BO GIA O DUC VA A O TAO

AI HOC QUOC GIA THA NH PHO HO CH MINH

TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT
KHOA IE N - IEN T
BO MON IEN T
--o0o--




LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP




E TAI:

IEU KHIEN T XA QUAT BANG
TIA HONG NGOAI









Sinh vien thc hien : HUYNH NGOC DU NG
Lp : 95K
Can bo hng dan : NGUYEN PHNG QUANG





THA NG 02/2000
BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO CONG HOA XA HOI CHU NGHA VIET NAM

AI HOC QUOC GIA TP.HCM OC LAP - T DO - HANH PHUC
TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP.HCM


KHOA IE N - IEN T
BO MO N IE N T



NHIEM VU LUAN VAN
TOT NGHIEP


Ho va ten sinh vien : HUYNH NGOC DUNG
Lp : 95K
Nganh : IE N - IEN T

1. Ten e tai:

IEU KHIEN T XA QUAT BANG TIA HONG NGOAI

2. Cac so lieu ban au
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3. Noi dung cac phan thuyet minh tnh toan
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4. Cac ban ve:

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5. Giao vien hng dan : NGUYE N PHNG QUANG
6. Ngay giao nhiem vu : 13/12/1999
7. Ngay hoan thanh : 28/02/2000


Giao vien hng dan Thong qua bo mon
Ngay .......thang ........nam 2000
Chu nhiem bo mon



NGUYE N PHNG QUANG



BAN NHAN XET LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP CUA
CAN BO HNG DAN


Ho va ten sinh vien : HUYNH NGOC DU NG
Lp : 95K
Can bo hng dan : NGUYEN PHNG QUANG
TEN E TAI :

IEU KHIEN T XA QUAT BANG TIA HONG NGOAI

Noi dung luan van tot nghiep:
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Nhan xet cua can bo hng dan :
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Can bo hng dan





NGUYE N PHNG QUANG


BAN NHAN XET LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP CUA
CAN BO PHAN BIEN


Ho va ten sinh vien : HUYNH NGOC DU NG
Lp : 95K
Can bo phan bien :
TEN E TAI :

IEU KHIEN T XA QUAT BANG TIA HONG NGOAI

Noi dung luan van tot nghiep:
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Nhan xet cua can bo phan bien:
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Can bo phan bien

L NOI AU

Ngay nay, vi nhng ng dung cua khoa hoc ky thuat tien tien,
the gii cua chung ta a va ang mot ngay thay oi, van minh va hien
ai hn. S phat trien cua ky thuat ien t a tao ra hang loat nhng
thiet b vi cac ac iem noi bat nh s chnh xac cao, toc o nhanh,
gon nhe la nhng yeu to rat can thiet gop phan cho hoat ong cua con
ngi at hieu qua cao.
ien t ang tr thanh mot nganh khoa hoc a nhiem vu. ien
t a ap ng c nhng oi hoi khong ngng t cac lnh vc cong
nong-lam-ng nghiep cho en cac nhu cau can thiet trong hoat ong
i song hang ngay.
Mot trong nhng ng dung rat quan trong cua cong nghe ien
t la ky thuat ieu khien t xa. No a gop phan rat ln trong viec
ieu khien cac thiet b t xa.
Xuat phat t ng dung quan trong tren, em a thie t ke va thi
cong mach ieu khien t xa quat ban bang tia hong ngoai.
Noi dung phan luan an gom hai phan:
Phan I: ly thuyet.
Phan II: thiet ke va thi cong.
Do thi gian, tai lieu va trnh o con han che nen cuon luan an
chac chan khong the tranh nhng thieu sot. Knh mong s ch dan va
gop y cua tat ca thay co va cac ban.
Thu c ngay 24/2/2000
Sinh vien thc hien
Huynh Ngoc Dung

CHNG I

CHNG DAN NHAP

ieu khien t xa la viec ieu khien mot mo hnh mot khoang cach nao
o ma con ngi khong nhat thiet trc tiep en ni at he thong. Khoang cach
o tuy thuoc vao tng he thong co mc phc tap khac nhau, chang han nh e
ieu khien t xa mot phi thuyen ta can phai co he thong phat va thu manh,
ngc la, e ieu khien mot tro chi ien t t xa ta ch can mot he thong phat
va thu yeu hn
Nhng o tng c ieu khien co the tren khong gian, di ay
bien sau hay mot vung xa xoi heo lanh nao o tren mat ia cau .
The gii cang phat trien th lnh vc ieu khien can phai c m rong
hn. Viec ng dung ieu khien t xa vao thong tin lien lac a mang lai nhieu
thuan li cho xa hoiloai ngi, thong tin c cap nhat hn nh s chnh xac va
nhanh chong cua qua trnh ieu khien t xa trong o lng t xa.
Ngoai ra ieu khien t xa con c ng dung trong ky thuat o lng.
Trc ay, muon o o phong xa cua lo hat nhan th het sc kho khan va phc
tap nhng gi ay con ngi co the mot ni het sc an toan nao o cung co the
o c o phong xa cua lo hat nhan nh vao ky thuat ieu khien t xa. Nh
vay, he thong ieu khien t xa a han che c mc o phc tap cua cong viec
va am bao an to an cho con ngi.
Trong sinh hoat hang ngay cua con ngi nh nhng tro chi giai tr
(robot, xe ieu khien t xa ) cho en nhng ng dung gan gui vi con ngi
cung c cai tien cho phu hp vi viec s dung va at mc tien li nhat. ieu
khien t xa a tham nhap vao van e nay do o cho ra nhng loai tivi ieu khien
t xa, au video, VCD, CD, en quat ban tat ca eu c ieu khien t xa.
Xuat phat t nhng y tng tren nen em a chon e tai ieu khien t xa bang tia
hong ngoai, nhng v thi gian qua han hep, trnh o ky thuat cung nh van e
tai chnh con nhieu han che nen em ch thiet ke va thi cong mach ieu khien t
xa quat bang tia hong ngoai.

CHNG II

LY THUYET IEU KHIEN T XA

I. GII THIEU HE THONG IEU KHIE N T XA:
He thong ieu khien t xa la mot he thong cho phep ta ieu khien cac
thiet b t mot khoang cach xa. V du he thong ieu khien bang vo tuyen, he
thong ieu khien t xa bang tia hong ngoai, he thong ieu khien t xa bang cap
quang day dan.
0 S o ket cau cua he thong ieu khien t xa bao gom:
- Thiet b phat: bien oi lenh ieu khien thanh tin tc tn hieu va pha t i.
- ng truyen: a tn hieu ieu khien t thiet b phat en thiet b thu.
- Thiet b thu: nhan tn hieu ieu khien t ng truyen, qua qua trnh bien
oi, bien dch e tai hien lai lenh ieu khien roi a en cac thiet b thi
hanh.




0 Nhiem vu c ban cua he thong ieu khien t xa:
- Phat tn hieu ieu khien.
- San sinh ra xung hoac hnh thanh cac xung can thiet.
- To hp xung thanh ma.
- Phat cac to hp ma en iem chap hanh.
- iem chap hanh (thiet b thu) sau khi nhan c ma phai bien oi cac
ma nhan c thanh cac lenh ieu khien va a en cac thiet b, ong thi
kiem tra s chnh xac cua ma mi nhan.
1. Mot so van e c ban trong he thong ieu khien t xa:
Do he thong ieu khien t xa co nhng ng truyen dan xa nen ta can
phai nghien cu ve ket cau he thong e am bao tn hieu c truyen i chnh
xac va nhanh chong theo nhng yeu cau sau:
1.1 Ket cau tin tc:
Trong he thong ie u khien t xa o tin cay truyen dan tin tc co quan he
rat nhieu en ket cau tin tc. Noi dung ve ket cau tin tc co hai phan: ve lng
va ve chat. Ve lng co cach bien lng ieu khien va lng ieu khien thanh
tng loai xung g cho phu hp, va nhng xung o can ap dung nhng phng
phap nao e hp thanh tin tc, e co dung lng ln nhat va toc o truyen dan
nhanh nhat .
1.2 Ve ket cau he thong:
thiet b
phat
ng
truyen
thiet b
thu


e am bao cac yeu cau ve ket cau tin tc, he thong ieu khien t xa
co cac yeu cau sau:
- Toc o lam viec nhanh.
- Thiet b phai an toan tin cay.
- Ket cau phai n gian.
He thong ieu khien t xa co hieu qua cao la he thong at toc o ieu
khien cc ai ong thi am bao o chnh xac trong pham vi cho phep.
2. Cac phng phap ma hoa trong ieu khien t xa:
Trong he thong truyen thong tin ri rac hoac truyen thong tin lien tuc nhng
a c ri rac hoa tin tc thng phai c bien oi thong qua mot phep bien
oi thanh so (thng la so nh phan) roi ma hoa va c phat i t may phat.
may thu, tn hieu phai thong qua cac phep bien oi ngc lai vi cac phep bien
oi tren: giai ma, lien tuc hoa
S ma hoa tn hieu ieu khien nham tang tnh hu hieu va o tin cay cua
he thog ieu khien t xa, ngha la tang toc o truyen va kha nang chong nhieu.
Trong ieu khien t xa ta thng dung ma nh phan tng ng vi he, gom
co hai phan t [0] va [1].
Do yeu cau ve o chnh xac cao trong ca c tn hieu ieu khien c truyen
i e chong nhieu ta dung loai ma phat hien va sa sai.
Ma phat hien va sa sai thuoc loai ma o ng eu bao gom cac loai ma: ma
phat hien sai, ma sa sai, ma phat hien va sa sai.
Dang sai nham cua cac ma c truyen i tuy thuoc tnh chat cua kenh
truyen, chung co the phan thanh 2 loai:
- Sai oc lap: Trong qua trnh truyen, do nhieu tac ong, mot hoac nhieu ky
hieu trong cac to hp ma co the b sai nham, nhng nhng sai nham o
khong lien quan nhau.
- Sai tng quan: c gay ra bi nhieu nhieu tng quan, chung hay xay ra
trong tng chum, cum ky hieu ke can nhau .
S la chon cua cau truc ma chong nhieu phai da tren tnh chat phan bo
xac suat sai nham trong kenh truyen.
Hien nay ly thuyet ma hoa phat trien rat nhanh, nhieu loai ma phat hien
va sa sai c nghien cu nh: ma Hamming, ma chu ky, ma nhieu cap.
3. S o khoi cua mot he thong ieu khien t xa:
S o khoi may phat







Tn hieu
ieu khien
ieu che
Tn hieu
song mang
Khuech
ai phat


S o khoi may thu






II. CAC PHNG PHAP IE U CHE TN HIE U TRONG HE THONG
IEU KHIEN T XA:
Trong ky thuat ieu khien t xa, tn hieu goc khong the truyen i xa c.
Do o, e thc hien viec truyen tn hieu ieu khien t may phat en may thu ta
can phai ieu che (ma hoa) tn hieu.
Co nhieu phng phap ieu che tn hieu. Tuy nhien ieu che tn hieu dang
xung co nhieu u iem hn. V ay chung ta s dung linh kien ky thuat so nen
ling kien gon nhe, cong suat tieu tan nho, va co tnh chong nhieu cao.
0 Cac phng phap ieu che tn hieu dang xung nh:
- ieu che bien o xung (PAM).
- ieu che o rong xung (PWM).
- ieu che v tr xung (PPM).
- ieu che ma xung (PCM).
1.ieu che bien o xung (PAM):
S o khoi:








He thong ieu che PAM

ieu che bien o xung la dang ieu che n gian nhat trong cac dang ieu che
xung. Bien o cua moi xung c tao ra t le vi bien o tc thi cua tn hieu
ieu che.
Xung ln nhat bieu th cho bien o dng cua tn hieu lay mau ln nhat.

Khuech
ai thu
Giai ieu
che
Khuech
ai
Chap
hanh
Dao ong a hai mot trang
thai ben
Bo phat xung
Tn hieu ieu
che








Tn hieu
ieu che



ieu che
bien o
xung (PAM)


ieu che
o rong
xung (PWM)


ieu che
v tr
xung (PPM)


ieu che
ma xung
(PCM)

T Giai thch s o khoi :
0 Khoi tn hieu ieu che: Tao ra tn hieu ieu che a vao khoi dao ong a
hai .
0 Dao ong a hai mot trang thai ben: Tron xung vi tn hieu ieu che.
0 Bo phat xung: Phat xung vi tan so khong oi e thc hien viec ieu che
tn hieu a ieu che co bien o tang giam thay oi theo tn hieu ieu che.
2. ieu che o rong xung:
Phng phap ieu che nay se tao ra cac xung co bien o khong oi,
nhng be rong cua moi xung se thay oi tng ng vi bien o tc thi cua tn
hieu ieu che, trong cach ieu che nay, xung co o rong ln nhat bieu th phan
bien o dng ln nha t cua tn hieu ieu che . Xung co o rong hep nhat bieu th
phan bien o am nhat cua tn hieu ieu che.
Trong ieu che o rong xung ,tn hieu can c lay mau phai c chuyen
oi thanh dang xung co o rong xung ty le vi bien o tn hieu lay mau. e thc
hien ieu che o rong xung,ta co the thc hien theo s o khoi sau:









S o khoi he thong PWM
Trong s o khoi, tn hieu ieu che c a en khoi so sanh ien ap cung
vi tn hieu phat ra t bo phat ham RAMP.
3. ieu che v tr xung (PPM):
Vi phng phap ieu che v tr xung th cac xung c ieu che co bien o
va o rong xung khong thay oi theo bien o cua tn heu ieu che.
Hnh thc n gian cua ieu che v tr xung la qua trnh ieu che o rong
xung. ieu che v tr xung co u iem la s dung t nang lng hn ieu che o
rong xung nhng co nhc iem la qua trnh giai ieu bien may thu phc tap
hn cac dang ieu che khac.
4. ieu che ma xung:
Phng phap ieu che ma xung c xem la phng phap chnh xac va
hieu qua nhat trong cac phng phap ieu che xung.
Trong ieu che ma xung moi mau bien o cua tn hieu ieu che c bien
oi bang so nh phan so nh phan nay c bieu th bang nhom xung, s hien
dien cua mot xung bieu th bang [1] va s thieu i mot xung bie u th bang mc
[0]. Ch co the bieu th tren 16 bien o khac nhau cua bien o tn hieu (ma 4 bit),
Tn hieu
ieu che
Bo phat ham
RAMP
So
sanh

v vay no khong c chnh xac. o chnh xac co the c cai thien bang cach
tang so bit. Moi ma n bit co the bieu th c 2n mc rieng biet cua tn hieu .
Trong phng pha p ieu che ma xung, tan so th c quyet nh bi tn
hieu cao nhat trong qua trnh x ly, ieu nay cho thay rang neu nhng mau th
c lay mc ln hn 2 lan tan so tn hieu th tan so tn hieu mau c phuc
ho.
Tuy nhien, trong thc te thong thng mau th mc o nho nhat khoang
10 lan so vi tn hieu ln nhat. V vay, tan so cang cao th thi gian lay mau
cang nho (mc lay mau cang nhieu) dan en linh kien chuyen mach co toc o
x ly cao. Ngc lai, neu s dung tan so lay mau thap thi gian lay mau cang
rong, nhng o chnh xac khong cao. Thong thng ngi ta ch s dung khoang
10 lan tn hieu nho nhat.
+ Ket luan:
iem thuan li cua phng phap ieu bien xung la mac du tn hieu AM
rat yeu, chung hau nh mat han trong nhieu on xung quanh, ne u phng phap
ieu che PPM, PWM, PCM la tn hieu ieu che bang cach tach ra khoi tieng on.
Vi phng phap nh vay, ieu che ma xung PCM se cho ket qua tot nhat, v no
ch can quyet nh xung nao hien dien, xung nao khong hien dien.
Cac phng phap ieu che xung nh PPM, PWM, PAM phan nao cung
theo kieu tng t. V cac dang xung ra sau khi ieu che co s thay oi ve bien
o, o rong xung, v tr xung theo tn hieu lay mau. oi vi phng phap bien
oi ma xung PCM th dang xung ra la dang nh phan ch co 2 mc [0] va [1].
e ma ho a tn hieu tng t sang tn hieu so, ng ta chia truc thi gian
ra nhng khoang bang nhau va truc bien o ra 2n khoang cho 1 bit, neu so mc
cang nhieu th thi gian cang nho, o chnh xac cang cao. Ta mo i thi iem lay
mau bien o c o, roi lay mc tng ng vi bien o va chuyen oi dang nh
phan. Ket qua ngo ra ta thu c mot chuoi xung (dang nh phan).

