CHNG I

NG LC HC CHT IM
III. CU HI N TP
1. H qui chiu l g? Ti sao c th ni chuyn ng hay ng yn c tnh cht tng
i. Cho v d.
2. Phng trnh chuyn ng l g? Qu o chuyn ng l g? Nu cch tm phng
trnh qy o. Phng trnh chuyn ng v phng trnh qu o khc nhau nh th no?
3. Phn bit vn tc trung bnh v vn tc tc thi? Nu ngha vt l ca chng.
4. nh ngha v nu ngha vt l ca gia tc? Ti sao phi a thm khi nim gia tc
r dv
c ng khng?
tip tuyn v gia tc php tuyn? Trong trng hp tng qut vit a =
dt
Ti sao?
5. T nh ngha gia tc hy suy ra cc dng chuyn ng c th c.
6. Tm cc biu thc vn tc gc, gia tc gc trong chuyn ng trn, phng trnh
chuyn ng trong chuyn ng trn u v trn bin i u.
7. Tm mi lin h gia cc i lng a, v, R, , , at, an trong chuyn ng trn.
8. Ni gia tc trong chuyn ng trn u bng khng c ng khng? Vit biu thc
ca gia tc tip tuyn v gia tc php tuyn trong chuyn ng ny.
9. Chuyn ng thng thay i u l g ? Phn bit cc trng hp:a = 0, a >0, a< 0.
10. Thit lp cc cng thc cho to , vn tc ca cht im trong chuyn ng thng
u, chuyn ng thay i u, chuyn ng ri t do.
11. Thit lp cng thc lin h gia gc quay, vn tc gc v gia tc gc trong chuyn
ng trn u.
12. nh ngha h c lp. Pht biu nh lut Newton th nht v nh lut Newton th
hai. Hai nh lut ny p dng cho h qui chiu no? Ti sao?
13. Phn bit s khc nhau gia hai h: h khng chu tc dng v h chu tc dng
ca cc lc cn bng nhau. H no c coi l c lp.
14.Chng minh cc nh l v ng lng v xung lng ca lc. Nu ngha ca cc
i lng ny.
15. Pht biu nh lut Newton th ba. Nu ngha ca n.
16. H qui chiu qun tnh l g? H qui chiu qun tnh trong thc t?
17. Lc qun tnh l gi? Nu vi v d v lc ny. Phn bit lc qun tnh ly tm v lc
ly tm. Nu v d minh ha v trng thi tng trng lng, gim trng lng v khng trng
lng.
18. C hc c in quan nim nh th no v khng gian, thi gian?
19. Trnh by php tng hp vn tc v gia tc trong c hc Newton.
20. Trnh by php bin i Galilo v nguyn l tng i Galilo.

IV. BI TP
Th d 1. Mt t chuyn ng nhanh dn u, i qua hai im A, B cch nhau 20m
trong thi gian 2s. Vn tc ca t khi i qua B l 12m/s. Tm:
4

a. Gia tc ca chuyn ng v vn tc ca t khi i qua im A.

b. Qung ng m t i c t im khi hnh n im A.
Bi gii:
v vA
a. a = B
v A = v B at (1)
t
1
AB = at 2 + v A t (2)
2
T (1) v (2) ta c:

2 v B .t AB
= 2m / s 2
2
t
vA =vB at = 8m/s
b. V vn tc t lc khi hnh v0 = 0 nn ta c:
v A = at
a=

1
1 v
1 v A2
s A = at 2 = a A =
= 16m
2
2 a
2 a
Th d 2. Mt vt c nm ln t mt t theo phng thng ng vi vn tc ban u
vo = 20 m/s. B qua sc cn ca khng kh, ly gia tc trng trng g = 10 m/s2.
a.Tnh cao cc i ca vt v thi gian i ln c cao .
b.T cao cc i vt ri ti mt t ht bao lu? Tnh vn tc ca vt khi vt chm
t.
Bi gii
a. Khi vt i ln theo phng thng ng, chu sc ht ca trng trng nn chuyn
ng chm dn u vi gia tc g 10m/s2; vn tc ca n gim dn, khi t ti cao cc i
th vn tc bng khng.

vy = voy gt1 = 0
vi t1 l thi gian cn thit vt i t mt t ln n cao cc i.
T ta suy ra:

t1 =

v0
= 2s
g

Ta suy ra: cao cc i: hmax = v0 y t1

gt12 v 02
=
= 20m
2
2g

b.T cao cc i vt ri xung vi vn tc tng dn u v=gt v h=gt2/2=20m. T

ta tnh c thi gian ri t cao cc i ti t t2:
t2 =

2hmax
=
g

20.2
= 2s
10

Lc chm t n c vn tc
v = gt 2 = 20m / s

Th d 3. Mt vlng ang quay vi vn tc 300vng/pht th b hm li. Sau mt pht

vn tc ca v lng cn l 180 vng/pht.
a.Tnh gia tc gc ca vlng lc b hm.

b.Tnh s vng vlng quay c trong mt pht b hm .

Bi gii
5

1=

180
300
.2 = 6 (rad/s)
.2( rad / s ) =10 (rad/s), 2=
60
60

a.Sau khi b hm phanh, vlng quay chm dn u. Gi 1, 2 l vn tc lc hm v

sau mt pht. Khi 2 = 1 + t

2 - 1
=
t

4
rad / s 2 =
60

- 0 ,209 rad / s 2

= -0,21rad/s 2
b.Gc quay ca chuyn ng chm dn u trong mt pht :
1
4
= 1t + t 2 = 10 .60 + 0 ,5( ).60 2 = 480 ( rad )
2
60

S vng quay c trong thi gian mt pht l:

n=

= 240 vng
2

Th d 4. Mt t khi lng m = 1000kg chy trn on ng phng. H s ma st

gia bnh xe v mt ng bng k = 0,10. Ly gia tc trng trng g = 10m/s2. Hy xc nh
lc ko ca ng c t khi:
a. t chy thng nhanh dn u vi gia tc 2m/s2 trn ng phng ngang.
b. t chy thng u ln dc trn ng phng nghing c dc 4% (gc nghin
ca mt ng c sin = 0,04).
Bi gii:
a. Khi vt chuyn ng trn mt ng phng ngang tc
r r r r
dng vo vt c Fk , Fms , P, N , p dng nh lut II
r
r r
r r
Newton ta c: ma = Fk + Fms + P + N , chiu phng

trnh ln trc ox cng phng chiu chuyn ng ca vt

ta c:
ma = Fk Fms
Fk = m (a + kg) = 3000N

r r r r
b. Khi vt chuyn ng trn mt ng phng nghing tc dng vo vt c Fk , Fms , P, N ,
r
r
r
phn tch P thnh 2 thnh phn: F1 cng phng vi mt nghing, F2 c phng vung gc
r
r r
r r
vi mt nghing. p dng nh lut II Newton ta c: ma = Fk + Fms + P + N , chiu phng

trnh xung trc ta cng chiu chuyn ng:

ma = Fk F1 Fms = 0 Fk = F1 + Fms = mg (sin + k cos ) 1375 N
Th d 5. Ngi ta gn vo mp bn (nm ngang) mt rng rc c khi lng khng
ng k. Hai vt A, B c khi lng bng mA= mB = 1kg c ni vi nhau bng mt si
dy vt qua rng rc. H s ma st gia vt B v mt bn k = 0,1. tm:
a. Gia tc chuien ng ca h.
b. Sc cng si dy. Coi ma st rng rc khng ng k.
Bi gii:
r r
r
r r
r
Lc tng hp tc dng ln h: F = PA + PB + N + Fms = ma

Chiu phng trnh trn phng chuyn ng ca

tng vt v chn chiu dng l chiu chuyn ng ca
vt ta c:
g (m A km B )
= 4,5m / s 2
F = PA Fms = ma a =
m A + mB
b. tnh lc cng si dy, ta vit nh lut II
Newton cho vt A:
r
r r
m A a = PA + T
V tr s:
m A a = PA T T = m A ( g a ) = 5,5 N
BI TP T GII
1.1 - Phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im c dng: x = a cos t ; y = b sin t

Cho bit a = b = 20cm; = 31,4rad / s . Tm:

1. Qy o chuyn ng ca cht im.
2. Vn tc v chu k ca chuyn ng.
3. Gia tc ca chuyn ng.
p s: 1. Qy o chuyn ng ca cht im:

x2 y2
+
=1
a2 b2

Nu a = b th x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , vy qu o l ng trn.
2. v = R = 2 (m / s) ; T = 0,2 (s)
3. a x =

dv y
dv x
= 2 aost ; a y =
= 2 b sin t ; a = a x2 + a y2 = 282m / s
dt
dt

1.2- Hai t cng chy trn mt on ng t A n B . Chic t th nht chy na u

on ng vi vn tc v1 v na sau ca on ng vi vn tc v2 . Chic t th hai chy
na thi gian u vi vn tc v1 v na thi gian sau vi vn tc v2.Tm vn tc trung bnh
ca mi t trn on ng AB. Cho bit v1 = 60km/h v v2 = 40km/h
p s: 1. v = 48km / h

2. v = 50km / h
1.3- Mt ngi cho mt con thuyn qua b sng theo hng vung gc vi b sng vi vn
tc 7,2km/h. Nc chy mang con thuyn v pha xui dng mt khong 150m. Tm:
1. Thi gian cn thit thuyn qua c sng. Cho bit chiu rng ca sng bng 0,5km.
2. Vn tc ca dng nc vi b sng.
p s: t = 250(s); v23 = 0,6m/s
1.4- Mt xe la bt u chuyn ng gia hai im (nm trn mt ng thng) cch nhau
1,5km. Trong na on ng u xe la chuyn ng nhanh dn u, cn na on ng
sau xe la chuyn ng chm dn u. Vn tc ln nht ca xe la gia hai im bng
50km/h. Bit rng tr s tuyt i ca cc gia tc trn hai on ng bng nhau. Tnh:
1. Gia tc ca xe la.
2. Thi gian xe la i ht qung ng gia hai im .
7

p s: a 0,13m/s2; t 213,84 (s)

1.5 Mt vt ang ng yn bt u chuyn ng nhanh dn u, bit rng trong giy th 5

n i c mt qung ng 18 m. Hi trong giy th 10, vt i c qung ng bng
bao nhiu ?
p s: s = 38 (m)
1.6 Mt ngi ng sn ga nhn mt on tu ang bt u chuyn bnh , bit rng toa
th nht chy ngang qua trc mt ngi trong 6s . Coi chuyn ng ca on tu l
nhanh dn ln. Hi toa th n i qua trc mt ngi quan st trong bao lu ? p dng vi
trng hp n = 7 .

p s: t = t ( n n 1) = 6 7 6 (s )

1.7- Th vt ri t do t cao h = 20m. Tnh:

1. Qung ng m vt ri c trong 0,1s u v 0,1s cui.
2. Thi gian cn thit vt i c 1m u v 1m cui ca cao h. Cho g = 10m/s2.
p s: 1. h1 = 0,05 (m) ; h = 1,95 (m)

2. t1 = 0,45 (s) ; t = 0,05 (s)

1.8- Phi nm mt vt theo phng thng ng t cao h = 45m vi vn tc ban u v0
bng bao nhiu n ri ti mt t:
1. Trc 1 giy so vi trng hp vt ri t do?
2. Sau 1 giy so vi trng hp vt ri t do. Cho g = 10m/s2.
p s: 1. Nm xung vi vn tc v0 = 12,5 (m/s)

2. nm ln vi vn tc v0 = 8,75 (m/s)
1.9- Mt hn c nm theo phng nm ngang vi vn tc ban u v0 = 15m/s. Tm gia
tc php tuyn v gia tc tip tuyn ca hn sau khi nm 1 giy. Cho g = 10m/s2. B qua
mi lc cn.
p s: at = 5,6 m/s2; an = 8,3m/s2
1.10- Ngi ta nm mt qu bng vi vn tc ban u v0 = 10m/s theo phng hp vi mt
phng nm ngang mt gc = 300. Ga s qu bng c nm i t mt t. Hi:
1. cao ln nht m qu bng c th t c.
2. Tm bay xa ca qu bng.
3. Thi gian t lc nm qu bng ti lc bng chm t. Cho g = 10m/s2. B qua mi lc cn.
p s: y max =

v 02 sin 2
;
2g

x=

v 02 sin 2
9

1.11- T cao h = 25m ngi ta nm mt hn ln pha trn vi vn tc ban u v0 =

15m/s theo phng hp vi mt phng nm ngang mt gc = 300. Xc nh:
1. Thi gian chuyn ng ca hn .
2. Vn tc ca hn lc chm t.
Cho g = 10m/s2. B qua mi lc cn.
p s: 1. t = 3,1 (s), 2. v = 26,85 9m/s)
1.12- T mt nh thp cao h = 30m, ngi ta nm mt hn xung t vi vn tc ban u
v0 = 10m/s theo phng hp vi mt phng nm ngang mt gc = 300. Tm:
8

1. Thi gian chuyn ng ca hn .

2. Khong cch t chn thp n ch ri ca hn .
3. Dng qu o ca hn .
Cho g = 10m/s2. B qua mi lc cn.
p s: 1. t = 2(s)

2. x = 17,3(m)
3. y = h x.tg

gx 2
2v 02 cos 2

1.13- Mt v lng sau khi bt u quay c mt pht th thu c vn tc 700vng/pht.

Tnh gia tc gc ca vlng v s vng m vlng quay c trong pht y nu chuyn ng
ca vlng l chuyn ng nhanh dn u.
p s: 1. = 1,22 (rad/s2), 2. n = 350 vng
1.14- Mt on tu bt u chy vo mt on ng trn, bn knh 1km, di 600m vi vn
tc 54km/h. on tu chy ht qung ng trong 30s. Tm vn tc di, gia tc php
tuyn, gia tc tip tuyn, gia tc ton phn v gia tc gc ca on tu cui qung ng
. Coi chuyn ng ca on tu l chuyn ng nhanh dn u.
p s: v = 259m/s); an = 0,625(m/s2); a = 0,7(m/s2)
1.15- Mt ngi di chuyn mt chic xe vi vn tc khng i. Lc u ngi y ko xe v
pha trc, sau ngi y y xe v pha sau. Trong c hai trng hp, cng xe hp vi mt
phng nm ngang mt gc . Hi trong trng hp no ngi y phi t ln xe mt lc ln
hn? Bit rng trng lng ca xe l P, h s ma st gia bnh xe v mt ng l k.
p s: Ko xe v pha trc : fms = k( P - F.sin )
y xe v pha sau: fms = k( P + F.sin )
1-16 Mt bn g phng A c khi lng 5kg b p gia hai mt phng thng ng song song.
Lc p vung gc vi mi mt ca bn g bng 150N. H s ma st ti mt tip xc l 0,20.
Ly g = 10m/s2. Hy xc nh lc ko nh nht cn dch chuyn bn g A khi nng n ln
hoc h n xung.
p s: Ko g ln pha trn: Fmin = mg + 2kN
Ko g xung di: Fmin = 2kN mg
1.17- Mt tu in, sau khi xut pht, chuyn ng vi gia tc khng i 0,5m/s2. Sau khi bt
u chuyn ng c 12s, ngi ta tt ng c ca tu v tu chuyn ng chm dn u
cho ti khi dng hn. Trn ton b qung ng h s ma st bng k = 0,01. Tm:
1. Vn tc ln nht ca tu.
2. Thi gian ton b k t khi tu xut pht cho ti khi tu dng hn.
3. Gia tc ca tu trong chuyn ng chm dn u.
4. Qung ng ton b m tu i c. Cho g = 10m/s2.
p s: 1. v = 6m/s; 2. t = 72s; 3. s = 216m

1.18- Mt t c khi lng 5 tn ang chy b hm phanh chuyn ng chm dn u. Sau

2,5s xe dng li. T lc bt u hm phanh cho n khi dng hn n i c 12m. Tm:
1. Vn tc ca t lc bt u hm phanh.
2. Lc hm trung bnh. Cho g = 10m/s2.
9

p s: v = 9,6m/s; F = -19,2.103N

1.19- Mt on tu gm mt u my, mt toa 10 tn, v mt toa 5 tn ni vi nhau theo th

t trn bng nhng l xo ging nhau. Bit rng khi chu tc dng mt lc 500N th l xo gin
1cm. B qua ma st. Tnh gin ca l xo trong hai trng hp:
1. on tu bt u chuyn bnh, lc ko ca u my khng i v
sau 10s vn tc ca on tu 1m/s.
2. on tu ln dc c nghing 5% vi vn tc khng i
( sin = 0,05 ). Cho g = 10m/s2
p s: 1. x1 = 3cm; x2 = 1cm; 2. x0 = 14,7cm; x2 = 4,9cm

1.20- Hai vt nng c khi lng m1 = 300g, m2 = 500g c buc

vo hai u si dy vt qua rng rc c khi lng khng ng k.
Vt m1 di vt m2 mt khong h = 2m (hnh 1-1bt). Xc nh:
1. Gia tc chuyn ng ca h vt v sc cng si dy.
2. Sau bao lu hai vt m1 v m2 cng cao. Cho g = 10m/s2, b
qua khi lng ca dy, si dy khng gin, b qua
ma st trc ca rng rc.
p s: a = 2,5m/s2; T = 3,75N

1.21- Cho h gm ba vt nh hnh v, khi lng cc

vt ln lt m1 = 1kg, m2 = 2kg, m3 = 3kg(hnh 12bt). Khi lng ca rng rc khng ng k. Di
tc dng ca trng lng vt m3, h vt s chuyn
ng. Ma st gia cc vt v mt ngang k = 0,2. Tm:
1. Gia tc chuyn ng ca h vt.
2. Sc cng ca cc si dy ni gia cc vt. Cho g =
10m/s2, b qua khi lng ca dy, si dy khng gin, b qua ma st trc ca rng rc.
p s: a = 4m/s2

Lc cng gia vt m1, m2 l T1 =6N, gia vt m2 v m3 l T2 = 18N

1.22- Mt toa xe khi lng 20 tn chuyn ng vi vn tc ban u 54km/h. Xc nh lc
trung bnh tc dng ln xe, nu toa xe dng li sau thi gian:
1. 1pht 40giy.
2. 10giy.
p s: 1. F1 = 3.103N; 2. F2 = 3.104N

1.23- Mt vin n khi lng 10g chuyn ng vi vn tc v0 = 200m/s p vo mt tm g

v xuyn su vo tm g mt on s. Bit thi gian chuyn ng ca vin n trong tm g
t = 4.10-4s. Xc nh lc cn trung bnh ca tm g ln vin n v xuyn ca vin n.
p s: F = -0,5.104N; s = 4.10-2m

1.24- Mt ngi khi lng 50kg ng trong thang my ang i xung nhanh dn u vi gia
tc 5m/s2. Hi ngi c cm gic nh th no v trng lng biu kin ca ngi trong
thang my. Cho g = 10m/s2.
p s: P= P Fqt = 250N

10

1.25- Mt thang my c treo u mt dy cp ang chuyn ng ln pha trn. Lc u

thang my chuyn ng nhanh dn u sau chuyn ng u v trc khi dng li chuyn
ng chm dn u. Hi trong qu trnh , lc cng ca dy cp thay i nh th no? Cm
gic ca ngi trn thang my ra sao?
p s: Nhanh dn u: T = m(g + a)

Chuyn ng u T = mg
Chuyn ng chm dn u: T = m(g a)
1.26- Mt t khi lng 2,5 tn chuyn ng vi vn tc khng i 54km/h qua mt chic
cu. Xc nh lc nn ca t ln cu, nu:
1. Cu nm ngang.
2. Cu vng ln vi bn knh cong l 50m.
3. Cu lm xung di vi bn knh cong l 50m (tng ng vi v tr t gia cu). Cho g
= 10m/s2.
p s: Cu vng ln: N = 13750N

Cu vng xung: N = 36250N

1.27- Mt phi cng li my bay thc hin vng nho ln vi bn knh 200m trong mt phng
thng ng. Khi lng ca phi cng bng 75kg. Xc nh:
1. Lc nn ca phi cng tc dng ln gh ngi ti im cao nht v thp nht ca vng nho
ln khi vn tc ca my bay trong vng nho ln lun khng i v bng 360km/h.
2. Vi vn tc no ca my bay khi thc hin vng nho ln, ngi phi cng bt u b ri
khi gh ngi? Cho g = 10m/s2.
p s: Thp nht: N = 4,5.103N; Cao nht N = 3.103N

v 44,72m/s
1.28- Mt vt nh khi lng m = 1,0kg c t trn mt a phng ngang v cch trc quay
ca a mt khong = 0,50m. H s ma st gia vt v mt a bng
k = 0,25. Hy xc nh:
a. Gi tr ca lc ma st vt c gi yn trn mt a khi a quay vi vn tc n = 12
vng/pht (vg/ph). Ly gia tc trng trng g = 10m/s2.
b. Vi vn tc gc no ca a quay th vt bt u trt trn a?
p s: 1. Fms = aht . m = m (2n2) r 0,79N.

