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Chng 9:

Phn cc v n nh nhit im cng tc ca tranzito

a Nguyn tc chung phn cc tranzito Mun tranzito lm vic nh mt phn t tch cc th cc phn t ca tranzito phi tho mn iu kin thch hp. Nhng tham s ny ca tranzito nh mc trc bit, ph thuc rt nhiu vo in p phn cc cc chuyn tip colect v emit. Ni mt cch khc cc gi tr tham s ph thuc vo im cng tc ca tranzito. Mt cch tng qut, d tranzito c mc mch theo kiu no, mun n lm vic ch khuych i cn c cc iu kin sau: - Chuyn tip emit baz lun phn cc thun. - Chuyn tip baz colect lun phn cc ngc. C th minh ha iu ny qua v d xt tranzito, loi pnp (h.2.33). Nu gi UE, UB, UC ln lt l in th ca emit, baz, colect, cn c vo cc iu kin phn cc k trn th gia cc in th ny phi tho mn iu kin: UE > UB >UC 48) Hy xt iu kin phn cc cho tng loi mch. -T mch chung baz hnh 2.34 vi chiu mi tn l hng dng ca in p v dng in, c th xc nh c cc tnh ca in p v dng in cc cc khi tranzito mc BC nh sau: UEB = UE UB > 0 IE > 0 UCB = UC UB > 0 0 (2-49) IC < (2-

Cn c vo iu kin (2-48) in p UCB m, dng IC cng m c ngha l hng thc t ca in p v dng in ny ngc vi hng mi tn trn hnh 2.34. - T mch chung emit hnh 2.35, l lun tng t nh trn, c th xc nh c cc tnh ca in p v dng in cc cc nh sau: UBE = UB UE < 0 IB < 0 UCE = UC UE < 0 0 (2-50) IC <

- Vi mch chung colect hnh 2.36, cn c vo chiu qui


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nh trn s v iu kin 2-48 c th vit: UB UC > 0 IB < 0 UCE = UC UE < 0 (2-51) IE < 0

i vi tranzito npn iu kin phn cc n lm vic ch khuych i l UE < UB < UC in v in p thc t trong tranzito pnp. b - ng ti tnh v im cng tc tnh ng ti tnh c v trn c tuyn ra tnh ca tranzito nghin cu dng in v in p khi n mc trong mch c th no (khi c ti ). im cng tc (hay cn gi l im tnh, im phn cc) l im nm trn ng ti tnh xc nh dng in vo trn in p tranzito khi khng c tn hiu t vo, ngha l xc nh iu kin phn cc ca tranzito. hiu r v ng ti tnh v im cng tc tnh, ta hy xt trng hp tranzito loi npn mc chung emit nh hnh 2.37. Phng trnh quan h dng v p mch c dng: UCE = ECC - ICRt (253) Nu nh in p phn cc UBE lm cho tranzito kha, khi y IC = 0 v UCE = ECC (0.Rt) = ECC = 20V. Nh vy im c ta (IC = 0, UCE= 20V) l im A trn c tuyn ra. Gi thit rng UBE tng lm cho tranzito m v IC= 0,5mA khi y UCE = 20V 0,5mA.10k = 20V 5V = 15V, trn c tuyn ra l im B c ta (0,5mA ; 15V) Bng cch tng UBE, lm tng t nh trn c th v c v d ng vi cc ta sau : im C ng vi IC = 1mA ; UCE = 10V im D ng vi IC = 1,5mA ; UCE = 0V Ni cc im trn y vi nhau ta s c mt ng thng
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(2-

52) T bt nh thc (2-52) c th thy rng hng dng

UCE =5V

im E ng vi IC = 2 mA ;

l ng ti tnh vi Rt =10 k. C th v c bng cch chn 2 im c bit, im ct trc tung E (UCE = 0 ; IC= UCC/Rt =2mA) v im ct trc honh A (UCE= UCC =20V ; IC=0A). Qua nhng im phn tch trn thy rng ng ti chnh l ng bin thin ca dng IC theo in p UCE ng vi in tr ti Rt v in p ngun ECC nht nh. Trong ba gi tr IB, IC v UCE ch cn bit mt ri cn c vo tng gi tr ti xc nh hai gi tr cn li. Cn nhn mnh l ng ti v hai trng hp trn ch ng trong trng hp UCC = 20V v Rt = 10k. Khi thay i cc iu kin ny phi v cc ng ti khc. Khi thit k mch, im cng tc tnh l im c chn trn ng ti tnh. Nh trn ni, im ny xc nh gi tr dng IC v in p UCE khi khng c tn hiu t vo. Khi c tn hiu t vo, dng IB bin i theo s bin i ca bin tn hiu, d n

