Self Introduction Trainees introduce themselves

Note: Generally speaking, drillSafe is fairly accurate for common sizes but is often inaccurate for exotic BHAs.

Discussion:

Discussion:

Discussion:

The uncertainty (lack of control) when using a slick assembly leads to unpredictable results. Thus, this type of BHA is not used in deviated wells.

The tangency point moves down with the increase in WOB.

The greater the hole inclination, the higher the pendulum force. A condition of zero net side force may be achieved at some point. If we use stiffer drill collars, a larger pendulum force results. A higher weight on bit must be used to achieve a balanced condition. It may not even be possible.

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In a field unknown, it is usually easier to predict what stabilizer spacing will do rather than stabilizer gauge. With stabilizer gauge, blade digging may happen or the stab can wear out thus producing more or less than planned. A BHA where inclination can be controlled with WOB may be classified in some cases as a double geometry BHA.

Generally speaking the higher the hole to collar ratio the higher the BUR that can be obtained with a full Build

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A single stab BHA can fail to build as in the 9 7/8 showed. With a stab placed 60 ft above, the BUR would have doubled. The 17 BHA could have worked fine with less WOB. This BHA could have produced from 3 to 5 per 100 A stabilizer 30 ft above the bit would have allowed building at twice the BUR obtained on the 6 BHA.

If stabilizer # 2 is undergauge, this BHA may be a double geometry BHA.

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The simplest multi-stabilizer BHA has a near-bit stabilizer (3'-6' from the bit to the leading edge of the stabilizer blade) and a second stabilizer some distance above this. For a given weight on bit, the distance from bit to first stabilizer (L1) and between the stabilizers (L2) determines the tangency point.

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This chart shows the influence of inclination on bit side force. A 90 ft Build is consistently higher than a 45 or 60 ft build but as the WOB increases the gap between the 60 and the 90 ft shrinks.

If the second stabilizer is under gauge and placed right, it becomes easier to build angle. The more under gauge, the greater the effect. In lock BHAs, the second stabilizer is usually undergauge. The objective is to reach a condition of zero net side force at the bit.

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Discussion:

Typical lock up BHA with 4 stabilizers Notes:Mention to class to find the mistake: the stabilizer has a left hand spiral (wrong). Blades work against the flow The BHA affects the well bore trajectory. The design of BHA can vary from very simple (bit, drill collars, drill pipe) to a complicated hookup (bit, shock sub, roller reamers, stabilizers, non-magnetic drill collars, steel drill collars, crossover subs, extension subs, jars, heavy weight drill pipe and drill pipe).

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Discussion:

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Stiffness coefficient is a measure of component rigidity. It is important to take drill collar stiffness into account when designing BHA's. MWD tools are normally more limber than same size DCs. DLS achieved may differ greatly when MWD is placed above a NB.

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Discussion: If collar size is multiplied by rigidity is increased by 16.

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In the real world, the level of sag will reduced by the weight and forces acting on either side of each stabilizer. Sag will also be affected by how much movement the hole will allow.

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Full gauge Near Bit Stabilizer could be build or hold, depending on the WOB Undergauge Near Bit Stabilizer will result in slow drop

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It is clear from this chart that with low WOB the difference in side force is huge when the stabilizer is over 1/8th under. As the WOB increases, it is not so bad.

A stabilizer placed 40 to 60 ft above the bit is too far away to create a build tendency. However it is still close enough on many BHAs to allow flexing collars with WOB and to create a build tendency.

How does the hole gauge affect a Building BHA and a dropping BHA?

In soft formations, hole erosion occurs due to high annular velocities. Attempts at holding or building inclination are more difficult (impossible to keep sufficient weight on bit). Sometimes it may be necessary to drill a pilot hole first and follow up with a hole opener.