2.

kg
kg
min =
2,2 (rad / s )
r
m

CHNG II
NG LC HC H CHT IM VT RN
III. CU HI N TP
1. Khi nim v khi tm ca h cht im? So snh chuyn ng ca khi tm vi
chuyn ng tnh tin ca vt rn v chuyn ng ca cht im.
11

2. nh ngha ng lng. Pht biu nh lut bo ton ng lng cho h cht im.
3. Thnh phn no ca lc c tc dng thc s gy ra chuyn ng quay ca vt rn
quanh mt trc c nh? Phn tch ti sao?
4. Thit lp phng trnh c bn ca chuyn ng quay, nu ngha ca cc i lng
trong cng thc.
5. nh ngha mmen qun tnh ca vt rn, nu cch tnh mmen qun tnh ca mt s
vt rn. Vit cng thc tnh mmen qun tnh ca mt vt rn ng cht quay quanh trc i
xng v i qua khi tm ca n.
6. Khi nim v mmen ng lng v chng minh cc nh l v mmen ng lng
i vi vt rn quay xung quanh mt trc c nh.
7. Nu cc i lng trong chuyn ng quay c vai tr tng t vi cc i lng
trong chuyn ng tnh tin. S tng t ny th hin nh th no ( nhng cng thc no).
8. Chng minh v pht biu nh lut bo ton mmen ng lng. Cho vi v d ng
dng v gii thch. nh lut ny c tho mn trong nhng iu kin no?

IV. BI TP
Th d 1: Mt xe ch y ct c khi lng M = 5000kg ang trn ng ray nm
ngang. Mt vin n khi lng m = 5kg bay dc ng ray theo phng hp vi mt phng
ngang mt gc = 360 vi vn tc v = 400m/s, ti xuyn vo
xe ct v nm ngp trong ct. B qua ma st gia xe v mt
ng. Hy tm vn tc ca xe ct sau khi vin n xuyn
vo ct.
Bi gii:
Ngoi lc tc dng ln h xe ct + n gm trng lc
v phn lc php tuyn ca ray. Nu chiu ln phng nm
ngang th ngoi lc tc dng ln h bng khng. Vy ng
lng ca h theo phng ngang c bo ton. Ta c:

mv cos 5.400 cos 36 0

mv cos = (M + m )v x v x =
=
= 0,32m / s
M +m
5000 + 5
Th d 2: Mt v lng hnh a trn ng cht c khi lng m = 500kg, bn knh r =
20cm ang quay xung quanh trc ca n vi vn tc 480vng/pht. Tc dng mt mmen
hm ln vlng. Tm mmen hm trong hai trng hp:
a. Vlng dng li sau khi hm 50s.
b. Vlng dng li sau khi quay thm c 200vng.
Bi gii:
a. Theo nh l v mmen ng lng:
mr 2
M .t = L = I 2 I1 , trong 2 = 0, 1 = , I =
2
I
mr 2
500.(0,2 ) .50,24
Nn M =
=
=
= 10 N .m
t
2t
2.50
b. p dng cng thc:
2

12

 22 12 = 2 , vi 2 = 0 , nn =

12
2

mr 212
= 10 N .m
4
Th d 3: Mt thanh g mng di 0,5m c th quay t do quanh mt trc nm ngang
i qua u trn thanh. Mt vin n khi lng 10g bay theo phng ngang vi vn tc
400m/s ti xuyn vo u di ca thanh g v mc li . Khi lng ca thanh g bng
6kg phn b u theo chiu di ca thanh. B qua ma st ca trc quay v lc
cn ca khng kh. Xc nh vn tc gc ca thanh g sau khi vin n m
O
xuyn vo n.
r
Bi gii:
P
C th coi khi vin n va chm vo g, cc trng lc tc dng ln h
vin n v thanh g u c phng i qua trc quay. Nh vy tng mmen
r
ngoi lc tc dng ln h vt i vi trc quay O c gi tr bng khng. Do m v
, tng mmen ng lng ca h i vi trc quay O c bo ton.
r
r
L trc va chm = L sau va chm
M M = I =

.
.

L trc va chm = mv
L sau va chm = (I1+I2)
2

Ml 2
Ml 2
l
I1 = m , I 2 =
+ M =
12
3
2
2

Vy ta c:
2 Ml 2
ml +
= mvl
3

Suy ra:

mv
10.10 3.400
=
4rad / s
M
6

3
m + l 10.10 + .0,5
3
3

Bi tp t gii

2.1- Mt b sng c khi lng 10 tn c th chuyn ng khng ma st trn ng ray. Trn

b sng c gn mt khu i bc khi lng 5 tn. Ga s khu i bc nh n theo phng
ng ray. Vin n c khi lng 100kg v c vn tc u nng 500m/s. Xc nh vn tc
ca b sng ngay sau khi bn, bit rng;
1. lc u b sng ng yn.
2. Trc khi bn, b sng chuyn ng vi vn tc 18km/h theo chiu bn.
3. Trc khi bn, b sng chuyn ng vi vn tc 18km/h ngc chiu bn.
p s: 1. v = 3,33 m/s
2. Theo chiu bn: v = 1,7 m/s
3. Ngc chiu bn: v = 8,37 m/s
2.2 Mt xe ch y ct chuyn ng khng ma st vi vn tc v1 = 1m/s trn mt ng
nm ngang. Ton b xe ct c khi lng m = 10kg. Mt qu cu khi lng m2 = 2kg bay

13

theo chiu ngc li vi vn tc nm ngang v2 = 7m/s. Sau khi gp xe, qu cu nm ngp

trong ct. Hi sau xe chuyn ng theo chiu no, vi vn tc bng bao nhiu?
p s: v = 1,42 m/s theo chiu qu cu.
2.3 Mt khu i bc khng c b phn chng git, nh n di mt gc 450 so vi mt
phng nm ngang. Vin n c khi lng m = 10kg v vn tc v0 = 200m/s. i bc c khi
lng M = 500kg. Hi vn tc git ca sng nu b qua ma st.
p s: v = 2,82 m/s
2.4 Ti ba nh ca tam gic u cnh a c t ba cht im, khi lng ln lt m1, m2, m3.
Xc nh khi tm ca h ba cht im . p dng cho trng hp m2 = m3 = m, m1 = 2m.
p s: x =

a(m3 m2 )
am1 3
; y=
2(m1 + m2 + m3 )
2(m1 + m2 + m3 )

2.5 Trn mt a trn ng cht bn knh R c khot mt l trn nh bn knh r, tm ca l

trn khot nm cch tm ca a trn mt on bng R/2. Xc nh v tr khi tm ca a
trn.
Rr 2
p s: x =
2(R 2 r 2 )
2.6 Mt a trn ng cht khi lng m = 0,3kg, c bn knh R = 0,4m, ang quay vi vn
tc gc 1500vng/pht. Tc dng ln a mt mmen hm, a quay chm dn v sau thi
gian 20giy th dng li. Tm mmen lc hm.
p s: M = 0,19 N.m
2.7 Mt tr c ng cht, khi lng m = 100kg, bn knh R = 0,5m ang quay quanh trc
ca n. Tc dng ln tr mt lc hm tip tuyn vi mt tr v vung gc vi trc quay Fh =
243,3N. Sau thi gian 31,4giy tr dng li. Tnh vn tc gc ca tr lc bt u tc dng lc
hm.
p s: = 9,7 rad/s2
= 97,3 rad/s
2.8 Tc dng ln bnh xe bn knh R = 0,5m v c mmen qun tnh I = 20kg.m2, mt lc
tip tuyn vi vnh bnh Ft = 100N. Tm:
1. Gia tc ca bnh xe.
2. Vn tc di ca mt im trn vnh bnh sau khi tc dng mt lc 10giy bit rng lc u
bnh xe ng yn.
p s: = 2,5 rad/s2; = 25 rad/s ; v = 12,5 m/s
2.9 Mt bnh xe bn knh 50cm ang quay di tc dng ca mmen lc 980N. Hi phi
cho mi m phanh tc dng ln vnh bnh mt lc bng bao nhiu vnh bnh xe quay
chm dn u vi gia tc gc 2,5rad/s2. Bit h s ma st 0,25, mmen qun tnh ca bnh xe
i vi trc quay 50kg.m2.
p s: F = 4420N
2.10 Trn mt tr rng khi lng 1kg, ngi ta cun mt si dy khng gin c khi lng
v ng knh nh khng ng k. u t do ca dy c gn trn mt gi c nh (hnh 214

1bt). tr ri di tc dng ca trng lc. Tm gia tc ca tr v sc cng ca dy treo. Cho

g = 10m/s2.
p s: a = 5 m/s2 ; T = 5 N

2.11 Mt tr quay hnh tr c khi lng 100kg c th

quay
quanh trc quay nm ngang. Mt si dy khng gin, khi lng khng ng k c cun
thnh mt lp xt nhau trn thn tr v u t do ca si dy treo vt nng khi lng 20kg
(hnh 2 2bt). vt nng t n chuyn ng. Tm:
1. Gia tc ca vt nng.
2. Lc cng ca dy treo. Cho g = 10m/s2.
p s: a = 2,86 m/s2 ; T = 142,8 N
2.12 Hai vt khi lng ln lt m1, m2, (m1 > m2) c ni vi nhau bng mt si dy
khng gin, khi lng khng ng k, vt qua rng rc , rng rc khi lng m (hnh 2-3bt).
Tm
1. Gia tc chuyn ng ca cc vt.
2. Sc cng ca cc dy treo. Coi rng rc l mt a trn, ma st khng ng k. p dng
bng s m1 = 2kg, m2 = 1kg, m = 1kg. Cho g = 10m/s2.
(m1 m2 )g 2,86 / 2 ;
p s: a =
=
m s
T1 = 14,28 N ; T2 = 12,86 N
m
m1 + m2 +
2
2.13 Mt thanh c chiu di 1m c th quay xung quanh mt trc nm ngang i qua mt u
thanh. Lc u, thanh v tr nm ngang, sau c th ra. Tm gia tc gc ca thanh lc
bt u th ri v lc thanh i qua v tr thng ng. Cho g = 10m/s2.
3g
p s: = 0 ; =
= 15m / s 2
2l

15

2.14 Mt vt khi lng 100kg trt trn mt phng nghing hp vi mt phng ngang mt
gc 300 v lm quay mt bnh xe c dng mt tr trn c bn knh 0,26m v khi lng
25kg (hnh 2-4bt). H s ma st gia vt v mt nghing 0,25. B qua ma st ca trc ca
rng rc v khi lng ca dy. Tm:
1. Gia tc gc ca bnh xe.
2. Lc cng ca si dy. Cho g = 10m/s2.
Ma
a
mg sin kmg cos
p s: a =
= 2,52m / s 2 ; = = 9,7 rad / s 2 ; T =
= 31,5 N
M
R
2
m+
2
2.15 C hai vt khi lng m1 = m2= 1kg c ni vi nhau bng mt si dy khng gin,
khi lng khng ng k, si dy vt qua rng rc c khi lng m = 1kg. Coi rng rc l
mt a trn. H s ma st gia vt m1 v mt ngang l k = 0,2 (hnh 2-5bt). Tm:
1. Gia tc ca vt m1, m2.
2. Sc cng ca cc dy ni.
3. Cng cu hi nh trn, xt trng hp khi lng ca rng rc khng ng k. Cho g =
10m/s2.
p s: 1. a = 3,2 m/s2 ; T1 = 5,2 N; T2 = 6,8N
2. a = 4 m/s2 ; T1 = T2 = 6N
2.16 Mt tr c khi lng M = 2,5kg v mt vt nng
khi lng m = 0,5kg c ni vi nhau bng mt si dy
khng gin vt qua rng rc (hnh 2-6bt). B qua khi
lng ca si dy, ca rng rc. Khi th vt nng n t
chuyn ng th tr c ln khng trt trn mt phng
ngang. H s ma st gia tr c v mt ngang bng
0,1.Tm:
1. Gia tc chuyn ng ca vt nng.
2. Lc cng ca si dy. Cho g = 10m/s2.
p s: a = 1,18 m/s2 ; T = 4,43 N
2.17 Mt a trn khi lng m1 = 100kg quay vi vn tc gc 1 = 10vng/pht. Mt ngi
khi lng m2 = 60kg ng mp a. Hi vn tc gc ca a khi ngi i vo ng tm
ca a. Coi ngi nh mt cht im.
2m2 + m1
p s: 2 =
1 = 22 vng/pht
m1

16

CHNG III
NNG LNG
3. CU HI N TP
1. Khi no ni lc thc hin cng. Vit biu thc cng ca lc trong trng hp tng
qut. Nu ngha ca cc trng hp: A>0, A<0, A=0.
2. Phn bit cng v cng sut. n v ca cng v cng sut?
3. Khi nim v nng lng, nh lut bo ton nng lng v ngha ca n. Nu cc
thnh phn ca c nng. Nu ngha ca ng nng v th nng.
4. Khi nim v trng lc th? Tnh cht ca trng lc th, p dng cho trng lc
th ca qu t?
5. Chng minh nh l ng nng v nh l th nng. ng nng ca mt cht im c
c xc nh sai khc mt hng s cng khng? Ti sao?
6. Pht biu nh lut bo ton c nng.
7. Ti sao ni th nng c trng cho s tng tc gia cc vt?
4. BI TP
Th d 1: Tnh cng cn thit ko mt l xo dn thm 20cm, bit rng lc ko dn
l xo t l vi dn di ca l xo v mun l xo dn thm 1cm th phi tc dng ln n mt
lc ko bng 30N.
Bi gii:
Lc ko F t l vi dn di ca l xo
F
30
F = kx k = = 2 = 3000 N / m
x 10
V lc ko thay i ph thuc vo dn di, nn cng ca lc ko phi tnh theo tch phn:
x

A = Fdx = k .x.dx =

kx 2 3000.0,2 2
=
= 60 J
2
2

Th d 2: Mt vt c nm thng ng t cao h = 240m xung mt t vi vn

tc ban u v0 = 14m/s. Vt i su vo t mt on s = 0,2m. Cho khi lng ca vt m =
1kg. B qua ma st ca khng kh. Tm lc cn trung bnh ca t ln vt. Cho g = 10m/s2.
Bi gii:
Vt i su vo t nh c nng ca n. Gi v l vn tc ca vt ti mt t. Theo nh
lut bo ton c nng trong trng trng ta c:
1 2 1 2
mv = mv0 + mgh
2
2
Khi i su vo mt t n b cn li, vn tc ca n gim dn ti khng. Theo nh l
v ng nng, cng cn bng:
1
A = 0 mv 2 = F .s
2
Do :

17

1 2

mv0 + mgh
2
= 12250 N
F =
s
Th d 3: Mt vt c khi lng m1 = 3kg chuyn ng vi vn tc v1 = 4m/s ti va
chm vo mt vt th hai ang ng yn c khi lng m2 = m1. Coi va chm l xuyn tm
v hon ton khng n hi (va chm mm). Tm nhit lng ta ra trong qu trnh va chm.
Bi gii:
Vn tc ca hai vt sau va chm: p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng
m v + m2 v 2
m1v1
v= 1 1
=
m1 + m2
m1 + m2
ng nng ca h trc va chm:
1
E 1 = m1v12
2
ng nng ca h sau va chm:
1
E 2 = (m1 + m2 )v 2
2
Nhit ta ra trong qu trnh va chm:
Q = E1 E 2 =

m1v12
m1v12

= 12 J
2
2(m1 + m2 )

Th d 4: Ngi ta cho cc vt c hnh dng khc nhau ln khng trt t nh

mt nghing c cao h, mt nghing hp vi mt phng ngang mt gc . Xc nh gia tc
di v vn tc di ca cc vt ti chn mt nghing nu vt l:
a. Mt qu cu c
b. Mt tr c.
c. Mt vnh trn.
Bi gii:
C th gii bi ny theo hai cch: p dng phng trnh ng lc hc cho vt hoc p
dng nh lut bo ton c nng:
Theo nh lut bo ton c nng i vi vt ln ti nh mt nghing v chn mt
nghing ta c:

mv 2 I 2
mgh =
+
2
2
Khi ln khng trt vn tc di ca vt lin h vi vn tc gc v = .R , t suy ra:
2 gh
I
1+
mR 2
T h thc v2= 2as, ta suy ra gia tc di:
v=

