Chng 15:

Ghp gia cc tng khuch i

Mt b khuch i thng gm nhiu tng mc ni tip nhau nh hnh 2:74 (v thc t mt tng khuch i khng m bo h s khuch i cn thit), y tn hiu ra ca tng u hay tng trung gian bt k s l tn hiu vo cho tng sau n v ti ca mt tng l in tr vo ca tng sau n. in tr vo v ra ca b khuch i s c tnh theo tng u v tng cui.

Hnh 2.74: S khi b khuch i nhiu tng Theo h thc (2.104), h s khuch i ca b khuch i nhiu tng bng tch h s khuch i ca mi tng (tnh theo n v s ln) hay bng tng ca chng (tnh theo n v dB) K u =Ut = . ...Ur = K u1.K u2 ...K uN En Url Ur N E2 Uv n Uv N 2 Ku(dB) = Ku1(dB)++KuN(dB) 2-

138) Vic ghp gia cc tng c th dng t in, bin p

hay ghp trc tip.

Hnh 2.75: S b khuch i nhiu tng ghp in dung

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a- Ghp tng bng in dung B khuch i nhiu tng ghp in dung v trn hnh 2.75. Cc iu phn tch trong 2.3.2 ng cho mt tng trung gian bt k nu thay Rt cho Rv. S tng trong b khuch i nhiu tng xc nh theo cng th (2-183) xut pht t h s khuch i yu cu vic tnh ton cc tng (chn v m bo ch lm vic tnh, tnh ton ch xoay chiu) phi theo th t t tng cui cng v tng u tin. Trc ht ta tnh tng cui cng. Tng ny phi m bo a ra ti Rt cng sut tn hiu yu cu. Da v h s khuch i tng cui, ngi ta xc nh cc tham s tn hiu vo ca n. V chnh l s liu ban u tnh tng trc cui, v v.v...cho ti tng u tin (tng vo) ca b khuch i. u tin ta tnh tn s trung bnh fo b qua nh hng ca t in trong b khuch i v khng tnh n s ph thuc ca cc tham s tranzito vo tn s. Trong trng hp cn thit phi ch n c tnh ca tranzito v nh hng ca t bin tn ca tn hiu cn khuch i, iu ny s lm cho in p u ra b khuch i thay i c bin ln pha kh tn s tn hiu vo thay i. min tn s thp, khi ti thun tr th nhng s ph thuc k trn l do t in trong s quyt nh, cn min tn s cao th ch yu l do cc tham s ca tranzito quyt nh. Trong thc t, thng ngi ta c th nghin cu nh hng ca cc yu t trn mt cch c lp hai min tn s thp v cao. Di y ta xt c im cng tc ca b khuch i min tn thp. Trong 2.3.2. khi tnh h s khuch i ca tng n gi thit in tr xoay chiu ca t bng khng. Nhng gi thit nh vy ch ng di tn trung bnh. Khi tn s gim th n in ca t ghp tng Cp s gim. Do h p trn t nn in p t ngun tn hiu t vo tng u tin hay in p ra tng trc t vo tng sau s b gim. H p trn t s lm gim bin tn hiu u ra mi tng v ca c b khuch i ni chung tc l lm gim h s khuch i min tn thp (h.2.76a). nh hng ca t Cp th hin rt r rng trong b khuch i ghp in dung ch h s khuch i Ku0 khi khi f 0. Nh vy l tr s ca t Cp c nh hng n h s khuch i min tn thp. T in CE cng nh hng n h s khuch i min tn thp. V khi gim tn s s lm gim tc dng mc r ca t i vi in tr RE v do lm tng mc hi tip m dng xoay chiu trn RE v do lm gim h s khuch i. Vic gim m un h s khuch i min tn s thp Kt
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c c trng bng h s mo tn s thp ca b khuch i Mt = Ko/Kt chnh l tnh h s mo tn s ca mi t trong b khuchi Mt = Mt1.Mt2 ... Mtn (2184) H s mo tn s ca t tnh theo 2
1



M t= 1 + (2-185)
t t

Hnh 2.76: Dng tng qut c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i ghp in dung i vi t Cp (h.2.75) th hng s thi gian = CPL(Rn + Rv1) trong Rv1 l in tr vo ca tng u tin. Tng t nh vy, ta xc nh c hng s thi gian cho nhng t khc trong s . Tn s thp nht ca di thng s c chn lm s liu ban u khi tnh b khuch i min tn thp. H s mo tn s ng vi tn s thp nht ca di thng c gi tr ty thuc vo nhim v ca b khuch i, v d i vi b khuch i m thanh thng chn bng 2 . Nh trn gi thit min tn s trung bnh, cc t in khng gy nh hng g v s dch pha ca tn hiu u ra b
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khuch i i vi tn hiu u vo s l n, y n l s tng khuch i lm o pha tn hiu. Tt nhin ch c tng EC ( hay SC ), cn tng BC v CC (hay GC v DC) khng lm o pha tn hiu.

