_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 1

CHNG 10
PHP BIN I LAPLACE
DN NHP
PHP BIN I LAPLACE
Php bin i Laplace
Php bin i Laplace ngc
CC NH L C BN CA PHP BIN I LAPLACE
P DNG VO GII MCH
CC PHNG PHP TRIN KHAI HM P(S)/Q(S)
Trin khai tng phn
Cng thc Heaviside
NH L GI TR U V GI TR CUI
nh l gi tr u
nh l gi tr cui
MCH IN BIN I
in tr
Cun dy
T in
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_____

10.1 DN NHP
Php bin i Laplace, mt cng c ton hc gip gii cc phng trnh vi phn, c
s dng u tin bi Oliver Heaviside (1850-1925), mt k s ngi Anh, gii cc mch
in.
So vi phng php c in, php bin i Laplace c nhng thun li sau:
* Li gii y , gm p ng t nhin v p ng p, trong mt php ton.
* Khng phi bn tm xc nh cc hng s tch phn. Do cc iu kin u c a vo
phng trnh bin i, l phng trnh i s, nn trong li gii y cha cc hng s.
V phng php, php bin i Laplace tng t vi mt php bin i rt quen
thuc: php tnh logarit
(H 10.1) cho ta so snh s ca php tnh logarit v php bin i Laplace

Cc con s

Ly logarit

Nhn chia trc tip

logarit ca cc
s
Cng cc s

Ly logarit ngc
Tng logarit
Kt qu cc
ca cc s
php tnh
Pt sau
Pt vi tch
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i
phn

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 2
Bin i Laplace
Php gii c in

k u

Php tnh i s

k u
Bin i Laplace ngc
lnh vc thi gian

Lnh vc tn s
(H 10.1)

lm cc php tnh nhn, chia, ly tha . . . ca cc con s bng php tnh logarit ta
thc hin cc bc:
1. Ly logarit cc con s
2. Lm cc php ton cng, tr trn logarit ca cc con s
3. Ly logarit ngc c kt qu cui cng.
Thot nhn, vic lm c v nh phc tp hn nhng thc t, vi nhng bi ton c
nhiu s m, ta s tit kim c rt nhiu thi gian v c th s dng cc bng lp sn (bng
logarit) khi bin i. Hy th tnh 1,43560,123789 m khng dng logarit.
Trong bi ton gii phng trnh vi tch phn dng php bin i Laplace ta cng thc
hin cc bc tng t:
1. Tnh cc bin i Laplace ca cc s hng trong phng trnh. Cc iu kin u c a
vo
2. Thc hin cc php ton i s.
3. Ly bin i Laplace ngc c kt qu cui cng.
Ging nh php tnh logarit, cc bc 1 v 3 nh s dng cc bng lp sn chng ta
c th gii quyt cc bi ton kh phc tp mt cch d dng v nhanh chng.

10.2 PHP BIN I LAPLACE

10.2.1 Php bin i Laplace
Hm f(t) xc nh vi mi t>0. Bin i Laplace ca f(t), c nh ngha

L[f(t)] = F(s) =

f(t).e st dt

(10.1)

s c th l s thc hay s phc. Trong mch in s=+j

thay cho cm t 'bin i Laplace ca"

Ton t
iu kin f(t) c th bin i c l

f(t) .e t dt <

(10.2)

l s thc, dng.
iu kin ny hu nh c tha i vi nhng hm f(t) gp trong mch in. V e-t
l hm m gim khi t tng nn khi nhn vi |f(t)| ta cng c kt qu tng t.
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Laplace - 3
Th d, vi hm f(t)=tn, dng qui tc Hospital, ngi ta chng minh c
n t
lim t e = 0, > 0
t

Vi n=1, ta c

1
t
0 t.e dt = 2 , > 0
Vi gi tr khc ca n, tch phn trn cng xc nh vi 0
n
C nhng hm dng eat khng tha iu kin (10.2) nhng trong thc t vi nhng
kch thch c dng nh trn th thng t tr bo ha sau mt khong thi gian no .
2
eat , 0 t t 0
Th d
v(t)=
K , t > t 0
v(t) trong iu kin ny tha (10.2)

bin i hm f(t) trong lnh vc thi gian sang hm F(s) trong lnh
Ta ni ton t
vc tn s phc. Hai hm f(t) v F(s) lm thnh mt cp bin i
Th d 10.1
Tm bin i Laplace ca hm nc n v
1 , t 0
u(t) =
0 , t < 0

