K THUT NHIP NH C BN

1. Exposure (s phi sng)

Bn cht ca chp nh l s phi sng. My nh l mt hp ti. Khi bm nt chp nh, mt cnh ca c m ra cho nh sng bn ngoi i vo qua ng knh. nh sng tc dng vo film (hay sensor i vi my digital _ t sau y ti ch ni n film) to ra hnh nh. Mt bc nh ta c th tm chia lm hai phn : sng v s cn i nh sng. Ta hy hnh dung film l mt vt thu sng. V sng ca bc nh quyt nh bi lng nh sng m film thu c. Khi lng nh sng vo qu nhiu th nh s trng xa cn khng th nh s b ti. Mt bc nh c sng ng vi i tng c chp gi l ng sng.Ngoi yu t sng ra, s cn i nh sng khc nhau s to ra nhng bc nh hon ton khc nhau vi cng mt sng. Lng nh sng film thu c gi l Ev ( Expoure value) . Chng ta s quay li phn Ev ny sau. Trc ht bn s tm hiu nhng yu t nh hng n sng ca nh. Apeture ( m ng knh) m ng knh l phn iu chnh cng nh sng i qua ng knh. Chng ta c th hiu phn ny nh l kh nng cho nh sng i qua ca ng knh. Cu to b phn ny bao gm nhng l mng ghp li to ra khe h dng hnh trn c th iu chnh c. Tng ng vi cc m ng knh ta c dy tr s tiu chun 1 , 1.4 , 2 , 2.8 , 4 , 5.6 , 8 , 11 , 16 , 32 cc tr s ny gi l F-stop hay Khu . Ti mi F-stop ta c ng knh l m d tng ng f/1, f/1.4 , f/2 f/2.8 v f chnh l di tiu c ng knh. Nh vy ta c th thy Khu cng ln th ng knh d cng nh v nh sng i qua ng knh cng t. V thm mt iu na l cng mt ng knh l m d nu di tiu c ng knh cng di th khu cng ln.

* Cc bn thng hay thc mc ti sao dy tr s F-stop khng phi l 1 ,2 ,3 m l dy bi s ca cn bc hai ca 2. Trong k thut chp nh, ngi ta chn tiu chun iu chnh sng vi mt khong cch l gp i. Bn c th hiu l khi bn m ng knh thm mt khu c ngha l lng nh sng thu c s tng gp hai ln. Mun nh th din tch l m phi tng gp i tng ng vi ng knh tng ln 1.4 ln. l l do ti sao ta c dy tr s trn. Shutter Speed (Thi chp hay tc )

Ngoi vic iu chnh cng nh sng i qua ng knh ta cn c th iu chnh thi gian cho nh sng i vo thay i sng ca nh chp. Yu t ny gi l thi chp hay tc chp. n v tnh l giy. Thi gian ny chnh l thi gian mn trp trong my m ra cho nh sng i vo. Thi gian ny cng lu (tc chm) th lng nh sng i vo cng nhiu v ngc li, thi gian ny cng ngn (tc nhanh) th lng sng i vo s t i. Cng nh phn m ng knh, theo tiu chun th khi tng mt nc thi gian chp th lng nh sng i vo gp i. Tc chp nhanh hn 1s c 1/2 , 1/4 , .1/125, 1/250.Cn lu hn 1s l 2, 4, 8 , 16s. Ngoi ra cn c k hiu B : mn chp m cho n khi bung tay bm nt chp. K hiu T : mn chp m cho n khi bm nt chp ln na. Film speed ( nhy sng ca film)

Yu t ny th hin kh nng hp th nh sng ca film.C nhiu loi film khc nhau. Tuy nhin hin thng dng nht vn l film mu m bn .loi film ny d chp hn so vi cc loi khc nn thch hp cho cc bn mi bt u. Trn mi cun Film bn s thy ghi nhy sng l 50 , 100 hay 200 ASA Film 100ASA tc thu sng gp i so vi 50ASA v bng mt na so vi 200ASA. Film c nhy sng cng cao th hnh nh cng mn ht cng km.

