Vat Ly Dai Cuong

03/10/2013
1
BI GING
H.D.TAM
H.D.TAM
03/10/2013
2
HC VIN HNG KHNG VIT NAM KHOA C BN
Tng tc gia cc in tch
Tng tc gia cc in tch ng yn c gi l tng tc tnh in
hay tng tc Coulomb
10/3/2013 3
1. Nhng khi nim m u
Chng 1. Trng tnh in
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 4
a) nh lut Coulomb trong chn khng
Lc tng tc tnh in gia hai in tch im c phng nm trn
ng thng ni hai in tch, c chiu ra xa nhau nu hai in tch cng du
v c chiu tin vo nhau nu hai in tch tri du, c ln t l vi tch s
ln ca hai in tch v t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch gia hai
in tch .
2
=
qQ
F k
r
k l h s t l:
2
9
2
0
1
9 10
4
= =
Nm
k
C
2
12
0 2
8 86 10
=
C
,
Nm
hng s in
Chng 1. Trng tnh in (tt)
2. nh lut Coulomb
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3
Thc nghim chng t rng tng
tc gia cc in tch gim i so vi
tng tc gia chng trong chn khng.
Do vy biu thc nh lut Coulomb
trong cc mi trng c dng nh sau:
2
=
qQ
F k
r
: hng s in mi, ph thuc vo mi
trng
Ch : Trong trng hp h in tch gm nhiu in tch im, khi lc tng hp tc
dng ln mt in tch im tun theo nguyn l tng hp lc. Ngha l nu gi
, ,
ln lt l lc tc dng ca
, ,
ln
. Khi lc tng hp tc
dng ln
l:
1 2
=

n
F F F .... F
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Hoang Duc Tam 5
Cht Hng s in
mi
Chn khng 1
Khng kh 1,0006
-b-nt 2,7 2,9
Thy tinh 5 10
Nc nguyn
cht
81
b) nh lut Coulomb trong cc mi trng
2. nh lut Coulomb
Mi trng vt cht bao xung quanh mi in tch v tc dng lc ln in
tch khc t trong n.
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Hoang Duc Tam 6
3. in trng. Vc-t cng in trng
a) Khi nim in trng
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4
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Hoang Duc Tam 7
Gi s t mt in tch
ti mt
im M no trong in trng. Khi
in trng s tc dng mt lc ln
in tch
.
Thc nghim chng t
v tr ca im M
0
= =
F
E const
q
Nh vy, c th dng vc-t c
trng cho in trng v mt tc
dng lc ti im ang xt.
l vc-t cng in trng,
ln ca n c gi l cng in
trng.
Nu chn
= + th = .
Vy: vc-t cng in trng ti
mt im l mt i lng c tr vc-t
bng lc tc dng ca in trng ln
mt n v in tch dng t ti im
.
Trong h SI: E c n v l V/m.
Vy, ti mi im xc nh trong in
trng
b) Vc-t cng in trng
Vc-t cng in trng gy ra bi mt in tch im
Xt mt in tch im Q, n s gy ra trong khng gian xung quanh mt in
trng. t mt in tch q cch Q khong r. Lc tc dng ln in tch :
2
0
1
4
=
qQ r
F
r r
Vc-t cng in trng gy ra
bi in tch Q:
2
0
1
4
= =
F Q r
E
q r r
Cng in trng:
2
0
1
4
=
Q
E
r
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Hoang Duc Tam 8
+

b) Vc-t cng in trng
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5
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 9
Nguyn l chng cht in trng
1 2
=

n
E E E ... E
2
0
1
4
=
=
toa n bo va t
toa n bo va t

E dE
dq r
r r
Vc-t cng in trng gy ra bi mt h vt mang in
H gmnhiu in tch
M
q
1
q
2
q
n
H in tch phn b lin tc

dq
M

b) Vc-t cng in trng
2
0
1
4
= =

toa n bo vat toa n bo vat

dS r
E dE
r r

2
0
1
4
= =

toa n bo vat toa n bo vat

dV r
E dE
r r

10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 10
Vc-t cng in trng gy ra bi mt h vt mang in (tt)
Dy tch in: = ( mt in tch di)
2
0
1
4
= =

toa n bo va t toan bo vat

dl r
E dE
r r

Mt S tch in: = ( mt in tch mt)
Khi V tch in: =
b) Vc-t cng in trng
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6
Mt h gm hai in tch im c
ln bng nhau nhng tri du +q v q (q
> 0) cch nhau mt khong rt nh so
vi khong cch t lng cc in ti
nhng im ang xt ca in trng.
M-men lng cc in:
e
p ql =