L[u(t)] =

Nu

1
1
est dt = est =
0
0 s
s
V
f(t)=Vu(t) [Vu(t)] =
s

Th d 10.2
Tm bin i Laplace ca f(t) = e-at, a l hng s

L[e

- at

] = eat est dt = e( a + s)t dt

1 ( a + s)t
1
e
=
0 s+ a
s+ a

Kt qu ca 2 th d trn cho mt bng nh gm 2 cp bin i

f(t)
u(t)
e-at

F(s)
1
s
1
s+ a

Bng cch tnh bin i ca mt s hm quen thuc, ta s xy dng c mt bng

dng tra sau ny.

10.2.2 Php bin i Laplace ngc

Php bin i Laplace ngc c nh ngha
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Laplace - 4

1 1 + j
(10.3)
F(s)est ds

2j 1
y l tch phn ng, ly dc theo ng thng ng s=1, t -j n +j
1

f(t) =

F(s) =

+j
1

-j

(H 10.2)

Do tnh c nht ca php bin i Laplace, ta khng s dng nh ngha (10.3)

xc nh f(t) m ta thng dng kt qu ca nhng cp bin i xc nh f(t) khi c F(s)

10.3 CC NH L C BN CA PHP BIN I

LAPLACE
10.3.1 Bin i ca mt t hp tuyn tnh
Cho 2 hm f1(t) v f2(t), vi cc hng s a, b. F1(s) v F2(s) ln lt l bin i Laplace
ca f1(t) v f2(t). Ta c:

L [af (t) + bf (t)] = a F (s) + b F (s)

Tht vy
L[af (t) + bf (t)] = [af (t) + bf (t)]e
1

(10.4)

st

dt

= a f 1 (t)e - st dt + b f 2 (t)e - st dt

[af1(t) + bf2(t)] = a F1(s) + b F2(s)

Th d 10.3
Tm bin i Laplace ca cost v sint
T cng thc Euler
e jt + e jt
e jt e jt
cost =
v sint =
2
2j
Ap dng (10.4) v dng kt qu th d 10.2

L[cost] = L[ e +2e
L[cost] = s +s
jt

jt

]=

1 1
1
s
[
+
]= 2
2 s j s + j s + 2

Tng t:
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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 5

L[sin t] = L[ e 2je
L[sin t] = s +
jt

jt

]=

1 1
1

]= 2
2j s j s + j s + 2

10.3.2 Bin i ca e-atf(t)

L[e
L[e

- at

-at

f(t)] = eat f(t)e st dt = f(t)e ( a + s)t dt = F(s + a)

f(t)] = F(s + a)

(10.5)

Khi hm f(t) nhn vi e-at, bin i Laplace tng ng e-at f(t) c c bng cch thay
F(s) bi F(s+a)
Th d 10.4
Tm bin i Laplace ca e-atcost v e-atsint
Ch cn thay s bi s+a trong cc cc kt qu bin i ca hm sint v cost trn.
s+ a
[e - at cost] =
(s + a)2 + 2

[e - at sint] =
(s + a)2 + 2

L
L

Th d 10.5
6s
s + 2s + 5
Vit li F(s) , sao cho xut hin dng F(s+a)
6(s + 1) - 6
6s
=
F(s) =
2
2
(s + 1) + 2
(s + 1)2 + 22
Dng kt qu ca th d 10.4 vi a = 1 v = 2
F(s) =

Tm f(t) ng vi

F(s) = 6

f(t) =

(s + 1)
2
-3
2
2
(s + 1) + 2
(s + 1)2 + 2 2

-1

[F(s)]=6e-tcos2t - 3e-tsin2t

10.3.3 Bin i ca f(t-)u(t-)

f(t-) l hm f(t) tr n v thi gian. (Lu l f(t)=0 khi t<0 nn f(t-)=0 khi t<)