Qua phn trn cc bn hiu s lc v ba yu t lin quan n sng ca nh chp. Phn tip theo Ti s ni n s kt hp ba yu t ny. Exposure Value (Ev) Trong nhip nh, s kt hp ca m ng knh v tc chp cho ta mt i lng c trng gi l Exposure value (Ev). Ev 0 l khi ta t khu l 1 tc chp l 1 giy. Ev c tnh bng kt hp hai hm logarit ca gi tr m ng knh (Apeture value) v gi tr ca thi chp (Time Value). EV = Av + Tv Gi N l tr s khu ( f-number) ta c Apeture value :

Nu t l thi chp tnh bng giy ta c Time Value:

Cc cng thc trn ch tham kho. Trong thc t th bn ch cn hiu l vi khi bn m ng knh thm mt khu th thi gian chp phi gim i mt na (hay ngc li) th Ev khng thay i. Cc bn cn lu mt im m cc bn mi chp hay nhm ln l m ng knh thm mt khu ngha l gim f-number mt stop. V d nh t f/8 v f/5.6 . nh sng tc ng vo film cn ph thuc vo nhy sng ca film. nhy sng ca film th n gin nh khu hay tc chp l tng gp i th lng sng vo s tng gp i. Film 100asa th gp i 50asa, 200asa th gp i film 100asa Ty thuc vo iu kin chp khc nhau s c nhng chn la khc nhau .Tuy nhin n gin th cc bn mi chp nn cn c vo mc chun 100asa. Quay li sng ca hnh chp, l kt qu ca vic da vo nh sng ca ch , nhy sng ca film, khu v tc chp. nhy sng ca film th tt nhin l cng thp th hnh nh cng mn. Nhng khng phi iu kin no cng c th chn la film c nhy thp c. Chng ta s quay tr li vn ny trong bi ni v film. Cn by gi n gin th hy chn film 100asa v quan tm n khu v tc . Di y l bng gi tr Ev cc bn tham kho:

Trong bng trn, cc gi tr Ev ging nhau s nm trn mt ng cho t gc di bn tri sang gc trn bn phi. Ngay ti mt Ev no trong bng, dng thng sang bn tri v thng ln pha trn bn s tm c mt cp Khu v tc tng ng. Nhn trong bng bn s thy c nhiu cp khu khc nhau cho cng mt Ev. Nh vy khi chn khu v tc khc nhau th hnh nh s khc nhau nh th no? Phn tip theo ti s trnh by v cc yu t lin quan khi bn chn khu v tc c c bc nh nh . Depth Of Field ( DOF) Mt thc t l khi bn chp mt bc nh, r nt khng xuyn xut. Khi bn canh nt vo ch th trc v sau ch s c khong khng r nt. Khong cch m nh cn r nt trc v sau im ly nt (tm) gi l su trng nh v thng gi tt l DOF. Khong r nt do nhiu yu t nh hng n. Tuy nhin yu t u tin c th ni l m ng knh.

Cc bn c th xem hnh minh ha sau y.

im ly nt trong tt c cc hnh l im gia khong 3 4 inch. S 3 v 4 r nt trong

tt c cc hnh. Cc im cn li r nt dn khi m ng knh kha nh li. n y cc bn c th hiu rng khi ng knh khp nh li th khong r nt cng m rng hn. Gii thch mt cht v khong r nt. Cc bn xem hnh bn di.

Ch l im mu vng v cng l im ly nt. V ly nt vo ch nn hin nhin cc tia sng t ch qua ng knh s hi t trn film. Cc im khc c cng khong cch vi ch u hin r trn film. By gi hy xem im mu trng xa hn ch . im nh r ca im trng s nm pha trc film v nh ca n in trn film s l vng trn mu trng. Khong trng gi l Circle of Confusion ( CoC ). Vn t ra y l lm cch no thu hp vng trn l m nh r nt hn. Trong hnh minh ha di y, bn thy t mt im s c mt chm tia sng i qua ng knh v to nh trn mt phng film. Khi kha bt ca iu sng li ngha l mt s tia sng b chn li ( phn mu xanh nht). Do phm vi ca CoC cng c thu hp li v hnh nh tr nn sc nt hn.

Hyperfocal Khi bn ly nt vo im xa v cc th hnh nh s r nt t v cc cho n mt khonhg cch no trc ng knh. Khong cch khng r nt trc ng knh khi bn ly nt v cc gi l Hyperfocal.

Sau khi xc nh c khong hyperfocal bn ly nt l i vo khong cch . Lc ny su trng nh DOF s bt u t gia khong hyperfocal n v cc. Thc t y l DOF ln nht m bn c th t c. Tuy nhin bn phi lu rng khong cch hyperfocal ny khng c nh m ph thuc vo khu ng knh. mi F-stop th khong cch hyperfocal u khc nhau.

