 1
. 1
R
0
at
m
at
e I e
E

=
=>
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
R
E
I
R
E
R
L
t
m
ln
1

- Tr trung bnh ca dng qua it:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
(
= =

} }
a
e
I
E
f t
E
f I
dt e I e
R
E
T
idt
T
I
at
m D
t t
at
m
at
D
1
1 1
1
.
R
. .
R
.
. 1
1 1
1
0 0

- in p ngc max t ln it l E (V)
=> T gi tr I
D
v in p ngc t ln it ta chn c loi it cho D
1
, D
2
,
D
3
, D
4

- Tr trung bnh dng qua IGBT:
( )
} } (
= =

2 2
1 1
. 1
1 1
T
t
T
t
at
m
at
T
dt e I e
R
E
T
idt
T
I

|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
.
|
\
|
=

a
e e
I
E
f t
T E
f I
at
T
a
m T
1 2
1
.
R
.
2 R
.

- in p ngc ln nht t ln IGBT: -E (V)
- in p thun ln nht t ln IGBT: E (V)
=> T gi tr I
T
kt hp vi in p thun v in p ngc t ln IGBT ta chn
c IGBT cn tm.
II.3.3. Phng php iu bin rng xung PWM:
Thc t thng s dng gim bt kch thc ca b lc m bo cht lng
in p ra c dng gn hnh sin. iu ch rng xung cn phi c thc hin theo
qui lut iu khin sin.
S cu trc:

Tn hiu hnh sin u
m
(t) c tn s bng tn s ra v bin t l vi bin in p ra
ca nghch lu s c so snh vi tn hiu rng ca u
p
(t) v to ra cc xung c
rng tng ng cc thi im m u
m
(t) = u
p
(t) (hnh 1.2).
ng cong sng iu ho bc 1 u ra ca nghch lu s c t l sng iu ho bc
cao rt nh so vi sng bc 1. Trong qu trnh iu ch ngi ta c th to ra xung 2
cc hay mt cc. Xung hai cc tnh c ti bng cch so snh in p rng ca vi
in p ch o hnh sin. Xung rng ca l xung c hai cc tnh trong c chu k iu
bin, do in p trn ti (in p ra ca nghch lu) s l xung hai cc tnh c
rng thay i theo quy lut sin:
t K t O = A sin
Trong : At l rng xung; K l h s; O l tn s ca nghch lu.
Bin sng hi ca iu bin rng xung lng cc c biu thc tng qut:
( )
}
=
t
u u o
t
0
. sin
2
d n E U
nm

Khi n = 1 ta c: ( ) 2 cos 2 1 cos 2 1
E 4
sin sin sin
3
4
1
0
2
1
2 /
2
1
o o
t
u u u u u u
t
o o
o
t
o
+ =
(
+ =
} } }
d d d
E
U
m

U
2m
= 0
( ) 2 3 cos 2 1 3 cos 2 1
4
3
o o
t
+ =
E
U
m

| | 2 cos 2 1 cos 2 1
4
o o
t
n n
E
U
nm
+ =

My pht sin B iu ch Nghch lu
i vi trng hp ang xt, mun loi tr sng hi bc 3 v 5 cn phi c iu kin
sau:
1 2cos3o
1
+ 2cos3o
2
= 0
1 2cos5o1 + 2cos5o2 = 0

Bng phng php tnh gn ng ta tm c o
1
= 23
o
6, o
2
= 33
o
3. Nh vy
in p ra ch cha sng c bn v cc sng hi bc cao 7,9,11 C th xem:
t
E
u e
t
sin
4
=
Dng phng php iu bin rng xung c: Kt qu in p ra dng sin v dng
in ra cng dng sin. y xt ti (R + L) nn dng tr pha hn p mt gc .

Hnh 1.2: iu bin rng xung lng cc

u
U
1m
i
2t
0
T
1
, T
3
T
2
, T
4
D
1
D
3
D
1
D
3
D
1
D
3
T
2
T
4
T
2
T
4
T
1
T
3
T
2
T
4
T
1
T
3
T
1
T
3
D
2
D
4
D
2
D
4
D
2
D
4
U
m U
p
2t
t
u
U
U
+E
-E
o
1
o
2

Hnh 1.1c: th biu din cc thng s ca nghch lu cu 1 pha ngun p
Phn tch dng in p trn ti U
t
ra chui ta c:
( )
=
1
1 2
1 2 sin 4
k
t
k
t k E
U
e
t

Nu ch ly thnh phn sng iu ho c bn th:
t
E
U
t
e
t
sin
4
=
V ) sin( e = t
Z
U
i
t
t
t