ti dng IC bin i, kt qu l in p ra trn ti bin i ging nh quy lut bin i ca tn hiu u vo. ECC/ Rc//Rt IC mA IBmax M P IB0

IC0

UC0

IB =0A UCE V

EC C

Hnh 2.38: Chn im cng tc tnh Vi s nguyn l nh hnh 2.37a trn ng ti tnh 10k gi thit chn im cng tc tnh P nh hnh 2.38. ng vi im P ny IB = 20A ; Ic = 1A v UCE = 10V. Khi IB tng t 20A n 40A, trn hnh 2.38 thy IC c gi tr bng l,95mA v UCE = Ucc - ICRT = 20V - l,95mA . 10k = 0,5V. C th thy rng khi IB = + 20A dn ti UCE = 9,5V. Khi IB gim t 20A xung 0 th IC gim xung ch cn 0,05mA v UCE = 20V - (0,05mA.10k) = 19,5V, tc l khi IB gim i mt lng l IB = 20A lm cho Uc tng ln mt lng
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Uc = + 9,5V. Tm li, nu chn im cng tc tnh P nh trn th u ra ca mch c th nhn c s bin i cc i in p Uc = + 9,5V. Nu chn im cng tc tnh khc. V d P' ti c Ic . = 0,525 mA ; UCE = 14,75V. Tnh ton tng t nh trn ta c IB = 10A v Uc = 14,75V. Ngha l bin bin i cc i ca in p ra m bo khng mo dng lc ny ch l 4,75V.

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Nh vy vic chn im cng tc tnh trn hoc di im P s dn ti bin thin cc i ca in p ra trn ti (m bo khng mo dng) u nh hn 9,5v, hay c bin in p ra cc i, khng lm mo dng tn hiu, im cng tc tnh phi chn gia ng ti tnh. Cng cn ni thm l khi in p ra khng yu cu nghim ngt v mo th im cng tc tnh c th chn nhng im thch hp trn ng ti.

Mch th nghim: Kho st ba cch mc tranzito c - n nh im cng tc tnh khi nhit thay i Tranzito l mt linh kin rt nhy cm vi nhit v vy trong nhng s tay hng dn s dng ngi ta thng cho di nhit lm vic cc i ca tranzito. Ngoi gii hn nhit k trn tranzito s b hng hoc khng lm vic. Ngay c trong khong nhit cho php tranzito lm vic bnh thng th s
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bin thin nhit cng nh hng n tham s ca tranzito. Hai i lng nhy cm vi nhit nht l in p emit-baz UBE v dng ngc ICBO (Xem phn 2.1). V d i vi tranzito silic, h s nhit ca UBE (UBE/T) l 2,2mV/OC, cn iO vi tranzito gecmani l -l,8mV/ C. i vi ICBO ni chung khi nhit tng ln 10OC gi tr dng ngc ny tng ln hai ln.