III. IEU KHIEN T XA DUNG TIA HONG NGOAI:
1. Khai niem ve tia hong ngoai:
Anh sang hong ngoai (tia hong ngoai) la anh sang khong the nhn thay
c bang mat thng, co bc song khoang 0,8m en 0.9m, tia hong ngoai
co van toc truyen bang van toc anh sang.
Tia hong ngoai co the truyen i c nhieu kenh tn hieu. No ng dung rong
rai trong cong nghiep. Lng thong tin co the at c 3Mbit/s Trong ky thuat
truyen tin bang si quang dan khong can ca c tram khuech ai gi a chng, ngi
ta co the truyen mot luc 15000 ien thoai hay 12 kenh truyen hnh qua mot si t
quang vi ng knh 0,13 mm vi khoang cach 10Km en 20 Km. Lng thong
tin c truyen i vi anh sang hong ngoai ln gap nhieu lan so vi song ien
t ma ngi ta van dung.

Tia hong ngoai de b hap thu, kha nang xuyen thau kem. Trong ieu khien t
xa chum tia hong ngoai phat i hep, co hng do o khi thu phai ung hng.
2. Nguon phat sang hong ngoai va pho cua no:
Cac nguon sang nhan tao thng cha nhieu song hong ngoai. Hnh di
cho ta quang pho cua cac nguon phat sang nay.













IRED :Diode hong ngoai.
LA : Laser ban dan .
LR : en huynh quang.
Q : en thuy tinh.
W :Bong en ien vi day tiem wolfram.
PT : Phototransistor.
Pho cua mat ngi va phototransistor(PT) cung c trnh bay e so sanh.
en thuy ngan gan nh khong phat tia hong ngoai. Pho cua en huynh quang
bao gom cac ac tnh cua cac loai khac. Pho cua transistor kha rong. No khong
nhay trong vung anh sanh thay c, nhng no cc ai nh pho cua LED hong
ngoai.
Song hong ngoai co nhng ac tnh quang hoc giong nh anh sanh (s hoi tu
qua thau knh, tieu cc). Anh sang va song hong ngoai khac nhau rat ro trong
s xuyen suot qua vat chat. Co nhng vat mat ta thay phan chieu sang nhng
oi vi tia hong ngoai no la nhng vat phan chieu toi. Co nhng vat ta thay no
di mot mau xam uc nhng vi anh sang hong ngoai no tr nen trong suot.
ieu nay giai thch tai sao LED hong ngoai co hieu suat cao hn so vi LED cho
mau xanh la cay, mau o V rang, vat lieu ban dan trong suot oi vi anh
sang hong ngoai, tia hong ngoai khong b yeu i khi no phai vt qua cac lp
ban dan e i ra ngoai.
i song cua LED hong ngoai dai en 100000 gi (hn 11 na m), LED hong
ngoai khong phat sang cho li iem trong cac thiet b kiem soat v khong gay s
chu y.


3. Linh kien thu song hong ngoai:
Ngi ta co the dung quang ien tr, phototransistor, photodiode e thu
song hong ngoai gan. e thu song hong ngoai trung bnh va xa phat ra t c the
con ngi, vat nong Loai detector vi vat lieu Lithiumtitanat hay tam chat deo
Polyviny-Lidendifluorid (PVDF). C the con ngi phat tia hong ngoai vi o
dai song t 8ms en 10 ms.
3.1 QUANG IEN TR:
1. Cau tao:
Ket cau cua mot trong cac loai quang ien tr c trnh bay trong hnh ben
(1a).









Hnh 1a
Trong vo chat deo co ca so e anh sang chieu qua, ngi ta at phm thuy
tinh 2, tren o co rai cac ien cc hnh lc. Khoang cach gia cac ien cc
cha lp ban dan. Ca c ien cc dan ien va c noi en cac chan cam xuyen
qua vo. e bao ve lp vo khoi b am t, ngi ta phu len tren be mat no mot
lp sn trong suot. Tuy theo loai quang ien tr be mat lam viec cua lp bien
thien trong pham vi t 0,01 en 0,04 cm
2
.
Ta la chon quang ien tr theo pho bc xa cua vat chat. Nhng loai quang
ien tr trong cong nghiep c che tao bang Sulfit ch (CCA) c s dung e
ch th nhiet ong va tnh trang vat the nung nong nhiet o tng oi thap
(200
0
C 400
0
C ). Do at tuyen pho cua chung (ng 1 hnh 1b) con cc ai
nam trong khu vc ga n bc xa hong ngoai (1,8m en 2,5m).






Hnh 1b

ac tuyen pho cua quang ien tr Sulfit ch.
IF%
50
0
1 2 3 (m
)
1
2

ac tuyen pho cua loai Sulfit bil muyt ( C5) the hien ng 2 hnh 1b
gan nh cung dai bc song vi loai Sulfit Catmi (CK) trong khu vc anh sang
trong thay:
2. Nguyen ly lam viec:







S o nguyen ly
P Qua trnh lam viec cua mach nh sau:
Khi cha chieu sa ng mat quang ien tr, dong ien qua no va mach ngoai
nho nhat goi la dong ien toi.
Khi chieu sang mat quang ien tr vi chieu dai bc song thch hp, ien
tr tinh the ban dan giam ang ke. Hien tng nay phu thuoc va o chat ban dan
c s dung, o tap chat, chieu dai bc song.
Gia tr ien tr phu thuoc anh sang chieu vao, co the thay oi t MO
en O
3. ac tuyen:
a. ac tuyen Volt- Ampere:
ac tuyen V-A tang tuyen tnh v dong ien toi cung nh dong ien sang.
Dong ien toi kha ln (xem ac tuyen V-A).
Dong ien sang la dong qua quang ien tr khi co anh sang chieu vao.
Dong ien toi la do ng qua quang ien tr khi cha co anh sang chieu vao.
T ac tuyen V-A ta nhan thay o nhay cua quang ien tr phu thuoc ien ap
at vao no. V the, ngi ta thng s dung suat o nhay k0 e anh gia quang
ien tr.










k0 la dong quang ien tren mot n v quang thong, oi vi mot Volt ien ap
at vao. Suat o nhay cua loai quang ien tr Sulfit ch nam trong gii han t






+ -

hnh 1b
5 10 15 20 25


I(mA
)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0.02







400 en 500 A/ mV. Loai Sulfit bit muyt bang 1000 A/mV. Loai sulfit Catmi
nam trong gii han 2500 -3000 A/ mV.
Nh suat o nhay tch phan cao nh vay, cung nh co pho bc xa hong ngoai
rong (pho cac bc xa nhiet) nen chung c s dung pho bien trong cac bo ch
th va bo chuyen oi nhiet.
b. ac tuyen anh sang:
Quang ien tr co ac tuyen anh sang khong tuyen tnh. V the, che o ien cua
mach s dung thng tnh theo o th iem sang va ac tuyen V-A










c.Tieu chuan la chon ien ap nguon cung cap cho quang ien tr la phai
am bao:
ien ap tren quang ien tr Sulfit ch khi lam viec trong thi gian dai
thng gii han 15V, con cong suat vai chuc W.
o nhay tch phan u cao cung nh han che cong suat toa ra trong quang ien
tr, vt qua no se dan ti phan ng khong thuan nghch.
o nhay tch phan la cng o dong ien phat sinh khi mot n v quang
thong chieu vao (A/lm).
4. ng dung:
Da vao nguyen ly lam viec quang ien tr c ng dung vao nhieu lnh
vc ky thuat sau:
-Phan t phat hien.
-o o sang trong quang pho.
-Lam cam bien trong rat nhieu he thong t ong hoa.
-Bao ve, bao ong
3.2 DIODE QUANG:
1. Cau tao:
Diode quang thng c che tao bang gecmani va silic. Hnh 2a trnh bay
cau tao cua diode quang che tao bang silic (u,K-1) dung lam bo ch th tia lan
can bc xa hong ngoai.
0 200 500 1000 1500
E(V)
IF(m
A)
6
5
4
3
2
1

|c-k1
|c k2













Hnh 2a
2. Nguyen ly:
Hnh 2b Hnh 2c
Diode quang co the lam viec trong 2 che o:
-Che o bien oi quang ien.
-Che o nguon quang ien.
a. Nguyen ly trong che o bien oi quang ien (hnh 2b)
Lp p c mac vao cc am cua nguon ien, lp n mac vi cc dng, phan
cc nghch nen khi cha chieu sang ch co dong ien nho be chay qua ng vi
dong ien ngc (con goi la dong ien toi). Khi co quang thong dong ien qua
moi noi p-n tang len goi la dong ien sang.
Dong tong trong mach gom co dong toi va dong sang, cang chieu lp n
gan tiep th dong sang cang ln.
b. Nguyen ly lam viec cua diode trong che o nguon phat quang ien (pin
mat tr) (H2c)
Khi quang thong, cac ien tch tren mo noi p-n c giai phong tao ra sc
ien ong tren 2 cc cua diode, do o, lam xuat hien dong ien chay trong
mach.
Tr so sc ien ong xuat hien trong nguon phat quang ien phu thuoc vao
loai nguon phat va tr so cua quang thong.
3. Vai thong so cua diode quang va pin mat tri:
R
t
-
+
P
N
R
t
P
N










Hnh 2d
- Diode quang co the lam viec 2 che o va neu, khi dung lam bo bien o
quang ien ta a vao no mot ien ap 20V, cc a chon loc nam trong gii han
0.8m 0,85 m (Hnh 2d).
- Gii han o nhay cua no tren bc song = 1,2m
- o nhay tch phan k = 4A/lm
- oi v diode quang che tao bang gecmani, o nhay nay cao hn 20 mA/lm.
4.ng dung cua diode quang:
- o anh sang.
- Cam bien quang o toc o.
- Dung trong thien van theo doi cac ngoi sao o khoang cach bang quang.
- ieu khien t ong trong may chup hnh.
- Diode quang Silic co the lam viec -50
0
C +80
0
C.
- Diode quang gecmani co the lam viec 50
0
C +40
0
C.
3.3 TRANSISTOR QUANG:
1.Cau tao:







Hnh 3a
Hnh 3a: trnh bay s o nguyen ly cua transistor quang. Ba lp n-p-n tao nen 2
tiep giap p-n . Mot trong nhng lp ngoai co kch thc nho e quang thong co
the chieu vao gia lp nen. Lp nen nay u mong e a lp hap thu lng t
quang en gan tiep giap p-n.




N
P
N
E
B
C
as
+
E
I
B
C
0.5 0.7 0.8 1 1.3 (
m)


I
F
()
100


50


0










Mach tng ng Ky hieu
2.Nguyen ly:
Trong transistor quang ch co the lam viec che o bien oi quang ien
(co ien ap ngoai at vao ). Tr so ien ap nay kho ang 3V en 5V.
Xet hnh 3a: Moi noi BC c phan cc ngc lam viec nh mot diode
quang. Khi co quang thong chieu vao no tao ra dong ien dung e lam tac ong
transistor, dan en dong Ic tang len nhieu lan so vi dong diode quang.
Dong Ic c tnh nh sau:
Ic = ( Ip + Ib )( hfe + 1)
hfe : o li DC.
Ip : dong quang ien khi co anh sang chieu vao moi noi BC.
Ib : dong cc B khi co phan cc ngoai.
Khi cc B c phan cc ben ngoai. o li b thay oi va tr khang vao cua
transistor c tnh:
Zin = Rin + hfe
Dong ro : Iceo = hfe + Icbo
Icbo : dong ro cc BC
o li cang cao ap ng cang nhanh.
3. ac tuyen:
Sau ay gii thie u mot o th nh tnh cua quang transistor MRD 300.











ac tuyen pho cua transistor MRD 300.
I
F
:Dong khi co anh sang chieu vao.
4.ng dung:
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.2
( m)
IF ()
100


50



0


Do transistor quang co o nhay ln hn diode quang, nen pham vi ng dung
cua no rong rai hn.
ng dung trong viec ong ngat mach, ieu khien t ong trong cong nghiep
Trong nhng mach ien cam bien quang can o nhay cao.
3.4 LED THU:
1.Cau tao:











2.Nguyen ly :
Gia s cac ieu kien phan cc cho IC a hoan chnh, khi IC nhan tn hieu
ieu khien t diode phat quang, mach khuech ai Op-Amp cua IC se bien oi
dong ien thu c t diode ra ien ap (ie n ap nay c khuech ai). Tn hieu
ien ap c a en Smith trigger e tao xung vuong, xung na y co nhiem vu
khch transistor ngo ra hoat ong, luc o ngo ra tai chan so 2 cua IC mc thap,
tn hieu ngo ra tac ong mc 0, co the c dung e ieu khien gian tiep mot
tai nao o.
Khi ngan anh sang chieu vao th ngc la i transistor khong hoat ong dan en
chan so 2 len mc cao .
IV. S O KHOI HE THO NG IE U KHIEN T XA DUNG TIA HO NG
NGOAI:
1. May phat:








S o khoi may phat
E Giai thch s so khoi may phat:
Phat lenh
ieu khien
Ma
hoa
ieu
che
Khuech
ai
Dao ong tao
song mang
5V
2

ien ap qui
nh
0.5MO

10K

1

3


May phat co nhiem vu tao ra lenh ieu khien, ma ho a va phat tn hieu en
may thu, lenh truyen i a c ieu che.
0 Khoi phat lenh ieu khien:
khoi nay co nhiem vu tao ra lenh ieu khien t nut nhan (phm ieu khien).
Khi mot phm c an tc la mot lenh a c tao ra . Cac nut an nay co the la
mot nut ( mach ieu khien n gian), hay mot ma tran nut ( mach ieu khien
chc nang). Ma tran phm c bo tr theo cot va hang. Lenh ieu khien c
a en bo ma hoa di dang cac bit nh phan tng ng vi tng phm ieu
khien.
0 Khoi ma hoa:
e truyen cac tn hieu khac nhau en may thu ma chung khong lan lon nhau,
ta phai tien hanh ma hoa cac tn hieu (lenh ieu khien). Khoi ma hoa nay co
nhiem vu bien oi cac lenh ieu khien thanh cac bit nh phan, hien tng bien
oi nay goi la ma hoa. Co nhieu phng phap ma hoa khac nhau:
; ieu che bien o xung.
; ieu che v tr xung.
; ieu che o rong xung.
; ieu che ma xung.
Trong ky thuat ieu khien t xa dung tia hong ngoai, phng phap ieu che
ma xung thng c s dung nhieu hn ca, v phng phap nay tng oi n
gian, de thc hien.
0 Khoi dao ong ta o song mang:
Khoi nay co nhiem vu tao ra song mang tan so on nh, song mang nay se
mang tn hieu ieu khien khi truyen ra moi trng.
0 Khoi ieu che:
Khoi nay co nhiem vu ket hp tn hieu ieu khien a ma hoa song mang e
a en khoi khuech ai.
0 Khoi khuech ai:
Khuech ai tn hieu u ln e LED phat hong ngoai phat tn hieu ra moi
trng.
0 LED phat:
bien oi tn hieu ien thanh tn hieu hong ngoai phat ra moi trng.
2.May thu:






S o khoi may thu
E Giai thch s o khoi may thu:
Khuech
ai
Tach
song
Giai ma Chot
Khuech ai
Mach chap
hanh

Chc nang cua ma y thu la thu c tn hieu ieu khien t ma y phat, loai bo
song mang, giai ma tn hieu ieu khien thanh cac lenh rieng biet, t o moi lenh
se a en khoi chap hanh cu the.
0 LED thu :
Thu tn hieu hong ngoai do may phat truyen ti va bien oi thanh tn hieu
ieu khien.
0 Khoi khuech ai:
Co nhiem vu khuech ai tn hieu ieu khien ln len t t, LED thu hong
ngoai e qua trnh x ly tn hieu c de dang.
0 Khoi tach song mang :
Khoi nay co chc nang triet tieu song mang, ch gi lai tn hieu ieu khien
nh tn hieu gi i t may phat.
0 Khoi giai ma:
Nhiem vu cua khoi nay la giai ma tn hieu ieu khien thanh cac lenh ieu
khien di dang cac bit nh phan hay cac dang khac e a en khoi chap hanh
cu the. Do o nhiem vu cua khoi nay rat quan trong.
0 Khoi chot:
Co nhiem vu gi nguyen trang thai tac ong khi tn hieu ieu khien khong
con, ieu nay co ngha la khi phat lenh ieu khien ta ch tac ong vao phm an 1
lan, trang thai mach ch thay oi khi ta ch tac ong vao nut khac thc hien ieu
khien lenh khac.
0 Khoi khuech ai:
Khuech ai tn hieu ieu khien u ln e tac ong c vao mach chap hanh.
0 Khoi chap hanh:
Co the la role hay mot linh kien ieu khien nao o, ay la khoi cuoi cung tac
ong trc tiep vao thiet b thc hien nhiem vu ieu khien mong muon.

V. IEU KHIEN T XA DUNG SO NG VO TUYEN:

E S lc ve he thong thu phat vo tuyen:
He thong vo tuyen la he thong truyen tn hieu t ni nay sang ni khac bang
song ien t. Tn hieu thong tin c truyen i t ni phat c chuyen thanh tn
hieu ien. Sau o c ma hoa e truyen i; tai ni thu, tn hieu ien se c
giai ma, tai tao lai thong tin ban au.
Viec ieu che tn hieu ien trong he thong vo tuyen, truyen tn hieu la qua
trnh at tn hieu thong tin vao song mang co tan so cao hn e truyen i, tai
may thu tn hieu se loai bo thanh phan song mang, ch nhan va x ly tai tao lai
tn hieu thong tin, ay la qua trnh giai ma ieu che.
E Khai niem ve he thong ieu khien t xa dung song vo tuyen:
He thong ieu khien t xa dung song vo tuyen bao gom may phat va may
thu.
Comment [LOVE1]:
V
DD
Q
9
Q
7
Q
8
M
R
R
S
R
ct
C
ct
Q Q
Q Q
Q Q Q G
1
6
9
8
1 4
1
3
IC
4060


May phat co nhiem vu phat ra lenh ieu khien truyen ra moi trng di
dang song ien t mang theo tin tc ieu khien. May thu thu tin tc t moi
trng, x ly tin tc va a ra lenh ieu khien en mach chap hanh. ac iem
cua he thong nay la phai dung Antena e bc xa tn hieu oi vi may phat, dung
Antena e thu tn hieu oi vi may thu.
1.S o khoi may phat:












S o khoi may phat
E Giai thch s o khoi:
0 Khoi phat lenh ieu khien: Dung cac phm e phat lenh ieu khien theo
phng thc ma tran phm hay tng phm an rieng le.
0 Khoi ma hoa: Bien oi song dao o ng ien c tao ra t ban phm lenh
thanh song ien co tan so ac trng cho lenh ieu khien tng ng.
0 Khoi dao ong cao tan: Tao dao ong ben trong may phat, co nhiem vu
lam song mang e chuyen ch tn hieu ieu khien trong khong gian.
0 Khoi ieu che: Phoi hp 2 tn hieu dao ong lai vi nhau theo cac phng
phap khac nhau, tuy theo ac iem cua he thong thu - phat nh ieu che bien o
(AM), ieu che tan so (FM), ieu che pha (PM).
0 Khoi khuech ai cao tan: Khuech ai bien o tn hieu nham tang cng
cong suat bc xa song ien t.
Phat lenh ieu
khien
Ma
hoa
Dao ong cao
tan
Khuech ai
cao tan
ieu
che
Antenna

2. S o khoi may thu:













S o khoi may thu
E Giai thch s o khoi may thu:
0 Khoi khuech ai cao tan: khuech ai bien o tn hieu cao tan thu c t
Antena e bu lai nang lng cua song ien t tieu hao khi lan truyen trong moi
trng.
0 Khoidao ong noi: la dao ong cao ta n hnh sin bien oi nang lng dao
ong mot chieu thanh xoay chieu co tan so yeu cau. Khoi dao ong noi la dao
ong t kch co tan so on nh cao.
0 Khoi tron tan: bien oi tn hieu cao tan thanh tn hieu trung tan chung, vi
tan so nay viec thiet ke mach cung nh o on nh tr nen de dang hn. Khoi
tron tan con co nhiem vu khuech ai bien o tn hieu trung tan chung.
0 Khoi tach song: co nhiem vu triet tieu song mang cao tan, phuc hoi lai tn
hieu ieu khien.
0 Khoi giai ma: nhan biet tn hieu va phat i e phat ra lenh tac ong ung
thiet b can ieu khien.
0 Khoi lenh ieu khien: gom cac mach ong lc, ong ngat nguon cho thiet
b, hay ieu khien chc nang thiet b a at trc.
Qua thc nghiem cho thay, e song ien t co the bc xa va lan truyen
trong moi trng th ta n so dao ong ien thch hp la ln hn 100 kHz. Ngoai ra
van e phoi hp tr khang gia cac tan trong may phat, gia antena va tan cong
suat phat la rat quan trong trong viec nang cao khoang cach phat song.
V Antena thu co ac tnh cong hng vi tan so phat nen kch thc antena
co quan he chat che vi bc song phat. o i vi antena Sut (whip anten) chieu
dai cua antena xap x vi , , , 3/2 , v la bc song may phat.
Tam thu-phat cua he thong con phu thuoc vao a hnh, o cao cua antena va
o nhay cua thiet b.
3.Phan kenh ieu khien t xa bang vo tuyen nhieu chc nang:
Khuech ai
cao tan
Tron
tan
Tach
song
Giai
ma
Lenh ieu
khien
Thiet
b
Dao ong
noi

EPhan kenh :
e ieu khien nhieu chc nang cua mot thiet b ieu khien t xa, may thu
phai s dung ma tran phm, moi phm c ieu che vi mot tn hieu rieng biet
(c ma hoa) e khi may thu tai tao lai tn hieu va thc hien viec ieu khien
thiet b ung vi chc nang cua phm va phat i. Qua trnh o goi la qua trnh
phan kenh.
Trong ieu khien t xa dung song vo tuyen co nhieu ky thuat phan kenh
nh phan kenh theo bien o ,phan kenh theo tan so, phan kenh theo thi gian
nhng thng dung nhat la phan kenh theo tan so.
E ieu khien t xa ba ng vo tuyen nhieu chc nang:










S O MAY PHAT NHIEU KE NH



Antena














S O KHOI MAY THU NHIE U KENH

Bo chon
kenh
Dao ong
tao xung
ieu khien
Dao ong
ieu che
cao tan
Khuech ai
cao tan
Tach
song
Bo tach
kenh 1
ieu
khien 1
Bo tach
kenh 2
ieu
khien 2
Bo
tach
kenh n
ieu
khien n
Thu va
khuech
ai cao
tan

VI. SO SA NH PHNH PHAP IEU KHIEN T XA DUNG TIA HONG
NGOAI VA VO TUYE N:
A. u va khuyet iem cua tng phng phap:
1. Phng phap ieu khien t xa dung song vo tuyen:
a. u iem:
- Truyen at tn hieu vi khoang cach xa.
- Khong b anh hng nhieu oi vi vat can.
-Tam phat rong nhieu hng khac nhau nen co the ieu khien cung mot
luc oi vi thiet b nhan kenh ong thi.
b. Khuyet iem:
- Khi phat hay thu eu can co Anten.
- Lam cho khong gian b bao hoa, gay nhieu vo tuyen
- Hay b anh hng nhieu gay meo dang hoac sai tn hieu nen khong ieu
khien c.
- e tranh anh hng cac tan so phat song chuyen nghiep nen phai tuan
theo qui nh cua bu ien (theo tieu chuan FCC phai phat song nam trong day
tan nghiep d). Do o, van e don kenh theo phng phap phan ng th tan so
b gii han v day tan nay rat hep, do vay khong the nao ieu khien c nhieu
kenh.
- Vo tuyen b nhieu nen he thong ma hoa phc tap hn.
- Tnh kha thi thap v nhieu linh kie n, tai lieu va thiet b o trong ieu
kien ngi lam e tai.

2 . Phng phap ieu khien t xa dung tia hong ngoai:
a. u iem:
- Khong day dan.
- Led phat va thu nho, gon de thiet ke lap at va co o tin cay cao.
- Ap cung cap thap, cong suat tieu tan nho.
- ieu khien c nhieu thiet b.
- Tnh kha thi cao, linh kien de tm thay va thi cong de.
b. Khuyet iem:
- Tam xa b han che.
- Dong ien cao tc thi.
- Nhieu hong ngai do cac nguon nhiet xung quanh ta phat ra, nen gay
anh hng va han che tam phat. Do o ch dung trong phong, kho hoac ni co
nhiet o moi trng anh hng thap.
- Han che khi b vat can nen khong the phat xa c.


B. PHA N TCH U KHUYE T IEM:
1Van e tan so song mang:
Khi can phat i xa can phai co song mang e truyen tin tc can truyen. Vi
phng phap vo tuyen s dung song mang tan so kha cao nen kho thi cong. Mac
khac, phng phap dung song vo tuyen phai tuan theo qui nh cua bu ien,
con phng phap dung tia hong ngoai s dung tan so thap de thi cong, khong can
khung cong hng LC nh song vo tuyen.
2.Van e thu-phat:
Vi phng phap dung song vo tuyen khong gon nhe, do phai dung antena
phat va thu gay bat tien khi s dung va khoang cach ieu khien lai phu thuoc
nhieu vao chieu dai cua antena, ieu kien moi trng va a hnh. Ngoai ra con
phai lu y en van e phoi hp th khang gia cac antena thu va mach khuech
ai cong suat phat.
Vi phng phap ieu khien t xa dung tia hong ngoai th co nhieu u iem
hn nh gon nhe, khong can en antena thu-phat, kch thc LED hong ngoai
nho nen de bo tr, gia thanh linh kien khong cao lam.
3.Van e cong suat phat:
e nang cao khoang cach ieu khien th phai nang cao cong suat phat, o
nhay cua thiet b. Trong trng hp ieu khien dung song vo tuyen co nhc
iem la khuech ai cong hng nam tan cong suat gay nen cong kenh cho
phan phat va cong suat tieu tan tren mach ln.
Vi phng phap ieu khien t xa dung tia hong ngoai th e tang cng
khoang cach phat th ta co the tang so lng led phat hay pha n cc cho cac led
chay manh hn phan tang o nhay th khong at ra v no de anh hng t ben
ngoai.
4. Pham vi ng dung:
Hong ngoai c s dung nhieu e ie u khien thiet b sinh hoat trong gia
nh, pham vi lam viec hep, khong s dung ngoai nang. Kha na ng ieu khien
cua song vo tuyen ln hn tia hong ngoai.
5. Kha nang thc thi:
Nhng thiet b a co nh IC SZ9148, SZ9149 (2248, 2249 tng ng) LED
phat, au thu hong ngoai. Nhng linh kien cua mach thi cong vo tuyen nh cac
cuon day lam khung cong hng kho tm va khong co thiet b o lng.
6. Ket luan- chon phng an thi cong:
Sau khi so sanh phan tch nhng thuan li va kho khan c ban, em nhan thay
phng an thi cong mach ieu khien t xa dung tia hong ngoai cung c ng
dung nhieu trong cac thiet b ien chang han nh ieu khien ong ngat 1 tiep
iem, 2 tiep iem, Trong pham vi e tai nay em quyet nh dung ky thuat ieu
khien t xa bang tia hong ngoai vao viec ieu khien toc o quat ban, hen gi tat
quat, cung nh ieu khien cho quat chay qua lai.
CHNGIII

GII THIEU MOT SO MACH NG DUNG
1.TAI NGHE HONG NGOAI:
Khi s dung tai nghe radio casset, tivi ta luon co cam giac vng vu day
dan, khong c t do i lai, rat bat tien. Sau ay la mach ng dung thu, phat
hong ngoai giup cho ta va i lai t do trong phong cua mnh va nghe nhac, tin
tc ma khong anh hng ti ngi khac.
E S o mach phat:

















Trong o:
D1, D2, D3 : LD271
T1 : BS170
T2 : BS 547B
R1: 100kO, R2: 80kO, R3 = 6O 8
P1: Bien tr 100kO.
C1 = 100n, C2 = 220 F, 16V.
O Nguyen ly hoa t ong cua mach:
Ba LED hong ngoai c cap ien vi MOSFET T1. Dong ien nay co the
chnh c nh bien tr P1. Tn hieu am thanh en C1 phan mot chieu c gi
lai, phan xoay chieu en cc on cua T1 va lam bien ieu dong ien qua cac led
hong ngoai. Cng o anh sang hong ngoai phat i do o b bien ieu (AM). T2
va R3 han che dong ien qua mosfet T1 lam hong LED khi cong co ien the
qua ln. Dong ien b hang che nho hn 100mA. Transistor BS170 co the lam
viec vi dong ien qua cc mang en 500mA va co cong suat tie u tan 730mW,
tu C2 la tu loc nguon:
D1
D2
D3
R
82 K
R1
100K
R3
6.8
C3
220
P
100 K
C1
100n
T1
BS170
3
2
1
T2
BC547B
J1
9V
J2
0V

E S o mach thu:












T Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Trong mach thu ta co the dung diode BPW41W hay BP140. Ca 2 diode eu
c che chan bi mo t mang loc anh sang. Vi ien tr 560 O , ta co the dung
ong nghe loai 600O , nh the T1 lam viec vi tai 300O. P1 c chnh sao cho
s meo am thanh be nhat. R1 la ien tr han che dong cho LED.
Khi D1 nhan tn hieu t bo phat, sau o a en tac ong cc cong cua T2,
tn hieu c khuech ai loai bo song mang tn hieu am tan lay ra chan D cua
MOSFET T2 noi qua loa (K1)
2.. VOI NC IE U KHIE N T XA BA NG TIA HONG NGOAI:
Thiet b nay cho phep ta khi tho tay vao voi nc may nc se t ong chay
ra, v khi cho tay vao ta se chan tia hong ngoai, khi rut tay ra sau mot thi gian
ngan voi nc se t ong ngng. Thiet b t ong nay thch hp vi cac khach
san, benh vien va nhng ni cong cong khac.
TS o mach phat:








TNguyen ly hoat ong:
Sau khi ong chuyen mach S, linh kien HG-11F chuyen dung e phat hong
ngoai c cap ien se lam viec. Linh kie n nay se phoi hp vi mot so linh
kien khac ben ngoai co the sinh ra mot tn hieu co tan so dao ong 38kHz, qua
kch transistor VT9013 hoat ong lam cho led phat tia hong ngoai ra ngoai.
T S o mach thu
+
-
K1
D1
PHOTODIODE
C1
47
C3
220
C2
10n
BT1
9V
T2
MOSFET N
J1
PHONEJACK STEREO
R2
820K
R1
470K
R3
560k
P1 100K
1. HG - 111F
7.
R*
10k
R1
1k
R2
1000 M
C1
1000p
Q1
VT9013
GH
PH302
GB
6V
OUT 7805 IN
GND
AC
220V
FPS-4091
2
3
1
R1
2K
C1
47
IC 1
MC1555
TR
2
CV
5
Q
3
DIS
7
THR
6
R
4
R3
100K
C2
0.01
D1
C3
47
- +
T
K1
RELAY
R2
10K
QVT1
9013










E Nguyen ly hoat ong :
Khi nhan tia hong ngoai t mach phat LED hoat ong, ien ap ri tren led
nho, khong u phan cc cho transistor VT1, VT1 trang thai ngat. Luc o,
chan so 2 cua IC1 se mc cao, au ra chan so 3 mc ien thap, role k khong
hut, van ien t DF ong. Khi dung tay che tia hong ngoai phat ra t GH, bong
thu FTS4091 khong co tn hieu, dong vao Transistor ln lam cho transistor dan
bao ho a, ien the chan so 2 cua IC1 giam xuong mc thap, dan en au ra chan
so 3 len mc ien cao, role K hut, tiep iem thng h K1 noi thong nguon
ien cho van ien t DF, voi nc c m. Sau khi ra tay xong, voi nc se
t ong ngat.
3. MACH IE N IC IE U KHIEN T XA MI NHA T WG0623A:

Hien nay, thiet b ien trong gia nh ngay cang nhieu, bo phan ieu khien t
xa (remote) cung nga y cang dung pho bien, con ngi can co mot bo ieu khien
t xa van nang. e giai quyet ieu nay co the dung vi x ly tien tien cua nc
ngoai IC-WG0623A che tao thanh mot bo ieu khien xa co the thay the cho moi
remote hien co va nh o ieu khien t xa ta t ca cac thiet b ang dung trong gia
nh.
S o chan:


1mm 11





27
So chan Ky
hieu
Chc nang
1,9,37,51,52 NC Cha noi
1 52 48 44
40 39

6 WG0623 35


32
13 14 20
26 27 27

2 FR au ra tn hieu ieu khien
xa
3 V
0
Nguon ien ben trong noi
song song vi chan so 4
4 V
00
Nguon ien
5 X
IN
au vao mach dao ong noi
6 X
OUT
au ra mach dao ong noi
8 RET au vao hen thong phuc v
7,10,13,14,1
6,20,23,33,4
5, 46,47,48
GND Noi at
11 S
+
Chan noi ben trong, noi
song song vi chan 12
12 S
-
Chan noi ben trong, noi
song song vi chan 11
15 AMPI au vao khuech ai thu
17 au ra khuech a thu
18 VREG ien ap tham khao a ra
V
00
Hien cac bo ieu khien t xa dung IC s dung trong thiet b ien gia nh
eu co ma ieu khien tu xa co nh, va oi tng ieu khien t xa hnh thanh
tng oi co quan he vi nhau. Nhng ac iem ln nhat cua IC WG0623A la co
kha nang hoc, no co the mo phong tat ca ma phat cua LED ieu khien t xa
bang tia hong ngoai, v the co the s dung thay cac bo ieu khie n t xa thong
dung.
Ben trong cuaWG0623A chu yeu do 3 bo phan tao thanh:bo phan phat ma,
bo phan thu, CPU va mach au noi ngoai vi. Bo phan phat ma thc hien viec
phat ma ieu khien t xa; bo phan thu thc hien viec thu ma ieu khien t xa
khi hoc; CPU la trong tam cua chip IC. Luc phat ma, no co nhiem vu cung cap
cho au ra cua bo phan phat ma nhng so lieu va tham so t trong bo phan nh;
luc thu, no tien hanh phan tch vi ma ieu khien t xa a thu c. Sau o no
nh trong bo nh tham so song mang va so lieu cua ma ieu khien t xa a
nhan c.
Hien tai co the dung WG0623A che tao thanh bo ieu khien t xa tien tien
nhat. Bo ieu khien t xa nay va thch hp s dung bnh thng trong gia nh
cung co the ban kem vi cac san pham nh: VCD, thiet b am h ng, tivi
4.Mach ieu khien t xa bang tia hong ngoai mot nut nhan:
Chung ta co the s dung mot so linh kien r va IC 4047BE e tao ra mot bo
ieu khien t xa mot nut nhan e ong cat cac thiet b trong gia nh. Tam hoat
ong cua bo thu phat nay rat ln, co the en 10 m.

S o chan cua IC 4047BE:
Chan 1 Cext: ket noi tu ben ngoai.
2 Rext : ket noi ien tr ben ngoai.
3 R/C : chan ket noi chung giua tu va ien tr ben ngoai.
4 EAI : chan cho phep tn hieu vao (tac ong muc thap).
5 EAO: chan cho phep tn hieu vao (tac ong mc cao).
6 T : chan kch vao t cao xuong thap.
7

V
ss
: chan noi mass.
8 T
0
: chan kch vao t thap len cao.
9 MR : Master Reset.
10 : ngo ra (chan dao ong ngo ra).
11 : ngo ra ao.
12

: Reset.
13 : chan dao ong .
14 V
oc
: chan cap nguon nuoi.
TS o mach phat : Trong o
C1= 100F tu loc nguon; C2 = 2,2nF
R1= 10k O ; Q1: 2SC1815; D1 :led
R2= 56O
Mach phat ra tia hong ngoai co tan so khoang 10kHz, xung ra dang vuong, co
dong trung bnh khoang 50mA.








T S o mach thu :


R2
56
ON/OFF
SW1 Q1
2N1069
R1
10k
C2
2.2n
BT1
9V
D0
LED
IC 1
4047
AST
5
AST
4
-T
6
+T
8
RET
12
RCC
3
CX
1
RX
2
RST
9
Q
10
Q
11
OSC
13
VCC 9V
Q3
2SC 1015
Q1
2SC 1015
Q?
2N1069
R1
12k
D1
R6
220
R3
4.7k
R2
1.2M
R8
1.5M
C3
4.7n
C4
10n
C5
100n
C6
4.7U
C1
100u
Q2
2SA 1015
R5
1.5M
R7
4.7K
R9
4.7K
D2
D1
C7
1U
K1
RLY 1
C2
10n
8 14 13 12 11 10 9
7
6 5 4 3 2 1
Eao
Ea1
MR
Reset Cext R/Cext
Vdd 0 T1 QN Q MR To
Cext RextR/Cext ENa1Eao TN1 Vss
0
Q
QN
1
2
3
1
2
3









Trong o :
R1 : 12K ;R2 : 1,2M ;R3: 4,7K ;R4 : 1K ;R5 : 1,5M
R6 : 220 ;R7 : 4,7K ;R8 : 1,5M ;R9 : 4,7K ;C1 : 100 F
C2 : 10 F ;C3 : 4,7 F ;C4 : 14 F ;C5 : 100 F ;C6 : 4,7 F ;C7 : 1 F
Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4 : 2SC1015
T Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Sau khi nhan nut ON/OFF th mach phat hoat ong. Led hong ngoai phat
ra tia hong ngoai. mach thu, led thu tiep nhan roi t giai ieu che e lay tn
hieu xung 10kHz a en Q1, Q2, Q3 lam cho Q1 khong hoat ong c, Q4
hoat ong lam cho role Y1 hut. Ngc lai khong nhan nut ON/OFF th rle Y1
khong hut. T rle Y1 ta co the a en ieu khien mot thiet b ien nao o.
TS o phat:









TNguyen ly hoat ong:
S o nguyen ly may phat tia hong ngoai tren co bc song khoang
850mm. LD1 la LED phat hong ngoai. Bo a hai Q1, Q2 phat xung vuong co tan
so khoang 10kHz e kch Q3 hoat ong ieu che song hong ngoai.
TS o mach thu:
Tng t nh may thu phan 4, ta ch thay oi lai cach mac phan Q4
nh sau:
6 . .9V
R2
10K
R1
10K
R4
10 K
R3
10K
R5
47K
Q3
NPN
Q2
NPN
C1
100n
C2
100n
Q1
NPN
LED








Khi co tn hieu hong ngoai Q4 dan bao hoa va SCR tat.
E ng dung cua ma ch:
K Bao ong khi co ke gian.
Khi co ke gian i qua khu vc lam che khuat tia hong ngoai t mach phat
chieu en mach thu lam cho mach thu mat tn hieu, Q4 mat ien ap nen tat,
cong G cua SCR luc nay rat dng nen dan va cap nguon coi bao ong.
K Rung chuong khi co khach en:
Neu he thong dung bao chuong khi co khach en th co the bo coi hu mac
SCR vao chuong.
K em san pham trong mot day chuyen san xuat:
Khi can em san pham th SCR c thay bang Transistor C2335 (kho a
nguon) cho chuong 110V hay 220V hoac H106 (kho a nguon) cho chuong dung
pin. C moi lan o va t chay ngang tam che khuat tia hong ngoai la mot lan bao
chuong.
9V
C2
470n
C1
100n
C3
220
D2
D1
Q3
NPN
R5
47K
SCR

CHNG IV
THIET KE MACH
A. IC LOGIC CMOS:
1.ai cng :
CMOS c viet tat t Complementary-Metall-Oxide-Silicon. au tien
CMOS c nghien cu e s dung trong ky thuat hang khong vu tru. Vi cac
ac tnh nh khong b phu thuoc vao li ien, mien nhieu Ngay nay CMOS
c s dung rong rai trong li ien cong nghiep, ien t, y khoa, ky thuat xe
hi va ca trong ky thuat may tnh ien t.
- CMOS co cac ac tnh quan trong:
- Cong suat tieu tan be: 0,25 nW per gate (static)
- ien ap lam viec t 3V en 15V, max 18V.
- CMOS chong nhieu tot.
- Khoang nhiet o lam viec:
Thng mai: -40
0
C en 85
0
C
Quan s : -55
0
C en 125
0
C
- DC fan out > 50.

2.ien ap:
CMOS co the hoat ong t 3V en 5V. Tuy nhien vi ien ap nho hn 4,5V
thi gian tre se gia tang (van toc lam viec se cham lai), tong tr ra cung cao hn
va ong thi tnh chong nhieu cung giam. Vi nhng ien ap l n hn 15V cung
co nhng bat li.
- Cong suat tieu tan luc CMOS hoat ong cung tang cao.
- Vi nhng xung nhieu t nguon vt qua ien ap anh thung (20V), tao ra
hieu ng SCR-latch-up va lam hong IC ne u dong khong c han che t ben
ngoai.
3.Thi gian tre:
ien ap cang cao th CMOS hoat ong cang nhanh. Thi gian tre gia tang
vi nhiet o va tai ien dung.
4.Tnh mien nhieu :
CMOS chong nhieu rat tot, thng 4,5% ien ap cap t 2,25V vi ien ap
5V va 4,5V cho ien ap 10V. Thi gian tre bien mat sau mot chuoi cac cong
CMOS, sau o mot chuoi cac cong TTL th c khuech ai. V tnh chat ac
biet nay CMOS c dung e thiet ke trong cac mach ien cua cac thiet b cong
nghiep phai hoat ong trong mot moi trng ay nhieu va ien t.
Vi ien ap cap 5V CMOS van hoat ong bnh thng vi s mat on nh
cua ien ap cap hay ien ap nhieu en 1V.


5. Giao tiep vi TTL:
Vi ien ap 5V CMOS giao tiep thang vi TTL. Tong tr ve cua CMOS rat
ln, TTL co the tai vo so cong CMOS ma khong lam mat fan out trang thai
thap.
6. ien dung nga ra-vao:
ien dung ngo vao cua CMOS = 1,5pF en 5pF va ien dung nga ra bang
3pF en 7pF.
7.Nhng chu y can thiet khi thiet ke mach vi IC CMOS:
- Tat ca cac chan ngo vao khong dung ne n noi vi at hay ien ap cap.
- Nhng tn hieu vao thay oi mc logic qua cham se lam cho IC CMOS dao
ong va IC b trigger nhieu lan. ien ap cap cho IC on ap kem va khong sach de
a en trng hp nay v ien ap ngng vao cua IC phu thuoc vao ien ap
cap. Vi cac xung ong bo co thi gian len cham IC CMOS cung thng hieu
sai.
- C CMOS cung loa i co ac trng ky thuat khac nhau.
- Dong ra cua CMOS loai B cho toan dai nhiet o lam viec khoang 0,36mA
u e thuc mot cong LS-TTL.
B. CA U TAO VA CHC NA NG CUA IC:
I. IC HEF 4017B:
Vi mach 4017B la vi mach loai CMOS nen mang cac ac iem cua ho
CMOS. Ngoai ra, s hoat ong cua vi mach con phu thuoc vao cac tn hieu vao
no.
Neu tn hieu vao co ien ap khong on nh hay xung ong ho co thi gian len
cham se gay nen s nay cua vi mach, lam tn hieu ngo ra khong o n nh.
IC 4017B la vi mach co mi au ra, cac au ra nay tuan t chuyen len mc
cao [1] trong khi au ra khac mc thap [0] theo xung nhp CK, cau truc ben
trong cua vi mach la bo em vong Johnson t khi ong c.
H S o chan cua IC 4017B:








IC 1
4017
CLK
14
ENA
13
RST
15
Q0
3
Q1
2
Q2
4
Q3
7
Q4
10
Q5
1
Q6
5
Q7
6
Q8
9
Q9
11
CO
12

H S o ben trong:












Trong o:
CP
0
: xung ong ho vao(kch t mc thap len mc cao).
CP
1
: xung ong ho vao (kch t mc cao xuong mc thap).
MR:Master reset.
Q
0
Q
9
: cac ngo ra a giai ma.
QN
5-9
:ngo ra nh (ch tac ong mc thap ).