Nh vy trong trng hp chp hnh cn ly dof tht rng, hnh r nt trong phm vi ln nht th bn s ly nt vo khong cch hyperfocal kt hp vi ng nh m ng knh . ng l c p dng ng chiu ny l cc bc c DOF ln nht ng vi tiu c v khu ng knh trong cc trng hp. Tuy nhin, ci k thut ny k0 p dng c cho chp macro, d ci ny trong nhiu trng hp cng i hi DOF rt "su". Thc t th ch cn landscape l cn DOF ln, cho nn k thut ny c p dng ph bin nht vi chp landscape. V thc hnh th theo ci hnh v ca bc Asa, cc bc cng thy l vi mi tiu c v khu ng knh th c mt hyperfocal tng ng. Ch thc t th mn hnh LCD ca my s cng kh m gip ta nhn ra ci im no bt u out net khi focus vo v cc xc nh hyperfocal. Dng nt Depth preview trn (D)SLR cng kh nhn ra lm nht l khi khp khu ln v n s ti xm. Ci ny c cng thc tnh sn ri. Cho nn, nu thuc ci cng thc y th cc bc c phang thng ra, cn k0 th nht ci bng tnh Hyperfocal ngi ta lm sn lc no chp th li ra tra cu. H = l^2 / (f.c) H: hyperfocal l : tiu c ng knh f : khu c : ng knh circle of confusion (vi film 35mm th h chn l ~ 0.025mm) Ta c ci bng sau:

Source: Nikonians.org Trng vo th thy ngay l vi gc cng rng (l cng nh) v khp khu su (f cng ln) th s cho H nh tc l DOF tht ln. Thch hp nht vi chp landscape. V cng k0 th p dng cc con s trn cho vic chp th loi no khc ngoi landscape c. ng thi, khong cch H nh th d c lng bng mt thng hn. Cho nn ch cn quan tm n tiu c di 80mm and/or khu khp tng i su. Ch tele tr ln l mt ri.

Shutter Speed ( Tc hay Thi chp) Qua phn trn, cc bn bit c s lin quan gia khu v nt su ca nh

chp. Phn tip theo cc bn s quan tm n l tc chp. Nh cp phn u tin, lng nh sng vo film ph thuc vo thi gian mn chp m, tuy nhin c th kt hp vi vic thay i khu c c hnh nh cng sng vi cc tc chp khc nhau. Trn my tc nh hn 1s c k hiu bng mt con s thng thng. V d 250 ngha l 1/250s, 30 l 1/30s... Tc ln hn 1s th k hiu l con s i km vi du v d 2 l 2s, 8 l 8s... Khi chp ch chuyn ng l lc bn s lu n tc chp. bt ng ch bn s phi chp vi tc nhanh. Ngc li c nh m dng chuyn ng (motion blur) bn s chp vi tc chm hn. Xem hnh nh minh ha sau y thy r hn.

Cng chp chic xe chuyn ng, nhng cc bn thy r rng tc chp cng chm th ch cng khng r. Khi chp nh khng c chn my khng b rung tay thng thng s phi chp vi tc t 1/30s thm ch c th t 1/60s tr ln. Chp vi tc chm hn, cn thit bn phi dng n chn my. Khi chp trong iu kin nh sng khng c kh nng chp vi tc chm c th bn s phi dng n knh lc ND (Neutral Density). Knh lc ny s gip bn gim cng sng vo ng knh. Ngc li khi chp ban m iu kin nh sng khng , bn phi c chn my chp vi tc chp chm. Ti s quay li phn knh lc ND ny chi tit hn sau bi ny.

Khi mun th hin s chuyn ng ca ch , bn s dng k thut lia my (paning). C ngha l khi chp my s c lia bm theo ch . Khi ch s r nt, phng nn s lu m .

i khi chp phong cnh, cn c s th hin mt chuyn ng no nh ma ri, nc chy .th bn cng s dng n tc chp chm hn. So snh hai hnh di y bn s thy hiu qu ca vic chp tc chm to ra hnh nh chuyn ng ca dng sui.