18

a=

v2
g. sin
=
I
2s
1+
mR 2

a. Khi cu: I =

2
5
10
mR 2 nn a = g . sin , v =
g.h
5
7
7

1
2
4
mR 2 nn a = g. sin , v =
g.h
2
3
3
1
c. Mt vnh trn: I = mR 2 nn a = g. sin , v = g.h
2

b. Khi tr c: I =

Bi tp t gii
3.1 Hi ng c my bay phi c cng sut bng bao nhiu, bit rng my bay c khi
lng 3000kg, khi bay ln cao 1km phi mt mt pht. B qua sc cn ca khng kh. Cho g
= 10m/s2.
p s: P = 5.105 W
3.2 Mt t c khi lng mt tn, khi tt my chuyn ng xung dc th c vn tc khng
i 54km/h. nghing ca dc l 4%. Hi ng c t phi c cng sut bao nhiu n
ln dc trn vi cng vn tc 54km/h. ( sin = 0,04 ).Cho g = 10m/s2.
p s: P = 1,2.104 W
3.3 Mt t bt u chuyn ng nhanh dn u trn mt ng nm ngang, sau khi i c
100m th vn tc t c 72km/h. Tm cng ca ng c t trn on ng y. Bit khi
lng ca t bng 1,8tn, h s ma st gia t v mt ng k = 0,05. Cho g = 10m/s2.
p s: A = 4,5.105 J
3.4 Mt vt c khi lng 3kg, trt khng vn tc ban u t nh mt nghing c cao
0,5m, chiu di mt nghing 1m. Khi ti chn mt nghing vt c vn tc 2,45m/s. Tm:
1. H s ma st gia vt v mt nghing.
2. Cng ca lc ma st khi vt trt trn mt nghing. Cho g = 10m/s2.
p s: k = 0,23 ; A = -6J
3.5 Tnh cng cn thit lm cho mt on tu c khi lng 8.105kg:
1. Tng tc t vn tc 36km/h n vn tc 54km/h
2. Dng li nu vn tc ban u 72km/h.
p s: 1. A = 5.107 J ; 2. A = 16.107 J
3.6 Mt khu pho c khi lng 450kg bn theo phng ngang, n khi lng 5kg, vn
tc ca n khi bn ra khi nng l 450m/s. Khi bn, b pho b git li v pha sau 45cm.
Tm lc hm trung bnh tc dng ln pho.
p s: Fh = - 1,25.104 N
3.7 Mt vin n khi lng 10g ang bay vi vn tc 100m/s th gp bn g dy v cm
su vo bn mt on 4cm. Tm;
1. Lc cn trung bnh ca g ln n.
2. Vn tc ca vin n khi ra khi bn g , nu bn g ch dy 2cm.
p s: 1. Fc = - 1250N; 2. v = 70,7 m/s2

19

3.8 Mt vt khi lng m trt khng ma st t nh mt mt cu

xung (hnh 3-1bt). Hi t khong cch no ( tnh t nh mt cu)
vt bt u ri khi mt cu. Cho bn knh mt cu 90cm.
p s: h = 30cm
3.9 T nh thp nghing cao h = 20m, ngi ta nm mt vt khi
lng 50g theo phng nghing vi mt ngang, vi vn tc ban u
18m/s. Khi ti mt t vt c vn tc 24m/s. Tnh cng ca lc cn
ca khng kh tc dng ln vt. Cho g = 10m/s2.
p s: A = -3,7 J
3.10 - u si dy OA, di 30cm c treo mt vt nng (hnh 3- 2bt).
Hi ti im thp nht A phi truyn cho vt mt vn tc b nht bng
bao nhiu vt c th quay trn trong mt phng thng ng.
p s: vAmin =

5 gl = 3,87 m / s

3.11 Mt con lc n c trng lng P c ko lch ra khi

phng thng ng mt gc 900, sau con lc c th ri. Chng
minh rng sc cng ca si dy treo bng 3P khi con lc i qua v tr
cn bng.
p s: Dng nh lut bo ton c nng
3.12 Mt hn bi khi lng m chuyn ng khng ma st trn mt
ng rnh c dng nh hnh 3-3bt. Hn bi c th khng vn tc ban u t cao h = 2R,
kch thc ca hn bi nh khng ng k. Hi:
1. cao no hn bi ri khi rnh.
2. cao ln nht m hn bi s t c sau khi ri
khi rnh.
5
50
p s: 1. h1 = R ; 2. h2 =
R
3
27
3.13 Mt vt c khi lng 1kg, c nm thng
ng cao 240m xung mt t vi vn tc ban
u 14m/s. Vt i su vo t mt on 0,2m. Tnh lc cn trung bnh ca t ln vt. B qua
sc cn ca khng kh. Cho g = 10m/s2
p s: Fc = -12,5.103 N
3.14 Mt qu cu khi lng m1 = 2kg chuyn ng vi vn tc v1 = 3m/s, va chm xuyn
tm vi qu cu th hai khi lng m2 = 3kg ang chuyn ng vi vn tc v2 = 1m/s cng
chiu vi qu th nht. Tm vn tc ca mi qu cu sau va chm, nu:
1. Va chm l hon ton n hi.
2. Va chm mm.
p s: 1. v1 = 0,6m / s ; v 2 = 2,6 m / s ; 2. v1 = v 2 = 1,8 m / s

3.15 Mt qu cu khi lng m1 = 5kg, chuyn ng ti va chm vo qu cu th hai ang

ng yn c khi lng m2 = 2,5kg. Sau va chm ng nng ca qu cu th hai l 5J, coi va

20

chm l xuyn tm v n hi. Xc nh ng nng ca qu cu th nht trc v sau va

chm.
p s: W1 = 5,625 J ; W1 = 0,625J
3.16 Mt a trn ng cht nng 20N, ln khng trt trn mt mt phng nm ngang vi
vn tc 4m/s. Tm ng nng ca a. Cho g = 10m/s2
p s: W = 24 J
3.17 Tnh cng cn thit lm cho mt vlng hnh vnh trn ng knh 1m, khi lng
500kg, ang ng yn quay ti vn tc 120 vng/pht.
p s: A = 10KJ
3.18 Mt qu cu c ng cht c khi lng m =1kg, ln khng trt vi vn tc v1 =
10m/s n p vo thnh tng ri bt tr ra vi vn tc v2 = 8m/s. Tnh nhit ta ra trong va
chm .
p s: Q = 25,2 J
3.19 Mt ct ng cht c chiu cao 5m, ang ng v tr cn bng th b xung. Xc
nh:
1. Vn tc di ca nh ct khi n chm t.
2. V tr ca im M trn ct sao cho khi M chm t th vn tc ca n ng bng vn tc
chm t ca mt vt th ri t do t v tr M. Cho g = 10m/s2.
2
10
p s: 1. v = 12,2 m/s; 2. x = h =
m
3
3

CHNG IV
TRNG HP DN
III. CU HI N TP
1. Pht biu nh Newton v hp dn v tr.

2. Tm biu thc gia tc ph thuc vo cao.

3. Chng minh rng khi lng mt tri tnh theo cng thc : M =

4 2 R 3
.
T2 G

4. Chng minh trng hp dn l trng lc th.

5. Da vo nh lut Newton v hp dn v tr, tm vn tc v tr cp I, cp II.
IV. BI TP
Th d : Mt v tinh nhn to khi lng 500kg c a ln cao 500km so vi
mt t nh mt tn la. Xc nh :
a. Gia tc trng trng cao 500km v lc hp dn ca tria t tc dng ln v tinh
cao ny. Ly bn knh tri t 6500km, gia tc trng trng ti mt t g = 9,8m/s2.
b. Vn tc phng v tinh nhn to theo phng vung gc vi bn knh tri t
cao 500km v tinh ny quay quanh tri t theo mt qu o trn.
Bi gii :
a. Gia tc trng trng cao h :

21

h
500

2
g = g 0 1 + = 9,81 +
= 8,45m / s
R
6500
Lc hp dn ca tri t tc dng ln v tinh :
Fhd = P = mg = 500.8,45 = 4225 N
b. V tinh quay quanh tri t theo qu o trn bn knh R + h. Trong trng hp ny
lc hp dn ng vai tr l lc hng tm :
Fhd

mv 2
= Fht mg =
R+h

T suy ra vn tc di ca v tinh cao 500km bng :

v = g (R + h ) = 8,45. 6500.10 3 + 500.10 3 7,69km / s

Bi tp t gii

4.1 - Khi lng ca mt trng nh hn khi lng ca tri t 81 ln, ng knh ca mt

trng bng 3/11 ng knh qu t. Hi mt ngi trn mt t nng 600N, th ln mt trng
s nng bao nhiu?
p s : P = 99,6N
4.2 Bn knh ca mt tri ln gp 110 ln bn knh tri t, khi lng ring ca mt tri
bng 1/4 khi lng ring ca tri t. Hi gia tc ri t do trn b mt mt tri bng bao
nhiu? Cho gia tc ri t trn mt t g = 9,8m/s2.
p s : g = 269,5 m/s2
4.3 Khong cch gia tri t v mt trng l 384000km. Khi lng ca tri t l 6.1027g
v ca mt trng l 7,35.1025g. Xc nh v tr ca im ti lc ht ca mt trng v tri t
ln mt cht im cn bng nhau.
p s : x = 2,95.105 km
4.4 Tm vn tc di ca tri t quay quanh mt tri, bit rng khi lng ca mt tri l
2.1030kg, khong cch trung bnh gia tri t v mt tri 1,5.108km.
p s : v = 30 km/s
4.5 Tm vn tc di ca mt v tinh nhn to ca tri t bit rng qu o ca v tinh l
trn. V tinh cao trung bnh h = 1000km. Coi v tinh ch chu nh hng lc ht ca tri
t v cao trn, lc cn ca khng kh khng ng k. Cho bn knh tri t R = 6370km.
p s : v = 7,34 km/s
4.6 Tm vn tc v tr cp II ca mt trng (ngha l vn tc ca mt tn la phng t b
mt ca mt trng cn phi c n thot khi sc ht ca mt trng).
p s : v II = 2 g 0 R = 2,38 km / s

4.7 Nh mt tn la, v tinh nhn to u tin ca tri t c mang ln cao 500km.

1. Tm gia tc trng trng cao .
2. Phi phng v tinh ti vn tc bng bao nhiu theo phng vung gc vi bn knh ca tri
t qu o ca n quanh tri t l mt ng trn. Ly bn knh tri t bng 6500km,
gia tc trng trng trn b mt tri t bng 9,8m/s2. B qua sc cn khng kh.
p s :1. g = 8,45 m/s2; 2. v = 7,7 km/s
22

CHNG V
NGUYN L I NHIT NG HC
III. CU HI N TP
1. Trnh by cc khi nim c bn v: p sut; nhit v nhit giai.
2. Nu c im ca kh l tng? Trnh by phng trnh trng thi kh l tng.
3. Nu ni dung nh lut, cng thc tnh ca cc nh lut thc nghim kh l tng?
4. Phn bit s khc nhau gia cng v nhit.
5. Pht biu nguyn l I nhit ng hc. Cc h qu ca nguyn l I.
6. nh ngha qu trnh cn bng. Biu thc cng v nhit m h nhn c trong qu trnh
cn bng.
7. Tnh cng, nhit v bin thin ni nng ca h trong qu trnh ng tch.
8. Tnh cng, nhit v bin thin ni nng ca h trong qu trnh ng nhit.
9. Tnh cng, nhit v bin thin ni nng ca h trong qu trnh ng p.
10.Tnh cng, nhit v bin thin ni nng ca h trong qu trnh on nhit.
I.

IV. BI TP

Th d 1. C 10g kh oxi p sut 3 at. Sau khi h nng ng p khi kh chim th

tch 10l. Tm nhit sau khi h nng .Coi khi kh oxi l l tng.
Bi gii:
V
P P
Qu trnh ng p ta c: 1 = 2 T2 = 2 T1
V1
T1 T2

T phng trnh Mendeleev-Claperon

P1V1=

RT1

T2 =

T1 P1
=
V1 mR

V2 P1
mR

Vi =32 g/mol = 32.10-3 Kg/mol

T2 =

10.10 3. .3.9,81.10 4 32.10 3

= 1133,3K
10.10 3.8,31

Th d 2: Mt khi kh oxi chim th tich 3l, p sut 10at v nhit 19,5 oC.

a) Tnh khi lng ring ca khi kh.

b) H nng ng tch khi kh n nhit 100oC .Tnh p sut ca khi kh sau khi
h nng.
Bi gii
a) Phng trnh Mendeleev-Clapeyron
P1V1=

RT1 m =

P1V1
RT1

23

Vi = 32g/mol = 32.10-3 Kg/mol

10.9,81.10 4.3.10 3.32.10 3
= 0,0387 Kg
8,31.292,5

m=

b) Theo qu trnh ng tch ta c:

P1 P2
=
T1 T2

hay

P2 =

P1.T2 10.9,81.10 4.373

=
= 12,75.9,81.10 4 N / m 2
T1
292,5

P2= 12,75 at.

Th d 3: Mt bnh kn cha 14g kh nit p sut 1at v nhit 270C. Sau khi h
nng, p sut trong bnh ln ti 5at. Tm:
a. Nhit khi kh trong bnh sau khi h nng.
b. Th tch ca bnh.
c. tng ni nng ca kh trong bnh.
Bi gii:
a. Kh ng trong bnh kn nn qu trnh ng tch:
p
p1 T1
=
T2 = T1 2 = 1500 K
p1
p 2 T2

b. Ta c:
p1V1 =

RT1 V = V1 =

mRT1 14.8,31.300
=
= 12,7 m 3
p1
28.9,81.10 4

c. tng ni nng ca kh trong bnh:

U =

mi
14.5
R.T =
.8,31.(1500 300) = 12,465kJ
28.2
2

Th d 4: Mt kmol kh nit iu kin bnh thng dn on nhit t V1 n V2 =

5V1. Tm:
a. bin thin ni nng ca khi kh.
b. Cng thc hin trong qu trnh dn n.
Bi gii:

a. U =

mi
m iR
(T2 T1 )
R.T =
2
2

Tm T2 t cng thc:
T1V1 1 = T2V2 1 T2 = 143K
Thay T1 = 273K, V2 = 5V1, = 1,4 ta c:
U = 2,69.10 6 J
b. Cng m khi kh sinh ra:
U = Q + A A = A = U = 2,68.10 6 J

24

Bi tp t gii

5.1 C 10g xy p sut 3at v nhit 100C. H nng ng p khi kh ti th tch 10 l .

Tm;
1. Th tch khi kh trc khi h nng.
2. Nhit khi kh sau khi h nng.
p s: V1 = 2,4.10-3m3 ; T2 = 1140K
5.2 Mt khi kh nit c th tch 8,3 l , p sut 15at v nhit 270C.
1. Tm khi lng ca khi kh .
2. H nng ng tch khi kh trn n nhit 270C. Tm p sut ca khi kh sau khi h
nng.
p s: 1. m = 0,137 kg; 2. p2 = 19,62at
5.3 C 40g xy chim th tch 3 l p sut 10at.
1. Tm nhit ca khi kh.
2. Cho khi kh dn n ng p n th tch 4 l . Tm nhit khi kh sau khi dn n.
p s: T1 = 283K; T2 = 377,4K
5.4 C 10g kh hydro p sut 8,2at v th tch 20 l .
1. Tm nhit ca khi kh.
2. t nng khi kh v gi cho th tch ca n khng i, p sut khi kh tng n 9at. Hi
nhit khi kh sau khi t nng bng bao nhiu?
p s: T1 = 388K ; T2 = 426K
5.5 C 10kg kh ng trong mt bnh p sut 107Pa. Gim lng kh m trong bnh th
p sut ca kh trong bnh bng 2,5.106Pa. Tm lng kh m ly ra. Coi qu trnh l ng
nhit.
p.m1
p s: m =
= 7,5kg
p1
5.6 C 12 g kh chim 4 l nhit 70C. H nng khi kh v gi cho th tch ca n khng
i th khi lng ring ca n bng 6.10-4g/cm3. Tm nhit ca khi kh sau khi h nng.
p s: T2 = 1400K
5.7 C 10g kh xy nhit 100C v p sut 3at. H nng khi kh ti th tch 10 l v vn
gi cho p sut khi kh khng i. Tnh:
1. Th tch ca khi kh trc khi h nng.
2. Nhit ca khi kh sau khi h nng.
3. Khi lng ring ca khi kh trc v sau khi h nng.
mRT1
p s: 1. V1 =
= 2,497(l )
p
2.

V1 T1
=
T2 = 1133K
V2 T2

3. 1 =

p
p
= 4 kg / m 3 , 2 =
= 1 kg / m 3
RT1
RT2

25

5.8 C mt lng kh cha trong mt bnh kn nhit 270C. Tm p sut ca khi kh

nu c mt na khi kh thot ra khi bnh v nhit ca bnh h xung 120C. Cho bit p
sut ban u ca khi kh l 40at.
m
m
p s: p1V1 = RT1 ; p 2V2 =
RT2 ; V1 = V2 p 2 = 19at
2

5.9 Mt kh cu c th tch 300m3. Ngi ta bm vo kh cu kh hydro nhit 20oC

di p sut 750mmHg. Cho bit mi giy bm c 25g kh. Hi sau bao lu th bm xong?
m
m
pV
p s: t =
; pV = RT t =
= 985 (s )
m1
m1 RT

1.10 Cho axit sunfuric tc dng vi vi (CaCO3) thu c 1320 cm3 kh cacbonic nhit
22oC v p sut 1000mmHg. Tm lng vi tham gia phn ng.
p s: Khi lng kh CO2 l:
m
pV = RT m = 0,316.10 3 kg

Mt khc:
H 2 SO4 + CaCO3 CaCO4 + CO2 + H 2 O
Khi lng vi cn dng: M = 7,18.10-3kg
5.11 - 160 gam kh xy c nung nng t nhit 500C n 600C. Tm nhit lng m kh
nhn c v bin thin ni nng ca khi kh trong hai qu trnh;
1. ng tch
2. ng p.
p s: 1. Q1 = 250 Calo; 2. Q2 = 350 Calo
5.12 - Mt bnh kn cha 14gam kh nit p sut 1at v nhit 27OC. Sauk hi h nng, p
sut trong bnh ln ti 5at. Hi:
1. Nhit ca khi kh sau khi h nng.
2. Th tch ca bnh.
3. tng ni nng ca kh.
p
p s: 1. T2 = T1 2 = 1500 K
p1
2. V = V1 =
3. U =

mRT1
= 12,7 m 3
p1

mi
RT = 12,465 KJ
2

5.13- Nn ng nhit 3lt khng kh p sut 1at. Tm nhit lng ta ra, bit rng th tch
cui cng ch cn bng 1/10 th tch lc u.
p s: Q = A =

RT ln

V1
= 676 J
V2

5-14: Sau khi nhn nhit lng 150 cal, nhit ca 40 gam kh xy tng t 160C n 400C.
Hi qu trnh h nng c tin hnh trong iu kin no?
p s: Nhit m khi kh nhn c l:

26

Q=

C x T C x =

mT

C x = CV =

i
5
R= R
2
2

Vy qu trnh h nng xy ra trong iu kin ng tch.

