Chng 13:

Khuch i dng tranzito lng cc

Di y s trnh by phng php phn tch tng khuch i dng tranzito lng cc theo ba cch mc mch: emit chung (EC), clect chung (CC) v baz chung (BC). Gi thit tn hiu vo l hnh sin tn s trung bnh v vy tr khng ca t coi nh bng khng, nh hng in dung k sinh cng nh s ph thuc h s ca tranzito vo tn s coi nh khng ng k. a - Tng khuch i (EC) Mch in nguyn l 1 tng khuch i EC cho trn hlnh 2.64. Trong s ny Cp1 Cp2 l cc t phn ng (ni tng). T Cp1 loi tr tc dng nh hng ln nhau ca ngun tn hiu v mch vo v dng mt chiu. Mt khc n m bo cho in p Ubo trong ch tnh khng ph thuc vo in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu Rn. T Cp2 ngn khng cho thnh phn 1 chiu v ch cho thnh phn in p xoay chiu ra ti. in tr R1 R2 xc nh ch tnh ca tng. Bi v tranzito lng cc iu khin bng dng, nn dng in tnh ca PK (trong trng hp ny l dng Ico) c to thnh do dng tnh emit IE thng qua s iu khin c dng baz IB in tr RE xt 2.2.3 v hnh 2.45.

Hnh 2.64: Tng khuch i E chung v kt qu m phng xc nh cc tham s tn hiu v pha Nguyn l lm vic ca tng EC nh sau: Khi a in p xoay chiu ti u vo, xut hin dng xoay chiu baz ca tranzito mch ra ca tng. H p trn in tr Rc to nn in p xoay chiu trn colect. in p ny qua t Cp2 c c a n u ra ca tng tc l ti mch ti. C th thc hin bng hai phng php c bn l phng php th v phng php gii tch (s tng ng) i vi ch xoay chiu tn hiu nh. Phng php th da vo cc c tuyn vo v ra ca tranzito c u im l d dng tm c mi quan h gia cc gi tr bin ca thnh phn xoay chiu (in p ra v dng in ra Icm) v l s liu ban u tnh ton. Trn c tuyn hnh 2.65a, v ng ti mt chiu (a-b) nh m t phn 2.2.3.b. S ph thuc UCEO= f(Ico) c th tm c t phng trnh cn bng in p mch ra ca ca tng: UCEO = EC ICORC IEORE = EC ICORC
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ICORE/ 117) V h s gn bng 1, nn c th vit UCEO = EC - ICO (RC + RE)

(2(2-118)

Biu thc l phng trnh ng ti mt chiu ca tng. Da vo c tuyn c (baz) IB = f(UBE) ta chn c dng baz tnh cn thit IBO chnh l xc nh c ta im P l giao im ca ng IB = IBO vi ng ti mt chiu trn c tuyn ra hnh 2.65a. IC mA PC.CP

ECC/ Rc//Rt

IB ma x IB0

IC 0

P N UC0 IB =0A UCE V

EC C

Hnh 2.65: Xc inh ch tnh ca tng EC trn h c tuyn ra

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 xc nh thnh phn xoay chiu ca in p ra v dng colect ca tranzito phi dng ng ti xoay chiu ca tng. Ch rng in tr xoay chiu trong mch emit ca tranzito bng khng (v c t CE mc song song vi in tr RE) cn ti c mc vo mch colect v in tr xoay chiu ca t Cp2 rt nh. Nu coi in tr xoay chiu ca ngun cung cp Ec bng khng, th in tr xoay chiu ca tng gm hai in tr Rc v Rt mc song song, Ngha l Rt~=Rt/RC. T thy r in tr ti mt chiu ca tng Rt= = Rc + RE ln hn in tr ti xoay