10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 11
- q +q
4. Mt s th d v tnh cng in trng

a) Lng cc in
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Hoang Duc Tam 12
Vc-t cng in trng ti im M trn
mt phng trung trc ca lng cc.
Nguyn l chng cht: =
1 2 2
0
1
4
q
E E
r
= =
1 2 1
2 = = E E cos E cos E cos
1
2
l
cos
r
=
3
0
1
4
ql
E
r
=
V nn
v =
3
0
1
4
e
p
E
r
=
Do nn c th vit:
3
0
1
4
e
p
E
r
=
- q +q
M
a) Lng cc in
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7
Xc nh cng in trng ti
mt im M cch dy dn thng tch
in u mt khong MH = r.
in tch im dq gy ra ti M mt
vc-t cng in trng c ln
( )
2 2
0
1
4
dq
dE
r x
Cng in trng tng hp ti

M
E dE =
toa n bo da y

10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 13
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
M
=

b) Cng in trng ca cc in tch phn b u trn mt dy
thng di v hn
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Hoang Duc Tam 14
Do i xng, c hng vung
gc vi dy tch in (trng vi MH).
Vy nu chiu biu thc trn theo
phng MH. Ta c:
n
E dE dEcos = =

vi
2 2
2
2 2
2
=
=
r
cos
r x
r
r x
cos
3
2
0
1
4
= =

dq cos
E dEcos
r

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
M
=

thng di v hn
03/10/2013
8
vi
2
dq dx; x r tan
d
dx r
cos

= =
=
Cui cng
2
0 0 2
4 2
= =
/
/
E cos d
r

Trong trng hp tng qut:
0
2
E
r

=
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 15
3
2
0
1
4
=
dq cos
E
r

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
M
=

thng di v hn
Mt a trn bn knh R. Trn a in
tch phn b u vi mt in mt
khng i .
Tng tng chia a thnh nhng
din tch v cng nh, gii hn bi
nhng vng trn tm O bn knh v
+ v vi hai bn knh to vi
nhau mt gc d .
Vc-t cng in trng do dq
gy ra ti M c phng, chiu nh hnh
v v c ln:
( )
= =
=
dq dS xdxd
dS xd dx

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Hoang Duc Tam 16

c) Cng in trng gy ra bi a trn mang in u
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9
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Hoang Duc Tam 17
1 2 2
0 0
1
4 4
= =
dq xdxd
dE
r r

2 2
= = r AM h x
ng vi mi phn t din tch A ca a, ta c th chn c phn t din tch B
khc i xng vi n qua tm O ca a.
Do i xng, vc-t cng in trng do phn t B gy ra phi i xng vi
vc-t cng in trng do phn t A gy ra.
Vy
v vc-t in trng tng hp =
s hng
theo trc OM.

Chiu ln trc OM:
1
2 = dE dE cos
2 2
= =
h h
cos
r
h x
Mt khc:
( )
3 2
2 2
0
2
=
/
h xdxd
dE
h x

10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 18
1 2
0
4
=
xdxd
dE
r

Suy ra :
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10
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Hoang Duc Tam 19
( )
3 2
2 2
0
2
=
toa n bo a
/
h xdxd
E
h x

( )
3 2
2
0
2 2
0 0 0
2
1
1
2
1
2
1

= =

( )

R
/
h xdx
d
h
R
x
E
h
Trong trng hp (a trn mang in tr thnh mt phng mang in tch

in u), ta c:
0
2
= E

Nguyn l chng cht in trng:
=
toa n bo a

E dE
Nhn xt
Trong trng hp mt phng rng v hn th cng in trng khng ph thuc
vo v tr tnh cng in trng.
Ti mi im trong in trng, c phng vung gc vi mt phng mang in,
hng ra ngoi mt phng nu mt phng mang in dng, hng vo trong nu
mt phng mang in m.
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Hoang Duc Tam 20
2
0
2
1
1
2
1
1

( )
E
R
h

Trong trng hp (a trn mang in tr thnh mt phng mang in tch
in u), ta c:
0
2
= E

03/10/2013
11
Ngi ta a vo mt i lng
vt l khc khng ph thuc vo tnh cht
ca mi trng gi l vc-t cm ng
in. Trong trng hp mi trng l
ng nht, ngi ta nh ngha:
0
=

D E
vc-t cm ng in do in tch q gy
ra ti mt im cch q mt khong r
bng:
2
4
=
q r
D
r r
Nh vy ti mi im trong in
trng, D ch ph thuc vo q (ngun
sinh ra in trng) m khng ph thuc
vo tnh cht ca mi trng.
Trong h SI n v ca cm ng in:
/
.
Ngi ta nh ngha ng cm
ng in ging nh ng sc ca in
trng: ng cm ng in l ng
cong m tip tuyn ti mi im ca n
trng vi phng ca vc-t , chiu
ca ng cm ng in l chiu ca .
V D khng ph thuc vo mi
trng nn khi i qua mt phn cch hai
mi trng khc nhau, ph cc ng
cm ng in l lin tc.
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Hoang Duc Tam 21
5. in thng. nh l Ostrogradsky Gauss
a) Vc-t cm ng in
thit lp mi lin h gia vc-t
cm ng in v in tch gy ra n
ngi ta a vo khi nim thng lng
cm ng in hay in thng.
Thng lng cm ng in gi
qua in tch dS
=