5-15- Mt khi kh nit p sut 1at, th tch 10 lt c gin n ti th tch gp i. Tm p
sut cui cng v cng do khi kh sinh ra nu qu trnh gin n l:
1. ng p
2. ng nhit
3. on nhit
p s: 1. ng p: A1 = p1 (V2 V1 ) = 9,8.10 2 J
2. ng nhit: p 2 =
A2 = P1V1 ln

p1V1
= 0,5at
V2

V2
= 686 J
V1

3. on nhit
V
p 2 = p1 1
V2

= 0,38at

p V p 2V2
A3 = 1 1
= 588 J
1
5-16- Nn 10 gam kh xy t iu kin tiu chun n th tch 4 lt. Tm;
1. p sut v nhit ca khi kh sau mi qu trnh nn ng nhit v on nhit.
2. Cng cn thit nn kh trong mi trng hp. T suy ra nn nn theo cch no th li
hn.
p s: 1. ng nhit:
pV
T2 = T1 = 273K ; p 2 = 1 1 = 5.10 5 N / m 2
V2
A=

p2
= 1115 J
p1

RT ln

2. on nhit
V
T2 = T1 1
V2
A=

V
= 520 K ; p 2 = p1 1
V2

= 9,5.10 5 N / m 2

p 2V2 p1V1
= 1500 J
1

Vy nn ng nhit li hn

CHNG VI.
NGUYN L HAI CA NHIT NG HC
III. CU HI N TP
1. Trnh by hn ch ca nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc.
2. Pht biu v vit biu thc ca nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng hc.
3. Nu ni dung ca nh l Carnot.

27

4. Nu ngha ca hm entropy v pht biu nguyn l tng entropy.

IV. BI TP
Bi tp v d 1: Mt ng c t c hiu sut nhit 22% . Trong mi giy n hot ng
95 chu trnh v thc hin cng 120 m lc. Hy tnh trong mt chu trnh ng c ny:
a) Thc hin mt cng bng bao nhiu?
b) Hp th nhit lng bao nhiu t ngun nng?
c) Thi ra nhit lng bao nhiu cho ngun lnh?
Gii:
a) Cng thc hin trong 1 giy:
A 0 =120 746 = 89520 J

Cng thc hin trong mi chu trnh

A
89520
A= 0 =
= 942,3 J
95
95
A
A
=
Q1 =
b) Hiu sut

Q1
Q1 =

742,3
= 4283 J,
0,22

vy nhit ly t ngun nng Q 1 = 4283 J

c) Nhit thi cho ngun lnh
Q2 = Q1 A = 4283 942,3 = 3340,7 J.
Bi tp v d 2: Mt ng c nhit hot ng theo chu trnh Carnot c cng sut P =

73600W, nhit ca ngun nng T 1 = 100 0 C nhit ca ngun lnh T 2 = 0 0 C.

Tnh: a) Hiu sut ca ng c,
b) Nhit lng m tc nhn nhn oc trong 1 pht,
c) Nhit lng m tc nhn thi cho ngun lnh trong 1 pht .
Gii:
T
273
= 0,27
hay = 27%
a) Hiu sut ng c: = 1 2 = 1
T1
373
b) Trong 1s ng c sinh cng A 0 = 73600 J, nhit lng tc nhn nhn c trong 1s
l:

A0
A
Q1 = 0

Q1

Nhit lng nhn trong 1 pht:

Q'1 = 60.Q1 = 60.

73600
= 16470 KJ
0,27

c) Nhit lng thi cho ngun lnh trong 1giy:

Q2 = Q1 A0
Nhit lng thi trong 1 pht:
Q' 2 = 60.Q2 = 60(Q1 A0 ) = 60.Q1 60. A0 = Q'1 60. A0
= 16470 - 60.73,6 = 12054 KJ
28

Bi tp v d 3: Mt t lnh c hiu sut 4,7 rt nhit t bung lnh vi tc 250 J

trong mi chu k. Vy trong mi chu k t lnh ny :
a) Nhn bao nhiu cng hot ng?
b) Nh ra bao nhiu nhit lng cho cn phng?
Gii:
Q
250
53 J
a) Cng nhn vo: A = 2 =

4,7

Cng ny c chuyn vo h, ta ni cng thc hin trn t lnh l +53 J hoc cng
do h thc hin c l -53 J
b) Nhit to ra:
Q1 = A + Q2 = 53 + 250 = 303 J
Bi tp t gii:
6-1. Mt ng c nhit l tng chy theo chu trnh Carnot nh cho ngun lnh 80%
nhit lng m n thu c ca ngun nng. Nhit lng thu c trong mt chu trnh l 1,5
Kcal.Tm:
a) Hiu sut ca chu trnh Carnot ni trn.
b) Cng m ng c sinh ra trong 1 chu trnh.
p s
A Q1 Q2
a) =
vi Q2 = 80%Q1
=
Q1
Q1

Tnh c

= 20%

b) A= Q1 = 0,3Kcal = 1, 254KJ
6-2. Nhit ca hi nc t l hi vo my hi l t1 = 227oC, nhit ca bnh ngng
l t2= 27oC. Hi khi tn mt lng nhit Q= 1Kcal th ta thu c mt cng cc i l bao
nhiu?
p s
T
A
=
= 1 2 A = 1,7 KJ
Q1
T1
6-3.Mt my lm lnh tiu th cng sut 36800w nhit ca ngun lnh l -10oC,
nhit ca ngun nng l 17oC. Tnh:
a) Hiu sut lm lnh.
b) Nhit lng ly c t ngun lnh trong 1giy.
c) Nhit lng nh cho ngun nng trong mt giy.
p s
Q
T2
a) = 2 =
9,74
A T1 T2

b) Q2= A = Pt 86000Cal
c) Q1 = Q2+ A 94800 Cal
6-4. Khi thc hin chu trnh carnot, kh sinh cng 8600J v nh nhit 2,5 Kcal cho
ngun lnh. Tnh hiu sut ca chu trnh.

29

p s
A
A
=
= 45%
Q1 Q + A
6-5. Khi thc hin chu trnh carnot h nhn c nhit lng 10Kcal t ngun nng v
thc hin cng 15KJ. Nhit ca ngun nng l 100oC. Tnh nhit ca ngun lnh.
p s
T
A
=
= 0,36 ; = 1 2 T2 239 K .
T1
Q1

CHNG VII
TRNG TNH IN
III. CU HI NTP

1. So snh s ging nhau v khc nhau ca nh lut Coulomb gia cc in tch im

q1, q2 v nh lut hp dn v tr Niutn gia cc vt c khi lng m1 v m2. C nhn xt g
v ln gia hai lc .
2. Nguyn l chng cht in trng c vn dng nh th no trong vic tm in
trng gy bi mt vt mang in tch q bt k ( vn dng khi vt mang in l mt mt
phng v hn hay mt mt tr v hn mang in u).
3. Vc t cng in trng: nh ngha, biu thc, ngha. Lin h gia vct
cng in trng v in th. Vn dng mi lin h xc nh hiu in th gia hai
mt phng song song v hn mang in u.
4. ng dng nh l Oxtrogradxki- Gaux, tm cng in trng gy bi mt mt
cu mang in u ti mt im nm trong v ngoi mt cu rng mang in u.
5. ng dng nh l Oxtrogradxki- Gaux, tm cng in trng gy bi mt dy
dn thng di v hn mang in u.
6. ng dng nh l Oxtrogradxki- Gaux, tm cng in trng gy bi mt mt
phng v hn mang in u.
7. nh ngha m men lng in, tm biu thc ca mmen lc tc dng ln lng
cc in, khi lng cc in t trong mt in trng u.
8. Thit lp biu thc cng ca lc tnh in khi chuyn mt in tch im qo trong
in trng gy bi in tch im q.
9. Vit biu thc th nng ca mt in tch im qo trong in trng gy bi mt
in tch im q. T rt ra biu thc in th gy bi mt in tch im q ti mt im
cch n mt on r.
10. Tnh cht th ca trng tnh in th hin nh th no? Vit biu thc ton hc
th hin tnh cht th ca trng tnh in bt k .
11. Nu nh ngha mt ng th v tnh cht ca mt ng th.

IV. BI TP

30

Th d 1: Mt vng trn lm bng mt dy dn mnh bn

knh R mang in tch dng Q phn b u trn dy. Hy xc
nh cng in trng ti im M nm trn trc ca vng
dy, cch tm mt on h.
Gii: Cng in trng do vng dy gy ra ti mt im no

bng tng cc cng in trng dE do cc phn t in

tch dQ nm trn vng dy gy ra. Ti im M cng in
trng do phn t in tch dQ gy ra l:
r kdQ rr
dE = 2
r r

dE

dE n

M
r

dE t

Theo nguyn l chng cht, cng in trng ti M

bng:

r
E M = dE =
vong

Hnh 7-24

dQ r
k 3r

r
( vong )

in trng gy bi
vng dy trn tch in u

thnh hai thnh phn

Trc tin ta phn tch vct dE

dE t v dE n . V cc in tch dQ phn b i xng qua im O nn tng cc thnh phn d E t

bng khng. Cn li
EM =

r
d
E
n

vong

V cc vct dE n cng phng, chiu nn E M c im t ti M, c phng ca trc

vng dy v chiu hng ra xa vng dy. V ln th

EM =

dEn .

vong

Theo hnh 7- 4 ta c dEn = dEcos ( l gc gia dE v OM ). in trng gy bi

kdQ
dQ ti M bng:
dE = 2
r
3/ 2
h
khdQ 2
v r2 = R2 + h2 nn dEn =
R + h2 )
V cos =
(

r
3/ 2
kh
EM = dEn = ( R 2 + h 2 )
Vy:
dQ
vong

hay:

EM =

vong

khQ

(R

+ h2 )

3/ 2

Th d 2:
Xc nh hiu in th gia hai mt phng song song v hn mang in u tri du,
mt in mt l (, -).
Hng dn:
Gi V1 v V2 ln lt l in th ca mt phng mang in dng v mt phng mang
in m, d l khong cch gia hai mt ta c:

31

V V1 V1 V2
dV
= 2
=
dl
d
d
d
V1 V2 = Ed =
.
0
E=

Th d 4: Xc nh hiu in th gia hai im nm cch tm mt cu mang in u nhng

khong R1 v R2 ( R 2 > R 1 > R ).

Hng dn: Ta c:
dV = Edr =

V2

R2

R1

q dr
q
dV =
4 0 r 2
40
V

dr

q 1
1

.
4 0 R 1 R 2

V1 V2 =

Trongtrnghp R 1 = R v R 2 = ( V2 = 0 ) ,tatmcbiuthctnhinthV
camtmtcumanginu:
V=

q
.
4 0 R

BI TP T GII
7.1 Hai qu cu kim loi ging ht nhau, kch thc khng ng k t cch nhau 60
cm th chng y nhau vi mt lc F1 = 7.10-5N. Ni hai qu cu bng mt si dy kim loi
mnh ri b si dy i th chng y nhau vi lc F2= 1,6.10-4 N. Hy xc nh in tch
ban u ca mi qu cu.
qq
HD: Lc tng tc gia hai qa cu trc khi ni F1 = k 1 22
r

q1 + q 2

Lc tng tc gia hai qa cu sau khi ni F2 = k

r 2

q1 = 14.10 8 C ; q 2 = 2.10 8 C
7.2 Hai qu cu nh ging ht nhau tng tc vi nhau trong chn khng, mt qu
cu mang in tch 6.10-9C, cn qu th hai mang in tch -3.10-9C. Khong cch gia hai
qu cu bng 5,0 cm. Tm lc tng tc gia chng.
1 q1 q 2
HD: Trong chn khng lc ht l F =
= 6,6.10 5 ( N )
4 o r

Khi hai qu cu tip xc vi nhau, mt phn in tch ca chng s trung ha nhau,

q q2
phn in tch cn li s chia u cho nhau q1' = q 2' = 1
= 1,5.10 9 C nn lc tng tc
2
gi chng s l F ' =

q'
4 o r 2

= 0,81.10 5 N

32

7.3 Hai qu cu t trong chn khng c cng bn knh v cng khi lng c treo
u hai si dy sao cho hai mt ngoi ca chng tip xc vi nhau. Sau khi truyn cho cc
qu cu mt in tch qo = 4.10-7C, chng y nhau v gc gia hai si dy by gi bng 60o.
Tnh khi lng ca cc qu cu nu khong cch t cc im treo n tm cu bng l =
20cm.
HD: Gi gc hp bi hai dy l 2 .
in tch ca mi qu cu l q =qo/2.
O
q2
T iu kin cn bng dn ti F= P tg =
, vi
l 2
2
T
4 or
q1

q
2
= 0,157 N
sin = P =
2l
4 o .4l 2 sin 2 .tg

q2

I
r

Hnh-bt3
7.4 Cho hai in tch im q1 = 8.10-8 C; q2 = 3.10-8 C t trong khng kh ti hai
im M , N cch nhau 10 cm. Cho MA = 9cm; NA=7cm; MB = 4cm;NB = 6cm;qo= 5.10-10C

a. Tnh cng in trng ti hai im A v B.

b. Tnh in th ti A v B.
c.Tnh cng dch chuyn in tch qo t A n B.
HD: a. im A: E A = E A1 + E A 2
MA2 + NA2 MN 2 5
cos =
=
2.MA.NA
21
o
o
= 76 42' ; = 67 09'
/ q1 /
8,91.104V / m;
E A1 =
2
4 o MA
/ q2 /
9,34.10 4 V / m
E A2 =
4 o NA2

E A1
A

M
q1

EA

E A2
N

q2

Hnh - bt4

- i vi im B: E B = E B1 + E B 2
/ q1 /
/ q2 /
EB1 =
45.104V / m ; EB 2 =
7,5.104V / m
2
2
4 o MB
4 o NB
- Vy EB= EB1+ EB2 = 52,5.104 V/m v hng t M n N
b.Tnh in th ti im ti im A v B:
/ q1 /
/ q2 /
VA= VA1+VA2 =
+
4,14.103V
4MA 4 o NA
VB=VB1+VB2=

/ q1 /
/ q1 /
+
13,5.103V
4 o MB 4 o NB

c. Cng dch chuyn qo t A n B:

A = qoUAB= qo(VA- VB) = - 46,80.10-7J
5
7.5 Tm lc tc dng ln mt in tch im q = .10 9 C t tm O ca na vng
3
dy trn bn knh R= 5cm tch in u mang in tch Q =3.10-7C t trong chn khng.
HD: Chn trc Ox nh hnh v. Dy tch in u c mt
Q
=
. Phn t dl mang in dq= dl = R.d . Lc tc dng
R
q.dq
ln phn t in tch dq l dF = k 2

33

dl

dFx
R

q
dF
Hnh - bt.5

7.6 Mt si dy kim loi mnh di 8cm t trong khng kh tch in u, in lng

ca dy l q1 = 35.10-5C. in tch im q2 t trn phng ca si dy cch im gia dy
mt on r = 6cm. Dy tc dng ln q2 mt lc l F2 = 12.10-5 N. Hy xc nh in tch q2.

HD: Chn trc Ox nh hnh v. Chia dy thnh

q
cc phn t dx v mang in 2 dq= dx = 1 dx s
l
tc dng mt lc dF ln in tch q2
+

dF = k

o F (4r l )
2

q1

q2

dx

Hnh - bt.6

1
q2dx
qq
dx
qq
F = k 1 2
F =k 1 2
2
2
l (r x )
l (r x )
(r x )
l

q2 =

l
2

+l / 2
l / 2

7,62.10 11 C

7.7 Treo mt qu cu nh c khi lng m = 1g mang in tch q=10-9C gn mt mt

phng v hn thng ng mang mt in mt =4.10-9 C/m2. Xc nh gc lch ca si
dy so vi phng thng ng.
+
T + P + Fc = 0
+

FC
q
o
+
T
tg =
=
13
+
P
2 o mg
Fc
+
+
+
P

Hnh - bt.9
7.8 Ti ba nh A,B,C ca mt hnh ch nht trong khng kh t ba in tch
q1,q2,q3. Cho AB = a = 3cm; BC = b = 4cm; q2 = -2,5.10-6 C.
a. Xc nh cc in tch q1 v q3 in trng ti D bng khng.
b. Xc nh in th gy ra ti im D ca h in tch im.

34

HD: a.

Do q2 < 0 nn E B chiu

hng t D ti B v hnh chi E B1 , E B 2 . Vy

in trng ti D bng 0 th u ca n
xung DA v DC ln lt l: E A v E C
phi c chiu nh hnh v q1 > 0 v q3 > 0.
T hnh v ta c: EA= EB2=EBcos
q1
q2
b

=
2
2
2
2
4 o b
4 o (b + a ) b + a 2

B, q2

A, q1

C, q3

b
EB

E B2

EA

E B1

EC

E AC

Hnh - bt.11

q1 = 2,7.10 6 C

7.9 Cho hai in tch q v 2q t cch nhau 10 cm. Hi ti im no trn ng ni

hai in tch y in trng trit tiu.
HD: Gi s ti im M trn ng thng ni hai in tch q v 2q, gi x l khong

cch t q n M, in trng do h hai in tch gy ra trit tiu th E = E1 + E 2 = 0 ; E1 v

E2 ln lt l cng in trng do q1 v q2 gy ra ti M E1=E2
q
2q
=
x = 4,14.10 2 m
Ta c
2
2
4 ox
4 o (l x)
7.10 Xc nh cng in trng tm mt lc gic u cnh a, bit rng su
nh ca n c t:
a. Su in tch bng nhau v cng du.
b. 3 in tch m v 3 in tch dng v tr s u bng nhau, t xen k .
c. 3 in tch m v 3 in tch dng v tr s u bng nhau, t lin tip .
HD: p dng nguyn l cht in trng, c hai trng hp a,b in trng ti tm
q
u bng 0. Trng hp t 3 in tch dng v 3 in tch m t lin tip E =
4 o a 2
7.11 Cho hai in tch im q1= 2.10-6 C, q2= -10-6C t cch nhau 10 cm. Tnh cng
ca lc tnh in khi in tch q2 dch chuyn trn ng thng ni hai in ra xa thm mt
on 90 cm.
S: A = - 0,162J

Mt a trn bn knh R = 8cm tch in u vi mt in mt

7.12

= 10 C / m .
3

a. Xc nh cng in trng ti mt im nm trn trc ca a v cch tm a

mt on h= 6 cm.
b. Chng minh rng nu h0 th biu thc thu c s chuyn thnh biu thc tnh
cng in trng gy bi mt mt phng v hn mang in u.
c. Chng minh rng nu h>>R th biu thc thu c chuyn thnh biu thc tnh
cng in trng gy bi mt in tch im.
HD: Chia a thnh thnh nhng hnh vnh khn tm O. Din tch dS ca hnh vnh
khn gii hn bi cc vng trn tm bn knh x v x + dx l: dS = 2xdx.
35

Vy, in tch dq trn dS l: dq = dS = 2xdx.