chiu Rt~. Khi c tn hiu vo, in p v dng in l tng ca thnh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu, ng ti xoay chiu i qua im tnh P, (h 2.65a). dc ca ng ti xoay chiu s ln hn dc ca ng ti mt chiu. Xy dng ng ti xoay chiu theo t s gia s ca in p v dng in UCE = Ic (RC//Rt). Khi cung cp in p Uv vo u vo ca tng (hnh 2.64) th trong mch baz s xut hin thnh phn dng xoay chiu Ib~ c lin quan n in p Uv theo c tuyn ca tranzito (h:2.65b). V dng colect t l vi dng baz qua h s , trong mch colect cng c thnh phn dng xoay chiu IC~ (h.2.65a) v in p xoay chiu Ur lin h vi dng IC~ bng ng ti xoay chiu. Khi ng t ti xoay chiu c trng cho s thay i gi tr tc thi dng colect IC v in p trn tranzito UCO hay l ngi ta ni l s dch chuyn im lm vic. Nu chn tr s tn hiu vo thch hp v ch tnh ng th tn hiu ra ca tng khuch i s khng b mo dng (xem mc 2.2.3b). Mun vy, cc tham s ca ch tnh phi tha mn nhng iu kin sau (h.2.65a). Uco > Urm + Uco 119) Ico > Icm + ICO(E) 120) y: Uco l in p colect ng ra tranzito (cn gi l in p UCE in coleet ban u ng vi nhit ca ng c tuyn ra tnh ng vi bin p v dng ra. U =r Icm = Ur m R m R c // t Rt (2(2-

vi on u ca c tuyn bo ha) ; ICO(E) l dng cc i chnh l cao dng IB = 0, Urm v Icm l

Quan h dng Icm vi in p ra c dng (2-121)

tng h s khuch i ca tng, tr s Rc phi chn ln

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hn Rt t 3 5 ln. Da vo dng Ico chn, tnh dng baz tnh: IBO = (ICO I CO(E)) / (2-122)

t da vo c tuyn vo ca tranzito hnh 2.65b, ta c in p UBEO ng vi lBO tnh c. Dng emit tnh c quan h vi dng Ibo v Ico theo biu thc: IEO (1 + )IBO + ICO(E) = (lCO - ICO(E) (1+ ) / + ICO(E) = ICO iu kin Ec = Uco + ICORC + UEO (2-124) y: UEO = IEO RE Khi xc nh tr s UEO phi xut pht t quan im tng in p UEO s lm tng n nh nhit cho ch tnh ca tng (v khi RE ln s lm tng su hi tip m mt chiu ca tng), tuy nhin lc cn tng in p ngun cung cp Ec. V vy m EEO thng chn bng (0,1 n 0,3) Ec. (2-

123) Khi chn Ec (nu nh khng cho trc), cn phi theo

Ch n biu thc (2-124) ta c U +I R CO E = CO C C 0,7 0,9 in tr RE c th tnh t RE = UEO / ICO (2-126) (2-125)

Khi tnh cc phn t ca b phn p u vo, ngoi nhng im ni mc 2.2.3g cn lu : vi quan im n nh nhit cho ch tnh ca tng th s thay i ca dng baz tnh IBO (do khng n nh nhit ca in p UEBO) phi t nh hng n s thay i in p UBO. Mun vy, th dng IP qua b phn p R1 v R2 phi ln hn dng IBO qua in tr R1. Tuy nhin, vi iu kin Ip>>IBO th R1, R2 s phi nh v chng s gy ra mc r mch n mch vo ca tranzito. V th khi tnh cc phn t ca b phh p vo ta phi hn ch theo iu kin: RB = R1 // R2 = (2 5) rV 127) IP = (2 5) IBO (2(2-

128) y, rV l in tr vo ca tranzito, c trng cho in tr xoay chiu ca mch baz emit (rV = UBE / IB). in tr R1, R2 ( h.2.64) c th tnh theo: U R 2= BO IP U + U EO = BEO IP (2-129)