e
d DdS
Thng lng cm ng in gi qua
ton b din tch S
( ) ( )
= =

e e
S S
d DdS
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Hoang Duc Tam 22
()
b) Thng lng cm ng in in thng
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12
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 23
Gi l gc hp bi v , ta c:
= =
=

e
n
d DdS DdS cos
D dS

( ) ( )
= =

e n
S S
DdS D dS
i vi mt kn, ta lun chn chiu
ca l chiu hng ra ngoi ca
mt .
Thng lng cm ng in qua din
tch dS l mt i lng c ln t
l vi s ng cm ng in v qua
din tch .
()
in thng do mt in tch q gy ra qua mt kn S c gi tr bng q nu q trong
mt kn S v bng 0 nu q ngoi mt kn S (vi qui c chn chiu php tuyn
hng ra ngoi S).
Trong trng hp c nhiu in tch
, ,
, theo nguyn l chng cht in

trng, ta suy ra rng: in thng qua mt kn S bng tng in thng do tng in
tch gy ra qua mt S.
nh l Ostrogradsky Gauss: in thng qua mt mt kn bng tng i s cc in
tch cha trong mt kn .
( )
= =

e i
i
S
DdS q
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Hoang Duc Tam 24
03/10/2013
13
1. in trng ca mt mt cu tch in u
Xt mt cu (bn knh R) mang in q
(phn b u trn mt). in trng do n sinh
ra c tnh cht i xng cu, vc-t cm ng
in ti mt im bt k c phng i qua tm
mt cu v ln ch ph thuc vo khong
cch r n tm mt cu.
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 25
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+

c) Mt vi ng dng ca nh l Ostrogradsky Gauss
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 26
xc nh vc-t cm ng in
do mt cu mang in gy ra ti M cch
tm khong r, ta tng tng v qua M
mt mt cu S ng tm.
Thng lng cm ng in qua
mt S
( )
=
e n
S
D dS
Ta c ti mi im trn mt cu
nn:
( ) ( )
2
4 = = =
e n
S S
D dS D dS D r
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+

03/10/2013
14
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 27
p dng nh l Ostrogradsky Gauss
2
2
1
4
4
= = =
e
q
D r q D
r

Cng in trng
2
0 0
1
4
= =
D q
E
r
Gi s mt phng v hn mang in u c mt in mt . V l do i xng,
vc-t cm ng in c phng vung gc vi mt phng mang in v ch ph thuc
vo v tr r t im ang xt n mt phng.
Ta cn xc nh vc-t cm ng in do mt phng mang in gy ra ti M. Tng
tng v qua M mt mt tr kn v p dng nh l Ostrogradsky Gauss cho mt tr
Thng lng cm ng in qua mt tr kn bng:
= =

ma t tru hai ay mat ben
e n n n
D dS D dS D dS
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Hoang Duc Tam 28
2. in trng ca mt mt phng v hn mang in u
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15
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 29
Ta nhn thy rng: ti mi im ca mt bn
= 0 nn thng lng qua mt bn

bng khng; ti mi im trn hai y =
= const
2 = = =

ma t tru hai ay
e n n
D dS D dS D S
in tch nm trong mt tr bng = .
Theo nh l Ostrogradsky
2
2
= = =
e
D S S D

Cng in trng:
0 0
2
= =
D
E

2. in trng ca mt mt phng v hn mang in u
Hai mt phng song song v hn
tch in u (mt ) tri du (+ v
). vc-t cm ng in do hai mt
phng mang in gy in gy ra:
1 2
=

D D D
l cc vc-t cm ng in do
tng mt gy ra v u vung gc vi
hai mt phng ng thi c ln bng
nhau
1
0 0
= =
D
E

gia hai mt phng,
cng
chiu, do :
1 2
= = D D D
Suy ra
1 2
2
= = D D

ngoi hai mt phng,
cng
chiu, do :
0 = D
Vy: Trong khong gia hai mt
phng song song v hn mang u c
mt in mt bng nhau nhng tri
du th in trng l in trng
u; ngoi hai mt phng in
trng c cng bng khng.
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Hoang Duc Tam 30
3. in trng ca hai mt phng mang in tch tri du
03/10/2013
16
Mt tr thng di v hn bn knh
R, mt in mt . Do i xng tr,
vung gc vi trc ca mt tr v ln
ch ph thuc vo r.
V qua M mt mt tr kn S ng
trc vi trc ca mt tr mang in
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Hoang Duc Tam 31
(S)
4. in trng ca mt mt tr thng di v hn mang in u

10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 32
Thng lng cm ng in
qua mt tr kn S
=
=

ma t tru
hai ay ma t be n
e n
n n
D dS
D dS D dS
Ti mi im ca mt bn:
=
= v ti mi im ca
hai y
=
2
= =
=

ma t tru ma t be n
e n n
D dS D dS
D rl
(S)

03/10/2013
17
p dng nh l Ostrogradsky Gauss
2 = =
e
D rl Q
vi 2 = Q Rl
2
= =
Q R
D
rl r
0 0
= =
D R
E
r

