Chng 16:

Khuch i cng sut

Tng khuch i cng sut l tng cui cng mc vi ti ngoi v nhn c cng sut ti u theo yu cu trn ti cn phi c bit ch n ch tiu nng lng. Tng khuch i cng sut c th dng tranzito lng cc hoc IC khuch i cng sut. Theo cch mc ti, ngi ta chia thnh tng khuch i c bin p ra v tng khuch i khng bin p ra. Ba ch lm vic thng dng trong tng khuch i cng sut l: ch A, ch B v ch AB (xem 2.3.1). Hnh 2.82 dng minh ha c im ca cc ch bng v d trn c tuyn ra ca tranzito theo s EC. Ch A c dng trong tng khuch i cng sut n, m bo tn hiu ra mo t nht nhng hiu sut nh nht khong 20%, v cng sut ti khng vt qu vi W Trong ch B im lm vic tnh chn im mt phi ng ti mt chiu. Ch tnh tng ng vi in p UBE = 0. Khi c tn hiu vo, dng colect ch xut hin ng vi na chu k, cn na chu k sau tranzito ch kha. Khi hiu sut nng

lng ca tng ra cao (60 70%) v c kh nng cho 1 cng sut ra ti ln, tuy nhin mo vi ch ny ln cn khc phc bng cch mc tranzito thch hp. Ch AB l trung gian gia ch A v B t c bng cch ch chuyn im tnh ln pha trn im B (h.2.82). Mo khng ng thng s gim khc nhiu so vi ch B. IC mA IBmax IC PA IB0

P AB P B EC

IB =0 UCE V

Hnh 2. 82: V tr im lm vic tnh trn c tuyn ra trong ch A, B, AB a- Tng khuch i cng sut c bin p ra lm vic ch A (h.2.83) Dng in mch ra kh ln v th phi lu khi chn in tr RE. in tr RE thng khng vt qu vi chc nn kh khn trong vic chn CE kh hi tip m dng xoay chiu. Ta s kho st tng khuch i khi RE = 0. Phng php th gii tch c dng tnh ton tng khuch i cng sut. S liu ban u tnh ton l cng sut ra Pt v in tr ti Rt.

Hnh 2.83: Tng cng sut lm vic ch A ghp bin p

IC mA O IC0

Ic . IB ma x P UC EC IB =0 UCE V Pc.cp IB0

Hnh 2.84: th tnh ton tng khuch i lm vic ch A, ghp bin p T th hnh 2.84 ta thy ng ti mt chiu qua im EC hu nh thng ng v in tr ti mt chiu (h.2.83) tng i nh, (l in tr thun ca cun s cp bin p). in tr ti xoay chiu ca tng quy v cun s cp s l Rt~ = n2(Rt + r2) + r1 n2Rt Trong : n = W 1/W 2 l h s bin p, vi W 1, W 2 l s vng dy, cn r1, r2 l in tr thun tng ng ca cun s v th cp bin p. chn ta ca im tnh UCEO, ICo theo cng thc (2119), (2-120) th cn phi xc nh tr s UcmIcm. Cc tham s c th tm nh sau: Cng sut xoay chiu ra Pr trn cun s cp bin p (cng sut trong mch colect ca tranzito) v cng sut a ra ti Pt c quan h:
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P= P r t y : b a

a l hiu sut ca bin p (khong 0,8 0,9). Trng hp tn hiu l hnh sin, th cng sut ra ca tng c quan h vi cc tham s Ucm, Icm theo

2 U .I U2 cm U cm P = = cm = t cm t~ r 2 2.R 2.n2 .R t ta c U2

(2-195)