E -U R2 = C (2-130) BO IP -IBO Khi chn tranzito cn ch cc tham s gii hn nh sau: di tn s cng tc (theo tn s f hay f) cng nh cc tham s v dng in, in p v cng sut. Dng in cho php cc i IC.CP phi ln hn tr s tc thi ln nht ca dng colect trong khi lm vic,
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ngha l ICmax = ICO + ICm < IC.CP (h2.65.a). V mt in p ngi ta thng chn tranzito theo UCO.CP > EC. Cng sut tiu hao trn colect ca tranzito PC = UCO.ICO phi nh hn cng sut cc i cho php ca tranzito PC.CP. ng cong cng sut gii hn cho php l ng hypecbol. i vi mi im ca n ta c UCOCf . ICCf = PC.CP. Tm li, vic tnh ch mt chiu ca tng khuch i l gii quyt nhim v chn hp l cc phn t ca s nhn c nhng tham s cn thit ca tn hiu ra trn ti. Cc h s khuch i dng in KI v in p KU v cng sut KP cng nh in tr vo RV v in tr ra Rr l nhng ch tiu quan trng ca tng khuch i. Nhng ch tiu c th xc nh c khi tnh ton tng khuch i theo dng xoay chiu. Phng php gii tch da trn thay th tranzito v tng khuch i bng s tng

ng dng xoay chiu ch tn hiu nh. S thay th tng EC v trn hnh 2.66, y tranzito c thay th bng s thay th tham s vt l. Tnh ton theo dng xoay chiu cng c th thc hin c khi s dng s thay th tranzito vi cc tham s h, r hay g. n gin ta gi thit tng khuch i c tnh min tn s trung bnh, tn hiu vo l hnh sin v in tr ca ngun cung cp i vi dng xoay chiu bng khng. Dng in v in p trong s tnh theo tr s hiu dng, n c quan h vi tr s bin qua h s h, r hay g.

Hnh 2.66: S thay th tng EC bng tham s vt l n gin ta gi thit tng khuch i c tnh min tn s trung bnh, tn hiu vo l hnh sinv in tr ca ngun cung cp i vi dng xoay chiu bng khng. Dng in v in p trong s tnh theo tr s hiu dng, n c quan h vi tr s bin qua h s 1/ 2 in tr vo ca tng : Rv = R1// R2//rv (2-131)

V in tr trong ca ngun l IB hnh 2.66 rt ln cn rc(E) + Rc//Rt >> rE nn

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UBE = IBrB + IErE hay l UBE = IB [rB + (1 + )rE] chia c hai v ca phng trnh (2-132) cho IB ta c: rV = rB + (1 + )rE Tnh gn ng bc 1 ca Rv theo rv v gi tr c th ca rB, , rE vi iu kin R1//R2 (2 3)rv ta s c Rv ca tng EC khng vt qu 1 3 k. (2-132)

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 Xc nh h s khuch i dng in ca tng Ki = It/lv, t s 2.66 c : R IB = Ir rV V (2-133)

Khi xc nh dng It qua IB th khng tnh n rE v n rt nh so vi in tr ca cc phn t mch ra. r // It = .IB c(E ) R c // R t R t n biu thc (2-133) tha c // R // R t R rc(E v I ) . c It = v rv Rt v h s khuch i dng xc inh bi Rc // R t R rc (E v ) // . Ki = rv Rt (2-136) (2-135) (2-134)

H s khuch i dng Ki t l vi ca tranzito v ph thuc vo tc dng mc r ca b phn p v in tr Rc Rt. Biu thc (2-136) cho thy cn phi chn R1//R2 > rv v Rc > Rt. Nu ta coi Rv rv v rc(E) >> RC//Rt th biu thc tnh h s khuch i dng gn ng s c dng: R // R K = c t i Rt (2-137)

Nh vy, tng EC s c h s khuch i dng tng i ln, v nu Rc >> Rt th h s khuch i dng in Ki->. Xc nh h s khuch i in p ca tng. Ku = Ur/En K = It .R t v( n = k . Rt ) n v

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u I R+ Rv

(2-138) i R +R

Thay (2-137) vo (2-138) ta c : R c //R t K = u. Rn + Rv (2-139)