Do tnh i xng ca bi ton nn in

ur
trng dE gy bi cc phn t din tch dS ti

M u c phng Ox, c chiu hng ra xa

a. C ln l
h.dq
;
dE =
3

4 o ( R 2 + h 2 ) 2

A
uur
dE 2

r
x
O

x+dx
h

ur
dE

uur
dE1

Hnh - bt.12

p dng nguyn l chng cht in trng, in trng tng hp do c a trn gy

1

2hxdx
=
1
ra ti M l: E = dE =
3
2 o
R2
0
caVD
4 o ( x 2 + h 2 ) 2
+
1

h2

Nu h>>R th

1+

R2
h2

R2
R2
R2

1
+

h 2 2h 2
2h 2

q
R
Nn E =
=
2
4 oh
4 oh 2
+ h << R hay h 0 hay R th E =

2 0

7.13 Mt vng dy trn bn knh 4cm tch in u vi in tch Q= (1/9).10-8C. Tnh

in th ti tm vng dy v ti im M trn trc vng dy, cch tm vng dy mt khong
M
h=3cm.
Chia nh vng dy thnh nhng on v cng nh dl mang
in tch dq, in th do in tch dq gy ra ti M bng
dq
dV =
vi r = R 2 + h 2 ; vi in th do c
r
h
4 o r

vng dy gy ra ti M l:
V=

dV =

c v

c v

dq
4 o r

Ti tm h = 0 ta c Vo =

Q
4 o R
Q

Q
4 o R + h
2

dl
2

= 250V

Hnh- bt.14

= 200V
Ti im M: VM =
4 o R 2 + h2
7.14 C mt in tch im q t ti tm O ca hai
ng trn ng tm bn knh R v r.

Qua tm O ta v mt ng thng ct hai ng trn

ln lt ti cc im A,B, C, D.
a. Tnh cng ca lc in trng khi dch chuyn
mt in tch qo t B n C v t A n D
b. So snh cng ca lc tnh in khi dch chuyn
in tch qo t A n C v t C n D

q
36

Hnh - bt.18

HD: a. VA=VC; VA=VD, do ABC = qo( VB-VC)=0, AAD = 0.

b. VA=VD, VB=VC nn cc cng u bng nhau
c. Cc kt qu khng thay i v cng ca lc tnh in khng ph thuc vo
dng ng i.
7.15 Gia hai mt phng song song v hn mang in u mt bng nhau nhng
tri du, cch nhau mt khong d =1cm t nm ngang, c mt ht mang in khi lng m=
5.10-14 kg. Khi khng c in trng, do sc cn ca khng kh, ht ri vi vn tc khng i
v1. Khi gia hai mt phng ny c hiu in th U= 600V th ht ri chm i vi vn tc v2 =
0,5 v1. Tm in tch ca ht.
Khi khng in trng: mg = Fc
(1)
Khi c in trng: mg- Eq = Fc
(2)
v
T (1) v (2) rt ra: mg- Eq = 2 mg
v1
hay q =

mg
v
mgd
v
1 1 = 4,1.10-18 C.
(1 2 ) =
E
v1
U v2

1
7.16 Tnh cng cn thit dch chuyn mt in tch q = .10 7 C t mt im M
3
cch qu cu tch in bn knh r = 1cm mt khong R = 10cm ra xa v cc. Bit qu cu c
mt in mt = 1011 C / cm 2 .
HD: Cng ca lc tnh in tnh theo cng thc A = qU= q(VM- VN)
VM =

4r 2
qr 2
; VN=V=0; =1. Vy AM =
= 3,42.10 7 J
4 o (r + R)
o (R + r)

7.17. Hai in tch im cng du q1= 10-7C v q2=2.10-7C t cch nhau mt on r1

= 0,8 m. Tm cng cn thc hin a hai in tch li gn nhau ti khong cch r2 = 0,2 m
HD: Gi s q2 dch chuyn trong trng ca q1 th :
A = q 2 (V1 V2 ) = q 2 (

q1

4 o r1

q2

4 o r2

)=

q1 q 2 1 1
( ) = 6,8.10 4 J
4 o r1 r2

7.18. Cho mt in tch qo = -10-9C t ti mt im O trong chn khng. Mt

electron bay t xa v cng tin li gn qo. Khong cch nh nht gia chng l 3,17 cm. Hy
xc nh vn tc ban u ca electron.
HD: V qo<0 v e<0 nn in trng thc hin cng m. Cng cn dch chuyn e
t v cng n v tr gn nht bng:

AM =

/ q o // e / me vo2
=
v o 10 7 m / s
4 o rmin
2

hay q =

mg
v
mgd
v
1 1 = 4,1.10-18 C
(1 2 ) =
E
v1
U v2

37

7.19. Cho mt qu cu tch in u vi mt in khi , bn knh a. Tnh hiu

in th gia hai im cch u tm ln lt l a/2 v a.

Cng in trng mt im bn trong khi cu cch tm mt khong r l:
E=

q
4 o r 2

; q = (4 / 3)r 3 Va / 2 Va =

E.dr =

a/2

3a 2 a 2
=
3 o 8
8 o

7.20. Mt electron chuyn ng trong mt in trng u c gia tc a = 1012m/s2 .

Tnh:
a. Cng in trng
b. Vt tc ca electron sau 10-6 s chuyn ng ( vn tc ban u bng 0)
c. Cng ca lc in trong khong thi gian .
d. Hiu in th m electron vt qua trong thi gian ( b qua tc dng ca trng lc)
m
HD: a. F= eE = mea E = e a 5,7V / m
e
6
b. v = at =10 m/s
1
c.A = eU = W = me v 2 4,56.10-19J
2
d. U = A/e =2,85 V
7.21. Tm s ht electron trong ht bi c khi lng m=10-11 g, nu ht bi nm cn
bng gi hai bn phng nm ngang c tich in n hiu in th 76,5V. Khong cch cc
bn l d= 5mm. Nu ht bi mt i 20 electron th gia tc ca ht bi bng bao nhiu.

HD: Ht bi nm cn bng nn P = F mg = q (

V1 V2
) q 1 v s electron c
d

q
40 . Nu mt i 20 e, lc in gim i mt na. Nh vy, lc in tc
e
dng ln ht bi by bng P/2 v ht bi ri vi gia tc g/2 tc l bng 4,9 m/s2.

trong ht bi l n =

CHNG VIII. VT DN
1III. CU HI N TP

1. Chng minh cc tnh cht ca vt dn cn bng tnh in.

2. Gii thch hiu ng mi nhn. Nu nhng ng dng thc t ca hiu ng .
3. Phn bit hin tng in hng mt phn, hin tng in hng ton phn.
4. nh ngha mn in. Nu ng dng n trong k thut v i sng
5. nh nghi vt dn c lp. Vit biu thc in dung C ca n.
6. nh ngha t in, in dung ca t .in. Vit biu thc in dung t in phng.
7 . Tm nng lng ca h vt tch in. T tm nng lng ca t in phng tch in.
in trng trong t in phng l hay khng. Ti sao? Tm nng lng ca in trng
bt k.
8. nh ngha v biu thc ca mt dng in.
9. Tm nh lut Ohm di dng vi phn.
10. Trnh by v sut in ng ca ngun in v thnh lp biu thc.

38

IV. BI TP
Th d 1:
Mt git thy ngn hnh cu bn knh R c in dung cho bi C = 40 R. Nu hai git nh

vy kt hp li vi nhau to thnh mt git ln hn th in dung ca n bng bao nhiu?

Gii:
4
3

4
3

Gi s git thy ngn ln c bn knh Rl th ta c: 2. R 3 = R l3 R l = R 3 2.

Vy, in dung ca git ln l: Cl = 40 R l = 40 R 3 2 = C 3 2.
Th d 2:
Cho mt t in phng vi in tch q, din tch mi bn l S,
khong cch gia cc bn l , hng s in mi gia cc bn l
. Hy tnh lc ht gia cc bn ca t in.
Gii:

r
F

Gi s di tc dng ca lc F , bn t chuyn di mt vi phn

dl. Cng ca lc F trong chuyn di ny l:
dA = Fdl.

Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng: Cng ny bng gim

nng lng ca t in. Tc l:

dl

Hnh v bi tp 2

dA = dW.

Vy:
Th d 3:
chnh gia hai bn ca mt t in phng c in dung
C = 1,78.10-11F, din tch mi bn cc l S = 100cm2, nhng trong cht lng in mi = 2,
ngi ta t mt in tch q = + 4,5x10-9C th thy q chu mt lc F =
9,81.10-5N. Tnh:
a) Hiu in th U gia hai bn t in.
b) Mt nng lng in trng.
c) Lc tng tc gia hai bn cc ca t in.
Gii: a) T in phng nn U = Ed d = U/E.
Mt khc F = qE E = F/q d = qU/F
(1)
C
C = 0S/d d = 0S/C
(2)
SF
Kt hp (1) v (2) rt ra: U = 0
217V.
qC
b) Mt nng lng in trng:
2

F
1
e = (1/2)0E = 0 = 42,03.10-4 J/m3
2
q
2

c) Hai bn cc ht nhau vi lc f. Nng lng in trng ca t in s bin thnh cng cn

khng cho hai bn cc tin ti gn nhau. T :
fd = Sd f = S = 42,03.10-6N.

39

BI TP T GII
8.1 Cho hai mt cu kim loi ng tm bn knh R1= 4cm, R2= 2cm mang in tch Q1= (2/3).10-9C; Q2= 3.10-9C. Tnh cng in trng v in th ti nhng im cch tm cu
nhng khong bng 1cm, 2cm, 3cm, 4cm, 5cm.
q
HD: i vi mt cu kim loi th: Et= 0; Engoi =
;
4 or 2

Vtr bng nhau ti mi im; Vngoi =

Ti im
E ( V/m)
V(V)

1cm
0
3900

q
4 or

2 cm
202500
3900

3cm
90000
2550

4cm
50625
1875

5 cm
30000
1500

8.2 Mt qu cu kim loi bn knh 10 cm, in th 300V. Tnh mt in mt ca qu

cu.

HD: in th ca qu cu kim loi bn knh R tnh theo cng thc:

q
; mt khc q = S = 4R 2 = o = 2,6.108 C / m 2
V=
4 oR
R
8.3 Hai qu cu kim loi bn knh r bng nhau v bng 2,5 cm t cch nhau a=1m, in
th ca mt qu cu l 1200 V, ca qu cu l -1200V. Tnh in tch ca mi qu cu.

in th ca mi qu cu bng tng in th do chnh in tch ca n gy ra v in th

Do in tch qu cu kia gy ra. Ch r<< a. Ta c:
V1 =

1 q1 q2
1 q2 q1
+ ;V2 =
+
a
a
4 o r
4 o r

rV aV2
rV aV1
.4 o ; q2 = a.r 12
.4 o v r2<<a2 nn
T rt ra q1 = a.r 22
2
2
r a
r a
r
r
q1 =
(rV2 aV1 ) = 3,41.10 9 C ; q2 =
(rV1 aV2 ) = 3,41.10 9 C
ka
ka
8.4 Hai qu cu kim loi c bn knh v khi lng nh nhau: R =1cm, m = 4.10-5 kg c
treo u hai si dy c chiu di bng nhau sao cho mt ngoi ca chng tip xc vi nhau.
Sau khi truyn in tch cho cc qu cu, chng y nhau v dy treo lch mt gc no so
vi phng thng ng. Sc cng ca dy khi l T = 4,9.10-4 N. Tnh in th ca cc qu
cu mang in ny bit rng khong cch t im treo n tm cu l ln= 10 cm. Cc qu cu
t trong khng kh.

= arccos

P
q2
; F= Tsin =
T
4 o r 2

T q= 4 oTr 2 sin
Suy ra in th ca qu cu A: VA= V1+V2
q
q
Trong V1 =
; V2 =
VA=19500 V
4 o R
4 o (r R)
40

Tnh tng t VB= VA

8.5 Hai qu cu kim loi bn knh 8cm v 5 cm ni vi nhau bng mt si dy dn c
in dung khng ng k, v c tch mt in lng Q = 13.10-8 C. Tnh in th v in
tch ca mi qa cu.
O

HD: Hai qu cu c ni vi nhau nn c cng in th V.

- in tch qu cu th nht: q1 = C1V = 4 or1V
- in tch qu cu th hai: q2 = C2V = 4 or2V ; Q = q1+ q2
- Do : V =

l
q1

I
r

Q
9000V ; q1=8.10-8C v q2=5.10-8 C
4 o (r1 + r2 )

q2

F
R

Hnh.bt 8.3
8.6 Hai qu cu kim loi t cch xa nhau. Mt qu cu c bn knh R1= 2cm v in th
V1= 100V, qu kia c bn knh R2= 3cm v in th V2= 200V. Hi in th ca hai qu cu
bng bao nhiu nu ni chng vi nhau bng mt dy dn.

HD: in th ca qu cu trc khi ni:

1 q2
1 q1
;V2 =
V1 =
4 o R2
4 o R1
Tng in tch ca chng q =q1 +q2= 4 o R1V1 + 4 o R2V2
in th ca hai qu cu sau khi ni: V'1= V'2= V=
p

dng

nh

lut bo ton
R V + R2V2
= 160V .
q1 + q2 = q1' + q2' V = 1 1
R1 + R2

in

q1'
1 q2'
=
4 o R1 4 o R2
1

tch

cho

hai

vt

dn:

8.7 Hai qu cu rng bng kim loi ng tm c phn b in tch vi cng mt mt

in mt .Tm in tch tng cng Q phn b trn hai mt cu , bit rng khi dch chuyn
mt in tch mt culng t v cc ti tm ca hai qu cu cn phi tn mt cng bng
102J. Bit cc bn knh ca hai qu cu ln lt l 5cm v 10 cm.

HD: in tch trn hai mt cu ln lt bng q1= 4 R 2 v q2 = 4r 2 . in tch tng

cng bng Q= q1+ q2.
Cng dch chuyn in tch 1 Culng t xa v cc vo tm O ca hai qu cu v tr s bng
in th ti tm :
V=

1 q1 q2
+
4 o R r

Thay q1 v q2 t cng thc trn vo cc biu thc ca q1 v q2, ta c:

4 o R 2V
4 o r 2V 4
4 oV
; q2 =
q1 =
;
4 ( R + r )
R+r
R+r

r 2 + R2
.V .4 o
Cng t trn ta c: Q= q1+q2=
r+R
Thay s ta c: Q = 9,2.10-10C
8.8 Mt qu cu kim loi bn knh R=1m mang in tch q=10-6 C. Tnh:
41

a. in dung ca qu cu.
b. in th ca qu cu.
c. Nng lng trng tnh in ca qu cu.
HD: a. C = 4 o R = 0,11.10-9F.

b. V = Q/C = 9.103 V.
c. W = CV2/2=4,5.10-3J.
8.9 Xc nh in th ti mt im A nm cch tm mt qu cu kim loi mang in mt
khong d = 10 cm, bn knh ca qu cu r = 1cm. Xt hai trng hp:

a. Mt in mt = 1011 C/ cm2.
b.in th ca qu cu V= 300 V.
1 q
VA =
4 o d
a. q = 4 o r 2 VA = 11,3V

b. q = 4 o rV VA = 30V
8.10 Cho mt t in phng gi hai bn l khng kh, din tch mi bn S=1m2, khong
cch gia hai bn d = 1,5mm.
a. Tm in dung ca t in.
b. Tm mt in mt trn bn khi t in c mc vo ngun in c hiu in th
khng i U= 300V.
c. Cng cc cu hi trn khi ta lp y khng gian gia hai bn t in bng lp thy tinh
c hng s in mi = 6 .
S
HD: a. C = o = 5,9.10 9 F ;
d

U
b. E =
= o E = o E = o . = 1,77.10 6 C / m 2
o
d

c. C' = C = 35,4.10-9 F.
8.11 in tch q = 45.10-9 C nm trong khong gia hai bn ca mt t in phng c in
dung C =1,78.10-11F, chu tc dng ca lc F = 9,81.10-5 N. Din tch mi bn t l S =
100cm2. Khong khng gian gia hai bn t c lp y bi parafin c = 2. Xc nh:
a. Hiu in th gia hai bn t.
b. in tch ca t in.
c. Mt nng lng v nng lng in trng gia hai bn t in.
d. Lc tng tc gia hai bn t.
S
HD:a. Hiu in th gia hai bn t: U= Ed; m E= F/q; d = o do :
C
F o S
= 217V
U=
qC
b. in tch trn t in: Q = CU = 3,85.10-9C.
2

1
1 F
c. Mt nng lng in trng:w = oE 2 = o = 42.10 4 J / m3
2
2 q

42

1
- Nng lng in trng gia hai bn t: W= CU 2 = 4,19.10 7 J
2
d. Cng dch chuyn hai bn t in li st nhau c tr s bng nng lng ca t in
fd =W=wsd f = ws = 42,03.10-6N
8.12 Mt t in phng c din tch mi bn S=100cm2 khong cch gia hai bn d = 3mm
v hiu in th gia hai bn U = 500 V. Khong khng gian gia hai bn t in l khng
kh ( = 1 ). Xc nh lc ht gia hai bn t.
HD: gii tng t bi 10
1 o SU 2
1
SU 2
fd =W= CU 2 fd =
f = o 2 = 1,24.10 4 N
2 d
2d
2
8.13 Mt t in phng c din tch mi bn S = 500cm2 mc vo ngun in c sut in
ng l 300 V. Hy xc nh cng dch chuyn hai bn t khong cch d gia chng tng
t gi tr d1 = 1cm n d2= 3 cm. Mi trng gia hai bn t in l khng kh.
HD: Bin thin nng lng ca t in trc v sau khi dch chuyn hai bn t in c tr
s bng cng lm dch chuyn hai bn t t khong cch d1 n d2
1 1
1
1
1
A = W2 W1 = C2U 2 C1U 2 = oSU 2 = 1,33.10 6 J
2
2
2
d 2 d1

8.14 Cho mt t in tr hnh tr bn knh hai bn l r =1,5cm, R = 3,5 cm. hiu in th

gia hai bn l Uo =2300V. Tnh vn tc ca mt electron chuyn ng theo ng sc in
trng t khong cch 1,5cm n 3 cm nu vn tc ban u ca n bng khng.
HD: Cng ca lc in trng chuyn thnh ng nng ca electron A= mv2/2.
Ta c dA= qdU = - qEdx.
d2

V E =

Uo
qU o dx
q U ln(d1 d 2 ) mv 2
A=
= o
=
x ln( R / r )
ln(
/
)
ln(
/
)
2
x
R
r
R
r
d1

2qU O ln(d1 / d 2 )
= 1,46.107 m / s
m. ln( R / r )

T suy ra: v =

8.15 Hai qu cu mang in nh nhau, mi qu cu c khi lng 0,02 kg t t cch

nhau mt khong no . Tm in tch ca cc qu cu bit rng khong cch , nng
lng tng tc tnh in ln hn nng lng tng tc hp dn mt triu ln.