Cc ch chp cn bn Trn my SLR hin nay u c h tr bng cc thit b in t. Thng thng trn cc my s c 4 ch cn bn sau y: 1.Manual: (Th cng) Cc thng s chp khu v tc s chn hon ton bng th cng. i khi bn c mun chp mt bc nh vi cc thng s khc bit dng nh d sng overexposure hay thiu sng (underexoposure) bn s phi chn ch chp ny. K hiu trn my: M 2.Progaram: (T ng hon ton) Hai thng s tc v khu s do my hon ton t chn. Cng vic cn li ca bn l ly nt v chp. K hiu trn my: P 3.Aperture-Priority ( Chn khu _ Tc chp t ng) Ch ny ngi chp s chn khu v tc chp s do my t ng a ra. Ch ny thng c chn kim sot vng nh r DOF. Tuy nhin cn lu khi nh sng thiu vic chn m ng knh b c th lm tc chp gim thp khin nh b run tay. K hiu trn my A hay Av 4.Shutter speed- Priority ( Chn tc chp _ Khu do my t chn)

Ch ny ngi chp s chn trc tc chp, my s t ng chn khu tng ng. Ch ny thng c chn khi chp nh ng nhm kim sot hiu qu to ng trn nh. K hiu trn my S hay Tv Trn y l cc ch cn bn. Cc nh sn xut cn thit k cc ch t ng khc nh chp th thao, chp phong cnh, chp chn dung th cc bn s xem trong hng dn i km theo my. Neutral Density Filters ( Knh lc ND) Tc dng ca knh lc ND l lm gim cng nh sng i vo ng knh. Sau khi gn knh lc ND, nu gi nguyn m ng knh th tc chp s chm li, nu gi nguyn tc chp th ng knh phi m rng hn. Cc bn c th xem bng di y.

ng mu th hin mt lng nh sng thu c (EV) trn ng vi cc cp tc v khu c mt lng sng thu c ging nhau. Sau khi gn knh lc ND th ng by gi l ng t nt. V trn l hai v d v gi nguyn tc v gi nguyn m ng knh sau khi gn ND. Trn knh lc ND c cc cch ghi thng s khc nhau. y ti a ra hai dng thng gp Dng th nht l theo m ca knh(density) v di y l bng th hin s gim khu tng ng (Reduction by f-stops).

V d nh hng Tiffen hay B&W c filter ND loi 0.3, 0.6 v 0.9 gim sng 1, 2 v 3 fstop. Cn hng Hoya hay Nikkon th dng thng s 2,4 hay 8 gim 1 , 2 hay 3 f-stop Tt c cc knh lc ND u lc dng thang xm (gray) khng mu. Cc loi knh lc ND ch khc nhau v m nht gim sng nhiu hay t. Trong hnh di y l hai knh lc ND4 v ND8 ca Nikon. Cc bn c th d dng nhn thy bng ca ci ND8 th m hn ND4.

V d p dng knh lc ND *Dng gim tc chp Trong nhiu trng hp chp cnh ng chng ta phi chp vi tc mn chp chm hn bnh thng to hiu qu chuyn ng trn hnh nh ( motion blur). nh minh ha di y chp ch Av ( tc chp t ng). Chn khu f2.8 (tc chp chm nht) m hnh nh vn cn b bt ng do nh sng qu mnh. tc chp c th chm hn ta dng n knh lc ND. So vi khng dng knh lc ND th dng knh lc ND4 c tc chp bng 1/4 v knh lc ND8 c tc chp bng 1/8.

Mt c im na ca knh lc ND l bn c th ghp nhiu knh chng ln nhau. V d knh ND4 + ND8 s gim cng nh sng 2+3= 5 f-stop *Dng tng m ng knh. Tc dng chnh ca knh lc ND l lm gim cng nh sng i vo ng knh.V iu ny c th gip chng ta m rng ng knh vi cng m tc chp nh nhau. C ngha l bn s thay i c khong cch ca vng nh r (DOF). Trong cc hnh minh ha di y dc chp ch Tv, tc chp l 30. Hnh u tin bn tri khng dng knh lc nn hiu qu xa phng cha cao. Hai hnh bn phi dng thm knh lc ND4 v ND8 nn m ng knh tng 2 v 3 f-stop. Kt qu l khong nh r thu hp li v ch ni bt hn trn phng nn b xa m. Trong trng hp nh sng qu gt cng c th dng hai knh lc ND ghp vi nhau ng knh c th m rng hn.