Trong :
2 2
t t t
X R Z + =
X
t
= e.L
t
t
t
R
X
arctg =
* Dng trung bnh qua it l:
( ) | |
}
= =
1
0
cos 1
2
1
sin
2
1
u
t
e e
t
m m D
I t d t I I
=> Kt hp vi in p ngc ln nht t ln it l: -E ta chn c loi it
cho s tc chn c D
1
, D
2
, D
3
, D
4
* Dng trung bnh qua van ng lc (IGBT):
( ) ( )
t
e e
t
t
u
cos 1
2
1
sin
2
1
1
+ = =
}
m m T
I t d t I I
u
u
u
u
u1 u2
u3
u4
i
T1,3
0
0
0
0
U
t
i
t
i
D1,3
i
i
D2,4
i
D1,3
Mt khc ta c:
in p ngc max t ln IGBT: -E (V)
in p thun max t ln IGBT: E (V)
=> Ta chn c IGBT cho s thit k

III. B nghch lu p ba pha:
III.1 Cu to v hot ng:
S c ghp t ba b nghch lu mt pha (hnh 1.3a).
Gi thit:
- Van l tng, ng m tc thi.
- Ngun c ni tr v cng nh v dn in theo hai chiu
- Van ng lc c bn lm vic vi dn in = 180
o
.
- Tng tr cc pha Z
A
= Z
B
= Z
C
.
Cc it D
1
D
6
lm chc nng tr nng lng v ngun. T C m bo ngun l
ngun p v tip nhn nng lng phn khng t ti.

Hnh 1.3a: S b nghch lu cu 3 pha ngun p
=> to ra in p 3 pha i xng, lut dn in ca cc van phi tun theo:
- T
1
v T
4
dn lch nhau 180 v to ra pha A
- T
2
v T
5
dn lch nhau 180
o
v to ra pha C
E
C
T
1
T
3
T
5
T
4
T
6
T
2
D
1
D
3
D
5
D
6
D
2
D
4
Z
a
Z
b
Z
c
A B C
N
- T
3
v T
6
dn lch nhau 180
o
v to ra pha B
Cc pha lch nhau 120
o

Dng in p ra trn ti c xc nh nh sau:
* Trong khong 0t
1
: T
1
, T
6
, T
5
dn, s thay th c dng nh hnh 1.4a. T s
thay th ta thy U
ZA
= E/3.
* Trong khong t
1
t
2
: T
1
, T
2
, T
6
dn, s thay th c dng nh hnh 1.4b. T s
thay th ta thy U
ZA
= 2E/3.
* Trong khong t
2
t
3
: T
1
, T
2
, T
3
dn, s thay th c dng nh hnh 1.4c. T s
thay th ta thy U
ZA
= E/3.


Hnh 1.3b: Lut iu khin v in p trn ti

U
CN
U
BN
U
AN

T
-E/3
-2E/3
-E/3
-2E/3
-E/3
-2E/3
2E/3
E/3
E/3
2E/3
E/3
2E/3
T
2
T
5
T
2
T
5
T
6
T
6
T
3
T
3
T
4
T
1
T
1
U
Zc
U
Zb
U
Za
0
f)
e)
d)
c)
b)
a)
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
6
t
5
t
4
t
3
t
2
t
1

Hnh 1.4a Hnh 1.4b Hnh 1.4c

Gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha l:
( ) E d U U
pha pha
3
2
2
1
2
0
2
= =
}
t
u u
t

Suy ra: ( ) t t U
A
e sin .
3
2
=
( ) ) 120 sin( .
3
2
o
B
t t U = e
( ) ) 120 sin( .
3
2
o
C
t t U + = e
Gi tr t C c tnh: ( ) 2 ln 2 1
. 3
.
A
=
C t
t
U R
T E
C

III.2. Tnh chn van v it:
III.2.1. Theo phng php iu khin sng vung:
Xt pha A (hnh 1.5)
in p pha ti c dng 6 bc trong mt chu k nn chia chu k ra thnh 6 giai on
gii bi ton, ly gi tr cui giai on ny lm s kin cho giai on k.
Ta c:
Phng trnh tng ca dng pha A trong mt giai on:
A A
A
U i R
dt
di
L = + .
( )
| | ( )
at
A
at A
A
e i e
U
i

+ = . 0 1
R

E
Z
B
Z
A
Z
C
E
Z
A
Z
B
Z
C
Z
B
Z
A
Z
C
E

Hnh 1.5
- Giai on 1:
T (0T/6) c T
1
, T
6
, T
5
dn v i
A
(0) = -I
2
; U
A
= E/3
Ta c:
( ) ( )
( )
=
+ =

1 1
1
6 /
. 0 1
3
I T i
e i e
R
E
i
A
at
A
at
A

=>
6
2
6
1
. 1
3R
T
a
T
a
e I e
E
I

= (1.1)
- Giai on 2:
T (T/6T/3) c T
1
, T
6
, T
2
dn v i
A
(0) = I
1
; U
A
= 2E/3
Ta c:
( ) ( )
( )
=
+ =

3 2
2
3 /
. 0 1
3
2
I T i
e i e
R
E
i
A
at
A
at
A

=>
3
1
3
3
. 1
3R
2
T
a
T
a
e I e
E
I

+
(
= (1.2)