U2 . cm n = cm = (2-196) 2Pr .Pt b.a 2.Pt .Rt Chn in p Ucm theo tr s UCEo (2-119) sao cho i vi tng ny UCEo gn bng Ec (h.2.82). Tr s Ucm v h s bin p n c th dng ng ti mt chiu hay l theo (2-120), trong Icm = Ucm /(n2Rt). Sau khi tm c im tnh, th qua n ta k ng ti xoay chiu nghing mt gc xc nh bng UCE / IC = Rt~. Chn loi tranzito cn phi ch n cc tham s gii hn ca n tha mn iu kin : Ic.cp > lc.max = Ico + Icm (2-197) UCE.cp > UCEm = UCEo + Ucm = 2Ec Pc-cp > Pc = (2-198) UCO.ICO

(2-199) Theo th hnh 2.84 thy tch s UcmIcm /2 l cng sut ra ca tng Pr, chnh l din tch tam gic cng sut . Theo gi tr Ico tm c, xc nh IBo, sau theo cng thc (2-129), (2-130) tnh Rl, R2. Hiu sut ca tng xc nh bi : = c l hiu sut mch colect. . b a y c Cng sut ra ca tng Pr = Ucm . Icm/2 (2200) Cng sut tiu th ca ngun cung cp Po = Ec. Ico = UCeo.ICo col ect Hiu sut ca mch (2-200)
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P = r Po

= (2-202) Uc m .Icm 2U CE o .IC o T (2-202) ta thy nu tn hiu ra tng th hiu sut tng v s tin ti gii hn bng 0,5 khi Icm = Ico ; Ucm = UCEo Cng sut tiu hao trn mt ghp colect 1 cm (2-203) Pc = Po Pr = U .Icm 2 UCEo .ICo

T (2-203) ta thy cng sut Pc ph thuc vo min tn hiu ra, khi khng c tn hiu th Pc = Po, nn ch nhit ca tranzito phi tnh theo cng sut Po.

b- Tng khuch i cng sut y ko ch B hay AB c bin p S tng khuch i cng sut y ko c bin p ra v trn hnh 2.85, gm hai tranzito T1 v T2. Ti c mc vi tng khuch i qua bin p ra BA2. Mch colect ca mi tranzito c mc ti mt na cun s cp bin p ra. T s bin p l n2 = W 21 / W t = W 22 /W t Bin p vo BA1 c h s bin p l n1 = W v/W 11 = W v/ W 12 m bo cung cp tn hiu vo mch baz ca hai tranzito. Trong trng hp b khuch i nhiu tng th Uv ca bin p BA1 c mc vo mch colect ca tng trc theo s khuch i n ghp bin p (h.2.83). Tng y ko c th lm vic ch B hay AB. Trong ch AB thin p trn baz ca hai tranzito c ly t ngun Ec bng b phn p R1, R2. Trong ch B thin p ban u khng c, nn khng cn R1. Khi in tr R2 c dng m bo cng tc cho mch vo ca tranzito trong ch gn vi ch ngun dng. u tin hy xt s khi n lm vic ch B. Lc khng c tn hiu vo in p trn baz ca c hai tranzito i vi emit ca chng u bng khng. Nu khng tnh n dng in ngc colect th c th coi dng in trong tng khuch i bng khng. in p trn ti cng bng khng. Trn colect mi tranzito s c in p mt chiu bng in p ngun Ec. Khi c tn hiu vo, bt u t na chu k ng, lc trn cun th cp W 11 ca bin p BA1 s c na chu k in p m i vi im chung ca cc cun dy, cn trn cun W 12 s c na chu k in p dng. Kt qu l tranzito T2 vn tip tc kha ch c dng Ic1 = .iB1 chy qua tranzito T1 m. Trn cun W 21 s to nn in p U21 = Ic.Rt~ =n2 . Rt. Trn ti s c na sng in p 2 Ic1. dng Ut = U21/n2.