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T (2-139) ta thy nu cng ln, v in tr mch ra ca tng cng ln so vi in tr mch vo th h s khuch i cng ln. c bit, h s khuch i in p s tng khi in tr trong ngun tn hiu gim. H s khuch i in p trong s EC khong t 20 100. Tng khuch i EC thc hin o pha i vi in p vo. Vic tng in p vo (chiu dng) s lm tng dng baz v dng colect ca tranzito, h p trn Rc tng, s lm gim in p trn colect (hay l xut hin u ra ca tng na chu k m in p). Vic o pha ca in p ra trong tng EC i khi c biu th bng du "-" trong biu thc Ku. H s khuch i cng sut Kp = Pr/ Pv = Ku.Ki trong s EC khong (0,2 n 5)103 ln. in tr ra ca tng Rr = Rc // rc(E) V Rc (E) > > Rc nn Rr = Rc b Tng khuch i colect chung CC (lp emit) Hnh 2.67a l s mt tng khuch i CC, cn gi l tng lp E v in p ra ca n ly E ca tranzito, v tr s gn bng in p vo (Ur = Uv +UBE Uv ) v trng pha vi in p vo. in tr RE trong s ng vai tr nh Rc trong s EC. T Cp2 c nhim v truyn ra ti thnh phn xoay chiu ca tn hiu ra.

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Hnh 2.67: S tng khuch i CC v kt qu m phng

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in tr R1, R2 dng xc nh ch tnh ca tng. tng in tr vo, c th khng mc in tr R2. Vic tnh ton ch mt chiu tng t nh lm vi tng EC. kho st cc tham s ca tng theo dng xoay chiu, cn chuyn sang s thay th. in tr vo ca tng Rv = R1//R2//rv. Ta c Uv = IB[ rB + (1 + )(re + Re // Rt)] Chia Uv cho IB ta c rv = rb + (1 + )(re + Re // Rt) (2-141) T biu thc (2-141) nhn thy rv ca tranzito trong s CC ln hn trong s EC. V re thng rt nh hn RE//Rt, cn rb nh hn s hng th hai v phi ca biu thc (2-141),nn in tr ca tng lp li E bng: Rv R1//R2 (1 + )( Re // Rt) (2-142) Nu chn b phn p u vo c in tr ln th in tr vo ca tng s ln. V d, = 50 ; Re // Rt = 1k th Rv = 51k. Tuy nhin khi in tr vo tng, th khng th b qua c in tr rc(E) mc r vi mch vo ca tng (h.2.67b). Khi in tr vo ca tng s l : Rv = R1//R2 // [(1 + )( Re // Rt)] rc(E) (2-143) in tr vo ln l mt trong nhng u im quan trng ca tng CC, dng lm tng phi hp vi ngun tn hiu c in tr trong ln. Vic xc nh h s khuch i dng Ki cng theo phng php ging nh s Ec. Cng thc (2-133) ng i vi tng CC. V dng It y ch l mt phn ca dng IE nn biu thc (2-134) s c dng It = (1 + )IB RE //R t Rt v xt n (2-134) ta c I = I (1 + ) R v . R //R t v E r t R v t H s khuch i dng trong s CC Ki = (1+ ). R v . RE //R t (2-144)

(2-145)

(2-146)
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rv R t ngha l n cng ph thuc vo quan h Rv v rv, RE v Rt, gi thit Rv = rv th K = (1+ ). (2-147) RE //R t i Rt Khi RE = RC v in tr Rt ging nhau, th h s khuch i ng in trong s CC v EC gn bng nhau. H s khuch i in p Ku theo (2-138) ta c :

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Ku = (1+ ). RE //R t Rn + Rv