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Hoang Duc Tam 33
(S)

10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 34
Kt lun: vc-t cm ng in (hay vc-t cng in trng ) do mt mt tr
thng di v hn mang in u gy ra ti mt im trong in trng c phng vung
gc vi mt tr mang in , c chiu hng ra ngoi mt tr nu mt tr mang in
dng, hng vo trong nu mt tr mang in m v c ln c xc nh bi
2
= =
Q R
D
rl r
0 0
= =
D R
E
r

Ch : Nu mt tr thu li thnh mt dy mnh (R 0) th D v E do dy gy ra c
xc nh bi cng thc:
0 0
2
= =
D
E
r
2
= D
r

03/10/2013
18
Cng ca lc tnh in trong chuyn di v cng nh:
0
2
0
1
4
=
q q
dA dr
r
Cng ca lc tnh in trong s chuyn di in tch
t M n N l:
0
0 2
0
0 0
2
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
4
1
4 4
1
4 4 4
= =
l
l
= =
l
l
l
l
= =
l
l

N
M
N N
M M
N
M
r
N
MN
M r
r r
MN
r r
r
MN
r M N
q q
dr
A q Eds
r
q q q q
dr
A
r r
q q q q q q
A
r r r

10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 35
6. in th v hiu in th
a) Cng ca lc tnh in. Tnh cht th ca trng tnh in
Nu ta dch chuyn in tch
trong in trng ca mt h in tch im, cng

ca lc in trng tng hp trong chuyn di MN l:
1 1 1 = = =
= = = =

N N N
n n n
N
MN i i i
M
i i i
M M M
A Fds Fds Fds Fds
0 0
0 0
1 1
4 4
=

N
i i
i
M
iM iN
q q q q
Fds
r r
Nhng:
Vy:
0 0
1 1
0 0
1 1
4 4
= =
=

n n
i i
MN
i i
iM iN
q q q q
A
r r
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Hoang Duc Tam 36
Kt lun: Cng ca lc tnh in trong s dch chuyn in tch
trong in trng ca
mt in tch im khng ph thuc vo dng ca ng cong dch chuyn m ch ph
thuc vo v tr im u v im cui ca chuyn di.
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19
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 37
Tnh cht th ca trng tnh in:
0
=

N
MN
M
A q Eds
Trong trng hp ng cong dch chuyn l ng cong kn:
0
0 0 = = =

MN
A q Eds Eds
Cng ca lc tc dng ln vt trong trng lc th bng gim th nng
= = =

N N
MN M N
M M
A dA dW W W
= dA dW
0
=

dA q Eds vi
0 0
0 0
4 4
=
MN
M N
q q q q
A
r r
Suy ra
0 0
0 0
4 4
=
M N
M N
q q q q
W W
r r
Th nng ca in tch im
t trong in trng ca in tch im q v cch

in tch ny mt khong r bng:
0
0
4
=
q q
W C
r
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Hoang Duc Tam 38
b) Th nng ca mt in tch trong in trng
03/10/2013
20
Chn th nng ca in tch im
khi n cch xa q v cng bng khng.

Khi
0
0
4
=
q q
W
r
Biu thc th nng ca in tch
im
trong in trng ca h n in
tch im:
0
1 1
0
4
= =
= =

n n
i
i
i i
i
q q
W W
r
Biu thc th nng ca in tch
im
trong mt in trng bt k:
0

M
M
W q Eds
Kt lun: Th nng ca in tch im
ti mt im trong in trng l mt i
lng c gi tr bng cng ca lc tnh
in trong s dch chuyn in tch t
im xt ra xa v cng.
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Hoang Duc Tam 39
b) Th nng ca mt in tch trong in trng
Nhn xt
cc in tch gy ra in trng v vo v tr ca im ang xt trong

in trng.
Do vy ta c th dung t s ny c trng cho in trng ti im
ang xt.
T s:

gi l in th ca in trng ti im ang xt, k hiu l V

0
4
=
q
V
r
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Hoang Duc Tam 40
c) in th v hiu in th
03/10/2013
21
H. D. Tam 41
in th ti mt im M trong
in trng bt k:

M
M
V Eds
( )
0
=
=
MN M N
M N
A W W
q V V
Kt lun: Cng ca lc tnh in trong s dch chuyn in tch im t im
M n im N trong in trng bng tch s ca in tch vi hiu in th
gia hai im M v N .
Nu l h in tch
1 1
0
4
= =
= =

n n
i
i
i i
i
q
V V
r
vi
l khong cch t im ang

xt n in tch
.
c) in th v hiu in th
Nu ly
= 1 n v in tch, khi : =
MN M N
A V V
Kt lun
Hiu in th gia hai im M v N trong in trng l mt i lng v tr
s bng cng ca lc tnh in trong s dch chuyn mt n v in tch
dng t im M n N.
in th ti mt im trong in trng l mt i lng v tr s bng cng
ca lc tnh in trong s dch chuyn mt n v in tch dng t im
ra xa v cng
Trng hp h in tch c phn b lin tc:
0
1
4
= =

dq
V dV
r
Trong h SI, n v ca in th l V (Volt)
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 42
c) ngha ca in th v hiu in th
03/10/2013
22
Hnh chiu ca vc-t cng in trng trn mt phng no v
tr s bng gim in th trn mt n v di ca phng .
Trong h trc ta Descartes