L[f(t ).u(t )] =

f(t ).u(t )e- st dt = f(t ).e- st dt

i bin s: x= t-

L[f(t ).u(t )] =
L[f(t ).u(t )] = e

f(x).e - s( + x ) dx = e- s f(x)e - sx dx

-s

F(s)

(10.6)

Hy so snh (10.5) v (10.6)

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 6
* (10.5), F(s+a) biu th s chuyn dch ca F(s) t s n s+a trong lnh vc tn s tng
ng vi nhn hm f(t) vi e-at trong lnh vc thi gian.
* (10.6), f(t-) biu th s chuyn dch ca hm f(t) t t n t- trong lnh vc thi gian
tng ng vi nhn F(s) vi e-s trong lnh vc tn s.
Th d 10.6
Tm bin i ca f(t)=e-3tu(t-2)
Vit li f(t):
f(t)= e-3(t-2)-6u(t-2) = e-6e-3(t-2) u(t-2)
1
V
[e-3tu(t)]=
s+ 3
e-2s
Nn
[e-3(t-2)u(t-2)]=
s+ 3
e-2s
[e-3tu(t-2)]= e-6(
)
s+ 3

L
L
L

10.3.4 nh l kt hp (Convolution theorem)

y l nh l dng tm bin i ngc y(t) ca tch 2 hm F(s)v G(s)
y(t)=

-1

[G(s).F(s)]= g( )f(t )d
0

(10.7)

Tch phn trong biu thc c gi l kt hp hai hm g(t) v f(t), k hiu:

g(t)*f(t) =

t
0

g( )f(t )d

(10.8)

Th d 10.7
Tm kt hp 2 hm e-t v e-2t
Dng (10.8)
e-t * e-2t =

t
0

e- .e 2(t ) d
t

= e 2t e d
0

e-t * e-2t = e-t - e-2t

Th d 10.8
Xc nh

-1

1
]
(s + 1)2
2

Dng nh l kt hp vi F(s)=G(s)=

1
s +1
2

Ta c f(t)=g(t)=sint
1
-1
[ 2
]= -1[F(s).G(s)]
2
(s + 1)
= g(t)*f(t) =sint*sint

L
t

= sin .sin(t )d
0

Ap dng cng thc bin i lng gic ri ly tch phn, ta c

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 7

-1

1
1
]= [sint-tcost]
2
2
(s + 1)

10.3.5 Bin i ca o hm
o hm bc 1
d
df(t)
=
f(t)e st dt
0 dt
dt
Ly tch phn tng phn
t
u = e-st
du = -s e-st
dv=df(t) v = f(t)

df(t)

= est f(t) + s f(t)e st dt

0
0
dt
st
V
lim e f(t) =0, s hng th nht v phi = - f(0+)

L
L

L df(t)
= sF(s) - f(0 )
dt

(10.9)

f(0+) l gi tr ca f(t) khi t 0+

o hm bc 2
df 2 (t)
=
dt 2

Ldtd df(t)

dt

df(t) df(0 + )
=s
dt
dt

L
Trong

df 2 (t)
df(0 + )
= s2 F(s)- sf(0+ ) 2
dt
dt

(10.10)

df(0 + )
df(t)
l gi tr ca
khi t 0+
dt
dt

o hm bc n
T kt qu trn, ta suy ra trng hp o hm bc n
d n f(t)
df n - 1 (0 + )
n
n-1
n-2 df(0 + )
=
s
F(s)
s
f(0
)
s
-...+
dt
dt n
dt n - 1

(10.11)

10.3.6 Bin i ca tch phn

L f(t)dt =
t

[ f(t)dt ]e st dt
0

u= f(t)dt du = f(t)
0

1
dv=e-stdt v= est
s
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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 8

st

t f(t)dt = e

0
s

Khi

t e-st 0

t
0

f(t)dt

t =0

t
0

1
+
0 s

f(t)dt

f(t)e st dt

= 0 nn s hng th nht ca v phi trit tiu

L f(t)dt = 1s F(s)
t

(10.12)