 min tn thp v trong mch c t in nn ng in nhanh pha so vi in p. Nh vy s dch pha ca in p ra b khuch i so vi in p vo min tn thp c c tnh vt trc. Gc dch pha ca b khuch i bng tng gc dch pha ca mi t, v gc ch pha ca mi t l (2-186) =tarctg 1 t t c tuyn bin tn s v pha tn s ca b khuch i min tn thp v trn hnh 2.77. ng nt lin l c tuyn khi xt n nh hng ca mt t cn ng cong nt t trn hnh 2.77 l c tuyn khi xt n nh hng ca tt c cc t trong b khuch i. KU0 a) 2

t /2 4 b) /

f Hnh 2.77: nh hng ca t ni tng n c tuyn a) Bin - tn s b) Pha tn s c im cng tc ca b khuch i min tn cao l s ph thuc h s ca tranzito vo tn s v s tn ti in dung mt ghp colect CC(E) (i vi tng EC) nhng nhn t ny nh hng n c tuyn tn s ca b khuch i min tn cao. min tn cao, s gim mun h s l ca tranzito cng nh tc dng mc r ca in dung CC(E) s lm gim h s khuch i. Xt v mc gim h s ngi ta a ra khi nim v tn s gii hn f tc l ti h s b gim 2 ln so
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vi gi tr o tn s trung bnh. H s mo tn cao MC = 1 + ( 2 C) y : C c l hng s thi gian tng ng ca tng min tn cao. Gc dch pha do mt tng khuch i gy ra l arctg c c = (2-187)

(2-188)

c tuyn bin tn s v pha tn s min tn cao v trn hnh 2.78. T th ta thy khi tn s tng thl h s mo tn s tng v h s khuch i gim. c tuyn bin tn s v pha tn s min tn cao ca mt tng khuch i biu th bng ng nt lin trn hnh 2.78, cn ca c b khuch i th c biu th bng ng nt t vi h s mo tn s tn cao bng tch h s mo ca mi tng : Mc = Mc1. Mc2Mcn (2-189) KU a) c - /4 - /2 f

b)

Hnh 2.78: nh hng tnh cht tn s ca tranzito n c tuyn a) Bin - tn s; b) Pha tn s Cn gc dch pha cng bng tng gc dch pha ca mi tng (2-190) c = c1 + c2 + ... + cn Tnh ton b khuch i min tn cao phi m bo tn s bin trn ca di thng b khuch i (h.2.76a). Vi mt di thng cho trc, v nguyn tc khng bt buc phi ly hai h s mo tn s bin di v bin trn bng nhau. Tnh ton dn ti vic chn loi tranzito theo tn s f m bo h s v xc nh mo cn thit ca tng. Mo bin v pha ca b khuch i l loi mo tuyn tnh v n khng lm thay i dng ca tn hiu hnh sin c khuch i. Khi tn hiu cn khuch i c dng phc tp c trng bng
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ph cc thnh phn iu ha th mo bin v pha ca b khuch i l do s ph v tng quan t l gia cc thnh phn iu ha v bin v pha ca in p ra v vo. Di y ta kho st c tuyn bin ca b khuch i. c tuyn bin phn nh s ph thuc gia bin in p ra Um v s thay i bin in p vo Em. Dng in hnh ca c tuyn bin v trn hnh 2.79 (v vi tn hiu vo l hnh sin tn s trung bnh). c tuyn ny cho bit gii hn c th thay i tn hiu ra v vo ca b khuch i.

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Phn u ca th ta thy quan h in p ra v vo l t l thun. c tuyn bin khng i qua gc ta v u ra c in p nhiu v n ca bn thn b khuch i. on u tin ca c tuyn khng dng v y tn hiu c ch rt kh phn bit vi in p nhiu v n bn thn ca b khuch i. Da vo tr s Umin/Ko ngi ta nh gi mc in p tn hiu vo ti thiu ( nhy) ca b khuch i. Khi t c gi tr tn hiu vo Em no , ng vi im gn nh, th s ph thuc t l gia in p ra v vo b ph v. Nguyn nhn l s hn ch in p cc i ca mt hoc c hai na chu k tn hiu vo mt mc khng i. S hn ch ny thng tng cui b khuch i lm vic vi tn hiu vo ln nht. Mun c bin in p ra ln nht th phi chn im lm vic tnh ca tng ra gia ng ti xoay chiu.