= = =

x y z
V V V
E ; E ; E
x y z
1

= =

( )

x y z
V V V
E E i E j E k i j k
x y z
hay =
E gradV
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 43
7. Gradient in th
Th nng tng tc ca h hai
in tch im q
1
v q
2
:
1 2
12 21
0 12
1
4
= =
q q
W W
r
: l khong cch gia hai in tch

2
12 21 1
0 12
1
2
0 21
1
2 4
1
2 4
1

= =

( )
1

( )
q
W W q
r
q
q
r

in th ti v tr q
1
do q
2
gy ra
in th ti v tr q
2
do q
1
gy ra
2
1
0 12
4
=
q
V
r
1
2
0 21
4
=
q
V
r
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 44
8. Nng lng in trng
a) Nng lng ca mt h in tch im
03/10/2013
23
H. D. Tam 45
( )
12 21 1 1 2 2
1
2
= = W W qV q V
Do vy
i vi h 3 in tch im ta cng c:
( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
1
2
= W qV q V q V
Tng qut: i vi h gm n in tch im
1
1
2
=
=

n
i i
i
W qV
8. Nng lng in trng
a) Nng lng ca mt h in tch im
Chia vt dn thnh tng in tch im dq
1
2
=
W Vdq
i vi vt dn tch in cn bng V=const nn:
1 1 1
2 2 2
= = =

W Vdq V dq qV
Vy:
2
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
= = =
q
W qV CV
C
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 46
8. Nng lng in trng
b) Nng lng in ca mt vt dn c lp tch in
03/10/2013
24
Xt mt t in phng c in
dung C cho bi
0
=
S
C
d
Nng lng t in
2 0
1
2
=
S
W U
d
Mt khc: U=Ed, vi E l
cng in trng gia hai bn.
Do vy
( )
2
0
1
2
= W E Sd
vi = : th tch khng gian
gia hai bn cng chnh l th tch
in trng.
Nng lng nh x trong mt
n v th tch ca khng gian in
trng, c gi l mt nng
lng in trng
2
0
1
2
= =
e
W
w E
V

Kt qu ny cng ng vi mt in
trng bt k.
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 47
8. Nng lng in trng
c) Nng lng in trng
Ngi ta quan nim rng, nng
lng t in tch in thc cht l
nng lng ca in trng tn ti
gia hai bn t in. Nng lng
ny nh x trong khong khng gian
in trng.
H. D. Tam 48
Kt lun
in trng mang nng lng: Nng lng ny nh x trong khng gian
in trng.
Mt nng lng in trng ti mt im l:
2
0
1 1
2 2
= =
e
w E ED
Nng lng in trng nh x trong mt th tch hu hn V
=
e
V
W w dV
8. Nng lng in trng
c) Nng lng in trng
03/10/2013
25
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 49
Chng 2. T trng. Cm ng in t
1. Tng tc t. nh lut Ampere
a) Th nghimv tng tc t
Phn t dng in: l on
rt ngn ca dy dn c
dng in. biu din n,
ngi ta a ra vc-t
nm ngay trn phn t dy
dn c phng chiu l
phng chiu ca dng in,
c ln .
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 50
1. Tng tc t. nh lut Ampere (tt)

b) nh lut Ampere v tng tc gia hai phn t dng in
03/10/2013
26
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 51
Pht biu: T lc do phn t dng
in tc dng ln phn t dng
in
cng t trong chn khng

l vc-t
:
c phng vung gc vi mt
phng cha phn t
v .
c chiu sao cho ba vc-t
,
v
to thnh tam din thun.

c ln bng
0 0
0 2
=
0
Idl sin I dl sin
dF k
r

0
4
= k

l h s t l
( )
7
0
4 10
= H/m hng s t
Do vy:
0 0 0
0 2
4
=
0
Idl sin I dl sin
dF
r

C th biu din nh lut Ampe di dng vc-t

( )
0
0
0 3
4

=

0
I dl Idl r
dF
r
Nu hai dng in I v I
0
cng c t trong mi trng ng cht no
c t thm ca mi trng l :
( )
0
0
0 3
4

=

0
I dl Idl r
dF
r

10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 52
03/10/2013
27
Theo thuyt tc dng gn: dng in lm cho tnh cht ca khng gian xung
quanh n b bin i.
C th l bt k dng in no cng gy ra xung quanh n mt t trng.
T trng th hin l nu t mt dng in khc trong khng gian ca n
th dng in ny s b mt lc t tc dng.
T trng ca dng in lun lun tn ti, d ta c t hay khng mt dng
in khc trong n quan st tng tc t. T trng l mt dng vt
cht.
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 53
2. Vc-t cmng t v vc-t cng t trng
a) Khi nim t trng
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 54
( )
0
0
0 3
4