Khi p dng vo mch in, thi gian thng xc nh t - n t, nh vy

t
-

f(t)dt c th

chia lm 2 phn

t
-

f(t)dt = f(t)dt + f(t)dt

0

S hng th nht ca v phi l hng s v ta t f -1(0+)= f(t)dt

-

H thc (10.12) c th vit li cho trng hp tng qut nht:

1
t f(t)dt = F(s) + f (0+ )
-

s
s

(10.13)

10.3.7 Bin i ca tf(t)

Ly o hm h thc (10.1), ng thi hon chuyn cc ton t ly o hm v tch
phn, ta c:
d

dF(s)
=
f(t)e st dt = - tf(t)e st dt
0 ds
0
ds

V phi ca h thc chnh l

Vy

L [-tf(t)]

L [tf(t)]= dF(s)
ds

(10.14)

Th d 10.9
Tm bin i ca hm tu(t) v tcost
f(t)=u(t) F(s)=

1
s

L [tu(t)=] = dsd ( 1s ) = s1

f(t) = cost F(s)=

L [tcost] = dsd s

s
s + 2
2

s
s2 2
=
+ 2 (s2 + 2 ) 2

Da vo cc nh l c bn ta c c mt s cp bin i. Kt hp cc nh l ny
vi nh ngha ca php bin i ta c thm mt s cp bin i thng dng.
Bng 1 di y cho bin i ca mt s hm

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 9

10.4 P DNG VO GII MCH

p dng bin i Laplace vo bi ton gii mch, ta c th thc hin theo mt
trong hai cch:
- Vit phng trnh vi tch phn ca mch in, dng bin i Laplace ta c cc
phng trnh i s.
- Bin i mch sang lnh vc tn s nh bin i Laplace, vit cc phng trnh i
s cho mch.

10.4.1 Gii phng trnh vi tch phn

Di y l mt s th d cho thy cch p dng bin i Laplace vo gii mch.
Th d 10.10
Mch RC ni tip (H 10.3), kha K ng t=0. Xc nh i(t), cho t tch in ban u
vi in tch q0
Bng 1
STT
1
2

f(t)
(t)
u(t)

F(s)
1

1
s2

t n 1
, n nguyn
(n 1)!

1
sn

eat

teat

t n 1 at
e , n nguyn
(n 1)!

1
s- a
1
(s - a)2
1
(s - a)n

1- eat

1
(eat ebt )
a b

10

Sint

11

Cost

12

Sin(t+)

13

Cos(t+)

14

e-at Sint

15

e-at Cost

1
s

-a
s(s- a)
1
(s a)(s b)

2
s + 2
s
2
s + 2
ssin + cos
s2 + 2
scos sin
s2 + 2

(s + a)2 + 2
s+ a
(s + a)2 + 2

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 10

s 2
s
2
s 2

Sinht

16

17

Cosht

18

df(t)
dt
d 2 f(t)
dt 2
d n f(t)
dt n

19
20
21

sF(s)-f(0+)
s2F(s) - sf(0+) - df(0 + )
dt
snF(s) - sn-1f(0+) - sn-2 df(0 + ) -...dt

f(t ).u(t )

23
24

af1(t) + bf2(t)

25

tf(t)

dt n - 1

F(s) f (0+ )
+
s
s

f(t)dt

22

df n - 1 (0+ )

e-s F(s)
a F1(s) + b F2(s)
F(s+ a)

e-at f(t)

dF(s)
ds

* Khi s dng bng 1, phi nhn f(t) vi u(t), ni cch khc, f(t) tha iu kin l f(t)=0 khi t<0

Phng trnh mch in

1 t
idt + Ri = Vu(t)
C
Ly bin i Laplace cc s hng pt (1)

L[ C1 idt ] + L[Ri] = L[Vu(t)]

(2)

1 I(s) f 1(0+ )
V
+
[
] + RI(s) =
C s
s
s

(3)

(H 10.3)

(1)

Vi f-1(0+)= idt = q 0

dng

q0 c du (+) bn trn ca t, cng du vi in tch tch bi ngun V nn c tr

Pt (3) c vit li
I(s) q 0
V
(4)
+
+ RI(s) =
Cs Cs
s
V q 0 /C
1
(5)