o sng v b sng. Metering H thng o sng trong my chp cn bn c gi l TTL . Trong camera s c thit b nhn v o nh sng phn x t ch . V th c th ni thit b o sng trong thn my l loi thit b o sng phn x. C loi thit b o cm tay kiu thu nh sng trc tip, nhng trc ht chng ta s tm hiu v thit b o sng trong my. Cn bn th c 3 dng o sng ( metering) trong thn my. 1. Matrix metering : o sng ly tr s trung bnh trn gn ht b mt hnh nh

2. Center metering : o sng trong mt vng nh trung tm hnh nh 3. Spot metering : o sng ti im trung tm.

Ty theo cp my, c th khng c cc loi o sng k trn hoc c thay i trong tng loi o sng. Vi cng ngh hin nay th cc chc nng o sng thay i kh nhiu. V d nh matrix metering c chia thnh nhiu im hn nn tr s trung bnh trn ton nh c o chnh xc hn. ng dng cc loi o sng ti s quay li trong bi cn bn thc hnh. Khi o sng, nh sng phn x t ch rt a dng. Mu sc , cht liu .... nh hng n s phn x nh sng nn nu khng c mt tiu chun o sng th khng c. V ngi ta chn mu xm gray 18% lm tiu chun o sng. Do khi o sng trn thn my, bn cn phi hng my o vo vng gn vi mu xm gray18% nht. Khi cn thit c th dng ming giy gray 18% t gn ch o sng. Bn cht ca thit b o sng trong thn my nh gii thch trn,nn khi chp mc d o sng nhng chuyn hnh nh khng ng sng vn xy ra l chuyn bnh thng. Chnh hn nh trng hp hnh nh ton mu sc sc s... th o sng trong trong thn my kh chnh xc. Compensation Ti tm gi nhng ch c mu sng nh mu trng ct bin, mu da ngi da trng, mu mt nc trong... l A . Mu en ca than, mu da ngi da en , mu mt nc en... l B. V o sng bng nh sng phn x nn h thng o sng trong my rt d b sai. Trong trng hp ny ta thy r cng mt ngun sng nh nhau nhng khi o sng gia A v B c th chnh nhau 2 n 3 F-stop. Cng v l do ny m trong thn my c o sng phi h tr thm chc nng b sng ( compensation) A nhiu mu trng nn tnh phn xa nh sngcao B nhiu mu en nn tnh phn xa nh sng thp

Khi o sng vo A th phi iu chnh b sng theo hng cng (+) v khi o sng vo B th phi iu chnh b sng theo hng tr (-). Hu ht cc my c chc nng b sng u c th iu chnh tng nc 1/2 hoc 1/3 F-stop. C th bn post vi hnh chp km thng s th mnh s phn tch ch bn b sai. Bn ch ni chung chung nh vy kh bit bn sai ch no. cc bn hiu r hn v chc nng b sng, ti lm mt ci test nh sau Hnh nh c chp bng ch Av, o sng spot metering. Hnh u tin chp o sng vo Graycard 18% lm chun.

Lot hnh tip theo chp o sng trc tip vo nn trng ca xe

R rng cc bn d dng nhn thy nn trng ca xe lc ny c h xung c sng tng ng vi Graycard. c c nn trng th phi b sng theoi hng tng (+). t quyn catalog vo im o sng ta c kt ngc li nh sau:

nh chp ra tr nn d sng v my nng nn en ca quyn catalog c sng tng ng graycard. Lc ny cn phi b sng theo hng gim (-) c c nn en ng vi thc t. Kt qu cho thy o sng ca my hon ton ph thuc vo sng ca im o sng do o sng bng phng thc phn x. Nu c graycard chun hay my o sng trc tip th vic o sng s chnh xc hn v bn s khng phi quan tm nhiu n vic b sng trong nhng trng hp thng thng.