H n h 2 . 8 5 : T n g y k o g h p b i n p

I C

Ic m

UCE

Ucm Hnh 2.86: th tnh tng cng sut Khi tn hiu vo chuyn sang na chu k m, cc tnh ca in p cc cun th cp bin p vo i du. Lc T1 kha, T2 m. Trn cun W 22 s c dng in Ic2 = .iB2 chy qua (chn 1 = 2 = ) to nn in p c cng tr s nhng cc tnh ngc li cun ti W t. Trn ti s c na sng in p m. Nh vy qu trnh khuch i tn hiu vo c thc hin theo hai nhp na chu k: na chu k u ch c mt tranzito lm vic, na chu k th hai thi tranzito cn li lm vic. Qu trnh lm vic ca tng khuch i nh vy ch cn gii thch bng th hnh 2.86 i vi mt na chu k, v d i vi tranzito T1 ng ti mt chiu (h.2.86) xut pht t im c ta (0. Ec) hu nh song song vi trc dng in v in tr mch colect ch gm in tr thun ca cun s cp bin p ra BA2 rt nh. V trong ch tnh UBeo = 0 dng colect xc nh ch yu bng dng in ngc ca n. ng ti xoay chiu ct ng ti mt chiu ti im c ta (Ico, UCE = Ec). ng ti xoay chiu c v R 2 t vi ~=
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n 2 .R t ch o xc n h cc qu an h c tr ng ch o ch ti u nn g l ng ca tn g cng sut. Tn hiu cun s cp bin p ra xc nh bng din tch tam gic gch cho (h.2.86). Pr = Ucm .Icm/2 (2204) Cng sut a ra ti c tnh n cng sut tn hao trong bin p Pt = b.a2 .Pr Tr s trung bnh ca ng tiu th t ngun cung cp (2-205)

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 1 I = I 2I sind = 0 cm cm 0 Cng sut tiu th t ngun cung cp 2Ec P0 = .Icm Hiu sut ca mch colect c =Pr = . Ucm Pt 4 E v hiu sut ca tng . Ucm = b.a2 E c4

(2-206)

(2-207)

(2-208)

Hiu sut ca tng s tng khi tng bin tn hiu ra. Gi thit Ucm = Ec v b a 2 = 1 th =0.785. Ch rng gi tr bin Ucm khng vt qu Ec - UCE v b.a = 0.8 th hiu sut thc t ca tng khuch i cng sut y 99 ko khong 0,6 0,7 v ln gp l,5 ln hiu sut ca tng n. Cng sut tiu th trn mt ghp colect ca mi tranzito. 2Ec 1Ucm (2-209) Pc = Po .I cm .Icm 2 ha Pr = y 2E U 1. U2 c P = . (2-210) cm cm c R t~ 2 R t~ Theo (2-210) th cng sut Pc ph thuc v bin tn hiu ra Ucm. xc nh Pcmax, ly o hm Pc theo Ucm v cho bng khng. U dPc = cm = 0 R t~ dUcm 2Ec .R t~
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t ta tm c tr s Ucm ng vi Pcmax Ucm *= 2 Ec= (2-211) 0.64E c Thay (2-211) vo (2-210) ta tm c cng sut tiu hao cc i trong tranzito 2 E 2 (2-212) Pcmax = . 2 2 c R .n2 t Vic chn tranzit theo in p cn phi ch l khi hnh thnh 1/2 sng in p trn 1/2 cun W 2 th 1/2 cun W 2 cn li cng s hnh thnh mt in p nh vy v c cng vi in p ngun Ec xc nh in p ngc cho tranzito kha. Tr s

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in p ngc t trn tranzito khi l 2Ec. Xut pht t tr s ny chn tranzito theo in p. Trong ch B, dng in chy qua tranzito ch trong 1/2 chu k thch hp v chn tranzito dng in da vo Icm (h.2.84). Do vi cng mt loi tranzito th tng y ko m bo cng sut ti ln hn tng n. I B

T 1

UBE

T2 Hnh 2.87: nh hng khng ng thng ca c tuyn vo tranzito n mo dng tn hiu trong ch IB T 1