- Nng lng tnh in ca cc qu cu W1 =

- Nng lng hp dn W2=
- Theo u bi:

4 or

q2

4 or

m1m2
r

10 m1m2
r
6

T q = 106.4 om1m2 = 1,73.10 8 C

8.16 Mt qu cu A bn knh r1= 5cm mang in tch q1 = 5.10-7C v mt qu cu bn
knh r2 = 10 cm cng mang in tch q2 = 5.10-7C c ni vi nhau bng dy dn. Cc in
tch s dch chuyn trong dy dn theo hng no? Lng in tch dch chuyn trong dy

43

theo hng no? Lng in tch dch chuyn trong dy bng bao nhiu? in th ca mi
qu cu sau khi ni? Cho bit cc qu cu kh xa nhau.
HD: V cc qu cu kh xa nhau, nn c th vit:
V1 =

q1

4 o r1

;V2 =

q2

4 o r2

V V1>V2 nn cc in tch s chuyn dch trong dy dn t qu cu 1 sang qu cu 2. S

dch chuyn s ngng khi in th ca hai qu cu bng nhau. Khi ta c:
q1
q2
=
; q1' + q2' = q1 + q2 ; q1' v q2' l in tch ca cc qu cu sau khi ni. T
V1 =
4 o r1 4 o r2
cc ng thc trn ta rt ra: q1' =

r1 (q1 + q2 )
r1 + r2

in lng chy t qu cu 1 sang qu cu 2 bng:

rq
rq
q1 q1' = 2 1 1 2 1.67.10 7 C
r1 + r2 r1 + r2
8.17 Hiu in th gia hai im A v B bng 6V. in dung ca t th nht C1 = 2.10-6 F
v t in th hai C2 = 4.10-6 F. Tnh hiu in th v in tch trn cc bn t in.
HD: Gi q l ln in tch ca mi bn t in ta c
CCU
A
D
B
(1)
q = CU = 1 2
o
o
o
C1 + C2
C1

(2)
Mt khc q = C1U1
(3)
Q =C2U2
thay gi tr ca q t (1) vo (2) v (3) ta c
C1U
C2U
U1 =
= 4V ; U 2 =
= 2V ; q = 8.10-6 V
C1 + C2
C1 + C2

C2

8.18 Xc nh nhit lng ta ra khi ni cc bn pha trn ( bn khng ni t) ca hai t

in bng mt dy dn. Hiu in th gia cc bn pha trn ca cc t in v t ln lt
bng U1= 100V, U2 =-50V, in dung ca cc t in bng C1 = 2F; C2 = 0,5 F

C1U12 C2U 22
+
2
2
in tch q v in dung C ca h sau khi ni: q = q1 + q2 ; C = C1 + C2

Nng lng tng cng ca hai t trc khi ni: W =

Hiu in th ca h sau khi ni: U =

Nng lng ca h sau khi ni: W =

C1U1 + C2U 2
C1 + C2

(C1 + C2 ).U 2
2
C1C2 (U1 U 2 )
= 5.10 4 J
2(C1 + C2 )
2

Nhit lng ta ra trong dy dn bng: W- W' =

U1
C1

U2
C2

Hnh. Bt 8.18

44

8.19 Mt ht bi c khi lng m= 0,05 g mang in tch q=10-5 C nm cn bng trong

khong khng gian gia hai bn t in phng nm ngang. Cho bit khong cch gia hai bn
t d = 3mm; din tch mi bn ca t in S= 100cm2. Tnh hiu in th gia hai bn t v
in tch t in. Bit rng cht in mi cha trong t in c = 2 .
qU
HD: Ht bi ng cn bng nn: F =
= mg = P
d
mgd
= 147V
U=
q

q = CU =

oS
d

U = 8,26.1010 C

8.20 Mt in t sau khi c gia tc bi hiu in th U0= 5000 V, bay vo in trng

ca t in phng ti im O cch u hai bn t, theo phng vung gc vi in trng.
Hi cn phi t ln t mt hiu in th nh nht l bao nhiu in t khng th bay ra
khi t? Bit chiu di ca cc bn t l l = 5cm, khong cch gia hai bn l d= 1cm. B qua
nh hng ca trng trng.
Gi vo l vn tc ca electrn sau khi c gia tc bi hiu in th Uo, ta
1
c: eU o = mvo2
2

- Chn h trc ta nh hnh v. Gi s in t chm bn dng ti im M(s,d /2)

vi s = vot
a=

d 1 2
= at . Trong t l thi gian chuyn ca in t
2 2

eU
l gia tc ca in t trong in trng.
me d

- T cc phng trnh trn ta tm c

2d 2U o
v in t khng ra khi t nn s < l.
U
2d 2U o
T rt ra: U
= 400 V
l2
Vy hiu in th ti thiu l Umin= 400V

s2 =

- - - - - - - - - -

vo

d O
M

+ + + + + + + +
y
l

H. bt. 20

CHNG IX. IN MI
III. CU HI N TP

1. Hin tng phn cc in mi v hin tng in hng ca vt dn khc nhau nhng

im no? Phn tch.
2. Nu s khc nhau gia phn t t phn cc v phn t khng t phn cc.
3. Th no l cht in mi ng cht v ng hng.
4. Phn bit ba loi phn cc. Nu s khc nhau gia chng v vn dng chng gii thch
s phn cc ca cht in mi ng cht v ng hng.

45

5. nh ngha vc t phn cc in mi, tm mi lin h gia vc t phn cc in mi v mt

in tch lin kt mt.
6. Chng minh rng cng in trng trong cht in gim i ln so vi trong chn
khng.
7. Nu nhng c tnh ca in mi sc nht.
8. Trnh by hiu ng p in thun, p in nghch v nu nhng ng dng ca n.
9. Tm mi lin h gia gia D v Pe

IV.BI TP

Th d 1:
Mt t in phng c cc bn cc vi din tch S = 115cm2 v cch nhau mt khong d =
1,24cm. Mt hiu in th U = 85,5V c t vo gia hai bn t in. Sau ngt n ra
khi hiu in th trn v mt tm in mi dy b = 0,78cm v c hng s in mi = 2,61
c a vo gia cc bn cc ca t in (xem hnh bn). Tnh:
a) in dung C0 ca t trc khi tm in mi c a vo.
b) in tch t do xut hin trn cc bn cc.
b
c) in trng E0 trong khe gia cc bn t v tm in mi.
d) in trng E trong tm in mi.
e) Hiu in th gia cc bn t sau khi a tm in mi
vo.
f) in dung khi c tm in mi
Bi gii:
d
a) Tnh C0: Trc khi a tm in mi vo, y l t in
khng kh
( 1) nn:
C0 =

0S
d

8,85.1012.115.104
= 8, 21 pF
1, 24.102

b) Tnh q = C0U = 8,21.11-12. 85,5 = 7,02 . 10-10C

in tch t do ny khng i khi a tm in mi vo t in.
c) Tnh E0 theo cng thc E0 =

q
7, 02.1010
=
=
= 6900 (V / m)
0 0 S 8,85.1012.115.104

d) Tnh E theo cng thc (9-5)

E
6900
= 2640 (V / m )
E= 0 =
2, 61

e) Tnh U = U1 + U2, trong U1 l hiu in th trn khe gia cc bn t v tm in

mi; Cn U2 l hiu in th gia hai mt gii hn ca tm in mi.
Ta c
U1 = E0 (d b), U2 = Eb nn:
U = E0 (d b) + Eb = E0d (E0 E)b
= 6.900. 1,24. 10-2 (6900 2640).0,78.10-2
= 52,3V.
f) Tnh C theo cng thc
46

C =

q 7, 02.1010
=
= 1,34.1011 F
U
52,3

Th d 2:
Cho hai mt phng kim loi A. B song song tch in u, t cch nhau mt khong D=

1cm, ln lt c mt in mt A = (2 / 3).10 9 C / cm 2 v B = (1 / 3).10 9 C / cm 2 . Hng

s in mi ca lp mi trng c di d= 5mm gia chng l = 2 . Xc nh hiu in
th gia hai mt .
Bi gii:
V hai mt phng mang in tch cng du nn vc t cng in trng do hai mt
phng mang in gy ra c hng ngc nhau. Cng in trng tng hp trong lp
B
mi trng c hng s in mi v b dy d c ga tr bng E d = A
2 o
Cng in trng tng hp trong khong khng gian cn li gi hai mt phng
mang in trn c tr s bng:
B
B
A
Eo = A
2 o
Hiu in th ng vi lp in mi b dy d c tr s bng:
( B )d
U O = Ed d = A
2 o
Hiu in th ng vi lp khng kh cn li c b dy D- d bng:
( B )( D d )
U O = EO ( D d ) = A
2 o

+
+
+

d
D

+
+
+

Hnh btvd2

Hiu in th gia hai mt phng mang in A, B song song trn c tr s bng:

( A B )( D d ) ( A B )d
U = UO +Ud =
+
2 o
2 o

( A B ) D d + d
=

2 o

=1413 V

Th d 3:
C hai mt phng song song v hn mang in u tri du mt in mt bng nhau.
Ngi ta lp y gia hai mt phng mt lp thy tinh dy 3 mm ( = 7). Hiu in th
gia hai mt phng trn l 1000 V. Xc nh mt in tch lin kt trn mt cht in
mi.
Bi gii:

V hai mt phng mang in l v hn v mt in u nen cc vc t D v u vung

gc vi hai mt phng. Ta c Dn= D, En= E, = D O E .
U
vo biu thc trn ta c:
d
U
' = O ( 1) E = O ( 1)
d

Thay D= O E v E =

47

Thay o , , U, d bng nhng tr s ca chng ta c:

' = 8,86.10 12.6000 / 3.10 3 C / m 2 = 1,77.10 5 C / m 2

BI TP T GII
9.1 Mt t in phng c cha in mi ( = 6 ) khong cch gia hai bn l 0,4 cm, hiu
in th gia hai bn l 1200 V. Tnh:
a. Cng in trng trong cht in mi.
b. Mt in mt trn hai bn t in.
c. Mt in mt trn cht in mi.
U
HD: E = ; = o E ; = o ( 1) E
d
9.2. Cho mt t in phng, mi trng gia hai bn ban u l khng kh ( 1 = 1 ), din tch

mi bn l 0,01m2, khong cch gia hai bn l 0,5 cm, hai bn c ni vi mt hiu in

th 300 V. Sau b ngun i ri lp y khong khng gian gia hai bn bng mt cht in
mi c 2 = 3 .
a. Tnh hiu in th gia hai bn t in sau khi lp y in mi.
b. Tnh in tch trn mi bn.
HD: a. V lp khong khng gian gia hai bn bng in mi sau khi b ngun nn in
tch trn cc bn trc v sau khi lp khng thay i ( q= const), do mt in mt trn
q
cc bn = cng khng i.
s

U
V E =
=
nn trc khi lp y in mi ta c o 2U 2 = d
O d
Rt ra: U 2 =

1U 1
= 100V
2

b. q= C1U1= 5,8.10-9 C
9.3. Gia hai bn ca mt t in phng cch nhau 5mm, ngi ta thit lp hiu in th U=
150 V. K st mt bn t in c mt bn s mng song song hng s in mi , b dy 3mm.
Tm cng in trng trong khng kh v trong lp s gia hai bn t in.
HD: Gi 1 v 2 ln lt l hng s in mi ca lp khng kh v in mi gia hai
bn. B dy ca lp ny bng d1 v d2. Gi U1 v U2 ln lt l hiu in th gia cc mt
song song ca lp khng kh v in mi. Theo u bi, ta c hai t mc ni tip vi nhau.
Gi E1 v E2 ln lt l cng in trng trong lp khng kh v lp s. Ta vit c
E
E
E 1=
; E 2=
; v U = E1d1+E2d2. T cc ng thc trn rt ra:

E1 =

2U

d1 1 + d 2 2

= 60kV / m ; E 2 =

1 E1
= 10kV / m .
2

9.4. Cho mt t in phng vi cc bn cch nhau 5mm v din tch mi bn l 100

cm2. Hiu in th gia hai bn l 300V. Sau khi ngt t khi ngun, ngi ta lp y
khong khng gian gia hai bn bng bnit.
48

a. Tm hiu in th gia hai bn sau khi lp y bnit.

b. Tm in dung ca hai bn sua khi lp y bnit.
c. Tm mt in mt trc v sau khi lp y bnit. Cho bit hng s in mi
ca bnit = 2,6 .
HD: Trong trng hp bi ton q1 = q2 , trong q1 v q2 l in tch trn bn t
in trc v sau khi lp y in mi ( v ct t khi ngun). Nh vy q= const v
mt in mt trn cc bn =
a. V E =

q
= const .
S

U
=
nn trc khi lp y in mi d = U 1 o 1 v sau khi lp y
o d

in mi d = U 2 o 2 . V = const
U2 =

U 1 1

b. C1 =

v d = const nn U 1 1 = U 2 2 v

= 115V .

o S
d

= 1,77.10 11 F v C 2 =

o 2 S
d

= 4,6.10 11 F .

q CU
=
= 5,31.10 7 C / m 2 .
S
S
9.5. Hai bn t in phng cch nhau mt on d= 1cm. Hiu in th U gia hai bn bng
300V. Khong khng gian gia hai bn t c lp y bng mt bn thy tinh song phng
c 1 = 6 ; dy d1 = 0,5 cm v mt bn parafin song phng c = 2 , dy d2 = 0,5 cm. Tm:

c. 1 = 2=

a. Cng in trng trong mi lp in mi.

b. Hiu in th gia hai mt ca mi lp.
c. in dung ca t in, cho bit din tch ca mi bn t bng S =100 cm2
d. Mt in tch trn mi bn t.
HD: Gi E1, U1, 1 , d1 v E2, U2, 2 , d 2 l in trng, hiu th gia hai mt ca lp in
mi, hng s in mi v b dy ca cc lp. Ta c: 1 E1 = 2U 2 v E1 d 1 + E 2 d 2 = U . T cc
ng thc ny ta rt ra:
2U
E
a. E1 =
= 1,5.10 4 V / m ; E = 1 1 = 4,5.10 4 V / m
1 d 2 + 2 d1
2
b. U1 =75V, U2 = 225V
c. in dung C ca h l: C =
Vy C =

S
S
C1C 2
; trong C1 = o ; C 2 = o
(C1 + C 2 )
d1
d2

o 1 2 S
= 2,66.10 11 F .
2 d1 + 1 d 2

d. in tch trn mi bn t bng: q = S = C1U1=C2U2=CU. Do :

CU
=
= 8.10 7 C / m 2 .
S
9.6 Tm mt khi nng lng ca in trng ti mt im:
a. Cch 2 cm mt mt qu cu dn in tch in c bn knh R = 1cm.
b. St mt mt phng v hn tch in u.
49

c. Cch 2 cm mt dy dn tch in di v hn.

Cho bit mt in mt trn qu cu v mt phng v hn bng 1,67.10-5C/m2 v mt
in di trn dy tch in bng 1,67.10-7 C/m. Cho hng s in mi l 2.
1
HD:- Mt nng lng in trng = o E 2 (1)
2
- in trng gy bi qu cu mang in u ti mt im cch qu cu mt on x
q
1
:E =
thay q= 4R 2 v kt hp vi (1) ta c
2
4 0 ( R + x)

2R4
= 9,7.10 2 J / m 3
W =
4
2 o ( R + x)

2
W =
= 1,97 J / m 3
- in trng gy bi mt mt phng v hn: E =
2 o
8 o
- in trng gy bi mt dy dn tch in vi mt in di ti mt im cch dy mt
on x

2
E=
W =
= 0,05 J / m 3
2
2 o x
8 ox
9.7. Hai t in phng, mi t c in dung C= 10-6 F c mc ni tip vi nhau. Tm s

thay i in dung ca h nu lp y mt trong hai t in bng mt cht in mi c

hng s in mi = 2 .
C
HD: in dung ca h hai t in mc ni tip: C1 =
2
C
Sau khi lp y t in th hai bng cht in mi ta c: C 2 =
+1
Nh vy s thay i in dung ca h l:
( 1)C
= 1,7,10 7 F .
C = C 2 C1 =
2( + 1)
9.8. Gia hai bn ca mt t in phng cch nhau mt on d= 3mm, ngi ta thit lp mt
hiu in th U= 1000V. Sau ct t khi ngun v lp y t in bng mt cht in
mi = 7 . Tm mt in tch lin kt xut hin trn mt in mi.
'
. Gi 1 v 2 l hng s in mi ca khng kh
HD: in trng trong t in E =

v ca mt cht in mi no th trc khi lp y in mi, d = U 1 o 1 , v sau khi lp

y in mi 2 , ta c: d = U 2 o 2 . Nu t vn ni vi ngun th U1=U2= U. Nu t ct
khi ngun th = const , d = const v ta c U 1 o 1 = U 2 o 2 , tc l hiu in th gia hai
bn t s gim U 2 =

U 1 1

. Gi ' l mt in mt xut hin trn in mi, ta vit c:

' = Pn = D o E = o 2 E o E = o ( 2 1) E =
= o ( 2 1)

o ( 2 1)U 2
d

1U 1 8,85.10 .6.10
=
= 2,53.10 6 C / m 2
3
2d
7.3.10
12

50

9.9. Mt t in phng c cc bn cch nhau mt on d=2,0 mm c tch in ti hiu in

th U= 200 V. Ngi ta lp khong khng gian gia hai bn t bng mt lp thy tinh c
= 6 . Tm mt in tch t do trn cc bn t in v mt in tch lin kt '
trn mt bn thy tinh.
HD: Khi lp y t in bng mt cht in mi ( thy tinh) c = 6 th in trng gia
U
hai bn gim i ln. Nhng in trng gia hai bn l in trng u E = ; do ta
d
U

U
c E =
= . T rt ra: = = o
= 6,3.10 6 C / m 2
o d
d

Vc t phn cc P cng chiu vi E , hng vung gc t bn dng sang bn m ca t

in, do cng vung gc vi bn thy tinh. V th P = Pn = ' . Ta bit:
D = P + o E , trong D l vc t in cm D = E . Do :

' = P = o E o E =

o ( 1)U

= 4,4.10 6 C / m 2 .

d
9.10. Cho mt t in phng, din tch mi bn l S, khong cch gia hai bn do. Ngi ta
a vo trong t in mt bn in mi c b dy d < do. Tm in dung ca t khi .
HD: Trong trng hp ny, ta c hai t mc ni tip vi nhau. in dung C ca h bng:

o S o S

d
d do
CC
o S
C= 1 2 =
d
C1 + C 2 o S o S

+
d
d
do

Nhng do do d, ngha l nu ta t ln mt in mi ( b dy d) mt l rt mng c b

dy d'= do- d rt nh th in dung ca t in c lp in mi d ban u s khng i, ngha
S
l C vn bng o
d
9.11. Trong mt t in phng, khong cch gia cc bn l d, ngi ta t mt tm in mi
dy d1< d song song vi cc bn t in. Tm in dung t in trn. Cho bit hng s in
mi ca in mi l , din tch ca tm bng din tch S ca bn t.
S
S
S
HD: H t gm ba t mc ni tip: C1 = o ; C 2 = o ; C 3 = o , trong d2 v d3 l
d
d2
d3
khong cch gia cc mt ca tm in mi v cc bn t in, r rng d2 + d3 = d- d1. in
dung ca t c tnh t:
o S
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
C=
C C1 C 2 C 3
d + d1 (1 )
9.12. Mt in tch q c phn b u trong khp th tch ca mt qu cu bn knh R.
Tnh:
a. Nng lng in trng bn trong qu cu.
b. Nng lng in trng bn ngoi qu cu.
HD:
a. in trng bn trong qu cu ti nhng im cch tm qu cu mt khong r bng:

51

E1 =

qr

4 o R 3
R

1
q2
Vy nng lng ti nhng im bn trong qu cu: W1 = o E12 .4r 2 dr =
2
4 o .10 R
0

b. in trng ti nhng im bn ngoi qu cu: E1 =

Vy

nng

lng

ti

4 o r 2

nhng

im

bn

ngoi

qu

1
q2
cu: W2 = o E 22 .4r 2 dr =
2
8 o .R
0

CHNG X.
T TRNG CA DNG IN KHNG I
III. CU HI N TP

1. Nu th nghim minh ho tng tc gia dng in v nam chm, gia dng in

v dng in.