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Khi tranzito lm vic, dng ngc ICBO chy qua chuyn tip ny nh bit rt nhy cm vi nhit , khi nhit tng s pht x cp in t, l trng tng, dng ICBO tng, t quan h gia ICBO v IC nu phn trc: IC=IB + ( + 1)ICBO C th thy rng ICBO tng lm cho IC tng (d cho gi thit rng IB v khng i). Dng IC tng ngha l mt cc ht dn qua chuyn tip colect tng ln lm cho s va chm gia cc ht vi mng tinh th tng. Nhit tng lm cho ICBO tng chu k li lp li nh trn lm dng IC v nhit ca tranzito tng mi. Hin tng ny gi l hiu ng qu nhit. Hiu ng qu nhit a ti: Lm thay i im cng tc tnh v nu khng c bin php hn ch th s tng nhit c th lm hng tranzito. S thay i nhit cng lm cho UBE thay i v do lm thay i dng IC dn ti thay i im cng tc tnh. Trong nhng iu kin thng thng nh hng ca ng ICBO n IC nhiu hn so vi UBE. Bi vy khi ni nh hng ca nhit n im cng tc thng ch quan tm n dng ICBO. Nh vy s n nh nhit y hm ch s thay i dng IC khi dng ICBO thay i c th nh ngha h s n nh nhit ca tranzito nh sau: IC S= (2-54) ICBO IC = h21e IB + (1 + h21e) .ICBO (2-55) trong : T nh ngha ny thy rng S cng nh th tnh n nh nhit cng cao, trong trng hp l tng S = 0, (trong thc t khng c s n nh nhit tuyt i). xc nh h s n nh nhit S vi mt s tranzito cho trc, gi thit do nhit thay i, dng ICBO bin i mt lng l ICBO, IB bin i mt lng l IB v IC bin i mt lng l IC. Qua mt s bin i t biu thc (2-55) ta c : IC h21e S= +1 ) ICBO 1 h2 (I B / C 1e (2-56)

Khi bit cc gia s dng in cn c vo (2-56) c th tnh


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c h s n nh nhit. Biu thc (2-56) l biu thc tng qut tnh h s n nh nhit chung cho cc loi mc mch. d- Phn cc tranzito bng dng c nh Nu tranzito c mc nh hnh 2.39, dng IB t ngun mt chiu cung cp cho tranzito s khng i, bi vy ngi ta gi iu kin phn cc ny l phn cc bng dng khng i. C th c hai cch to ra dng c nh, trng hp th nht nh hnh 2.39a dng mt ngun mt chiu Ecc. Dng IB c c nh bng Ecc v RB T hnh 2.39a tnh c: E -U I B = cc BE R B (2-57)

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Hnh 2.39: Mch phn cc dng khng i a)Mch mt ngun; Mch hai ngun Trng hp th hai nh hlnh 2.39b. Ngi ta dng hai ngun mt chiu. Hai mch ny hon ton tng ng nhau. Nu Ecc = UBB c th thay bng 2.39a Cn c vo s nguyn l hlnh 2.39a, c th suy ra nhng biu thc cho vic tnh ton thit k mch phn cc dng c nh p dng nh lut Kickhp (Kirchhoff) cho vng mch baz v ch rng y UBB = Ecc c th vit E cc = IB .R B + UBE (2-58) Khi lm vic chuyn tip emit lun phn cc thun cho nn UBE thng rt nh (t 0,2v n 0,7V) v trong biu thc (2-58)c th b qua, nh vy c th vit: Ecc=IB.RB (2-59) V E cc I B R B (2-60)

Trong mch colect c Ecc = IcRt + UcE (2-61) th vit: Biu thc (2-61) thng gi l phng trnh ng ti, y gi tr Ecc v Rt c nh, t (2-61) c th thy rng Ic tng th UcE gim v ngc li Ic gim th UcE tng. T cc biu thc trn c th tnh c iu kin phn cc tnh khi bit h s

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khuch i dng tnh h21e v gi tr cc phn t ca mch. By gi xt ti tnh n nh nhit ca loi s phn cc hnh 2.39. Nh bit theo kiu mc mch ny th IB lun lun khng i cho nn: IB = 0 (2-62) I C T ng thc (2-62) tnh c h s n nh nhit bng

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S = h21e + 1

(2-

63) T biu thc (2-63), rt ra kt lun sau: S phn cc tranzito bng dng c nh c h s n nh nhit S ph thuc vo h s khuch i dng tnh h21e, ngha l khi dng loi mch ny mun thay i n nh nhit ch c mt cch l thay i tranzito thng ln cho nn h s S ca loi mch ny ln v do n nh nhit km.Trong thc t cch phn cc cho tranzito nh hnh 2.39 ch dng khi yu cu n nh nhit khng cao. e - Phn cc cho tranzito bng in p phn hi (phn cc colect - baz) trn bit mch phn cc tranzito bng dng c nh c n nh nhit khng cao, ngoi ra khi dng IC tng lm in p UCE gim. C th li dng hin tng ny lm cho dng IB gim do n nh c dng IC. Tht vy dng IC ph thuc vo hai yu t ICBO v IB do nh hng ca nhit dng ICBO tng ln khin IC cng tng ln. Nhng nu li dng s tng ca dng IC ny lm gim dng IB khin dng IC gim bt th kt qu l dng IC tr li gi tr ban u.