=

0
I dl Idl r
dF
r

T nh lut tng tc gia hai phn t dng in:

nhn thy vc-t
0
3
4

=
Idl r
dB
r

ch ph thuc vo phn t dng in sinh ra t trng v vo v tr M ti

t phn t dng in
m khng ph thuc vo phn t dng in
.
b) Vc-t cng t trng
03/10/2013
28
Vc-t cm ng t do mt phn t dng in gy ra ti im M, cch
phn t mt khong r l mt vc-t c
gc ti im M.
phng vung gc vi mt phng cha phn t dng in v im M
(tc mt phng P trn hnh v).
chiu sao cho ba vc-t , v theo th t ny to thnh mt tam din
thun.
ln (cn gi l cm ng t) dB c xc nh bi cng thc:
0
2
4
=
Idlsin
dB
r

10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 55
c) nh lut Bio Savart Laplace
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 56
Chiu ca cn c th c xc nh theo qui tc vn ci nt chai: vn
ci nt chai theo phng ca dng in nu ci nt chai tin theo chiu dng
in th chiu quay ca ci nt chai l chiu ca vc-t cm ng t ti im
.
Biu thc ca nh lut Ampe c th vit li nh sau
0 0
=

dF I dl dB
c) nh lut Bio Savart Laplace
03/10/2013
29
Vc-t cm ng t do mt dng in bt k gy ra ti mt im M bng
tng cc vc-t cm ng t do tt c cc phn t nh ca dng in gy ra
ti im y:
=
ca dong ie n

B dB
vc-t cm ng t ca nhiu dng in bng tng cc vc-t cm ng
t do tng dng in gy ra:
1 2
1 =
= =

n
n i
i
B B B ... B B
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 57
d) Nguyn l chng cht t trng
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 58
e) Vc-t cng t trng
Vc-t cng t trng ti mt im M trong t trng l mt vc-
t bng t s gia vc-t cm ng t ti im v tch
0
:
0
=
B
H

Trong h SI, n v ca cng t trng l A/m.
03/10/2013
30
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 59
3. Xc nh vc-t cmng t v vc-t cng t trng ca mt s
dng in n gin
a) Dng in thng
on dy dn thng AB c
dng in khng i I chy qua.
Chia AB thnh nhng on nh dl.
Theo nh lut Bio Savart
Laplace:
0
2
4
=
Idlsin
dB
r

Theo nguyn l chng cht t trng

0
2
4
= = =

AB

AB AB
dlsin
B dB; B dB I
r


10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 60
dng in n gin (tt)
a) Dng in thng
Biu din dl v r qua tham s
2
= = =
R l Rd
r ; cot dl
sin R sin

Cui cng
( )
2
1
0 0
1 2
4 4
= =
B I sin d I cos cos

R R

03/10/2013
31
( )
1 2
4
=
I
H cos cos
R

Trong trng hp dy dn AB di v hn:
= 0,
= :
0
2
= B I
R

2
=
I
H
R
T cng thc ca cng t trng, ta c th nh ngha n v ca
cng t trng: Ampe trn mt l cng t trng sinh ra trong chn
khng bi mt dng in c cng 1 ampe, chy qua mt dy dn thng
di v hn, tit din trn, ti cc im ca mt ng trn ng trc vi dy
v c chu vi bng 1m.
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 61
dng in n gin (tt)
a) Dng in thng
b) Dng in trn
0 0
2 2
4 4
= =
Idl sin Idl
dB
r r

10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 62
dng in n gin (tt)
0
2
4
= =
n
Idl
dB dBcos
r

Cm ng t: (v =

)
Gi dB
n
l hnh chiu ca
trn trc ca dng in v l gc
hp bi v trc y, ta c:
03/10/2013
32
b) Dng in trn (tt)
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 63
dng in n gin (tt)
Cm ng t do dng in trn gy ra ti M:
( )
0 0
2 2
2
0
2
2
4
2
4
= = = =
=

ca d ca do n o ng i g ie n e n
n
IR I
B dB
I R
r
R
dl R
r r

b) Dng in trn (tt)
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 64
dng in n gin (tt)
Thay =
(din tch ca vng in trn) v =
/
, biu
thc ca cm ng t khi :
Hoc biu din di dng vc-t
trong
l vc-t c ln bng in tch vng dy dn v c phng

vung gc vi mt phng vng dy.
( )
0
3 2
2 2
2
=
/
IS
B
R h

( )
0
3 2
2 2
2
=
/
IS
B
R h

03/10/2013
33
Lu s ca vector cng t trng dc theo mt ng cong kn (C)
bt k (mt vng) bng tng i s cng ca cc dng in xuyn qua din
tch gii hn bi ng cong :
trong
s mang du dng (
> 0) nu dng in th i nhn chiu dch

chuyn trn ng cong (C) lm chiu quay thun xung quanh n;
s mang
du m (
> 0) nu dng in th i nhn chiu dch chuyn trn ng cong