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Examples of commonly used BHA's for building inclination. Rates of build of the order of 3.4/100' are possible with BHA No. 9, depending on the geology, inclination and drilling parameters. BHA No. 3 is used as a slight-to-medium building assembly, depending on how much under gauge the middle stabilizer is and how responsive to weight the BHA is. The rate of increase in inclination (buildup rate, in /100') is very important. The safe maximum is about 5/100 with 8 DCs. If the BUR is high at a shallow depth, key seats may form when drilling ahead. If the curve is cased, the casing may show high wear when drilling the lower part of the hole. Clients may set a DLS limit as low as 1.5/100 on deep holes (15000 ft plus). It's important to be aware of the client's acceptable limit for buildup rate. The effective stiffness of a drill collar increases as RPM is increased. This leads to a reduced buildup rate. As hole inclination increases, it becomes easier to build angle. Thus, where MWD is available, it is advisable to survey every single during the buildup phase. This allows the DD to avoid unnecessary and unwanted doglegs. Weight on bit may need to be reduced and/or reaming initiated where such an acceleration in buildup rate occurs.

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Excessive WOB can also cause reverse bending. An 8 DC in a 17 hole or larger can reverse bend with 50000 lbs plus.

In order to keep the hole inclination within a small "window", a condition of zero net side force on the bit has to be aimed for. This type of BHA must be stiff. The stiffness of the BHA also helps to control bit "walk". In practice, slight changes in hole inclination often occur. The objective is to get a complete bit run without needing to POOH for a BHA change. BHA No. 1 can have either a building or a dropping tendency. This BHA using 8" collars in 17-1/2" hole in soft formation may barely hold inclination. In 12-1/4" hole with 8 DCs a BUR up to 1.0/100 can be obtained with high WOB. Reducing the gauge of the second stabilizer may gives the same result as displacing the second stabilizer up. For directional control in a field unknown, working with spacing works better than working with stab gauge.

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This is a typical lockup BHA for 12-1/4" hole at 30 inclination. If a slight build is called for, the second stabilizer should be reduced in gauge - typically down to 12. The DD would be well advised to have at his disposal a range of under gauge stabilizers from 11-1/2" up to 12-1/8" in increments of 1/8". .

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BHA No. 5 (60' pendulum) is the most common where a high drop-off rate (1.5-3/100') is needed, i.e., in "S"-type directional wells. S"-type wells are normally planned to have a drop-off rate of 1- 2/100'. A common approach is to start the drop-off early with a less-aggressive BHA. A drop-off rate of about 1-1.5/100' is often achievable until the inclination drops to about 15 (at which point the gravity force is much less). A round trip can then be made with a more aggressive drop BHA. This plan although safe, should be discussed with the client before the job starts. An "extra" trip is involved. Rate of drop-off usually slows significantly below 10 inclination. When the inclination falls to 2, the well is considered vertical. However, the inclination should continue to be monitored. There is very little control over hole direction when using a pendulum BHA. Sometimes the well walks excessively when using a tri-cone bit during the drop-off. The DD should thus have some tolerance available in hole direction when he starts the drop-off. RPM should be kept high (this also helps the drop-off rate).

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A lock-up BHA incorporating an under gauge near-bit is known as a semi-drop BHA. This type of BHA is often used in slant wells where the DD is "above the line" and wants to drop into the target with a nice slow drop-off rate (typically 0.1-0.5/100'). The drop-off rate achieved is determined by how much under gauge the near-bit is.

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In case "spudding" of the drill string is required, the shock loading on the MWD tool is not excessive (formation is soft). Jetting has the advantage that the well can be kicked off along the required direction and may allow a single run to drill a curve. Jetting is a safer anti-collision approach than using a mud motor. Precautions to be taken when running a jetting BHA: 1. Plan the job! Pick up enough drill collars in the BHA (kickoff point is shallow) to allow sufficient BHA weight for spudding/slacking off as required. 2. Avoid running drilling jars in a jetting BHA. 3. Do not jet too long an interval! Check dogleg severity on each single. Wipe out excessive doglegs by reaming/washing and re-surveying. 5' to 8 per joint should be enough. Check the resulting dogleg severity and ream if necessary.

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Gilligan BHAs were mostly used for side tracks on vertical holes before 1980. They were sometimes used in the 80s and 90s to build a few degrees on challenging high angle wells.

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It's vital to take surveys at close intervals to track" the BUR. Again, as hole inclination increases, BUR increases. G1 and G2 are typical Gilligan BHAs while the other two are very classic.

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Discussion:

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Tricone with milled tooth or inserts may require very high WOB. If you have been using a trricone and all of a sudden have to switch to a PDC you may want te review your BHA.

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