Hnh 2.40: Phn cc bng in p phn hi in p colect-baz Vic mc tranzito nh hnh 2.40 s tha mn iu kin trn. Cch phn cc tranzito nh vy gi l phn cc bng colect. Nh thy trn s , in tr RB c ni trc tip gia cc colect v cc baz. S khc nhau c bn gia mch phn cc bng in p phn hi v ng dng phn cc c nh l: trong mch phn cc bng in p phn hi bao hm c
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ch dng lB cm bin theo in p (hoc dng in) mch ra, cn trong mch phn cc dng c nh th khng c iu ny. im cng tc tnh c xc nh nh sau: T hnh 2.40, quan h in p trong mch ra c dng. ECC = (IC + IB) Rt + UCE (2-64)

cn quan h in p trong mch baz c th vit dng:

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ECC = (IC + IB)Rt + IB.RB + UBE (2-65) Nu coi UBE nh, c th b qua th ECC = (IC + IB)Rt + UBE 65) T 2-64 v 2-66 c th suy ra: UCE IBRB 67) Thay IC = h21e.IB vo biu thc (2-66) ta tm c ECC = (h21e + 1)IB.Rt + IBRB rt ra: Ec IB = c + 2 1 Q + R (h e 1)R B t (2-68) (2(2-

(2-69)

Sau tnh dng colect ng vi im cng tc tnh P ICQ = h21e.IBQ (2-70)

V in p gia colect v emit ng vi im cng tc tnh P cn c vo (2-67) tnh c: UCEQ = IBQ.RB (2-71)

Nu bit h21e ca tranzito c th p dng biu thc (2-70) v (2-71) tnh c iu kin phn cc tnh tranzito. By gi hy xc nh c tnh n nh nhit ca mch phn cc dng in p phn hi. T biu thc (2-66), tm c IB = E c Ic R t R + c B Rt RB + RC (2-72)

Ly vi phn biu thc (2-72) theo Ic c:


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dIB = R t B+ dIc R Rt Thay biu thc (2-73) vo (2-56), c; h21e + 1 S= 1+ [h21eR t (R B + R t )]

(2-73)

(2-74)

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C th bin i (2-74) v dng thun li cho vic tnh ton hn. (h + 1)(R + R )S= 21e Bt (h21e + 1)R t + RB

(2-75)

T biu thc (2-75) c nhn xt rng h s n nh S trong mch phn cc bng in p phn hi khng c nh m ph thuc vo gi tr cc in tr RB v Rt. Trong trng hp RB << Rt th S gn ti mt n v, iu ny ni ln rng d c mnh RB th h s n nh nhit S khng gim xung nh hn 1. in p phn hi m qua in tr RB trong mch phn cc lm tng tc n nh nhit ng thi li lm gim h s khuch i tn hiu xoay chiu (xem mc 2.3). Nh trn ni tng tnh n nh nhit , phi lm gim in tr RB nhng khi h s khuch i ca mch cng gim i, y c mu thun gia n nh nhit ca mch v h s khuch i. C mt cch cho php t c n nh nhit cao m khng phi tr gi v h s khuch i l cch mc mch nh hnh 2.41. in tr Rb trong trng hp ny c chia lm hai thnh phn R1 v R2, im ni 2 in tr ny c ni t qua t C. i vi in p v dng mt chiu th t C coi nh h mch do khng nh hng g n ch 1 chiu. Ngc li vi tn hiu xoay chiu th t C coi nh ngn mch xung t khng cho phn hi ngc li u vo.

Hnh 2.41: Phng php loi tr phn hi tn hiu xoay chiu


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Qua phn tch trn thy rng mch phn cc in p phn hi c n nh tt hn mch phn cc dng c nh, tuy nhin hai mch phn cc ny khng th tng n nh nhit cao v im cng tc tnh v n nh nhit ca mch ph thuc ln nhau, chnh l mt nhc im ln l kh khn cho vn thit k mch loi mch ny.

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