- Giai on 3:
t
t
U
Za
2E/3
E/3
-2E/3
-E/3
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
6
T
6
T
3
T
2
2T
3
5T
6
T
i
A
0
I
3
I
2
I
1
-I
1
-I
2
-I
3
T (T/3T/2) c T
1
, T
3
, T
2
dn v i
A
(0) = I
3
; U
A
= E/3
Ta c:
( ) ( )
( )
=
+ =

2 3
3
2 /
. 0 1
3
I T i
e i e
R
E
i
A
at
A
at
A

=>
2
3
2
2
. 1
3R
T
a
T
a
e I e
E
I

+
(
= (1.3)
Gii h 3 phng trnh 3 n [(1.1), (1.2), (1.3) ]
Thay (1.2) vo (1.3) ta c:
2 3
1
2
2
. .
3
2
3
2
1
3R
T
a
T
a
T
a
e e
R
E
I
R
E
e
E
I

(
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
(
=
6
5
6
5
1
2
2
.
3
2
. .
3 3
T
a
T
a
T
a
e
R
E
e I e
R
E
R
E
I

+ + =
Thay (1.1) vo:
6
5
6
5
6
2
2
2
.
3
2
. .
3 3
.
3 3
T
a
T
a
T
a
T
a
e
R
E
e e I
R
E
R
E
e
R
E
R
E
I

|
.
|
\
|
+ + + =
aT aT
T
a
T
a
e I e
R
E
e
R
E
e
R
E
R
E
I

+ = . .
3
.
3
.
3 3
2
6
5
2
2

aT
aT
T
a
T
a
e
e
R
E
e
R
E
e
R
E
R
E
I

+
+
=
1
.
3
.
3
.
3 3
6
5
2
2
(1.4)
Thay I
2
vo (1.1) ta c gi tr I
1
:
6 /
2 1
.
3 3
aT
e I
R
E
R
E
I

|
.
|
\
|
+ = (1.5)
Thay I
1
vo (1.2) ta c gi tr I
3
:
3 /
2 3
.
3
2
3
2
aT
e I
R
E
R
E
I

|
.
|
\
|
= (1.6)
* Tr trung bnh dng qua it:
Xt it D
1
:
( )
| | ( ) ( )
at at at
A
at
A
e I e
R
E
e i e
E
i

= + = . 1
3
. 0 1
3R
2 1

Ti thi im t
1
c: i
A1
(t
1
) = 0 nn: ( )
1 1
. 1
3
0
2
at at
e I e
R
E

= =>
R
E
I
R
E
a
t
3
3
ln
1
2
1
+
=
Tr trung bnh dng qua it D
1
l:
( )
} } (
|
.
|
\
|
+ = =

1
0
1
0
2 1 1
.
3 3
1 1
t t
at
A D
dt e I
R
E
R
E
T
dt i
T
I
a
e
I
R
E
f t
R
E
f I
at
D
1
2 1 1
1
.
3
.
3
.

|
.
|
\
|
+ + = (1.7)
in p ngc ln nht t ln it l (-E)
=> Kt hp vi (1.7) ta chn c it cho s thit k
* Tr trung bnh dng qua IGBT:
Xt cho T
1
:
} } }
+ + =
6
1
3
6
2
3
3 2 1
.
1
.
1
.
1
T
t
T
T
T
T
A A A T
dt i
T
dt i
T
dt i
T
I (1.8)
Ta c:
( )
} }

|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
=
6
1
6
1
1
6
2 1 2 1
.
3 6 3
. 1
3
.
T
t
T
t
at
T
a
at at
A
a
e e
I
R
E
t
T
R
E
dt e I e
R
E
dt i (1.9)
( )
} }

|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
+ =
3
6
3
6
6 3
1 1 1
.
3
2
6 3 3
2
. 1
3
2
.
T
T
T
T
T
a
T
a
at at
A
a
e e
I
R
E T T
R
E
dt e I e
R
E
dt i (1.10)
( )
} }

|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
+ =
2
3
2
3
3 2
3 3 1
.
3 3 2 3
. 1
3
.
T
T
T
T
T
a
T
a
at at
A
a
e e
I
R
E T T
R
E
dt e I e
R
E
dt i (1.11)

Thay (1.9), (1.10), (1.11) vo (1.8) ta c:
a
e
R
E
I
T a
e
R
E
I I
a
e
I
R
E
T a
e
R
E
I I
T RT
t E
R
E
I
T
a T
a
at
T
a
T
2
3
3
1 3
1
2
6
2 1
1
1
.
3
1
.
3
.
3
1
.
3
1
3
.
18
4

|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
=> T U
thmax,
U
ngmax
v I
T
ta chn c IGBT.

Nghich Luu Ap

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nghich Luu Ap

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

n tt nghip GVHD: Ts.

You might also like