I(s)=
R
s + 1/RC
Dng bng 1 ly bin i Laplace ngc c i(t)
t
V q 0 /C RC

i(t)=
e
R
Dng sng ca i(t)

(H 10.4)

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 11
Th d 10.11
Mch RL ni tip (H 10.5), kha K ng t=0. Xc nh i(t), cho mch khng tch tr nng
lng ban u
Phng trnh mch in
di
(1)
Ri + L
= Vu(t)
dt
Ly bin i Laplace cc s hng pt (1)
V
(2)
s
Mch khng tch tr nng lng ban u nn i(0+)=0
V
1
V
1

I(s)=
=
R
s (sL + R)
L
s(s+ )
L
RI(s) + L[sI(s) - i(0 + )] =

(H 10.5)

(3)
Dng ca I(s) khng c trong bng 1.
Vit li I(s) sao cho gm tng ca cc hm n gin
A
B
=
+
R
R
s
s+
s(s+ )
L
L
A, B l 2 hng s cn xc nh
Qui ng mu s v 2, cn bng 2 v, ta c:
R
R
A(s + ) + Bs A + (A + B)s
L
= L
R
R
s(s+ )
s(s+ )
L
L
R V
V
A=
A =
L L
R
V
A+B=0 B = - A=
R
Thay A v B vo (4)
V 1
1
I(s)= (
)
R
R s
s+
L
R

t
V

i(t) = (1 e L ) , t 0
R

I(s)=

V
L

(4)

10.4.2 Mch in bin i

Trong chng 6, vi khi nim vect pha, ta bin i mch in t lnh vc thi
gian sang lnh vc tn s v vit cc phng trnh i s cho mch.
Tng t , vi php bin i Laplace, ta cng bin i mch in t lnh vc thi
gian sang lnh vc tn s phc (s), k c cc loi ngun kch thch khc nhau v ta c li gii
y tha cc iu kin u.
in tr
VR=Ri(t) VR(s)=RI(s) ZR(s)=R v YR(s)=1/R
(10.15)
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Laplace - 12

(H 10.6)

Cun dy

di L (t)
1 t
Hay iL(t) = v L (t)dt
dt
L
Bin i Laplace tng ng
VL(s)=L[sIL(s)-iL(0+)]
V (s) Li (0+ )

IL(s) = L + L
sL
sL
hay
sLIL(s) = VL(s)+L iL(0+)
Biu thc (10.16a) cho mch bin i (H 10.7b)
Biu thc (10.16b) cho mch bin i (H 10.7c)
vL(t)=L

(a)

(10.16a)
(10.16b)

(b)
(H 10.7)

(c)

T in

d v C (t)
1 t
hay vC(t)= i C (t)dt
dt
C
Bin i ca vC(t)
1 I (s) q(0+ )
VC(s)= [ c +
]
C s
s
q(0+ )
Vi vC (0+ ) =
l in th do t tch in ban u
C
v (0+ )
1
(10.17a)
VC(s)=
Ic (s) + C
sC
s
Hay Ic (s) = sCVC (s) - CvC (0+ )
(10.17b)
v (0+ )
t
V1 (s) = VC ( s ) C
s
V (s) 1
Bin i tng tr ca t l: ZC(s)= 1 =
I C (s) sC
Biu thc (10.17a) cho mch bin i ca t (H 10.8b)
Biu thc (10.17b) cho mch bin i ca t (H 10.8c)
iC(t)=C

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Laplace - 13

(a)

(b)
(H 10.8)

(c)

Th d 10.12
Xc nh i(t) khi t>0 ca mch (H 10.9a). Cho i(0)=4A v v(0)=8V

(a)

(H 10.9)

(b)

Mch bin i cho bi (H 10.11b)

(2/s + 3) + 4 8/s
I(s)=
3 + s + 2/s
2s + (4s - 8)(s - 3)
= 2
(s + 3s + 2)(s + 3)
4s2 + 6s - 24
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3)
Trin khai I(s)
13
20
3
I(s)=
+

s+ 1 s+ 2 s+ 3
Suy ra, khi t>0
i(t)=-13e-t+20e-2t- 3e-3t A

Th d 10.13
Xc nh v(t) ca mch (H 10.10a). Cho i(0)=1A v v(0)=4V

(a)