Comments
c gi bi Exodus

trong bng "Table of exposure values"ca bn ang th d l s dng ISO 100. Vy nu chng ta s dng ISO l 200 th cc gi tr s dch chuyn nh th no ah ? Thanks Bng gi tr EV thc ra ch gip ta so snh sng ca nh khi tng gim tc ca chp v khu m. Nu theo ng cho, bn s thy gi tr khng i khi tng ci ny ng thi gim ci kia. Tt nhin mi xt 2 yu t vi iu kin ISO khng i. Cn ISO th sao? ISO tng cng lm sng ca nh tng (m theo cch tnh bng tc l ch s EV gim), v ngc li. Tnh ton th long ngong lm, nhng tm li l th ny: - Tng ISO thm mt bc (tc l tng gp i ln, v d 100 ln 200, 200 ln 400, v.v...) s lm tng sng ca nh tng ng vi gim tc ca chp xung mt na hoc m khu thm mt khu (khu tnh theo thang 1, 1.4, 1.8, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32). V th EV khng i, khi tng ISO th phi tng tc ca chp ln theo, hoc khp khu m li (tc l tng ch s khu m). Cc trng hp sau s cho sng tng ng (tc gi tr EV khng i), nu tra bng EV = 12: 1. IS0 100 + f/5.6 + 1/125s ==> EV=12 2. ISO 200 + f/5.6 + 1/250s ==> EV=12 3. ISO 200 + f/8 + 1/125s ==> EV=12 Bn p dng cch tnh ny s c mt bng gi tr EV cho tng ISO b ti s dng cho tin :D Ci ny c lon x ngu cho ngi mi tnh ton v c tng tng gim gim lung tung. Tc tng th nh sng li gim, ch s khu m gim th m li to hn... mt ngn t te n tot m hi. Nhng m chp t ba n quen, c khi ch lm theo phn xa, chng tnh ton g, c th t nhin tay n vn ti l xoch. sng ti ca mt bc nh - theo khi nim nh truyn thng - ph thuc vo khu m (apature), tc ca chp (shutter speed) v nhy ISO ca phim, nay trong my KTS l tm cm bin thay cho phim (xin gi tt ba yu t ny y l A-S-ISO). Tuy nhin, cn c nhng yu t khc cng nh hng ti sng ti ca mt bc nh: A - ng knh: Cc ng knh s vi nhiu chi tit thu knh c th lm ti nh i i cht, ngay trn cng mt my DSLR v cng t 3 yu t trn nh nhau. iu ny c th thy vi cc ng knh nh vy, vic cn nt t ng thng kh hn t nhiu so vi ng tiu chun (normal); B - Ch cng nh thit k v cht lng ca phn mm x l nh s ci t trong my

KTS, thy rt r khi t lu tr nh dng tp nh JPG/JPEG. Vi yu t A, theo nhn xt c nhn ca ti, cc ch ca my PnS (v c my PnS/ du lch cao cp) thng c thit k cho nh sng hn. Mt iu d thy l cc ng knh ca PnS thng nh, ngn v t thu knh, v v y cng mt ch A-S-ISO rt c th cho nh sng hn. Vi yu t B, c th cc nh thit k tnh ton nhu cu, mc ch chp nh ca ngi chi loi my PnS thit k ph hp, c th l cc yu t kim sot cht lng qui chun khc.... Hn na, c PnS v DSLR thng c ch x l nh khc nhau trc khi xut thnh tp JPG nh normal (bnh thng), vivid (ti), v.v.... Ni thm, rt nhiu ngi s dng my DSLR khng tn dng cc ch x l nh JPG trn my ( Canon v Nikon u gi l Optimize image) v thng ch mc nh ca nh sn xut l normal. Vi DSLR bn nn nghin cu v s dng ch t mc nh (custom) my x l nh ph hp vi mi trng nh sng khi chp. Vi chc nng ny bn c th iu chnh sc nt ca nh, gam mu v sc ca nh, b sng, .... cc my PnS cao cp cng c th c cc ch ny. Ngoi ra, l do lm nh c sng ti khc nhau vi cng A-S-ISO rt c th do qui chun ca nh sn xut cng nh cho tng my cha hon ton theo mt chun chnh xc duy nht - hoc cha kim sot c cc chun ny v mt cng ngh - nn cc my khc nhau s cho hiu ng nh khc nhau. B sng Mt kh khn ln nht khi bt u chp nh l lng phi sng. Hiu n gin l sng ca mt bc nh. Yu t ny ch yu hiu chnh bng tc chp v khu . Mt lng nh sng vo nhiu hn s lm cho bc nh sng ln v t hn s lm bc nh ti i. Rt nhiu bn thc mc th no l bc nh ng sng. Vi ti th khng c khi nim ng sng, ch c khi nim chp c nh vi sng ng theo ca ngi chp. Vi nhng chic my nh hin nay thng thng lun c sn chc nng o sng. Nhng cng c rt nhiu ngi bt u chi nh b rc ri vi chc nng ny. Nu hiu c c ch o sng hay my o sng nh th no th bn mi c hiu c hin th mc o sng trn my. My o sng bng cch o cng nh sng vo my , da trn cng sng , tc , khu ,iso ni gn l thng s chp tnh ton lng sng s vo my. Lng sng ny s so snh vi mt lng sng qui chun hin th trn thanh o sng. Lng sng qui chun chnh l o nh sng t tm gray card 18%. Ngha l khi bn chnh thng s chp trn my , nu vch bo sng nm v tr 0 ( nhiu ngi hay ngh nhm v tr ny l ng sng ) th tm nh ca bn s c sng tng t nh tm gray card 18%. Do ty tng iu kin chp c th th vch bo sng phi nm v tr thch hp th mi gi l ng sng. Khi bn o sng mi trng sng mnh th vch ny phi nm v tr +Ev, cng sng th +Ev cng nhiu. Khi o mi trng nh sng ti hn th vch o sng phi v tr Ev, cng ti Ev cng nhiu.