2. Pht biu nh lut Ampre, vit biu thc dB gy bi phn t dng Idl ti mt
r
im trong t trng ca n. Nu r phng chiu v ln ca dB .
3. Pht biu nguyn l chng cht t trng. p dng nguyn l ny nh th no tnh
t trng gy bi cc dng in.
4. Tnh cm ng t B v cng t trng H gy bi dng in thng ni chung, dng
in thng di v hn, bi dng in trn.
5. Xc nh cm ng t B gy bi in tch q chuyn ng vi vn tc v.
6. nh ngha ng sc t v t ph. Nu tnh cht ca ph ng sc t. V ph cc
ng sc ca t trng gy bi mt vi dng in.
7. nh ngha t thng, rt ra nh l O-G i vi t trng.
8. Ti sao ni t trng c tnh cht xoy? Vit biu thc ton hc th hin tnh cht
xoy ca t trng.
r
9. nh ngha lu s ca ca vect cng t trng H . Thit lp nh l Ampre.
Cho v d minh ho nh l ny.
10. ng dng nh l Ampre v dng in ton phn tnh cng t trng H (v
tnh B) ti mt im bn trong cun dy hnh xuyn. T suy ra biu thc ca cng t
trng H v cm ng t B gy bi ng dy in thng di v hn.

11. Vit biu thc lc Ampre ca t trng B tc dng ln phn t dng in Idl . Nu
r phng chiu ln ca lc ny.
12. Tm lc tc dng gia hai dng in thng song song di v hn cng chiu v
ngc chiu nhau.
13. Tnh cng ca t lc khi lm di chuyn mt mch in kn trong trong t trng.
52

14. Tm t lc tc dng ln ht in q chuyn ng trong t trng (lc Lorentz).

15. Ht in q chuyn ng vi vn tc v c qu o nh th no trong t trng B =

const? Xt trng hp v B , v trng hp v hp vi B mt gc .

IV. BI TP
1. Mt dng in cng I = 6A chy trong mt dy dn in un thnh hnh vung

ABCD c cnh a = 10cm . Xc nh vect cm ng t B v cng t trng H ti tm O

ca mch in . Chiu dng in ngc chiu kim ng h.
p s:

B1=
Vy

B1=

o. .
4.OM

(sin + sin )

Trong : OM = a/2

10 7.6
sin + sin = 1,69.10 5 T
2
4
4
5.10
B = 4B1 = 6,67.10-5 T

H=

6,67.10 5
= 53,50 A / m.
10 7.4

2. Mt dy dn ng knh d = 1mm qun thnh mt ng dy thng sao cho vect cm

r
ng t B trong ng c gi tr bng 3.10 -2T .Cng dng in chy trong ng dy bng
6A. Cun dy c my lp, bit rng cc vng dy qun st nhau.
p s: p dng cng thc: B= o n0

Trong no l s vng qun trn mt n v di (tc l s vng qun trn mt di

ca ng dy bng 1 m).
3.10 2
T cng thc trn, ta rt ra: no =
=
= 4000 vng / m
o . 4 .10 7.6
B

Nu ng knh d ca si dy l 10-3 m th mi lp trn 1m s c:

1
1
= 3 = 10 3 vng
d 10
Vy s lp phi qun l:

4000
= 4 lp
1000

3. Mt dy dn c un thnh mt hnh tam gic u, mi cnh l a = 50cm. Dng

r
in chy trong dy dn c cng I=3,14 A. Tnh cng ca vect cm ng t B v

cng t trng H ti tm ca tam gic .

p s:

B = 1,13.10 -5 T ; H = 9 A/m.

4. Mt dng in cng I chy trong mt dy dn un thnh hnh ch nht c cnh

r
l a v b. Xc nh cc vect B v H ti tm 0 ca hnh ch nht . Cho bit I=12A,
a=16cm, b = 30cm . Chiu dng in ngc chiu kim ng h.
p s:

B=

2 o 2
(b + a 2 ) = 68.10 -6 T
2 ab

53

r
Chiu ca B v H vung gc vi mt hnh v v hng ra pha ngoi.
5. Cho hai dng in thng di v hn song song vi nhau t cch nhau 5cm, cng
r
ca hai dng in bng nhau v bng I=10A. Xc nh vect cm ng t B gy bi cc
dng din ti mt im A nm gia hai dng in trong cc trng hp:

a)

Cc dng in chy cng chiu.

b)

Cc dng in chy ngc chiu nhau.

p s:

b) B=1,6.10-4 T.

a) B=0;

6. Mt ng dy in thng c qun bng mt si dy dn ng knh d=1mm, dng

in chy trong dy dn l 4A. S lp qun trn ng dy l 3 lp. Tnh s vng dy qun trn
r
mt n v di ca ng. Tnh cng ca vect cm ng t B v cng t trng H
bn trong ng.
p s: n = 3000 vng/m;

B= 150,8.10-4 T;

H=12000A/m

7. Tm cng t trng ti mt im cch mt dy dn thng di v hn 2cm c

dng in cng I=5A.
p s:

H=

2a

5
= 39,8 A / m
2.3,14.2.10 2

8. Tm cng t trng ti tm mt dng in trn bn knh 1cm c dng in

cng bng 1A.

1
p s: H =
=
= 50 / m .
2 R 2.10 2

I1

M1

H1=120 A/m;

H2=159A/m;

M3

(h9)

9. Hnh v (h 9) biu din tit din ca hai

dy dn in thng di v hn c mang dng in
I1, I2. Khong cch gia hai dy dn bng 10cm,
I1=20A, I2=30A. Tm cng t trng gy bi
cc dng I1 v I2 ti cc im M1, M2, M3. Cho
bit AM1=2cm, AM2=4cm, BM3 =3cm.
p s:

M2

I1
A

I2

I3

B
(h11)

H3=135 A/m.

10. Gii bi tp trn, vi iu kin cc dng in I1 v I2 chy cng chiu.

p s: H1=199A/m; H2=0A/m; H3=183 A/m.
11. Hnh v (h11) biu din tit din ca ba dng in thng di v hn.

Cho bit: AB = BC = 5cm, I1 = I2 = I v I3=2I. Tm mt im trn AC ti cng t

trng gy bi ba dng in bng khng.
p s: R rng l trn an BC, t trng tng hp gy bi ba dng in khng th
r
r
r
bng khng v ti c ba t trng H 1 , H 2 , H 3 u cng phng chiu. im M cn tm

ch c th nm trong an AB. t AM=x.Ta vit c:

H1- H2 +H3 = 0;

I
I
2I
+
=0
2x
2 (5 - x) 2 (10 - x )

54

Php tnh cho ta:

x=

50
= 3,3cm
15

12. Cng bi ton trn, nu c ba dng in I1, I2, I3 u cng chiu.

p s: Trong trng hp ny, im N cn tm khng th nm ngoi an AC v khi
r
r
r
H 1 + H 2 + H 3 lun lun khc khng. im N cn tm ch c th nm trn ng thng AC

trong cc khang AB hoc BC. t AN=x, ta vit c:

r
r
r
H 1 + H 2 + H 3 = 0, H1 = H 2 + H 3
I
I
2
=
+
2x 2 (5 - x) 2 (10 - x)

Ta thu c mt phng trnh bc hai cho x, v c

nghim bng: x1 =1,8cm ; x2 = 6,96cm.

H1
Hk

13. Hai dng in thng di v hn song song t

cch nhau 5cm. Dng din chy trong cc dy cng chiu
v c cng cng I1 = I2 =10A .Tm vect cng t

trng H gy bi hai dng in ti im K cch u mi

dng 3cm (Hnh bt13).
p s:

H2 = H 12 + H 22 +2H1H2cos

(1)

Trong :

H1 = H2 =I/2 a

(2)

d2 = a12 + a 22 - 2a1a2cos =2a2-2a2 cos

K
H2

a1
M

I
2a 2

Hnh bt13

(3)

Rt cos t (3) v H1, H2 t (2) v thay vo (1), ta c:

H=

a2

4a 2 d 2 = 58,68 A/m
I

14. Cho hai dng in di v hn nm trong cng mt mt

phng v vung gc vi nhau. Cng hai dng in u bng

5A v c chiu nh hnh bt14. Tm cng t trng H gy bi

hai dng in ti cc im cch u hai dng 10cm .
p s: HB=H1+H2= 2

2a

Hnh bt14

2.5
=15,92A/m
2.3,14.10 1

T trng ti D c phng vung gc vi mt phng hnh v v

c chiu hng vo pha trong hnh v, c ln bng:
HD =15,92A/m, HC = HA =0
15. C mch in nh hnh v (Hnh bt15), dng in chy
trong mch bng I =10A. Xc nh cm ng t B ti im O. Cho bit
bn knh R ca cung trn bng R= 10cm v gc = 60 0 .

L
C

Hnh bt15

3 1 o I
p s: B=
= 6,9.10 6 T = 6,9T

4
12
R

55

16. Ngi ta ni hai im A v B ca mt vng dy dn hnh trn vi hai cc ca mt

ngun in. Phng ca cc dy ni i qua tm ca vng dy. B qua nh hng ca cc
on dy ni. Xc nh cng t trng ti tm ca vng dy (Hnh bt16).

H0=0.

p s:

17. Hai vng dy dn trn c tm trng nhau v c t sao cho trc ca chng vung
gc vi nhau, bn knh mi vng dy bng R=2cm. Dng in chy qua chng c cng I1
= I2 =5A . Tm cng t trng ti tm ca
cc vng dy .

p s: H= H 12 + H 22 = 176 A/m.

+
_

18. Hai vng dy ging nhau bn knh r

=10cm c t song song, trc trng nhau v
mt phng ca chng cch nhau mt on
a=20cm (hnh 18bt). Tnh cm ng t ti tm
mi vng dy v ti im gia ca on thng
ni tm ca chng trong hai trng hp:

B
Hnh bt16

a) Cc dng in chy trn cc vng

dy bng nhau v cng chiu.
b) Cc dng in chy trn cc vng
dy bng nhau v ngc chiu.

B2
01

B=

2 R2 + h2

3/ 2

[R

R2
2

+ (a h )

a)

a
B2
01

R2

02

p s: a) Trng hp cc dng in
cng chiu: Ti mt im bt k trn trc vng
dy, ta c:

B1

B1
M

3/ 2

02

b)

T suy ra ti O1, h=0 ; ti O2, h=a.

Bo1 = Bo 2 =

Ti M, h=a/2 ta c:

c:

BM =

o
2

o 1

2 R

(R

R2
2

+a

[R

2 3/ 2

R2
2

+a

2 3/ 2

5
= 2,1.10 T

= 1,35.10 5 T

b) Trng hp cc dng in ngc chiu: Ti mt im bt k trn vng dy, ta

R2
R2
B= o

2 (R 2 + h 2 )3 / 2 R 2 + (a h )2 3 / 2

T suy ra: Ti O1, h = 0,

r
B01 hng cng chiu vi

Bo1 =

o 1

2 R

5
= 1,7.10 T
2
2 3/ 2
R +a

R2

r
r
r
B1 . Ti 02,h = a, BO 2 hng cng chiu vi B2 .
56

Ti M, h = a/2, BM = 0.
19. Xc nh cng in trng ti cc im nm bn trong v bn ngoi mt dy
dn hnh tr c di v hn c dng in cng I chy qua. Cho bit bn knh tit din
thng ca hnh tr l R.

p s: H=
.r.
2
2R

H=

2r

(H t l bc nht vi r), Vi 0<r<R

(H t l nghch vi r), Vi: r > R.

20. Tm cng t trng H gy bi mt an AB ca dy dn thng mang dng in

ti mt im C nm trn ng trung trc ca AB, Cch AB mt an a=5cm. Dng in c
cng I=20A. an AB c nhn t im C di gc 600.
p s:

Gi M l trung im ca an AB, gi gc l gc =ACM=BCM=300.

Ta c:

1 1
20. +

2 2 = 31,8 A / m .
(sin + sin ) =
Hc=
2
4a
4.3,14.5.10

21. Cho mt ng dy in thng di 30cm gm 1000 vng dy. Tm cng t trng

trong ng dy, nu cng dng in chy qua ng dy bng 2A. Coi ng knh ng dy
rt nh so vi di ca ng.
p s:

H= n0 =

1000
2.10 4
.
2
=
= 6670 A / m .
3
3.10 1

22. Dy dn ca ng dy in thng c ng knh bng 0,8 mm. Cc vng dy c

qun st nhau. Coi ng dy rt di. Tm cng t trng bn trong ng dy, nu cng
dng in chy qua ng dy bng 1A.
p s:

H= n0 =

1000
2.10 4
.1 =
= 1250 A / m .
0,8
3

23. Mt ng dy in di khi dng in chy qua trong cun bng 0,3A th gy ra trn
trc ca ng mt t trng c cm ng t B = 3,15.10-3T. Tm ng knh d ca si dy in
qun quanh ng, cho bit ng dy c qun mt lp v cc vng dy qun st nhau. ng dy
khng c li.
p s: d =

0 I 1.4 .10 -7 .0 ,5
=
= 0 ,2.10 -3 m = 0 ,2 mm
B
3 ,15.10 -3

24. Mt dng in thng di v hn cng I1 = 10A t cnh

mt khung dy in un thnh hnh vung mi cnh di l = 40 cm.
Cnh gn nht ca khung dy cch dy mt khong bng a = 2cm.
Dng in I2 chy trong khung c cng I2 = 2,5 A. Tnh lc tc
dng ca dng in thng di v hn ln khung cho bit chiu dng
in nh hnh v (H. bt24).

I1

Hnh. 24bt

Hnh bt24

p s:

57

F = F3 - F4 =

0 1 1
I I l 2
(
) I 1 I 2 l = 0 1 2 = 9 ,52.10 - 5 N .
2( a + 1 )a
2
a a +1

Kt qu l khung b ht v pha dng in I1.

25. Mt dng in thng di v hn cng I1 t cnh mt khung dy dn un thnh
hnh ch nht, cnh ngn l a, cnh di l b, cnh ny song song vi dng in I1. Cnh gn
nht ca khung cch dng in mt on d c dng in ngc vi I1. Tm lc F tc dng ln
khung. Lc l lc y hay lc ht. Cho bit dng in chy trong khung l I2.
p s: F =

0 I 1 I 2 ab
2 (a + d )d

26. Mt dy dn thng di 70 cm t trong mt t trng u c B = 0,1T. Dy dn hp

vi ng sc t gc = 300. Tm t lc tc dng ln dy dn khi cho dng in I = 70 A
chy qua.

1
p s: F = IlB sin = 70.0,7. = 2,45 N
2
27. Mt ht in c vn tc v = 106 m/s bay vo trong mt t trng u c cm ng t
B = 0,3T. Vn tc ca ht vung gc vi cc ng sc t trng. Tm bn knh R ca vng
trn qu o ca ht v chu k quay ca n.
r
r
r
r r
p s: V vn tc v vung gc vi B , lc Lozentz Fq = qv B gi vai tr ca lc

hng tm Fq = qvB = mv2/R. Do bn knh qu o R bng:

Chu k quay T bng:

R=

mv 6,64.10 27 .10 6
=
7.10 2 m
qB
3,2.10 19.0,3

T=

2R 2.3,14.7.10 2
=
4.10 7 s
6
v
10

28. Mt ht electron c vn tc 107 m/s bay song song vi mt dy dn thng mang

dng in i v cch dng in mt on d = 2mm. Tm lc t ca dng in tc dng ln
electron, cho bit dng in chy trong dy dn bng 10 A.
p s:

Cm ng t gy bi dng in i ti mt im cch dy mt on d bng: B =

0 I 0
.
2d

Lc Lozentz tc dng ln ht lectron chuyn ng trong t trng bng:

FL = evBsin, y = /2. Ta c:
FL =

ev0 i 1,6.10 -19 .10 7 .4.3,14.10 -6 .10

=
= 10 -15 N .
-3
2d
2.3 ,14.2.10

29. Mt electron c tng tc bi hiu in th U =103V bay vo trong mt t trng

u vung gc vi phng chuyn ng ca n. Cm ng t B = 1,19.10-3T. Tm:

a) Bn knh cong ca qu o lectron.

b) Chu k quay ca electron trn vng trn.
c) Mmen ng lng ca electron i vi tm qu o.
58

p s:

a) Vn tc ca lectron trc khi bay vo t trng c xc nh bng h thc

eU = mv2/2.
Lc Lorentz tc dng ln ht e gi vai tr lc hng tm
mv2/R = evB.
T rt ra:
R=

2mU
= 9.10 2 m
eB 2

b) Chu k quay khng ph thuc vo vn tc ca lectron

T=

2m
= 3.10 8 s
eB

c) Mmen ng lng i vi tm qu o bng

mR 2 .v
= mRv = 1,5.10 24 kgm 2 / s
L = I =
R

CHNG XI.
HIN TNG CM NG IN T
III. CU HI N TP

1. M t th nghim v hin tng cm ng in t.

2. Pht biu nh lut Lentz, nu mt v d minh ho nh lut ny.
d m
dt
4. Trnh by nguyn tc to ra dng in xoay chiu. Thit lp biu thc dng in xoay

3. Thit lp biu thc c bn ca hin tng cm ng in t. c = chiu

i=Iosin (t+)
5. Nu hin tng t cm. Nu mt s mch in minh ho cho hin tng ny.
6. Thnh lp biu thc sut in ng t cm. Vit biu thc h s t cm ca cun dy.
C th thay i h s t cm bng cch no?
7. Trnh by hin tng h cm gia hai mch in. Vit cng thc sut in ng h
cm gia hai mch in.
8. Thit lp biu thc nng lng t trng trong ng dy, t thit lp biu thc nng
lng ca t trng bt k.
IV. BI TP
1. Mt cun dy gm 100 vng dy kim loi quay u trong mt t trng u, vect
r
cm ng t B c gi tr bng 0,1T. Cun dy quay vi vn tc 5 vng/s. Tit din ngang ca
cun dy l 100 cm2. Trc quay vung gc vi trc ca cun dy v vi phng ca t
trng. Tm gi tr cc i ca sut in ng cm ng c xut hin trong cun dy khi n

quay trong t trng.