(C) lm chiu quay nghch xung quanh n.
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 65
4. Lu s ca vector cng t trng. nh l v dng in ton phn
a) Lu s ca vector cng t trng
Lu s ca vector cng t trng dc theo ng cong kn (C) l i
lng v gi tr bng tch phn ca dc theo ton b ng cong :
( )
( )
( )
=

C C
Hdl Hdl cos H,dl
b) nh l Ampe v dng in ton phn
( )
1 =
=

n
i
i
C
Hdl I
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 66
Th d : Cun dy hnh xuyn
Gi s c ng dy in hnh xuyn, dng in chy qua cc vng dy c
cng I, N l s vng trn cun dy. Xc nh ln ca cm ng t bn
trong lng cun dy hnh xuyn
V l do i xng, ng sc t bn trong
ng dy l nhng ng trn ng tm vi
hnh xuyn. Vc-t cm ng t s tip tuyn
vi cc ng cong ny. Trn cc ng sc
ny, ln ca cm ng t l nh nhau.
Trong tch phn
, chn ng
cong (C) l ng trng vi ng sc t.
=
03/10/2013
34
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 67
Theo nh l Ampe v dng in ton phn
=
Suy ra:
=
Cui cng
=

V ln cm ng t
=

10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 68
5. Tc dng ca t trng ln dng in
a) Tc dng ca t trng ln phn t dng in
Lc t tc dng ln phn t dng in
(c gi l lc Ampe)
=

V ln
= . .
xc nh lc Ampe c th dng quy tc bn tay tri: bn tay tri c
t theo phng ca dng in sao cho chiu t c tay n cc ngn tay l
chiu ca dng in v t trng xuyn qua lng bn tay th chiu ca ngn
tay ci choi ra ch chiu ca lc t.
03/10/2013
35
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 69
b) Tc dng tng h gia hai dng in song song di v hn
Cho hai dng in thng song song di v hn
cch nhau khong d v c cng l
Cm ng t do dng I
1
gy ra ti mt im trn
dng I
2:
Di tc dng ca t trng
, on dy chiu
di chu tc dng ca lc t:
V ln
=

(v
vung gc vi dng I
2
)
y cng chnh l lc m dng I
2
tc dng ln I
1
I
1
I
2
M
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 70
b) Tc dng tng h gia hai dng in song song di v hn
nh ngha Ampe: Ampe l cng ca mt dng in khng i theo
thi gian, khi chy qua hai dy dn thng, song song, di v hn, c tit din
nh khng ng k, t trong chn khng cch nhau mt mt, th gy trn mi
mt di ca mi dy mt lc bng 2. 10
N.
c) Tc dng ca t trng ln ht in tch chuyn ng. Lc Loren
Xt ht mang in tch q chuyn ng vi vn tc . Khi , ht chuyn
ng tng n vi mt phn t dng in
= . Lc t tc dng ln
ht mang in chuyn ng lc ny
=
03/10/2013
36
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 71
6. Hin tng cm ng in t
a) Th nghimFaraday
Kt lun
S bin i ca t thng
qua mch kn l nguyn
nhn sinh ra dng in
cm ng trong mch .
Dng in cm ng ch tn
ti trong khong thi gian
t thng gi qua mch
thay i.
Cng dng in cm
ng t l vi tc bin
thin ca t trng.
Micheal Faraday
1791 - 1867
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 72
6. Hin tng cm ng in t
b) nh lut Lenx
Dng in cm ng c chiu sao cho t trng do n sinh ra c tc dng
chng li nguyn nhn sinh ra n.
c) nh lut c bn ca hin tng cm ng in t
Sut in ng cm ng lun lun bng v tr s, nhng tri du vi tc
bin thin t thng gi qua din tch ca mch in
=
m
c
d
e
dt
03/10/2013
37
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 73
7. Hin tng t cm
a) Th nghimv hin tng t cm
Khi ta lm thay i cng dng din trong mt mch in t thng
do chnh dng in gi qua din tch ca mch thay i, th trong mch
cng xut hin dng in cm ng. V dng in ny l do s cm ng ca
dng trong mch sinh ra nn n c gi l dng t cm; cn hin tng gy
ra dng din t cm l hin tng t cm.
R
1
C
A
K
B
D
2
L, R
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 74
7. Hin tng t cm (tt)
b) Sut in ng t cm
=
m
tc
d
di
e L
dt dt
Trong mch in ng yn v khng thay i hnh dng, sut in ng t

cm lun lun t l thun, nhng tri du vi tc bin thin ca cng
dng in trong mch
c) t cm
Trong cng thc trn th L l t cm.
t cm l mt i lng vt l v tr s bng t thng do chnh dng
in trong mch gi qua din tch ca mch, khi dng in trong mch c
cng bng mt n v.
i vi ng dy in c N vng dy :
=