Khi chp vi ch t ng hay bn t ng ( Av,Tv.) th my s thit lp thng thng s sao cho nh bn chp ra tng ng vi tm gray card 18%. Nn my km theo chc nng b sng gip bn b li ci hn ch ca chc nng o sng. Ly tm gray card 18% lm chun. Nu chp ni c tng phn sng hn th phi b theo hng +Ev th nh mi sng ln nh bn thy bn ngoi. Nu khng b th nh s b a sng v tng ng gray card 18% nn nh s thiu sng. Cng v l do ny nhiu bn hay thc mc em chp ngoi tri nng to m nh n c ti ti th no. Ngc li khi chp vi ngun c tng phn ti hn th phi b sng theo hng Ev. Nu khng b th nh ra s sng ln tng ng vi grey card 18%. T y ta c th kt lun nu o vo tm grey card 18% hoc tng t th khng cn phi b. Mt chiu thc nhiu bn hay p dng l o vo lng bn tay. Vi nhng bn da tay tng ng grey 18% th khng cn b. Nu trng hn hay en hn th bn t tm hiu xem b bao nhiu th va dnh khi no cn o th bit m b. Mt yu t na cng lm mt s bn au u l s a dng ca cch ly nh sng vo my o sng. Thng thng s c 3 dng chnh. Nu ly nh sng trung bnh trn ton khung hnh th gi l Matrix Metering ( a im ) , nu ly sng mt vng nh xung quanh tm im th gi l Center Metering ( vng trung tm ), v cui cng l ly sng t mt im gi l Spot Metering ( n im). Ty theo nhu cu bn s chn phng cch o ph hp. Mt ph kin thng i km theo my nh l n flash. Trc khi tm hiu v n Flash bn phi hiu thng s quan trng nht ca flash l ch s GN ( guide number ). Thng c gi tr nhy sng ghi 100iso GN = f-number x khong cch chp

Nhn cng thc GN bn thy khi chp vi flash th bn ch nn quan tm khu v khong cch chp. Tc chp , tiu c c nh hng nhng khng phi l yu t chnh nn cc bn tm gc sang mt bn. Khi chp vi flash th bn phi nm chc con s GN ny kim sot c kh nng chiu sng ca n. V d bn c GN l 12 th khi chp f/4 th khong cch chp s l 3 mt. Nu chp f/8 th khong cch chp ch cn 1,5 mt. Nu f/4 l khu ln nht th khong cch chp xa nht l 3m (100 iso). C bn s hi tng iso ln c tng c khong cch xa nht ?

Khi khong cch tng gp i , din tch chiu sng tng ln 4 ln tng ng sng gim 4 ln. Do tng iso ln 4 ln khong cch tng ln gp i. Tng iso ln 2 ln khong cch tng ln 2. Cc loi n thng gp Flash cc

.Trc ht l n flash trn my thng gi l Flash cc (built-in flash / pop-up flash ). Hu nh my nh ngy nay u tch hp sn n flash trn my. T my compact n my ng knh ri. Flash cc cng sut thng khng mnh ,GN ch khong 13. Ngoi vn cng sut yu , do tch hp trn my nn khong cch gn ng knh nn d gy ra hin tng mt , v nu dng ng knh di d b bng en do ng knh che n. .Flash cc thng pht sng theo ch t ng , mt vi model c th chnh c manual.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Flash ri Flash ri c gn ln my , ch gn flash gi l hot-shoe Cn bn th 3 loi thng dng 1.Manual L loi n flash c cu to n gin nht

s thy n rt n gin, mt trc ch c duy nht n pht sng, mt sau l bng tra iso , khong cch v khu . Khi chp c tra theo bng ny m ci t thng s chp. V cu to n gin nn n lun pht ht cng sut , hao pin v khng iu chnh c sng. 2.Auto

Loi n ny t iu chnh cng sut pht sng theo khu chn trc.