UBE

T2

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Hnh 2.88: Gim mo khng ng thng trong ch AB Tuy nhin ch B, v thin p ban u bng khng nn mo khng ng thng ca in p ra ln. Nguyn nhn l tnh khng ng thng on u ca c tuyn vo tranzito khi dng baz nh, l hin tng mo gc v c v trn

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hnh 2.87. y c tuyn vo ca c hai tranzito v chung mt th. T hnh 2.87 thy r khi Uv l hnh sin th dng iB1 v iB2 b mo phn gn gc ng vi dng IB nh. Do dng dng ic1,ic2 v in p ra cng b mo. Trong ch A nguyn nhn ny khng xut hin v dng baz tnh ln loi tr vng lm vic on u ca c tuyn vo ca tranzito. Mun gim mo trong mch baz ca hai tranzito, ngi ta a thm in tr ph (v d R2 trong hnh 2.85) chuyn ch cng tc ca ngun tn hiu gn ti ch ngun dng v chnh l lm gim nh hng khng tuyn tnh ca c tuyn vo tranzito. Tuy nhin v eo h p trn in tr ph do dng iB chy qua nn s lm gim h s khuch i ca tng. gim mo trit hn tng y ko c chuyn sang lm vic ch AB. Thin p ban u c xc nh nh cc in tr R1, R2 (h.2.85). c tuyn vo, ca hai tranzito c ch n thin p UBO v chung trn th hnh 2.88. Chn UBO v cc dng IB0, IC0 khng ln lm, nn thc t chng khng nh hng n ch tiu nng lng ca s so vi tng lm vic ch B. V th cc cng thc dng trong ch B u ng cho ch AB. c Tng khuch i cng sut y ko khng c bin p Tng cng sut y ko c th lm vic theo s khng bin p ra, nh s gim kch thc, trng lng, gi thnh, nng cao cc ch tiu cht lng cng nh d dng trong vic dng vi mch. S tng ra khng bin p cho trn hnh 2.89. C hai phng php mc ti v tng ng l hai phng php cung cp in p mt chiu. Theo phng php th nht (h.2.89 a, c) tng c cung cp bng hai ngun Ec1 v Ec2 c im chung gi l kiu cung cp song song, cn ti c mc gia im ni E v C ca cc tranzito v im chung ngun cung cp. Tranzito T1, T2 lm vic ch AB do cch chn cc in tr R1 R4 thch hp. iu khin cc tranzito bng hai ngun tn hiu vo ngc pha Uv1 v Uv2 ly t tng o pha trc cui (a). Theo phng php th hai (h.2.89 b,d), tng c cung cp bng mt ngun chung (gi l cung cp ni tip), cn ti c mc qua t c in dung ln. Khi khng c tn hiu th t C c np in ti tri s 0,5Ec. Nu T1 lm vic, T2 tt th t C ng vai tr ngun cho ti. Cn khi T2 lm vic th dng ti
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chy qua ngun cung cp Ec. Khi dng ic2 chy qua t C tch tr nng lng cho n v b li phn nng lng a vo ti trong na chu k trc. Trong cc s (h.2.89c, d), ngi ta dng hai tranzito khc loi pnp v npn, nn khng cn hai tn hiu vo ngc pha nhau. ng vi 1/2 chu k dng ca tn hiu th T1 lm vic, T2 kha, cn ng vi 1/2 chu k m ca tn hiu th ngc li. Nu so snh vi s tng cng sut c bin p ra, th thy rng trong hnh / (2n R t ) . Ni khc i, y bng 2 U cm 2 2.85 cng sut ra l (UcmIcm)/2 gn bng tr s cch thay i h s bin p, mt cch tng i n gin, ta c th nhn c cng sut yu cu cho trc trn ti chn. Cn trong cc s (h.2.89) iu kh thc hin v cng sut trn ti xc cm / (2R t Kh nng duy nht c ) cng nh bng U2 sut yu cu vi in tr Rt cho trc, trong trng hp ny l do Ucm quyt nh,

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ngha l phi ch n in p ngun cung cp. Khi Rt nh th khng ti v in p cn khi Rt ln th khng ti v dng in.