59

p s:

max = NBS .2 .n = 3,14V

2. Trong mt t trng u c cng t trng H,

ngi ta treo mt vng dy dn phng sao cho mt phng ca
vng dy vung gc vi cc ng sc t. Vng dy c khp
kn bng mt in k. Quay vng dy mt gc quanh phng
thng ng. Tm quan h gia gc quay v in tch q chy
qua in k. p dng bng s q = 9,5.10-3C, H = 105A/m, in
tch vng dy S=103cm2, in tr vng dy R = 2 . Cho o=
4.10 7H/m.
p s:

cos = 1-

Rq
= -0,5.
0 HS

= 120o .

3. Trong mt t trng u c cm ng t B = 0,4T, ngi ta t mt ng dy gm N =

300 vng. in tr ca ng dy R = 40 , din tch tit din ngang ca vng dy S = 16 cm2.
ng dy c t sao cho trc ca n lp mt gc = 60 o so vi phng ca t trng. Tm
in tch q chy qua ng dy khi t trng gim v khng.
p s:

q = NBScos /R = 2,4.10-3C

4. Trong mt t trng u c cm ng t B, c mt thanh kim loi c di l quay vi

r
tn s n quanh mt trc thng ng, trc quay song song vi t trng B . Mt u i qua
trc. Tm sut in ng cm ng xut hin ti u thanh.
p s:

B. .l 2 n.t
= -B. .l 2 .n
t

5. Mt my bay bay theo phng nm ngang vi vn tc 900 km/h. Tm sut in ng

cm ng xut hin trn hai u cnh my bay, nu thnh phn thng ng ca vect cm ng
r
t B Tri t bng 0,5.10-4 T. Cho bit khong cch gia hai u cnh l = 12,5m.
p s:

= l.v.B = 0,156 V
t

(Ch i n v vn tc ra m/s).
6. Cng bi ton trn, nhng xt khi my bay bay vi vn tc 950 km/s, khong cch
gia hai u cnh bng 12,5m. Ngi ta o c sut in ng cm ng xut hin hai u
cnh = 165mV . Tm thnh phn thng ng ca cm ng t tri t.
p s:

B = 10-5 T.

7. Mt vng dy dn c din tch S = 102 cm2 c ct ti mt

im no v ti im ct ngi ta mc vo mt t in c in
dung C = 10 F . Vng dy c t trong mt t trng u c cc
ng sc vung gc vi mt phng ca vng dy. Cm ng t B
bin thin u theo thi gian vi tc 5.10-3 T/s. Xc nh in tch
ca t in.
p s:

q = C. = C.

B
C

S .dB
= 10.10 6.10 2.5.10 3 = 5.10 10 C
dt

60

8. Mt khung dy dn hnh ch nht c cnh ngn l L c t trong mt t trng

u c cng t trng H. T trng H vung gc vi mt khung
v hng ra ngoi hnh v. Mt thanh kim loi ab trt trn khung,
lun lun song song vi cnh L, vi vn tc v. in tr ca thanh l
L
R. B qua in tr ca khung. Xc nh cng dng in xut
+ -+
hin trn ab.
1
2
b
p s:

i =

1
2
dx
=
= o .H .L .
= o .H .L .v ( A )
R
R
dt

9. Mt thanh dy dn di l = 10cm chuyn ng vi vn tc v = 15 m/s trong mt t

trng u c cm ng t B = 0,1T. Tm sut in ng xut hin trong thanh dn, bit rng
thanh lun lun vung gc vi ng sc t trng v phng dch chuyn.
p s:

d
dx
= B .l .
= B .v.l = 0,1. 15. 0,10 = 0,15 V
dt
dt

10. Mt khung dy dn hnh vung ABCD cnh bng a t trong t trng ca mt dy

dn thng di v hn, dng in c cng l i. Khung dch chuyn v pha phi ca dng
in vi vn tc v. Cc cnh AD v BC lun lun song song vi dng in. Trong khi dch
chuyn, khung lun nm trong cng mt phng vi dng in. Tm sut in ng cm ng
xut hin trong khung nh hm ca khong cch x tnh t dng in.
p s:

d m
. o .i .v .a 2
=
dt
2 . x ( x + a )

11. Mt a bng ng bn knh r = 5cm c t vung gc vi ng sc ca t

trng u c cm ng t B = 0,2 T. a quay vi vn tc gc = 3 rad/s. Cc im a, b l
nhng im tip xc trt dng in c th i qua a theo bn knh ab.

a. Tm sut in ng cm ng xut hin trong mch.

b. Tm chiu ca dng in cm ng nu cm ng t B vung gc t pha trc ra pha
sau hnh v v a quay ngc chiu kim ng h.

p s:

a) =

d B.r 2 . 0,2.25.10 4.2 .3

=
=
2
2
dt

= 4,7mV
b) Dng in chy t a n b.
12. Mt mch in trn bn knh r c t
trong mt t trng u c cm ng t B. Mt phng
ca mch in vung gc vi t trng. in tr mch in l R.

Tm in lng chy trong mch khi quay mch mt gc = 60 o .

p s:

q=

B .r 2
2R

61

13. Trong mt t trng u c cm ng t 0,05T, ngi ta cho quay mt thanh dn c

di l = 1m vi vn tc gc khng i bng 20 rad/s. Trc quay i qua mt u thanh v
song song vi ng sc t trng. Tm sut in ng xut hin ti cc u thanh.
p s: T thng m do thanh qut trong khi quay bng: m= B.S = B .l 2 trong
l l di thanh. Gi n l tn s quay bng ta c:

B.l 2 .n
=
= 0,5 V
= B. .l .n = B. .l .
2
2
2

14. Tm h s t cm L ca mt cun dy gm 400 vng trn di 20 cm. Tit din

ngang ca ng bng 9 cm2. Tm h s t cm L ca cun dy ny, nu ta a mt li st c
= 400 vo trong ng.
p s: L = 360 mH = 0,36 H.
15. Mt ng dy in gm N vng dy ng, tit din mi si dy bng S1. ng dy c
di bng l v in tr bng R. Tm h s t cm ca ng dy.

.r 2 .S12
R 2 S12
N2
2
..r = o .
p s: L = o . .n l .S = o .
= o .
l
l .4 2 2
4 .l . 2
2

16. Tm h s t cm ca mt cun dy c qun 800 vng dy. di ca cun dy

bng 0,25m, ng knh vng dy bng 4cm. Cho mt dng in bng 1A chy qua cun dy.
Tm t thng gi qua tit din ca cun dy. Tm nng lng t trng trong ng dy.
p s:

2
N 2S
.0,04 2
7 800
.
H s t cm L = 0
= 4 .10 .
4mH
0,25
4
l

T thng gi qua tit din cun dy:

L.i 2 4.10 3.1
=
=
5.10 6 Wb
800
N

Nng lng t trng gi qua ng dy in:

W=

Li 2 4.10 3.12
=
2.10 3 J
2
2

17. Mt khung dy in phng kn hnh vung to bi dy ng c tit din 1mm2 t

trong mt t trng bin thin c cm ng t B = Bo.sint, trong Bo= 0,01T. Chu k bin
thin ca cm ng t l T = 0,02s. Din tch ca khung bng S= 25 cm2. Mt phng ca
khung vung gc vi ng sc t trng. Tm gi tr cc i v s ph thuc vo thi gian
ca:

a. T thng gi qua khung.

b. Sut in ng cm ng xut hin trong khung.
c. Cng dng in chy trong khung.
p s:

62

 = BS = B 0 S.sin . t = B 0 S.sin

a. T thng
trong :

2
t = B 0 S.sin100 t (Wb)
T

max = Bo .S = 0,01.25.10 4 = 2,5.10 5 Wb

b. Sut in ng cm ng xut hin trong khung:

d
= B 0 S.100 cos(100 t) (V)
dt

trong : max = Bo .S .100 = 2,5.10 5.314 = 7,85.10 3 V

c. Dng in i xut hin trong khung
i=
trong : i =

max

max . cos(100 .t )
R

, R l in tr ca khung c tnh bng R= p.l / S 0 vi l = 4.5.10 2 cm

R
l chu vi khung v S 0 l tit din dy ng.

Thay in tr sut ca ng bng 1,72.10 8 m v S 0 = 10 6 m 2 , ta tm c in tr

khung dy R =34,4.10 4 . Cui cng php tnh cho ta cng dng in cc i trong
khung:
i=

max
R

= 2,3 A

18. Mt ng dy dn thng gm N = 500 vng t trong mt t trng sao cho trc ng

dy song song vi ng sc t trng. Tm sut in ng trung bnh xut hin trong ng
dy, cho bit cm ng t B thay i t 0 n 2T trong thi gian t = 0,1s v ng knh ng
dy d = 10 cm.

=N

p s:

d 2 B
SB
=N
=N
= 78,5V
t
t
4 t

19. o cm ng t gia hai cc ca mt nam chm in, ngi ta t vo mt

cun dy N = 50 vng, din tch ngang mi vng S = 2cm2. Mt phng cun dy vung gc
vi ng sc t trng. Cun dy c khp kn bng mt in k o din lng q phng
qua. in tr cc in k R = 2.103 . in tr ca cun dy rt nh so vi in tr ca in
k nn c th b qua. Tm cm ng t B gia hai cc ca nam chm, bit rng khi rt nhanh
cun dy N ra khi nam chm th in lng q phng qua in k bng q = 10-6 C.

B=

p s:

q.R 10 6.2.10 3
=
= 0,2T
S .N
2.10 4.50

20. Trong mt ng dy c h s t cm L = 0,021 H c mt dng in bin thin

i = io sin t , trong io = 5A, tn s ca dng in l f = 50 Hz. Tm sut in ng t cm

xut hin trong cun dy.

p s:

tc = -

L .di
= -Li 0 . cos .t = - 0,021. 5. 2. 50 cos .t = -33 cos 100 t
dt
63

trong :

tc max = 33 V

CHNG XII. VT LIU T

III. CU HI N TP

1.Nu nhng im khc ch yu gia cc cht thun t, nghch t v st t.

2.Nguyn t l mt h in tch. N c t tnh khng? Tm biu thc mmen t qu
o pmq ca cc lectron chuyn ng trong nguyn t.
3. Tm t s t - c qu o (cn gi l orbital) ca lectron.
4. Trnh by v khi nim mmen c ring hay cn gi l spin ca lectron. Vit biu
thc t s t - c spin ca lectron.
5. Trnh by hiu ng nghch t ca nguyn t khi t nguyn t vo trong mt t
trng ngoi.
6.Hiu ng nghch t c coi l mt tnh cht t ca nguyn t. Ti sao? Hiu ng
nghch t c xy ra i vi cht thun t khng?
r
7. nh ngha vect t ho J . Trnh by s t ho ca cht thun t v cht nghch t
r
khi t trong t trng ngoi B0 .
uur
r
8. Thit lp t trng tng hp B trong cht t mi khi t trong t trng ngoi B0 .
9. Nu nhng c im ca cc s ph thuc J = J(H), = ( H ), B = B( H ). V th
minh ho cc ph thuc .
10. M t s mch in nghin cu s t ho cht st t.
11. M t s ph thuc B = B(H) trong mt chu trnh t ho.
12. Phn tch ngha cu cm ng t d Bd v cng t trng kh t Hk.
13. Da vo nhng c im g phn bit st t cng v st t mm. Nu nhng
ng dng ca chng.
14. Nu tnh cht ca st t nhit Tc.
15. Ti sao m bo nam chm vnh cu, cn phi trnh nung nng v va chm
mnh.
16. Trnh by hin tng t gio. Nu ng dng ca hin tng ny.
17. Nu c im ni bt ca Ferrit so vi st t kim loi. Nu nhng ng dng ca
Ferrit trong k thut.
IV. BI TP
Bi tp v d 1. Trn mt vng hnh xuyn bng thp cha b t ho, ngi ta qun
N=800 vng dy dn. ng knh trung nnh ca vng xuyn l d=30cm, tit dng ngang ca
ng S=1,6cm2. Khi cho mt dng in I=1,80A chy vo cun dy, mt in lng chy qua
in k bng q =0,24mC. Bit rng in tr ca ton mch R=0,80 , hy xc nh cng
t trng H v cm ng t B trong ng, t ho J v t thm ca thp khi cho dng

in chy trong cun dy.

64

Gii. Khi c dng in chy qua cun dy,

trong vng xuyn c xut hin t trng vi cc
ng sc cm ng t i dc theo vng xuyn. T
trng B l tng hp hai t trng gy ra bi dng
in v t trng ca vt liu vng xuyn b t ho.
T trng H bn trong vng xuyn ch ph thuc
vo dng in. Do tnh i xng ti mi im trn
vng xuyn, nn t trng H ti mi im trn di
vng xuyn (l = d ) u bng nhau.

G
Hnh Bt 1

H=const
p dng nh l Ampere v dng in ta c:
Hl=NI
Ta rt ra: H =

NI

NI

l
d
d,S ca vng xuyn rt nh, nn c th coi H l nh nhau ti mi im ca vng.
(1)
tm B, ta p dng cng thc: = BS
Khi cho dng in chy trong cun dy, cm ng t tng t gi tr khng n B, tng
ng t thng qua ng cng tng t gi tr khng n . Kt qu l c xut hin dng cm
ng chy trong mch ca in k G. Gi q l in tch chy trong mch , ta vit c:
= = qR
(2)

T (1) v (2), ta vit c: B =

qR

S
Ta d dng tnh c t ho J:
J=
=

B
0H

B
0

H=

qR
0S

NI
d

q R d
0S N I

p dng bng s: d=0,3m; S=1,6cm2 =1,6.10-4m2; N=800v, I=1,8A; q= 2,4.10-4C;

2
.
.
R=0,8 , ta tm c: H=1,5.103A/m; B=1,2T; J=1.0.106A/m; = 610
Bi tp v d 2. Cng trong bi tp (1), khi ngt dng in trong cun dy hnh v
(H.bt.1) c mt in lng q ' = 80C chy qua in th G.Dng cc iu kin ca bi ton

(1), hy xc nh t ho cn d J ca vng thp hnh xuyn v cm ng t d ca t

trng trong vng thp khi dng in khng cn trong cun dy.
Gii: V cng trong cun dy by gi bng khng, nn:
H=

NI
d

=0

xc nh cm ng t d Bd trong vng dy, ta tm q t biu thc:

'

65

q' =

'

'
BS B S

'
Trong v l t thng gi qua cun dy ca vng xuyn trc v sau khi
'
'
dng in bng khng. T ta c: B B = q R / S
'
'
Ta rt ra: B = (q q ) R / S

Da vo cng thc: H = B / 0 J
V ch rng H=0, ta xc nh c t ho cn d ca vng:
B ' (q q ') R
=
J'=
o
o S
Thay cc s liu ta c: B= 0,8T ; J= 6.105 A/m.

CHNG XIII. TRNG IN T

III. CU HI N TP

1. Pht biu lun im Maxwell. Phn bit s khc nhau gia trng tnh in v in
trng xoy.
2. Thnh lp phng trnh Maxwell Faraday di dng tch phn v dng vi phn.
r
3. Chiu ca in trng E v chiu ca dng in cm ng thay i th no khi tc
r
r
r
B
B
B
bin thin ca cm ng t
thay i (xt khi
> 0 v
< 0 ).
t
t
t
4. Pht biu lun im 2 ca Maxwell. Dng in dch l g? Nu s khc nhau v
ging nhau gia dng in dch v dng in dn.
5. Chng t rng dng in dch ni tip dng dn trong khong khng gian gia hai
bn t in.
6. Thnh lp phng trnh Maxwell Ampre di dng tch phn v dng vi phn.
r
r
E
thay i (xt
7. Nu chiu ca cm ng t B thay i th no khi tc bin thin
t

r
r
E
E
> 0 v
< 0 ).
khi
t
t

8. Trng in t l g? Sng in t l g?
IV. BI TP
1. Mt t in c hng s in mi = 6 c mc vo mt hiu in th xoay chiu
U = U o cos t vi Uo = 300 V, chu k T = 0,01s. Tm gi tr ca mt dng in dch, bit

rng hai bn t cch nhau 0,4 cm.

r
U
8,85.10 12.6.300.200
p s: J di = o o . sin t =
. sin 200 A/m2.
3
d
4.10
r
-3
J di = 2,51.10 .sin200 ( A/m2 )

66

2. in trng trong mt t in phng bin i theo quy lut E = E o sin t vi

Eo=200V/cm v tn s f = 50Hz, khong cch gia 2 bn d = 2cm, in dung ca t in C =

2000 F . Tm gi tr cc i ca dng in dch.
p s:

idi

max

= CdEo .2f = 2000.10

-12

.2.10

-2

.200.10 2 2 .50 = 2 ,512.10 -4 mA.

3. Xc nh mt dng in dch trong mt t in phng khi hai bn c dch

chuyn song song vi nhau v xa nhau vi vn tc tng i u, nu:
a) in tch trn mi bn khng i.
b) Hiu in th U trn hai bn khng i.
Khong cch d gia hai bn trong khi dch chuyn rt nh so vi kch thc hai bn.
p s:
r
r
r
D
E

q
= o .
= o
a. bit: J di =
,trong : = . V q khng i v khi
t
t
t o
S

dch chuyn hai bn lun lun song song vi nhau, nn S khng i, do khng i. Vy
r
trong trng hp ny
J di = 0.

r
J di

b. Nu trong khi hai bn dch chuyn, hiu in th U gia hai bn khng i th:
r
r
D
E
U
=
= o
= O .
t
t
t d

j di = oU .

oU
1
. (d ) =
u
2
d t
d2

67