Nu , bn s thy mt trc ngoi n pht sng cn c mt ci l nh chnh l cm bin quang o sng. Mt sau l bng tra v cng tc chn cng sut pht sng. ng vi mi cng sut pht sng v khu c chn, n s t ng iu tit nh sng va trong khong cch cho php. u im n loi ny so vi Manual l tit ch c cng sut va theo mun, t hao

pin hn. 3.TTL ((Through The Lens) flash

Nguyn l hot ng ca TTL flash hiu theo cch n gin l khi bn bm nt chp, n flash s pht ra mt chp sng. nh sng chiu vo khung hnh ( gi l pre-flash) c camera o sng qua ng knh. B x l trong camera s tnh ton iu khin flash pht sng vi cng sut ph hp vi cc thng s chp trn thn my. Ton b x l nhanh n mc bn khng th nhn ra bng mt thng flash chp 2 ln. V TTL flash c s giao tip gia flash v thn my nn chn flash thng c nhiu im tip xc. Bn mua flash TTL th phi tm hiu s tng thch gia flash v thn my, thm ch vi c ng knh. Vi TTL flash thng bn s c th ci t c ch (mode) Manual v Auto Bng gi tr EV tng ng vi tng k Quan trng nht trong ci link gm c 2 bng l Chart A v Chart B, phn ch l gii thch ny n khng cn bit cng c. Chart A dng quy iu kin nh sng ra gi tr EV, Chart B gip t EV suy ra cc tr s khu , tc , ISO. Chart B khng c ch m ch ton k hiu v s nn khng cn dch, em s dch i khi Chart A. C iu tc gi cng ni r l bng ny c thit lp ph hp vi thi tit vng n i, nhng ch khc c th c sai lc, nn khi s dng cn chnh li theo kinh nghim (v d nh sng ma h n i c th khc nhit i. Chart A (Tr s EV iu kin nh sng)

-6 m, xa th, ch th c chiu sng bng nh sao -5 m, xa th, ch th c chiu sng bng nh trng khuyt -4 m, xa th, ch th c chiu sng bng na mt trng. Chp ma sao bng -3 m, xa th, ch th c chiu sng bng nh trng rm -2 m, xa th, cnh tuyt ph di nh trng rm -1 Ch th di nh sng n m 0 Ch th di nh sng n m 1 Chp ng chn tri c nh sng 2 Chp sm st hoc trng khuyt 3 Chp pho hoa 4 Chp cn cnh ngn nn. n Ging sinh, cc cng trnh kin trc c chiu n (t pha di), vi phun nc, tng i. Ch th di nh n ng mnh. 5 Chp trong nh ban m, chiu sng trung bnh. Trng hc, hi trng, nh sng la tri. 6 Chp trong nh ban m, nhiu nh sng. Hi ch, khu tr chi m. 7 Di tn rng. ng ph ban m c chiu sng. Th thao trong nh. Sn khu, rp xic. 8

Chp ca hiu, la tri, chy nh. Chp trt bng, bng , bng chy ban m. Chp ni tht chiu sng tt bng n hunh quang. 9 Chp phong cnh, thnh ph 10 pht sau hong hn. Ch th di n Neon, n sn khu (spot light). 10 Phong cnh hong hn. Chp trng khuyt vi ng tele 11 Hong hn. Ch th trong bng rm 12 Na mt trng (chp vi ng tele). Ch th di tri nhiu my 13 Gn trng rm (chp vi ng tele). Ch th di tri c my. 14 Trng rm (chp vi ng tele). Ch th di tri nng, c sng m. 15 Ch th di tri nng gt, c sng m (lut f/16). 16 Ch th trn mt tuyt hay ct trng gia nng gt. T 17 tr ln: Mt s loi nh sng nhn to, t thy trong t nhin. http://www.fredparker.com/ultexp1.htm - tt c trong ny