Bang trang thai:

MR CP
0
CPN
1
Operatoin
H X X Q
0
= Q
5 9
= H ; Q
1
Q
9
= L

L H Count
L L Count
L L X No change
L X H No change
L H No change
L L No changeI

H : High stage (Mc cao).
L: Low stage (Mc thap).
X: Bat chap.
3 2 4 7 10 1 5 6 9 11
Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9


14 CP0
13 CP1
5 Stage Johnson
counter
Mach ra & giai ma
M
R
15
Q 5-9
12

Comment [LOVE2]:

Gian o thi gian
























II. IC HEF 4013:
Vi mach 4013 ch a 2 Flip-Flop D, no la mot vi mach a nang, chung co cac
chan at trc tiep (S
0
), xoa trc tiep (C
D
). D lieu c chap nhan C
p
mc
thap va c chuyen en ngo ra khi co canh dng cua xung ong ho. Khi 2
chan C
D
va S
0
cung mc cao bat chap d lieu vao va xung ong ho nh the
nao, ca 2 ngo ra Q va QN eu mc cao. IC HEF co 14 chan.
HS o ben trong:
Q
1
QN
1
Q
2
QN
2



1

2

13

12







6

5

3

4 8 9

11 10
SD
1
D
1
CP
1
CD
1
D
2
CP
2
CD
2
SD
2
F-F D F-F D
CPO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
CP1
MR
Q
0


Q
1

Q
2
Q
3

Q
4


Q
5

Q
6

Q
7


Q
8


Q
9

QN
5-9


Trong o:
D : D lieu vao.
Cp : Xung ong ho vao.
S
D
: Chan at.
C
D
: Chan xoa.
H Bang trang tha i:

Ngo vao Ngo ra
S
D
C
D
C
P
D Q QN

H L X X H L
L H X X L H
H H X X H H

Ngo vao Ngo ra
S
D
C
D
C
P
D Q
n+1
QN
n+1


L L L L H
L L H H L

III. IC 4060:
Vi mach 4060 la bo em, chia va dao ong, co 14 tang, ben trong mach ket
noi ba bo dao ong ( R
S
,

C
TC
,

R
TC
) , co 10 ngo ra ( Q
3
Q
9
, Q
11
Q
13
). Mach
dao ong co the thiet lap bang mach dao ong RC hoac thach anh. Mach dao
ong nay thay the cho xung ong ho tai ngo vao RS. Bo em c reset khi
chan 12(MR) mc cao. Co 16 chan.
H S o chan:







E Thiet lap mach dao ong:
- Mach dao ong RC:







VDD Q9 Q7 Q8 MR RS Rct Cct
Q11 Q12 Q13 Q5
Q4 Q6 Q3 GND
16 9
8
1 4
13
IC 4060
MR
1
2
3 1 2
R2 Rt
C2 Ct


Cong thc tieu bieu e tnh tan so dao ong:
f
osc
= 1/ (2,3x Rt

x

Ct

)


Tan so dao ong c xac nh bi R
t
,C
t
, vi R
t
< R
2
va R
2
R
2
<< R
t
R
t
.
Chc nang cua R
2
la giam toi thieu anh hng cua ap xuyen qua diode bao ve
tan so vao, C
2
la tu loc gia tr cang cao cang tot. e tan so dao ong chnh xac
nh mong muon gia tr C
t
phai ln hn C
2
, gia tr R
t
phai ln hn gia tr ien tr
m cua CMOS. Thong thng ngi ta s dung gia tr R
t
va C
t
la:
C
t
>>100pF
10kO <= R
t
<= 1MO
Ngoai ra chung ta co the s dung thach anh:












R
l :
ien tr han dong
IV. IC 74192:
Vi mach 74192 la bo em BCD lap trnh c, no co kha nang em len hoac
em xuong. Khi au vao tai (Load-11) c at mc thap (L) th so 4 bit bat
ky cac au vao D, C, B, A se c tai va bo em. Bo em c xoa ve mc
thap khi au vao Clear (chan 11) c at mc cao. Cac au ra mn
(Borrow-chan 13) va nh (Carry-chan 12) khi chuyen xuong mc thap se ch
tran xuong di (under-flow) hoac tran len tren (Over-flow). Vi mach nay co
kha nang em theo so at trc.
Vi mach hoat ong em len khi chan Count down (chan 4) mc cao, xung
ong ho a vao chan Count up (chan 5), mach em len la em t so at trc
en so ln nhat 1001, chan tai load c tai vao chan carry va chan clear c
noi vi mass.
Vi mach hoat ong em xuong khi chan Count up (5) mc cao, xung ong
ho a vao chan Count down (4); mach em xuong la em t so at trc en
so thap nhat 0000, cha n tai c tai vao cha n borrow(13). IC co 16 chan.
MR
R2
2.2 K
Rod
100K
X1
C1
37 PF
C2
100pF
1
2
3

H S o chan:








H S o khoi ben trong:


15 14 13 12 11 10 9

5








1

2 3 4 5 6 7

Count up : e m len.
Count down : em xuong.
Caarry :Chan nh.
Borrow :Chan mn.
Clear : Chan xoa.
P
0
P
3
: Chan a t.
Q
A,
Q
B
,Q
C
,Q
D
:Cac ngo ra.
V. IC 4002B:
Vi mach 4002B co cha 2 cong NOR, moi cong co 4 ngo vao va mot ngo ra.
Co 14 chan, vo nha kieu cam thang hang.
H S o chan va s o ben trong:









P0 CL Borrow Carry
Load P2
P1
P3
Q1 Q0 Cd Cu
Q2 Q3

VDD P0 CL Borrow CarryLoad
P2 P3
P1 Q! Q0 Cd
Cu Q2 Q3 GND
16 9
8
1 4
13
IC 74192
VDD
13 12 11 10 9 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GND
14
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1

Bang trang thai:
Ngo vao Ngo ra
D C B A Y
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

T bang trang thai ta thay ngo ra len m c cao [1] khi tat ca cac ngo vao eu
mc thap [0].
v IC ieu khien t xa bang tia hong ngoai:
ICSZ 9418, SZ9149, SZ9150 la nhng IC thu phat trong he thong ieu khien
t xa bang tia hong ngoai. Trong o SZ9148 la mach ien IC phat xa ieu khien
co ma hoa kieu ma tran. No va mach ien IC SZ9149 phoi hp vi nhau co the
hoan thanh bo ieu khien xa co 10 chc nang; phoi hp v mach ien IC SZ
9150 co the hoan thanh bo ieu khien xa co 18 chc nang, co hn 75 lenh co the
phat xa, trong o 63 lenh la lenh lien tuc, co the co nhieu to hp phm; 12 lenh
khong lien tuc, ch co the s dung phm n. To hp nh vay co the dung cho
nhieu loai ieu khien xa cho cac thiet b ie n.
VI. MACH IE N IC PHAT Z9148:
Mach ien IC SZ9148 s dung cong nghe CMOS qui mo ln e che tao la
mot loai linh kien phat xa ma hoa tia hong ngoai rat thong dung, pham vi ien
ap nguon ien la 2,2V~5,5V. V s dung cong nghe CMOS e che tao nen cong
suat tieu hao cc thap, dong ien trang thai tnh ch 10 A, no co the s dung
nhieu to hp phm, linh kien ben ngoai rat t, ma so cua no thch hp vi nhieu
qui mo khac, ch can noi ngoai linh kien LC hoac bo dao ong gom la co the gay
ra dao ong.

v S o chan:












1.Chc nang cua cac chan dan:
IC SZ9148 s dung 16 chan vo nha kieu cam thang hang.
Chan 1: GND la au am cua dong ien noi vi at.
Chan 2: XT la au va o cua bo phan dao ong ben trong.
Chan 3: XTN la au ra cua bo phan dao ong ben trong, ben trong no
khong co ien tr pha n hoi.
v S o khoi ben trong:




















VDD Txout Ttest

Code T3 T2 T1 K6
GND XT
XT K1
K2 K3 K4 K5
16
9
8
1 4
13
SZ 9148
Mach
ien
ong Bo
au ra
Duy tr / Phat Sinh
Tn Hieu Khong
Lien Tuc
Bo Giai Ma
Dao
ong
Phan
Tan
Mac
h
ien
Phm
Vao
Phat Sinh Tn
Hieu Chiong
Phat Sinh Tn
Hieu Bit
10 11 12 13
T1 T2 T3 CODE
T
X
2

TN
X
3





T





K1.4
K2.5
K3.6
K4.7
K5.8
K6.9

15 Txout

Chan 4 en chan 9: (k
1
-k
6
) la oan au va o tn hieu cua ban phm kieu ma
tran.
Chan 10 en chan 12: T
1
T
3
ket hp vi cac chan k
1
en k
6
co the tao thanh
18 phm.
Chan 13: (code) la au vao cua ma so, dung ma so e truyen tai va tiep nhan.
Chan 14: (TCST) la au o th, bnh thng khi s dung co the bo trong
Chan 15:(T
xout
) la au ra tn hieu truyen tai tn hieu 12 bit thanh mot chu ky,
s dung song mang 38kHz e ieu che.
Chan 16: (V
00
) la au dng cua nguon ien noi vi ien ap mot chieu 2,2-5,5
V, ien ap lam viec bnh thng 3V.
Ben trong IC 9148 do bo phan dao ong, bo phan tan, bo giai ma, mach ien
au vao cua ban phm, bo phan phat ma sotao thanh. S o khoi logic ben
trong cua no c trnh bay nh hnh 2.

E Tham so chu yeu cua SZ9148:
Bang 1 :


Muc Luc
K
hieu
ieu
kien o
th
Nho
nhat
ien
hnh
Ln
nhat
n
v

ien ap nguon ie n

V
DD

tat ca
chc
nang
thao tac
2.2 _ 5.0 V

Dong ien lam viec
I
DD
phm
tho ng
kho ng
phu tai
_ _ 1.0 mA

Dong ien trang thai bao hoa
I
DS
phm
m
kho ng
dao
ong
_ _ 10 A



au
vao
k14
k5
code
ie n
ap
au
vao
mc ie n
cao
V
IH
_ 2.0 _ 3.0 V
mc ie n
thap
V
IL
_ 0 _ 0.5 V

k24
k6

dong
ie n
au
vao
mc ie n
cao
I
IH
V
IH
=
3V
20 30 60 A
mc ie n
thap
I
IL
V
IL
=
0V
-1.0 _ 1.0 A

Cod
e
Test
dong
ie n
au
vao
mc ie n
cao
I
IH
V
IH
=
3V
-1.0 _ 1.0 A
mc ie n
thap
I
IL
V
IL
=
0V
20 30 60 A
au
ra

k14
k3
dong
ie n
au
ra
mc ie n
cao
I
OH
V
OH
=
2V
_ _ -500 A
mc ie n
thap
I
OL
V
OL
=
3V
-50 _ _ A
T
XOU
T
dong
ie n
au
ra
mc ie n
cao
I
OH
V
OH =
2V
_ _ -0.1 mA
mc ie n
thap
I
OL
V
OL =
2V 1.0 _ _ mA
ie n tr phan hoi bo dao ong R _ _ 500 _ K
Cong suat dao ong f
osc
- 400 455 600 KH
Z


ETham so cc han cua IC SZ9148:
Bang 2:
Tham so Ky hieu Gia tr cc han n v
ien ap nguon ien
au vao/ra ien ap
Cong suat ton hao
Nhiet o lam viec
Nhiet o cat gi
Dong ien au ra (I
out
)
V
00
V
IN
P
D
T
OPP
T
Sfg
I
OUT

6.0
V
SS
3v ~ V
DD
+3V
200
-200~75
-55 ~125
-5
V
V
MW
0
C
0
C
mA

2. Nguyen ly hoat ong :
Trong IC SZ9148 co cha bo ao pha CMOS la ien tr nh thien cung noi
bo dao ong bang thach anh hoac mach ien dao ong cong hng. Khi tan so
cua bo phan dao ong thiet ke xac nh la 455kHz, th tan so phat xa song
mang la 38 kHz. Ch khi co thao tac nhan phm mi co the tao ra dao ong, v
the am bao cong suat cua no tieu hao thap. No co the thong qua cac chan k
1
en k
6
va au ra th t thi gian chan T
1
en T
3
e tao ra ban phm 6x3 theo
kieu ma tran. Tai t
1
sau phm c sap xep co the tuy chon e tao thanh 63
trang thai tn hieu lien tuc a ra c trnh bay hnh 3:














Hnh 3
Hai hang phm T
2
va T
3
ch co the s dung phm n, hn na, moi khi
an vao phm mot lan ch co the phat xa mot nhom mach xung ieu khien xa.
Neu nh cac phm cung hang ong thi c an xuong th th t u tien cua no
la K
1
> K
2
>

K
3
> K
4
> K
4
> K
5
>K
6
. Khong co nhieu phm chc nang tren cung
mot ng K, neu nh ong thi nhan phm th th t u tie n cua no la T
1

>T
2
>T
3
.
(H) (S1) (S2)


K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6

T1 T2 T3


Lenh phat ra cua no do ma 12 bit tao thanh, trong o C
1
~C
3
(code) la ma
so ngi dung, co the dung e xac nh cac mo thc khac nhau, to hp C
1,
C
2

phoi hp vi mach ie n IC thu SZ9150; to hp C
2
, C
3
phoi hp vi mach ien IC
thu SZ9149. Moi loai to hp co 3 trang thai o la 01, 10, 11 ma khong dung
trang thai 00.
Lenh phat ra 12 bit nh bang 3

C1 C2 C3 H S1 S2 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
D6
Ma ngi dung Ma lien tuc/khong
lien tuc
Ma phm au vao
Cac bit ma C
1
, C
2
, C
3
c thc hien bang viec noi hay khong noi cac
chan T
1,
T
2
, T
3
vi chan code bang cac diode. Neu noi qua diode th cac C tng
ng tr thanh [1] va [0] khi khong c noi. H, S
1
, S
2
la ai dien cho ma so
phat xa lien tuc hoac ma so phat xa khong lien tuc. No oi ng vi cac phm T
1
,
T
2
, T
3
. D
1
en D
6
la ma so cua so lieu phat ra. Phm cua no va s oi ng ma
quan he vi nhau nh bang 4 s

Bang 4 :























Ph
m
So lieu au ra
So H S1 S2 D1 D
2
D
3
D4 D5 D6 Hnh thc
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Lien tuc
2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Lien tuc
3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Lien tuc
4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Lien tuc
5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Lien tuc
6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Lien tuc
7 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Khong lien tuc
8 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Khong lien tuc
9 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Khong lien tuc
10 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Khong lien tuc
11 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Khong lien tuc
12 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Khong lien tuc
13 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Khong lien tuc
14 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Khong lien tuc
15 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Khong lien tuc
16 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Khong lien tuc
17 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Khong lien tuc
18 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Khong lien tuc


A Dang xung phat xa ra:
Khi t le chiem trong cua mach xung dng hnh song do mach ien SZ9148
phat ra la ai dien la [0] khi t le chiem trong cua mach xung dng la 4/3, a i
dien cho [1]}. Bat lua n la [0] hay [1] khi chung c phat ra mach xung dng
c ieu che tren song mang 38kHz, t le chiem trong cua song mang la 1/3,
nh vay co li cho viec giam cong suat tieu hao.
c minh hoa bi hnh 4:













Hnh 4
Viec phat ra cua moi mot chu ky theo th t noi tiep C
1
, C
2
, C
3
,H, S
1
, S
2
, D
1
,
D
2
, D
3
, D
4
, D
5
, D
6
co tong chieu dai c o 48a, trong o a= chu ky mot ma.
Phng phap tnh cua a la: a = (1/f
osc
) 192s. Khi an phm khong lien tuc, au ra
ma ch phat ra 2 chu ky, khi an phm lien tuc, au ra ma se phat ra lien tuc, gia
2 nhom dng lai 280s nh hnh 5a, 5b, 5c trnh bay.
Hnh 5

1a
3a
3a
Bit 0
Bit 1
1
0


VII. MACH IC THU SZ9149 VA SZ9150:
Hai IC nay cung c che tao bang cong nghe CMOS, chung i cap vi
IC phat SZ9148 e ta o thanh mot bo IC thu-phat trong ieu khien xa bang tia
hong ngoai.
E S o chan:
























HP1
SP1
HP5 HP2 Rxin
Code2
4
13
HP4
SZ 9149
1
HP3 GND
Code1
SP2 VDD SP4
8
SP5
OSC
16
SP3
9
SP3 SP2
GND HP5 HP3
SP4 Code1
HP2 HP1
24
8
VDD
HP6
SZ9150
HP4 Rxin
SP1 OSC Code2
1
21 17
4
SP5 SP6 SP7 SP8
CP2 CP1 SP10 SP9
12
13

E S o khoi ben trong IC thu SZ9150:

24 1



23



2







22
21




3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
HP1 HP2 HP3 HP4 HP5 HP6 CP2 CP1 SP10 SPSP9 S8 SP7 SP6 SP5 SP4 SP3 SP2 SP1

1.Chc nang cac chan:
IC SZ9149 co 16 chan, IC SZ9150 co 24 chan. Ca hai eu co vo nha kieu
cam thang hai hang, hnh dang ben ngoai cua no va chan dan c sap xep nh
hnh 6.
- Chan 1: (GND) la a u am cua dong ien noi at.
- Chan 2: (R
xin
) la oan au vao cua tn hieu thu; tn hieu sau khi c loc bo
song mang.
- Chan 3 en 8 :HP1 ~HP6 (HP1~HP5) la a u ra tn hieu lien tuc.
- Chan 9, 10: (CP1, CP2) la au ra tn hieu chu ky, tn hieu thu cua au vao
tng ng mot lan, au ra cua no se lat mot lan.
- Chan 11 en 20: SP10 ~SP1 (SP1~SP5) la au ra tn hieu kho ng lien tuc, tn
hieu tiep nhan cua a u vao tng ng mot lan, mc ien cao cua au ra duy tr
khoang 107ms.
Bo Nh Dch
Hang au Vao
Dao
ong
Bo em So
Lng
Kiem Tra So
Lieu
Bo Nh Dch
Hang
Ghi Mach Xung
au Vao
Mach ien Khoa
Kiem Tra
Ma
o Kiem Tra
Sai So
Mach Ham
Xung
au Vao
FF FF

- Chan 21, 22: (code 2, code 1) la au so sanh ma truyen at tng oi chnh xac,
ma so thu c va ma so nh trc cua mach ien nay phai hoan toan giong
nhau mi co the thu c.
- Chan 23: (OSC) la au vao dao ong. ien tr ghep song song en at va tu
ien cua au nay gay ra dao ong.
- Chan 24: (V
DD
) la au dng cua dong ien, thng mac ien ap khoang
4,5V~5,5V. Mach ie n ben trong cua IC thu do bo phan dao ong, bo em so
cong, bo nh dch hang au vao, bo phan kiem tra so lieu, bo phan kiem tra ma,
mach em mach xung au vao, mach ien khoa co nh, mach ien kiem tra o
sai sot, bo phan em au vao tao thanh. S o khoi logic cua mach ien ben
trong nh hnh7.
ETham so cc han cua IC thu:
Bang 6
Tham so Ky hieu Gia tr cc han n v
ien ap nguon
ien
V
DD
6 V
ien ap vao/ra V
IN
/V-
OUT
V
SS
0.3 ~

V
DD
+
0.3
V
Cong suat ton hao P
D
200 mW
Nhiet o lam viec T
OPR
-20 ~

75 C
Nhiet o cat gi T
STG
-55 ~

125 C
E Tham so chu yeu cua IC thu:
Bang 5:
Tham so Ky
hieu
ieu kien o th Nho
nhat
ien
hnh
Ln
nhat
n
v
ien ap nguon V
DD
T
a
= -20 ~75C 4.5 - 5.5 V
Dong ien lam
viec
I
DD
au ra khong
phu tai
- - 1.0 MA
Tan so dao ong F
OSC
T
a
= -20 ~
-
75C,V
DD
4.5~5.5
27 - 57 KH
z
Tan so s dung
chuan
S
OSC
- - 38 - KH
Z
Bien ap cua tan
so theo ien ap
AVf
osc
V
DD
4.5~5.5 -5 - 5 %
Bien ap cua tan
so theo nhiet o
ATf
osc
T
a
= -30 ~75C -5 - 5 %
Dong
ien
Mc
ien cao
I
OH
o tat ca au
ra,V
oh
=4v
- - -1.0 MA

au ra Mc
ien
thap
I
OL
o tat ca au
ra,V
ol
=4v
1.0 - - MA
Dong
ien
au
vao
Mc
ien cao
I
IH
au
Code,V
IH
=5V
-1.0 - 1.0 A
ien tr keo tren R
UP
au code 10 20 40 KO
ien ap ngng
cua mach ien
au vao
V
IN
au R
XIN
2.0 2.5 3.0 V
o rong cua dai V
hys
R
XIN
- 0.8 - V

2. Nguyen ly hoat ong:
au vao cua tn hieu tiep nhan cua mach IC nay do au vao linh kien quang
ien am nhan, sau khi qua khuech ai, tach song e loai tr song mang 38kHz,
sau o a vao au vao mach ien IC, au tien tien hanh chnh hnh oi vi tn
hieu au vao, sau o lai lam cac x ly khac. S o khoi ve nguyen ly hoat ong
mach ien au vao cua no nh hnh 8.
Hnh 8
Thi gian o kiem tra tn hieu tiep nhan cua mach ien nay va ong ho
bao gi hoat ong ben trong eu do mach ien dao ong am nha n, luc dung ch
can linh kien RC mac song song en at ta i au dao ong OSC cua mach ien

SZ9149 va SZ9150 la c, nh hnh 9 trnh bay.
Hnh 9

Hnh 10
T nguyen ly cua SZ9148 co the biet, moi nhom so lieu cua tn hieu phat
ra la 12 bit, moi lan phat ra 2 nhom so, khi kiem tra tn hieu nhan c, au tien
em tn hieu thu cua nhom 1 gi vao trong bo nh dch hang 12 bit, sau o tien
hanh so sanh tng so cua so lieu nhom 2 va nhom 1 nhan c, neu nh giong
nhau th au ra oi ng pha se t mc ien thap se tang len mc ien cao; neu
nh khac nhau th ga y ra tn hieu sai sot lap tc lam cho he thong tr ve trang
thai ban au. So lieu nhan c cua no so sanh nh trong hnh 10 tren.
Do trong tn hieu phat ra cua IC phat co C
1
, C
2
va C
3
cung cap tn hieu ma
so viet cho ngi dung, v vay au tiep nhan can phai co tn hieu ma so tng
ng, may khac nhau co ma khac nhau e cho co s khac biet
IC SZ9148 phoi h p vi ma ngi dung cua SZ9149 va SZ9150 lan lt co 3
la chon nh bang 7 di ay.
Bang 7:

SZ9148 phoi hp vi SZ9149 SZ9148 phoi hp vi SZ9150
C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1

au C(code) noi vi tu ien cho en at la [1]; trc tiep noi at la [0].
Trong C
1
cua SZ9150 c at [1], 2 so khac khong the at ma la [00]. Khi
ma ngi dung phat hay thu phu hp th ben trong mach ien se gay ra mach
xung khoa, e khoa so lieu au vao va lam cho au ra tang t mc ien thap len

mc ien cao. Neu ma ngi dung khong phu hp, th gay mach xung khong
khoa, au vao dng lai mc ien thap.
Khi m may au vao ma ngi dung th nhat thiet phai a ra mach xung
dng, e lam cho he thong tr ve ban au. e tao ra tn hieu ban au nay, nhat
nh au C at mc [0] noi vi tu ien (0,001 ~0,022 F), nh vay th co the
bao am trong khoang khac bat may, au C ong thi la mc ien thap, lam cho
ben trong mach ien tao ra mach xung tr ve ban au, sau o au C cua no dng
lai mc ien kho a.
Nh trc o a trnh bay, au C
1
, C
2
ong thi at [0] la kho ng c t nhat
hai au nay phai noi vi mot tu ien nh hnh 11 sau:


Hnh 11
Sau khi SZ9149, SZ9150 tien hanh kiem tra chnh xac mach xung thu 12
bit, th au ra tng ng tao thanh mot mach xung dng rong khoang 107ms, la
mach xung n, nh hnh 12 sau:
Hnh 12
Sau khi thu tn hieu lien tuc, ong thi vi viec tao ra mach xung khoa th
1, au vao tng ng tao ra mc ien cao, cho en khi mach xung khoa sau
cung ket thuc 160ms th lai tr lai mc ien thap. Khi thao tac nhieu phm cac
au HP tng ng co the song song ong thi a ra cac xung lien tuc, o la au
ra mach xung lien tuc, minh ho a nh hnh 13:









Hnh 13
Neu nh moi khi nhan c tn hieu phat khong lien tuc, mc ien au CP
tng ng chuyen oi mot lan, loai mach xung chu ky nay(hai trang thai on
nh) thng dung trong nguon chuyen mach dung cho ieu khien thiet b ien,
mach ien lam cam tap am Dang song hoat ong cua no nh hnh 14:

Hnh 14

Phm cua bo phan pha t xa va ma so phm gia au ra cua SZ9150 quan
he vi nhau nh bang 8 sau:

So
phm
So lie u Chc nang au ra
H S1 S2 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Tn hieu lien
tuc
HP1
2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Tn hieu lien
tuc
HP2
3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Tn hieu lien
tuc
HP3
4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Tn hieu lien
tuc
HP4
5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Tn hieu lien
tuc
HP5
6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Tn hieu lien
tuc
HP6
7 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Tn hieu
kho ng lien
tuc
SP1
160m
s
12bi
t
12bi
t
12bi
t
12bi
t
Phm an
Tn hieu lien
tuc
Thong
khoa
au ra duy
tr

8 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Tn hieu
kho ng lien
tuc
SP2
9 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Tn hieu
kho ng lien
tuc
SP3
10 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Tn hieu
kho ng lien
tuc
SP4
11 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Tn hieu
kho ng lien
tuc
SP5
12 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Tn hieu
kho ng lien
tuc
SP6
13 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Tn hieu
kho ng lien
tuc
SP7
14 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Tn hieu
kho ng lien
tuc
SP8
15 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Tn hieu
kho ng lien
tuc
SP9
16 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Tn hieu
kho ng lien
tuc
SP10
17 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Tn hieu chu
ky
CP1
18 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Tn hieu chu
ky
CP2


C. THIET KE MACH:
I. S O KHOI MACH THU- PHAT DUNG TIA HONG NGOAI:
E Nguyen ly chung:
Mot Remote controller gom 2 khoi: khoi phat va khoi thu. Khoi thu da theo
moi nut nhan chc nang se tao ra mot tn hieu ieu khien va phat i bi LED
hong ngoai. Cac tn hieu nay c phan biet vi nhau bi so xung c phat i.
A. S O KHOI MACH PHAT:














E Giai thch s o:
0 Ban phm:
c to chc di dang ma tran phm, moi phm thc hien mot chc nang
rieng. Bat ky phm na o tren ban phm c nhan eu thc hien 2 nhiem vu: th
nhat la tao xung kch, kch khoi tao xung n on hoat ong; th hai la tao ra ma
tng ng la nhng bit nh phan da vao khoi gii han o rong xung.
0 Khoi tao xung n on:
Khi nhan c xung kch thch mach n on tao ra mot xung dng co thi
hang la T. o rong T tuy thuoc vao tr so cu the cua linh kien trong mach.
Nhiem vu chnh cua khoi n on trong mach la tao ra mot o rong xung
dng T duy nhat.



Khoi dao ong chuan:
Khoi nay luon dao o ng tao ra mot chuoi xung co chu ky la hang so. Cong
AND
1
gom hai ngo va o, mot ngo nhan chuoi xung cua khoi dao ong chuan a
en, ngo con lai la o rong xung T. Nh va y ngo ra cua cong AND
1
ch cho qua
mot so chu ky xung nhat nh khi mach n on hoat ong.
TIMER
R
Ban
Phm
Gii Han o
Rong Xung
Khoi Tao Xung
n on
Khoi Dao ong
Tao Song Mang
Khoi
Phat
Khoi Dao
Chuan

AND1
AND
2
AND
3





0 Khoi gii han o rong xung:
Thc chat ay la mach em at trc, ch tieu la nhng bit nh phan tuy theo
tng phm cu the c an vao, ma nhng d lieu tng ng se c nap vao
mach em, e thc hien em t trang thai o, ta co the s dung mach em len
hoac em xuong. ngo ra cua mach em la nhng o rong xung tng ng vi
phm an c an vao.
Tren ban phm co bao nhieu phm an th mach em cho ra bay nhieu o rong
xung.
Hai ngo vao cong AND
2
, mot ngo nhan o rong xung khac nhau do khoi gii
han o rong xung a ti, ngo con lai la so chu ky on nh(hang so), tuy theo o
rong xung ma cong AND
2
cho phep xung i qua.
Tnh chnh xac cua mach phu thuoc vao khoi gii han o rong xung, ch can sai
lech o rong xung la sai lech oi tng.
0 Khoi dao ong tao song mang:
V tn hieu ieu khien co tan so thap. Khong u manh e bc xa ra khoang
khong gian can thiet en mach thu, do vay phai ieu che no vi song mang co
tan so cao e u nang lng phat i. Khoi dao ong tao song mang thng c
thiet ke dao ong vi tan so vai chuc kHz tr len.
0 au phat:
Tn hieu cua ngo ra cua cong AND
3
co dong nho nen khong u kha nang
thuc LED hong ngoai. Do o, phai qua mot bo khuech ai dong va ap thch hp
e thuc LED phat tn hieu hong ngoai.
B. S O KHOI MACH THU:
















Dao ong Chuan
au Thu Nhan Dang Tn
Hieu ieu Khien
n On
Mach Chot
Nhan Thc Chc
Nang Rafdio Bottom
Giai Ma Chon
Chc Nang
Nhan Chc Nang
ON/OFF

0 au thu:
Dung photodiode e nhan dang hong ngoai, sau o oi tn hieu hong ngoai
thanh tn hieu ien. ong thi vi viec oi tn hieu hong ngoa i, tn hieu ieu
khien cung c tach ra khoi tn hieu song mang, a no ve ung dang cua xung
ieu khien .
0 Mach n on:
Mach nay ch ho at ong khi co tn hieu thu t mach phat. Tn hieu thu co
dang xung vuong, ne n can co mach loc tao ra gai nhon kch cho no hoat ong.
Ngo ra cua khoi nay co dang xung vuong, xung nay ieu khien mach em va
mach chot.
0 Mach nhan dang tn hieu:
Thc chat ay la mach em, thc hien em so xung do au thu a en. So
xung ma mach em nhan c chnh la tn hieu ieu khien c phat i.
0 Mach chot:
D lieu a vao mach chot la d lieu t ngo ra cua mach em. Sau khi chot
d lieu se rat on nh khong chap chn do o giup giai ma c chnh xac.
0 Khoi giai ma chon chc nang :
Nhiem vu chnh la nhan tn hieu on nh sau khi chot, t o giai ma chon
chc nang. a ch cung thay oi khi mach phat co phm an, va do o tng chc
nang cung thay oi theo. Cac ng chc nang cua khoi nay gom 16 ng ra
cha c s ly phan chc nang.
0 Phan chc nang ON/OFF:
Tuy theo yeu ca u s dung ma ta phan thanh chc nang tren. Chc nang
ON/OFF ieu khien cac oi tng oc lap. Chc nang radio bottom ieu khien
cac trang thai phu thuoc cua cung mot oi tng hoac cac thiet b lam viec luan
phien nhau.