(b)
(H 10.10)

Vit phng trnh nt cho mch bin i (H 10.10b)

V V 1 sV 4
+ + +

=0
4 3s s 24 24

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 14
4s 24
16
20
=
+
(s + 2)(s + 4)
s+ 2 s+ 4

V(s)=

v(t)=-16e-2t+20e-4t V

10.5 CC PHNG PHP TRIN KHAI HM P(s)/Q(s)

Trong phn gii mch in bng php bin i Laplace, kt qu t c l mt hm
theo s c dng P(s)/Q(s) , trong P(s) v Q(s) l cc a thc.
Nu P(s)/Q(s) c dng trong bng 1 th ta c ngay kt qu bin i Laplace ngc.
Trong nhiu trng hp ta phi trin khai P(s)/Q(s) thnh tng cc hm n gin hn v c
trong bng.
Gi m v n l bc ca P(s) v Q(s)
C 2 trng hp
* mn, c th trin khai ngay P(s)/Q(s)
* m>n, ta phi thc hin php chia c

P(s)
P (s)
= A 0 + A 1s + .....+ A m n sm n + 1
Q(s)
Q 1 (s)
P1(s) v Q1(s) c bc bng nhau v ta c th trin khai P1(s)/Q1(s)

(10.18)

10.5.1. Trin khai tng phn

Trng hp 1
Q(s)=0 c nghim thc phn bit s1 , s2, . . . sn.
P(s) K 1
K2
Kn
=
+
+ .. ... +
Q(s) s - s1 s - s2
s - sn
Ki (i= 1, 2,. . . ., n) l cc hng s xc nh bi:
P(s)
K i = (s si )
Q(s) s=s

(10.19)

(10.20)

Th d 10.14

s 1
, xc nh i(t)= -1[I(s)]
s + 3s + 2
Phng trnh s2+3s+2=0 c 2 nghim s1=-2 v s2=-1
K
K
s 1
I(s)= 2
= 1 + 2
s + 3s + 2 s + 2 s + 1
P(s)
K 1 = (s + 2)
=3
Q(s) s=-2

Trin khai hm I(s)=

K 2 = (s + 1)

P(s)
= -2
Q(s) s=-1

3
2

s+ 2 s+ 1
___________________________________________________________________________

I(s)=

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 15

i(t)= 3e-2t-2e-t

Trng hp 2
Q(s)=0 c nghim a trng bc r
P(s)
P(s)
K
K2
Kr
=
= 1 +
+ . .... +
r
2
Q(s) (s - si ) s - si (s - si )
(s - si ) r
xc nh K1, K2, . . . Kr, ta xt th d sau:

(10.21)

Th d 10.15

P(s)
s+ 2
=
Q(s) (s + 1)2
P(s) K 1
K2
=
+
(1)
Q(s) s + 1 (s + 1)2
Nhn 2 v phng trnh (1) vi (s+1)2
s+2=(s+1)K1+K2
(2)
Cho s=-1, ta c K2=1
Nu ta cng lm nh vy xc nh K1 th s xut hin cc lng v nh
xc nh K1, ly o hm theo s phng trnh (2)
1+0=K1+0 K1=1
Tm li
P(s)
1
1
=
+
Q(s) s + 1 (s + 1)2
V i(t) = e-t + te-t
Vi Q(s)=0 c nghim kp, mt hng s c xc nh nh o hm bc 1.
Suy rng ra, nu Q(s)=0 c nghim a trng bc r, ta cn cc o hm t bc 1 n
bc r-1.