(2-148)

tnh h s Ku, ta coi Rv >> Rn v Rv tnh gn ng theo (2.142): Rv (1+)(RE // Rt), khi Ku 1. Tng CC dng khuch i cng sut tn hiu trong khi gi nguyn tr s in p ca n. V Ku = 1 nn h s khuch i cng sut Kp xp x bng Ki v tr s. in tr ra ca tng CC c gi tr nh (c ), c tnh 'bi + Rn
+ (2-149) R = R // rB //R1

//R 2
r = RE //rE r E E 1+

Tng CC c dng bin i, tr khng phi hp mch ra ca tng khuch i vi ti c in tr nh, c vai tr nh 1 tng khuch i cng sut n ch A khng c bin p ra. c Tng khuch i bazo chung (BC) Hnh 2.68a l s tng khuch i BC. Cc phn t Ee, Re xc nh dng tnh lE. Cc phn t cn li cng c chc nng ging s EC. V nguyn l thc hin s BC ta c th ch dng mt ngun EC.

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Hnh 2.68: a) S khuch i BC v kt qu m phng

97

Hnh 2.68: b) S thay th kho st cc tham s ca tng khuch i BC theo dng xoay chiu ta s dng s tng ng hnh 2.68b. Rv = RE // [ rE + ( 1 - )rB] (2-150) T (2-150) ta thy in tr vo ca tng c xc nh ch yu bng in tr rE v vo khong (10 50). in tr vo nh l nhc im c bn ca tng BC v tng s l ti ln i vi ngun tn hiu vo. i vi thnh phn xoay chiu th h s khuch i dng in s l = IC/ IE v < l. H s khuch i dng in Ki tnh theo s hnh 2.68b s l R //R K = i. c R t (2-151) t H s khuch i in p = . R c (2-152) //R t Ku Rn + Rv T (2-152) ta thy khi gim in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu vo s lm tng h s khuch i in p. in tr ra ca tng BC Rr = Rc // rc(B) Rc (2-153) cn ch rng c tuyn tnh ca tranzito mc BC c vng tuyn
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tnh rng nht nn tranzito c th dng vi in p colect ln hn s EC (khi cn c in p u ra ln). Trn thc t tng khuch i BC c th dng lm tng ra ca b khuch i, cn tng CC dng lm tng trc cui. Khi tng CC s l ngun tn hiu v c in tr trong nh (in tr ra) ca tng BC. d Tng khuch i o pha Tng o pha (tng phn ti) dng nhn c hai tn hiu ra lch pha nhau 180o. S tng o pha v trn hnh 2.69a. N c th nhn c t s EC hnh

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2.64 khi b t CE v mc ti th hai Rt2 vo RE qua Cp3. Tn hiu ra ly t colect v emit ca tranzito. Tn hiu ra Ur2 ly t emit ng pha vi tn hiu vo Uv (h.2.69b,c) cn tn hiu ra Url ly t colect (h.2.69c) ngc pha vi tn hiu vo. Dng tn hiu v trn hnh 2.69b, c, d

Hnh 2.69: S tng o pha v biu thi gian in tr vo ca tng o pha tnh tng t nh tng CC: Rv = R1 // R2 // [ rB + ( 1 + )(rE + RE// Rt2)] (2-154) hoc tnh gn Rv ( 1 + ) ( rE + RE // Rt2) (2-155) ng H s khuch i in p u ra 1 xc inh tng t nh s EC, cn u ra 2 xc nh tng t nh s CC. K . R c (2-156) //R t1 u1 R n + Rv (2-157) K (1+ ). RE //R t2 u2 R n + Rv
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Nu ( 1 +)(RE// Rt2)= (Rc//Rt1 ) thi hai h s khuch i ny s ging nhau. Tng o pha cng c th dng bin p, s nguyn l nh hnh 2.70.

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Hnh 2.70: S tng o pha dng bin p Hai tn hiu ra ly t hai na cun th cp c pha lch nhau 180o so vi im O. Nu hai na cun th cp c s vng bng nhau th hai in p ra s bng nhau. Mch o pha bin p c dng v d dng thay i cc tnh ca in p ra v cn c tc dng phi hp tr khng.

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