II. THIET KE MACH PHAT IEU KHIE N XA BANG TIA HONG NGOAI:
IC s dung trong mach ieu khien co nhieu loai, nhng phan nay em chon
cap IC chuyen dung SZ9148 va SZ9150 e thi cong mach bi nhng u iem
cua chung.
ng dung cap IC SZ9148/SZ9150 thi cong mach thu-phat hong ngoai ieu
khien t xa 6 phm nhan v cac thong so sau:
- ien ap nguon may phat 4V en 5V, ien ap nguon may thu la 5V en
12V.
- Khoang cach phat trong pham vi t 10m en 12m .
- Cac chc nang ieu khien ong m nguon ON/OFF.


1. Thiet ke mach phat:
IC SZ9148 co kha nang tao ra to hp 18 phm t ma tran 6x3. Trong o co 6
phm lien tuc (phm 1 en phm 6) va 12 phm khong lien tuc (phm 7 en phm
18). c mo ta nh sau:
Ma tran phm

Trong o H, S
1
, S
2
(tng ng vi T
1
, T
2
,T
3
) la ai dien cho ma so phat xa
lien tuc(H) hoac khong lien tuc (S
1
, S
2
).
Theo yeu cau cua e th ieu khien quat nay bao gom cac phm chc nang
sau:
ieu khien ong ngat mach quat.
| ieu khien toc o (co 3 cap).
ieu khien cho quat quay qua lai.
+ ieu khien hen gi.
Bi vay ta ch s dung 6 phm nhan khong lien tuc t phm 7 en phm 12.
Phm 7: dung e ieu khien ong ngat mach.
Phm 8: dung e ieu khien toc o thap (1) cua quat .
Phm 9: dung e ieu khien toc o trung bnh (2) cua quat.
Phm 10: dung e ieu khien toc o cao (3) cua quat.
Phm 11: dung e ieu khien quat quay qua lai.
Phm 12: dung e hen gi.
0 Ma ngi dung C
1
, C
2
, C
3
:
Trong tn hieu phat ra cua mach phat co C
1
, C
2
, C
3
cung cap tn hieu ma so
viet cho ngi dung, v vay au tiep nhan can phai co tn hieu ma so tng ng,
may khac nhau co ma so khac nhau e cho co s khac biet.
Cac bit ma C
1
, C
2
, C
3
c thc hien bang viec noi cac chan T
1
, T
2
, T
3
tng
ng qua chan code (13) bi cac diode hay khong noi. Neu noi qua diode th bit C
tng ng len mc [1], khong noi th bit C tng ng mc [0].
Theo yeu cau e tai s dung 6 chc nang nen em chon IC phoi hp IC phat
SZ9148 la IC thu SZ9150 va bit ma ngi dung la:

C
1
C
2
C
3

1 1 1
Vay mach thu SZ9150 hai chan code C
1
, C
2
ta lan lt noi vi 2 tu xuong
mass.
Tng ng vi IC SZ9148 ket noi T
1
vi code thong qua D
1
e tao ra C
1

mc [1].
T
2
vi code thong qua D
2
e tao C
2
mc [1] va T
3
vi code thong qua D
3
e
tao C
3
mc [1].
Nhng trong mach thi cong e n gian bt va phu hp vi ieu kien cua
ban than, em ch thi cong mach s dung 4 phm chc nang. Do o, em chon IC
phoi hp vi IC SZ9148 la IC SZ9149, va chon ma ngi dung la:
C
1
C
2
C
3

1 1 0
Vay C
2
(13) cua IC SZ9149 noi vi tu e tao ra mc [1], chan C
3
(14) cua IC
SZ9149 noi trc tiep xuong mass e tao ra mc [0].
Tng ng ben IC phat SZ9148:
- T
1
noi vi code qua diode D
1
e tao ra C
1
=[1].
- T
2
noi vi code qua diode D
2
e tao ra C
2
=[1].
- T
3
khong noi nen C
3
=[0].
0 Bo dao ong tao tan so song mang:
Do cau tao ben trong cua IC phat SZ 9148 a co san mot cong ao dung e
phoi hp vi cac linh kien ben ngoai bang thach anh hoac mach LC e tao thanh
mach dao ong.
S o cua mach nh sau:








e n gian cho viec thiet ke va tang o chnh xac cua ta n so, nen chon
thach anh lam mach dao ong.
0 Chon tan so dao ong:
Tan so song mang ma truyen la tan so thu c do vi mach phat ma hoa sau
khi tien hanh chia tan 12 oi vi tan so dao ong cua bo cong hng bang thach
anh c au ben ngoai, cho nen mc o on nh va o thap cua tan so nay phu
thuoc vao chat lng va qui cach cua mach thach anh.
Tan so dao ong cua mach s dung trong bo phat xa ieu khien t xa
thng lay t 400kHz en 500 kHz. Do o, tan so song mang tng ng thng
Y?
CRYSTAL
R2
1 2
C1 C2
R2
1 2
C1 C2
L1 Ct

co cac loai nh: 32kHz, 35kHz, 38kHz va 40kz. Ch lenh ma hoa thng dung
phng thc phat i bang tan so song mang; mot mat la e nang cao cong suat
tr so nh phat xa tn hieu, mat khac la ng dung mach chon tan so cua au thu
hong ngoai lam cho song tap nhieu lot vao tan trc cua bo khuech ai theo con
ng quang ien c chon bo tan so c che, tang them sc chong nhieu cua
may thu.
0 Bo khuech ai:
e cng o bc xa anh sang ra moi trng cang manh th dong qua led phat
phai u ln. Do o, tn hieu sau khi c x ly se cho qua bo khuech ai, khuech
ai tn hieu o ln nh ta mong muon.
Bo khuech ai co the dung nhieu loai, loai dung IC Op-amp, loai dung
transistor. Khi s dung transistor co the dung 1 transistor hay nhieu transistor.
e n gian trong khi rap mach va giam chi ph nen chon mach khuech ai gia
darlington.
Co s o nh sau:











I
LED
= |1.|2.I
B
Va em chon Transistor T
1
la 2SC1815 ;T
2
la 2SA 1015
Ib
VCC
Q2
Q1
LED
R

S O NGUYEN LY MACH PHAT


O Nguyen ly hoat ong cua mach:
T nguyen ly cua IC SZ9148 co the biet moi lan mach phat ra 2 nhom so
lieu, moi nhom so lie u cua tn hieu phat ra la 12 bit, trong o co 3 bit ma ngi
dung (C
1
, C
2
, C
3
), 6 bit ma phm vao (D
1
en D
6
) va 3 bit ma lien tuc hay khong
lien tuc (H, S
1
, S
2
). Khi ta nhan bat ky mot trong cac phm co th t t 7 en 12
th tai phm o len m c cao [1], cac phm con lai van mc thap. Chang han nh
nhan phm so 9 th chan 6 (K
3
) len mc cao va luc nay mach ien ban phm nap
vao la 001000 hay ma so cua so lieu phat ra D
1
~ D
6
la 001000 tng ng nh ket
noi s o nguyen ly cac phm ket noi vi T
2
(ng vi S
1
) cung len mc cao,
ay la cac phm khong lien tuc con T
1
va T
3
9ng vi H va S
2
) van mc thap,
vay ma phat sinh tn hieu lien tuc va khong lien tuc bay gi la 010, hn na nh
s o mach ket noi T
1
noi qua chan code qua diode D
1
, T
2
noi qua chan code
qua diode D
2
, T
3
noi qua chan code qua diode D
3
. Do o, tao ra ma ngi dung
C
1
, C
2
, C
3
tng ng la 110. Va 3 ma: ma ngi dung, ma lien tuc / ma khong
lien tuc va ma so lieu c ket hp vi nhau qua cong OR a en mach ong
bo tn hieu ra ket hp vi song mang a ra chan (15) T
xout
en bo khuech ai
darlington dung 2 transistor NPN va PNP qua diode phat bc xa ra mo trng.
Nh vay nhom lenh phat tng ng khi nha n phm 9 la:
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Dang song mo ta:
2. Thiet ke mach thu:
0 Bo LED thu: lam nhiem vu nhan tn hieu anh sang t bo phat va bien thanh
tn hieu ien, a vao mach khuech ai tach song.
0 Bo khuech ai va tach song: e phuc hoi lai tn hieu goc u ln e ieu
khien cac thanh phan ke tiep ta s dung bo khuech ai n gian dung transistor
noi E chung, tn hieu vao t cc B, tn hieu ra lay tren cc C. Tn hieu sau khi
khuech ai va loc triet tan so song mang ta a vao chan R
in
(2) cua IC SZ9150.











Tng ng vi cac phm ben bo phat, ta s dung 6 phm khong lien tuc
th t t 7 en 12, ben bo thu cung s dung 6 ngo ra khong lien tuc t SP
1
en
SP
6
, tn hieu ngo ra lan lt a ra cac mach chot, e chot d lie u lai ieu khien
cho rle.
0 Mach chot:







Bang trang thai
Ngo vao Ngo ra Ngo vao Ngo ra
S R Q QN S R LC
K
D Q
n+1
QN
n+1
H L H L L L L L H
L H L H L L H H L
H H H H L L
P Nguyen ly hoat o ng:
Bnh thng cha co xung clock th Q=[0] suy ra QN=[1]. Do o, d lieu ch
san chan D (data) la [1] hn n a theo bang trang thai th ta noi S=[0], R=[1] th
d nhien Q=[0].
Khi ta nhan bat ky 1 phm ben phan phat se tao ra chuoi xung tac ong
en phan thu sau khi giai ma, phuc hoi tn hieu tac ong en xung clock (chan
3), luc nay mach chot hoat ong, d lieu (data) c nap vao ngo ra Q thay oi
trang thai len mc [1] th QN=[0] LED sang ch th mach chot a hoat ong, luc
nay th d lieu ch san chan 5 khong con mc [1] na ma la mc [0] . Khi ta
VCC
VCC
U?A
4013
D
5
CLK
3
Q
1
Q
2
S
6
R
4
LED
R
R?
RESISTOR
IN
OUT
VCC
C
Comment [LOVE3]:

nhan tiep phm tren mot lan na th chan 3 nhan c xung tac ong , tng t
d lieu mc [0] c nap vao chot Q thay oi trang thai tr ve mc [0] tng
ng QN len mc [1], luc nay, d lieu ch san lai len mc [1]. Neu ta tiep tuc
nhan phm o th qua trnh lap lai tng t.
0 Bo ong ngat dung transistor:
e ong ngat cac ma ch ien t, ngi ta dung cac khoa em ien t. Cac
khoa nay co 2 trang thai phan biet, trang thai ong (con goi la trang thai dan)
khi ien tr gi a 2 cc cua khoa rat nho; va trang thai ngat (con go i la trang thai
tat) khi ien tr cua khoa rat ln, coi nh h mach. Viec chuyen oi khoa t
trang thai nay sang trang thai khac la do tac ong cua tn hieu ieu khien ngo
vao, ong thi qua trnh chuyen trang thai c thc hien vi mot van toc nhat
nh, goi la toc o ong m cua kho a.
e lam kho a ien t ta co the dung transistor BJT hoac FET, tuy theo
ien ap phan cc ma transitor co the lam viec trang thai tat hoac dan (s dung
che o khuech ai hay bao hoa). Thong thng ngi ta s du ng mach khoa
dung transistor BJT mac EC (cc phat chung), bi v no oi hoi cong suat ieu
khien thap.
PS o mach tieu bieu:




Hnh a















Hnh b Hnh c
V
F
: ien ap m.
I
cs
: dong I
c
bao hoa.
Vi
VCC
R
R1
Q
VC
C
VC
E
VCC/
Rc
B
Vces
Ics
VBE
IB
V

V
CES
: ien ap bao hoa.
Muon cho transistor T
1
nam trang thai ngat th ien ap U
BE
cua chuyen
tiep J
E
phai nho hn ien ap ngng V
F.

V
BE
< V
F
Do o phai thoa man ieu kien :
V
I
+I
CBO
x R < V
F
(I
BCO
:Dong r ) .
Transistor T
1
lam viec trang thai dan khi V
I
tac ong xung dng, luc
nay tuy theo dong ngo vao I
B
ma transistor dan co the lam viec vung khuech
ai hoac vung bao hoa.
Trong mach khuech ai: chuyen tiep J
E
phan cc thuan, chuyen tiep J
c

phan cc nghch. Dong I
B
co gia tr dng va tho a man cac he thc sau.
I
C
= I
B
+ I
CEO

I
E
= I
B
+ I
C

ien ap cc thu V
O
= V
CE
= V
CC
-I
C
R
C
. (T)
ien ap ngo ra phu thuoc vao tn hieu ieu khien ngo vao. Tuy nhien
e tang kha nang chong nhieu cua khoa chon transistor lam viec vung bao hoa
(v du nh iem B tre n man hnh b). Trong vung nay V
I
ln nen dong I
B
va dong
I
C
cung ln.
T cong thc(T) do I
C
ln, suy ra:
V
O


= V
CE
rat nho (ien ap bao hoa)
V
CES
= 0,1V en 0,2V
ieu nay tng ng vi tnh trang ca 2 chuyen tiep J
E
va J
C
eu phan cc
thuan.
Do V
CES
rat nho nen gia tr I
C
c xem nh V
CC
va R
C
quyet nh.
I
C
~ I
CS
= (V
CC
V
CES
)/ R
C
I
C
= V
CC

/R
C
k Thiet ke mach thc te:






V
CC
=12v
V
I
= 5v
V
I
= I
B
R
B
+V
BE
suy ra: I
B
= (V
I
-V
BE
)/R
B

ieu kien e transistor dan bao ho a:
I
B
> I
Cmax
/|
sat
~ I
C sat
/|
sat
v |
sat
=20 25
V
CC
/R
B
> (V
CC
-V
Cesat
)/(|
sat
R
reley
)
Vi
VCC
R1
Q
T
RELAY

|
sat
R
reley
> R
B
Chon | = 20
R
reley
=400 O

R
B
=3,3 KO
q THIET KE MACH HE N GI:
Muc ch yeu cau: mach hen gi thiet ke 4 cap hen gi. Cap th nhat
mach hen 15 phut, ca p th hai mach hen 30 phut, cap th ba hen 60 phut, cap
th 4 hen 120 phut.
0 Mach tao xung co chu ky 15 phut:
Xung co chu ky 15 phut dung e lam xung clock cung cap cho mach em
co so at trc (IC 74192) hoat ong.
Ta co: T=15 phut = 900 giay
Suy ra f = 1/T =1/900 = 0,00111 Hz
Do vay ta can phai co mot mach dao ong rieng, sau o cho qua bo chia
e co c tan so theo yeu cau la : f=0,00111Hz.
Mach dao ong co the dung thach anh. Bo chia th co nhieu loai, co the
dung IC 4020 , IC 4040 hay IC 4060 . . . ay em chon IC 4060 bi ben trong
cau truc cua no co san mot cong NAND va mot cong NOT e phoi hp vi linh
kien ben ngoai tao tha nh mach dao ong.
E Tnh toan mach dao ong:
+ Mach dung RC:









Mach ket hp RC ben ngoai IC 4060
Va co f
osc
= 1/ (2,3 R
t
C
t
) (1)
IC 4060 co kha nang chia vi so chia nho nhat la 2
4
=16, va so chia ln
nhat 2
14
= 16384.
Tan so yeu cau: F
osc
/2
13
= 0,00111 ( H
Z
)
f
osc
= 0.00111 2
13
= 9,1 (H
Z
)
T cong thc (1) ta co:
1 /(2,3 R
t
C
t
) = 9,1 (H
Z
)
R
t
C
t
= 1 /(9,1 2,3) = 0,0477
Chon C
t
= 104PF = 10010
-9
F
R
t
=0,0477/10010
-9
=47710
3
O.
MR
4060
R2
Rt
C2 Ct
1
2
3 1 2

Vay gia tr tnh toan c xac nh la:
C
t
= 100 nF
R
t
= 470KO.
e ieu chnh cho ma ch co c chu ky T chnh xac, ta dung bien tr 500
kO.
Chon gia tr tu C
2
va ien tr R
2
: khi chon hai gia tr nay phai thoa man
cac ieu kien sau: R
2
>> R
t

C
2
< C
t
R
t
C
t
> R
2
C
2
Do o ta chon C
2
= 33pF ; R
2
= 1000kO
+ Mach dung thach anh










Mach ket hp thach anh ben ngoai IC 4060.
Nh tnh toan phan mach RC:
F
osc1
= 9,1 H
Z

Neu dung thach anh dao ong 9,1 Hz th rat kho tm tren th trng, nen
dung them mot IC 4060 na e co c tan so ln hn.
f
osc1
= f
osc2
/ 2
12
=9,1 (H
Z
) .
f
osc2 9,1
= 9,1 2
12
= 37 (KH
Z
)
Vay ta chon thach anh 37 KH
Z
va tu ieu chnh la 24 pF.
0 Mach tao ra so at trc:
Trong mach hen gi ta co s dung IC em at trc so em 74192. e tao
ra so at trc o (tng ng vi cac cap hen gi), s dung IC em 4017B, d a
vao tnh chat dch dan len cua cac ngo ra khi co xung clock tac ong vao.

4060
MR
4060
MR
Ct
1
2
3
C2
Rt
1 2
R2
1
2
3 1 2
R2
Y?
CRYSTAL
CRYSTAL
C

E Ngyen tac hoat ong cua mach:
Khi ta an nut ieu khien hen gi t bo phat, th ngo ra tng ng(chan
SP
5
) bo thu a ra mot xung, xung nay lam xung clock tac ong len chan CP
0

(14-clock) cua IC 4017B; luc nay IC 4017 hoat ong, ngo ra Q
1
cua no len mc
cao (Q
0
cua no t mc cao xuong mc thap). Nh vay so 0001 (Q
4
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
) c
a en lam so at trc cho IC em at trc 74192 (P
3
P
2
P
1
P
0
), va tng ng
cho cap hen gi 15 phut.
Tiep tuc neu ta nhan nut ieu khien hen gi lan th hai th Q
2
cua IC
4017B t mc thap len mc cao, ngha la ta co so at trc 0010 tng ng vi
cap hen gi 30 phut. Tng t neu an nut ieu khien hen gi la n th ba va bon
th ta co so at trc la 0100 va 1000 tng ng vi cac cap hen gi 60 phut va
120 phut.
Khi ta nhan nut lan th 5 th Q
5
cua IC 4017B t mc thap len mc cao,
tac ong vao chan MR(5) lam mach em 4017B tr lai trang thai ban au, ngo
Q
1
len mc cao [1]. Ngo nay a qua cong ao, mot nhanh qua LED e hien th
timer, mot nhanh a en cong AND e kho ng che phan sau
Luc cha s dung timer ngo ra Q
0
luon mc cao, qua cong ao lai xuong
mc thap, led hien th timer tat. Khi s dung timer ngo ra Q
0
mc thap, qua
cong ao lai len mc cao, LED hien th timer sang len bao cho ngi s dung
biet la quat hoat ong che o hen gi.
Nhan nut ieu khien hen gi lan sau th qua trnh lap lai nh cu.
0 Mach em co so hen trc:
S o mach:










P0
P1
P2
P3
Den cong NAND 4017
CLK
14
ENA
13
RST
15
Q0
3
Q1
2
Q2
4
Q3
7
Q4
10
Q5
1
Q6
5
Q7
6
Q8
9
Q9
11
CO
12
1 2
VCC
4017
CLK
14
ENA
13
RST
15
Q0
3
Q1
2
Q2
4
Q3
7
Q4
10
Q5
1
Q6
5
Q7
6
Q8
9
Q9
11
CO
12
74192
A
15
B
1
C
10
D
9
UP
5
DN
4
LOAD
11
CLR
14
QA
3
QB
2
QC
6
QD
7
CO
12
BO
13
7408
1
2
3 Q
K1
RELAY SPDT
4002
2
3
4
5
1
7404
1 2
R1


E Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Tn hieu xung c tao ra t bo chia IC 4060 chu ky T = 15 phut a en
lam xung clock tac ong cho IC em at trc so em 74192. Nh vay c sau 15
phut xung nay tac ong IC em 74192 mot lan.
V ta thiet ke cho mach em xuong nen xung nay a vao chan CP
D
(4),
con chan CP
U
(5) th treo len mc cao .Khi nhan nut hen gi bo phat, th ngo ra
tng ng bo thu xuat hien mot xung tac ong len IC 4017B. IC 4017B tao ra
mot so at trc a en lam so at trc (P
3
P
2
P
1
P
0
) cho IC em 74192. Khi co
xung clock co chu ky T = 15 phut tac ong ti IC em 74192 th vi mach nay se
em xuong cho em khi ve 0000 roi qua cong NOR bon ngo vao len mc cao va
ket hp vi ngo Q
0
cua vi mach 4017 luc nay mc thap qua cong ao len mc
cao e i qua cong AND va lam cho transistor Q
H
hoat ong lam rle hut dan
en mach ien quat b ngat.
Chang han luc ta muon hen 15 phut (an hen gi lan th nhat) th co so at
trc la 0001. Sau 15 phut th vi mach 74192 se em ve 0000, tac ong lam cho
role hut, mach ien quat b ngat. Hen 30 phut (an hen gi lan th hai) th so at
trc tang len la 0010, sau 15 phut th vi mach 74192 em xuong so 0001, sau 15
phut na se em ve 0000, tac ong ti role, mach ien quat b ngat. Tng t
cho 60 phut va 120 phut.

S O NGUYEN LY CUA MACH THU

| Nguyen tac hoat ong cua mach thu:
Khi nhan bat ky phm nao bo phan phat tng ng LED phat co nhiem
vu bien dong ien thanh quang phat xa ra moi trng, LED thu nhan tn hieu o
bien oi t quang thanh ien, sau o, a qua bo khuech ai, tach song loai bo
song mang, roi a ti au vao mach ien IC SZ 9150 (chan 2 R
IN
), au tien IC
tien hanh chnh hnh oi vi tn hieu au vao, sau o x ly cac bo phan dao
ong, bo em so cong, bo nh dch hang au vao, bo nh dch hang kiem tra so
lieu ghi, mach xung au vao, kiem tra ma, o kiem tra sai sot cuoi cung la mach
ham xung au vao e em cac ngo ra lien tuc va khong lien tuc.
T oi vi mach ieu khien toc o ong c cua quat: khi ta nha n mot trong ba
phm toc o phan phat (8,9,10) ,th tn hieu khong lien tuc tng ng mach
thu cung a en cac ngo ra khong lien tuc SP
2
, SP
4
, SP
4
(chan 19, 18, 17). Khi
nhan c tn hieu sau khi x ly, ngo ra se len mc cao trong khoang 107ms, cac
ngo ra nay c noi en cac mach chot (IC 4013) e gi nguyen mc cao kch
cho trnsistor tang ke dan bao hoa, co dong qua rle va rle ong mach, quat se
hoat ong toc o ta mong muon.
T oi vi mach hen gi:
Khi nhan phm hen gi phan phat, ngo ra phan thu tng ng (chan 15) len
mc cao, sau o cho qua bo khuech ai e cho tn hieu u ln kch vao chan
clock cua IC 4017B, ngo ra Q
1
cua IC 4017B thay oi trang thai len mc [1], o
cung la tn hieu at cho bo em at trc IC 74192 (P
0
= [1]), so at la 0001. Sau
15 phut cac ngo ra cua bo em se ve 0000 (s dung em xuong 0001 en 0000,
mot xung co chu ky co cho ky 15 phut), cac ngo ra nay cho qua cong NOR, cac
ngo vao cua cong NOR 0000 th ngo ra le n mc [1] kch transistor T8 dan bao
hoa, rle thong mach, ong tiep iem ngat he thong. Tng t nhan phm hen
gi lan th hai th sau 30 phut he thong se ngat, nhan lan th ba th sau 60 phut
he thong ngat ien, nhan lan th t th sau 120 phut he thong ien ngat, nhan lan
th nam mach het che o hen gi, nhan tiep lan na chu ky se lap lai t au.
T oi vi mach ien ieu khien motor lam cho quat quay qua lai: khi nhan
phm ieu khien motro th ngo ra tng ng phan thu (chan 16) len mc cao
cung trong khoang thi gian 107ms qua mach chot tn hieu c chot mc cao
kch transistor T6 dan bao hoa, rle thomg mach, ong tiep iem cap nguon cho
motor ho at ong, neu nhan phm mot lan n a th tn hieu ngo ra (chan 16) cua IC
9150 kch xung clock mach chot, luc nay d lieu chot truyen en ngo ra se la
mc thap, transitor T6 ngat, role ngng hoat ong. Neu nhan tiep qua trnh se
lap lai.
Tng t ng vi nut nhan power, transistor T1 (role A1) e ong, ngat
ien.
Comment [LOVE4]:

T THIET KE CHON TAI THI CONG:
Vi e tai thiet ke mach ieu khien t xa dung tia hong ngoai a chon co
kha nang dung e ieu khien ong ngat mach oc lap, co the dung e ieu
khien ong ngat mach cua ong c. Do o, e n gian trong viec thi cong em
quyet nh dung mach e ieu chnh quat ban.
Hien nay, tren th trng corat nhieu loai quat ban, loai dung vong ngan
mach, loai dung tu thng trc Nhng pho bien nhat la loai dung tu thng
trc, so cc cua ong c dang 2p = 4 hay 2p = 6 . Da tren ket cau ay u cua
quat ban tren ly thuyet em thiet ke bo ieu khien quat ban cho ca ba bo phan:
ieu chnh toc o, hen gi, va ieu chnh motor quay cua quat. Nhng do thi
gian co han va giam chi ph thi cong em ch thi cong bo ieu chnh toc o cua
quat.
Cac phng phap ieu chnh toc o dung trong quat ban thuoc mot trong ba
dang sau:
- Dung mach ien t thay oi ien ap at vao ong c (thng gap cac
quat ban noi a Nhat Ban).
- Dung cuon cam (at di e chan quat) nh quat Hunter hay
Stirling cua My hoa c AC fan cua Nhat.
- Dang con lai dung bo day thay oi toc o (con goi la bo so) at chung
ranh vi day quan chnh hay day quan phu e ieu chnh thay oi toc o.
Trong dang nay ta co the dung mot trong hai dang mach oi toc o: mach
oi toc hnh L (day so at chung ranh day quan phu) va mach oi toc hnh T
(day so at chung ranh day quan chnh).
Ta co the khao sat phng phap au day cho quat ban chi tiet hn, khi
dung s o oi toc hnh T hay hnh L bang cach ve cac s o vong tron lien ket
cho cac nhom.
Vi quat ban co 2p = 4, pha chnh hay phu c bo tr thanh 4 nhom, lien
ket cac nhom theo dang cc that, va e cho hoat ong cua quat c tot (t
trng phan bo eu trong stator khi oi toc) moi phan day so nen chia thanh 4
phan bo tr trong 4 nhom cua pha chnh hay pha phu (tuy theo dung mach oi toc
hnh T hay hnh L).

















S o nguyen ly mach oi toc hnh T















S o nguye n ly mach oi toc hnh L

e de theo doi, au tien ta ve dang lie n ket ra 5 au day cho quat ban (khi
dung mach oi toc hnh T) theo s o vong tron sau:

















S o vong tron mo ta cach au day cho mach oi toc o hnh T(2p=4).
Bo oi toc o at chung ranh pha chnh ong c co 5 au ra day 3 cap toc o.



S o vong tron mo ta cach au day cho mach oi toc o hnh L(2p=4).
Bo oi toc o at chung ranh pha phu. ong c co 5 au ra day, 3 cap toc o:


KET LUAN

e tai ieu khien qua t t xa bang tia hong ngoai tuy khong la mot e tai
mi me va cung khong phai la mot e tai ln, nhng qua o a phan anh c
s van dung cac kien thc a hoc mot cach khoa hoc, tinh than la m viec nghiem
tuc, s tm toi hoc hoi, nghien cu cac kien thc mi cua em, cung vi s giup
va ch day tan tnh cua thay NGUYE N PHNG QUANG va cac thay co
trong khoa ien-ien t.
Do thi gian lam luan an co han nen e tai cua em con co mot so han
che, neu co ieu kien th t ay co the phat trien them hng thiet ke e mach
co nhieu tnh nang hn, hieu qua hn, toi u hn.
Nhn chung mach c thiet ke co o chnh xac, tnh on nh cao, chong
nhieu tot va co the c ng dung e ieu khien cac thiet b khac trong sinh
hoat.
Sau mot thi gian la m luan an. Em a rut ra c rat nhieu kinh nghiem
cho ban than, o cung la nh vao s ch day nhiet tnh cua cac thay co va s gop
y cua cac ban.
Sau cung mot lan na em xin chan thanh ba y to long biet n cua mnh oi
vi thay NGUYE N PHNG QUANG va thay co trong khoa a giup em
hoan thanh cuon luan an nay. Xin cam n s giup cua cac ban gan xa trong
thi gian thc hien o an.
TP.Ho Ch Minh
Thang 02 nam 2000


HUY NH NGOC DU NG

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Tra cu vi mach so CMOS
2. Linh kien quang ien t.
Dng Minh Tr
3. Ky Thuat so thc hanh .
Huynh c Thang
4. Ky thuat ien t .
Tran Thanh Mai
5. Mot so tap ch ien t
Hoi vo tuyen ien t Viet Nam
6. ieu khien t xa
Nguyen Cong Hien.
7. May phat vo tuyen
Nguyen Van Ngo