Trin khai

Trng hp 3
Q(s)=0 c nghim phc lin hp s= j

P(s)
P(s)
=
Q(s) (s - - j)(s - + j)
P(s)
K
K*
=
+
Q(s) (s - - j) (s - + j)
Cc hng s K xc nh bi
P(s)
K = (s + j)
= Ae j ,
Q(s) s= j
V

K* = (s j)

P(s)
= Ae + j
Q(s) s=+ j

(10.22)

(10.23)

(10.24)

Th d 10.16

P(s)
1
= 2
Q(s) s + 4s + 5
Q(s)=0 c 2 nghim -2 j

Trin khai

I(s)=

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 16
I(s)=

P(s)
K
K*
=
+
Q(s) (s + 2 + j) (s - 2 - j)

K = (s + 2 + j)

1 1
P(s)
= j = ej90
2 2
Q(s) s= 2 j

K* = (s + 2 j)
I(s)=

P(s)
1 1
= j = e j90
Q(s) s= 2+ j
2 2

j1/2
j1/2

s+ 2 + j s+ 2 - j

ejt e jt
1
i(t)= j [e ( 2 j )t e( 2+ j )t ] = e 2t [
]
2
2j

Hay

i(t)=e-2tsint A

10.5.2 Cng thc Heaviside

Tng qut ha cc bi ton trin khai hm I(s)=P(s)/Q(s), Heaviside a ra cng thc
cho ta xc nh ngay hm i(t), bin i ngc ca I(s)

10.5.2.1 Q(s)=0 c n nghim phn bit

i(t)=

-1

[I(s)] =

-1

n
P(s)
P(s)e st
] = (s s j )
Q(s)
Q(s) s =s
j =1
j

(10.25)

Hoc

P(sj ) sj t
e
j = 1 Q' (sj )
n

i(t) =

(10.26)

Trong sj l nghim th j ca Q(s)=0

Th d 10.17
Gii li th d 10.14 bng cng thc Heaviside
s 1
I(s)= 2
, xc nh i(t)= -1[I(s)]
s + 3s + 2
Phng trnh s2+3s+2=0 c 2 nghim s1=-2 v s2=-1
Q(s)= s2+3s+2 Q(s) = 2s+3
Ap dng cng thc (10.26)
n P(s )
P(2) 2t P(1) t
st
j
+
e
e
ej =
i(t) =
Q' (1)
Q' (2)
j = 1 Q' (sj )

i(t)= 3e-2t-2e-t A

10.5.2.2 Q(s)=0 c nghim a trng bc r

i(t)=

-1

[I(s)] =

-1

r -n
r
P(s)
1
t n 1 d R(sj )
s jt
[
]=e
Q(s)
dsr - n s = sj
n = 1 (r - n)! (n 1)!

(10.27)

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 17
sj l nghim a trng bc r
P(s)
R(sj ) =
(s sj ) r
Q(s)

(10.28)

Th d 10.18
Gii li th d 10.15 bng cng thc Heaviside
P(s)
s+ 2
=
I(s)=
Q(s) (s + 1)2
Q(s)=0 c nghim kp, r=2, sj=-1
Ap dng cng thc (10.27)
s+ 2
Vi
R(sj ) =
(s + 1)2 = s + 2
2
(s + 1)
1 t 0 d(s + 2) 1 t 1
i (t) = e [
+
(s + 2)]
1! 0! ds
0! 1!
i(t) = e-t + te-t A
t

; s = 1

Th d 10.19
Cho mch in (H 10.11), t C tch in n V0=1V v kha K ng t=0. Xc nh
dng i(t)
t
di
Ri + L + i dt = 0

dt
Ly bin i Laplace
1
L[sI(s)-i(0+)]+RI(s)+
[I(s)+q(0+)]=0
Cs
Dng in qua cun dy lin tc nn
i(0+)= i(0-)=0
q(0+): in tch ban u ca t:
q(0+ ) Vo
1
=
=
Cs
s
s
( du ca in tch u trn t ngc chiu
in tch np bi dng i(t) khi chy qua mch)
Thay gi tr u vo, sp xp li
1
1
I(s) = 2
=
s + 2s + 2 (s + 1)2 + 1

i(t)=

-1

[I(s)]=e-tsint.u(t)