Hnh 2.79: c tuyn bin ca b khuch i T s gia bin in p ra cho php cc i v cc tiu gi l di ng ca b khuch i, v c k hiu l : D= Umax/Umi n Khi tn hiu vo l hnh sin th tn hiu u ra b khuch i khng th coi l hnh sin thun ty. Do tnh khng ng thng ca c tuyn V - A vo v ra ca tranzito s lm mo dng in p ra, gi l mo khng ng thng, (xem 2.3.1). b - Ghp tng bng bin p (1) phn trn ta trnh by b khuch i ghp tng bng in dung mt cch chi tit v l trng hp chung nht c s dng rng ri nht. phn ny chng ta ch nu ln nhng c im khc bit ca tng ghp bin p so vi tng ghp in dung. Hn na vn ghp bin p cn c cp ti phn khuch i cng sut. Hnh 2.80a l s b khuch i ghp bin p (linh kin ghp tng l bin p). Cun s cp ca n (W1) c mc vo baz tranzito T2 qua t Cp2. Ghp tng bng bin p khng nhng cch li cc tng v dng mt chiu, m cn lm tng h s khuch i chung v in p (dng in)
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ty thuc vo bin p tng (hay gim) p. Do in tr mt chiu ca cun s cp bin p nh, h p 1 chiu trn n nh, ngha l hu nh ton b in p ngun cung cp c a ti colect ca tranzito. iu cho php dng ngun in p thp, ngoi ra tng ghp bin p d dng thc hin phi hp tr khng v thay i cc tnh ca in p tn hiu trn cc cun dy. Tuy nhin n c nhc im l c tuyn tn s khng bng phng trong di tn. Trong ch phi hp tr khng gia cc tng th ti xoay chiu ca tng c tnh theo:

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Rt = Rr1 (2-191) c tnh thun tr trong khi cm khng ca cun s cp tn s tn hiu l L1 >>Rt ( y L1 l in cm cun s cp). Mo tn s trong b khuch i ghp bin p v do cun dy bin p cc t Cp1 Cp2, CE, CCE gy ra. S tng ng ca b khuch i v trn hnh 2.80b nh hng tng u b khuch i c th hin trong s tng ng bng in dung CCE. Cn tng hai c th hin bng Rt l ti phn nh t th cp v s cp. Hnh 2.80c v c tuyn tn s ca b khuch i ghp bin p. min tn s trung bnh h s khuch i thc t khng ph thuc vo tn s v tr khng ca in cm d nh nn khng nh hng n vic truyn tn hiu ra ti. Ngoi ra dung khng CCE, C2 cng nh cm khng L1 ln, tc dng mc r ca chng i vi mch ra ca tng u v ti khng ng k, v vy c th khng tnh n chng.

|K| K0 f Hnh 2.80: Tng khuch i ghp bin p S nguyn l, s tng ng v c tuyn tn s Vi nhng gi thuyt nh trn, ta c th chia s tng ng ca mch ghp tng thnh ba s ng vi ba khong tn s trung bnh, tn s thp v tn s cao (h.2.81).
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Theo s hnh 2.81a th tn s trung bnh tng tr ti RT = Rt + r1 + r2 (2-192) min tn s thp cm khng ca L1 b gim s gy tc dng mc r ng k vi Rt v lm cho h s khuch i gim. Ngoi ra dung khng ca CCE v C2 ln hn v cm khng ca Ls1 v Ls2 nh hn so vi tr s tng ng ca chng min tn

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s trung bnh. Cho nn s tng ng ca mch ghp c dng nh hnh 2.81b. Vi mt Mt v t cho trc, ta c th tm c in cm L1 ti thiu theo 2
M t (2-193) L1 /
1


R 0 y :
t R0 = [(Rr1 + r1)(r'2 + R't)/(Rr1 + r1 + r'2 + R't)]

Hnh 2.81 : S tng ng ca tng khuch i ghp bin p a) tn s trung bnh; b) tn thp ; c) tn cao. min tn cao in cm d tng, nn in p tn hiu a ra ti R't b gim. Ngoi ra tn cao s lm gim ng k dung khng ca CCE v C'2 do lm gim in p xoay chiu trn eolect T1 v R't v h s khuch i gim. min tn cao s tng ng ca b khuch i v trn hnh 2.81c. Vi mt Mc v c cho, th in cm d tng xc nh theo. ' Rr1 + 'r1 + c2 (2-194) Ls r + R 2 t. M 1 c

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Cn ch rng trong tng khuch i ghp bin p c Rt ln th mt tn s no min tn cao c th xut hin cng hng (ng 2 hnh 2.80c) do mch LSC'2 quyt nh, lm c tuyn vng ln.

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