03/10/2013
38
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 75
8. Nng lng t trng
a) Nng lng t trng ca ng dy in
Xt mt mch in gm ng dy, b ngun mt chiu v kha K. Khi mch
c ng kn, trong mch c dng in mt chiu n nh v c gi tr l I.
Khi ton b in nng do ngun sinh ra u bin thnh nhit. iu ny ch
ng khi khi trong mch c dng in khng i, cn khi ngt hoc ng mch
th iu ny khng ng.
Khi ngt hoc ng mch, dng in i tng dn, trong qu trnh ny trong
mch xut hin dng in t cm i
tc
ngc chiu vi dng in chnh i
0
do
ngun pht ra v lm cho dng in ton phn i = i
0
i
tc
< i
0
(Cng c th kho
st tng t khi ngt ngt mch)
Nh vy, khi ng mch, mt phn in nng do ngun in sinh ra
tim tng di mt dng nng lng no , khi ngt mch, dng in ny
ta ra di dng nhit trong mch
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 76
8. Nng lng t trng (tt)
a) Nng lng t trng ca ng dy in (tt)
p dng nh lut m
Nhn hai v vi idt
: nng lng do ngun in sinh ra trong khong thi gian dt

: nng lng ta nhit trong mch

: nng lng tim tng di dng nng lng t trng
= =
=
tc
di
e e Ri e L Ri
dt
di
e L Ri
dt
2
= eidt Lidi Ri dt
03/10/2013
39
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 77
a) Nng lng t trng ca ng dy in (tt)
p dng nh lut m
Nhn hai v vi idt
: nng lng do ngun in sinh ra trong khong thi gian dt

: nng lng ta nhit trong mch

: nng lng tim tng di dng nng lng t trng
=
Thc hin php tnh tch phn ta c:
= =
=
tc
di
e e Ri e L Ri
dt
di
e L Ri
dt
2
= eidt Lidi Ri dt
2
1
2
=
m
W LI
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 78
b) Nng lng t trng
L thuyt v thc nghim chng t: nng lng t trng c phn
b trong khng gian ca t trng. Nh vy t trng ca ng dy thng v
di l t trng u v c th coi nh ch tn ti trong th tch ca ng dy .
Mt nng lng t trng trong ng dy
Cm ng t trong ng dy =

Vy :
Cng thc ny cng ng cho mt t trng bt k

03/10/2013
40
10/3/2013
Hoang Duc Tam 79
b) Nng lng t trng (tt)
Nng lng ca mt t trng bt k

H. D. Tam
80
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Lng Duyn Bnh v cc tc gi khc, Vt l i cng, NXBGD.
2. David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker, C s vt l, NXBGD.

Vat Ly Dai Cuong

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03/10/2013

H in tch phn b lin tc

4. Mt s th d v tnh cng in trng

Cng in trng tng hp ti

4. Mt s th d v tnh cng in trng

4. Mt s th d v tnh cng in trng

4. Mt s th d v tnh cng in trng

4. Mt s th d v tnh cng in trng

v vc-t in trng tng hp =

4. Mt s th d v tnh cng in trng

Trong trng hp (a trn mang in tr thnh mt phng mang in tch

, theo nguyn l chng cht in

5. in thng. nh l Ostrogradsky Gauss

= 0 nn thng lng qua mt bn

4. in trng ca mt mt tr thng di v hn mang in u

4. in trng ca mt mt tr thng di v hn mang in u

4. in trng ca mt mt tr thng di v hn mang in u

4. in trng ca mt mt tr thng di v hn mang in u

trong in trng ca mt h in tch im, cng

t trong in trng ca in tch im q v cch

khi n cch xa q v cng bng khng.

cc in tch gy ra in trng v vo v tr ca im ang xt trong

gi l in th ca in trng ti im ang xt, k hiu l V

l khong cch t im ang

: l khong cch gia hai in tch

1. Tng tc t. nh lut Ampere (tt)

cng t trong chn khng

to thnh tam din thun.

C th biu din nh lut Ampe di dng vc-t

T nh lut tng tc gia hai phn t dng in:

ch ph thuc vo phn t dng in sinh ra t trng v vo v tr M ti

m khng ph thuc vo phn t dng in

Theo nguyn l chng cht t trng

HC VIN HNG KHNG VIT NAM KHOA C BN

B I sin d I cos cos

Trong trng hp dy dn AB di v hn:

(din tch ca vng in trn) v =

l vc-t c ln bng in tch vng dy dn v c phng

> 0) nu dng in th i nhn chiu dch

> 0) nu dng in th i nhn chiu dch chuyn trn ng cong

HC VIN HNG KHNG VIT NAM KHOA C BN

Trong mch in ng yn v khng thay i hnh dng, sut in ng t

: nng lng ta nhit trong mch

: nng lng ta nhit trong mch

Cng thc ny cng ng cho mt t trng bt k

HC VIN HNG KHNG VIT NAM KHOA C BN

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