Th d 10.20
Cho mch (H 10.12), kha K ng t=0 v mch khng tch tr nng lng ban u.
Xc nh i2(t)
Vit pt vng cho mch
di 1
+ 20i 1 10i 2 = 100u(t) (1)
dt
di 2
+ 20i 2 10i 1 = 0
(2)
dt
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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 18
Ly bin i Laplace, mch khng tch tr nng lng ban u:

(s+20)I1(s)-10I2(s)=

100
s

(3)

-10 I1(s)+ (s+20)I2(s)=0

(4)

Gii h (3) v (4)

100
s
10
0
1000
I2(s)=
=
2
s + 20 10
s(s + 40s+ 300)
10 s + 20
Trin khai I2(s)
3,33
5
1,67
I 2 (s) =
+
+
s
s + 10 s + 30
s + 20

i2(t)= 3,33-5e-10t+1,67e-30t

10.6 NH L GI TR U V GI TR CUI
10.6.1 nh l gi tr u
T php bin i ca o hm:

= sF(s)-f(0+)
L df(t)
dt

Ly gii hn khi s

lim

] = lim
L df(t)
dt

lim
s

Vy

lim

[sF(s)-f(0+)]

]= lim
L df(t)
dt

df(t) st
e dt =0
dt

[sF(s)-f(0+)]=0

f(0+) l hng s nn
f(0+)= lim

sF(s)

(10.29)

(10.29) chnh l ni dung ca nh l gi tr u

Ly trng hp th d 10.10, ta c:
V q 0 /C
1
I(s)=
R
s + 1/RC
V q 0 /C
i(0+)= lim sI(s)=
R
s

10.6.2 nh l gi tr cui

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 19
= sF(s)-f(0+)
L df(t)
dt

T php bin i o hm:

Ly gii hn khi s 0

lim
s0

m
Vy

] = lim
L df(t)
dt

s0

df(t) st
e dt = lim [sF(s)-f(0+)]
dt
s0

df(t) st
e
dt
lim
=
=
0 dt
0 df(t) = f() - f(0+)
s0
s0
f()-f(0+)= lim [sF(s)-f(0+)]

lim

s0

Hay

f()= lim

sF(s)

(10.30)

s0

(10.30) chnh l ni dung ca nh l gi tr cui, cho php xc nh gi tr hm f(t)

trng thi thng trc.
Tuy nhin, (10.30) ch xc nh c khi nghim ca mu s ca sF(s) c phn thc
m, nu khng f()= lim f(t) khng hin hu.
t

Th d, vi f(t)=sint th sin khng c gi tr xc nh (tng t cho e ). V vy (10.30)

khng p dng c cho trng hp kch kch l hm sin.
Ly li th d 10.13, xc nh dng in trong mch trng thi thng trc
V 1
1
I(s)= (
)
R s s + R/L
V
s
V
i()= lim sI(s)= (1
)=
R
s + R/L
R
s0
V
i()=
R

BI TP

10.1 Mch (H P10.1). Kha K ng t=0 v mch khng tch tr nng lng ban u. Xc
nh i(t) khi t> 0
10.2 Mch (H P10.2). Xc nh v(t) khi t> 0. Cho v(0)=10V

(H P10.1)

(H P10.2)

10.3 Mch (H P10.3). Xc nh vo(t)

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 20
4V, t < 0
vi(t) = t
4e , t > 0
10.4 Mch (H P10.4). Xc nh vo(t). Cho vo(0)=4V v i(0)=3A
Cho

(H P10.3)

(H P10.4)

10.5 Mch (H P10.5). Xc nh io(t).

10.6 Mch (H P10.6). Dng nh l kt hp xc nh vo(t).

(H P10.5)

(H P10.6)

10.7 Mch (H P10.7) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K v tr 1. Chuyn K sang v
tr 2, thi im t=0. Xc nh i khi t>0

(H P10.7)

10.8 Mch (H P10.8) t trng thi thng trc t=0. Xc nh v khi t>0

(H P10.8)

10.9 Mch (H P10.9) t trng thi thng trc t=0- Xc nh i khi t>0

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_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i

Laplace - 21

(H P10.9)

10.10 Mch (H P10.10). Xc nh i(t) khi t>0. Cho v(0) = 4 V v i(0) = 2 A

(H P10.10)

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