Hnh 2.89: Mch y ko khng bin p ra Tt c cc s tng ra y ko yu cu chn cp tranzito c tham s ging nhau, c bit l h s truyn t . Vi cc mch hnh 2.89 c) v d), cn ch ti vi nhn xt thc t quan trng sau: xc lp ch AB cho cp tranzito T1, T2 cn c hai ngun in p ph mt chiu U1 v U2 phn cc cho chng nh trn hnh 2.90. Cc in p ny c to ra bng cch s dng hai in p thun ri trn 2 it 1 v 2 loi silic c tng in p gia im B1B2 l UB1B2 = + (1,1 1,2)V v c h s nhit m (-1mV/0C). Vic duy tr ng in tnh IBO n nh ( ch AB) trong 1 di nhit rng t c nh tc dng b nhit ca cp
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12 vi h s nhit dng ca dng tnh T1 v T2 v nh s dng thm cc in tr hi tip m R1, R2 < Rt. Ngoi ra, do in tr vi phn lc m ca 12 nh nn mch vo khng lm tn hao cng sut ca tn hiu, gp phn nng cao hiu sut ca tng.

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Hnh 2.90: Tng ra y ko khng bin p ch AB dng cc it n nh nhit Khi cn c cng sut ra ln, ngi ta thng s dng tng ra l cc cp tranzito kiu Darlingtn nh hnh 2.91 (a) v (b). Lc , mi cp Darlingtn c coi l mt tranzito mi, chc nng ca mch do T1 v T2 quyt nh cn T1 T2 c tc dng khuch i dng ra. Cc thng s c bn ca mch hnh 2.91a l : H s khuch i = . ' dng in 1 1 in tr vo rBE = 2rBE1 in tr ra rCE = 2/3rCE1. = 2 .2 ' ; rBE = 2rBE2; rCE = 1/2rCE2 ca mch hnh (2.91b) l : y in tr R a vo c tc dng to 1 st p UR 0,4V iu khin m T1, T2 lc dng ra ln v chuyn chng t m sang kha nhanh hn.

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Hnh 2.91 : Cc cp tranzito mc kiu Darlingtn (a) Dng s Darlingtn thng ; (b) Dng s Darlingtn b

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 bo v cc tranzito cng sut trong iu kin ti nh hay b ngn mch ti, ngi ta thng dng cc bin php t ng hn ch dng ra khng qu 1 gii hn I ra (c hai ca tnh). Hnh 2.92 a ra v d mt mch cho ma x trc nh vy thng gp trong cc IC khuch i cng sut hin nay. Bnh thng, cc tranzito T3 v T4 ch kha cho ti lc dng in ra cha t ti gi tr ti I ra . Khi dng in mch ra qua R1 v R2 t ti ma x hn gii hn ny, gim p trn R1 v R2 do n gy ra y ti ngng m ca T3 v T4 (c 0.6V) lm T3 v T4 m ngn s gia tng tip ca Ira nh tc dng phn dng IB1, IB2 ca T3 v T4.

Hnh 2.92 : Mch bo v qu dng cho tng ra ca cc IC khuch i cng sut T c th chn R1 v R2 theo iu kin
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+ 0.6V R = R = 0.6V ; 1 + 2 I I ramax ramax Cc in tr ra R3, R4 hn ch dng, bo v T3 v T4. Thc t lc Ura ln, R5R6 khng c tc dng vi T3T4, khi Ura gim nh, cc phn p c R5 v R6 s nh hng ti gi tr ngng Iramax

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 R 3 (E Ura ) Iramax = 0.6 R1. V R5 R1

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tc l gi tr ngng dng in hn ch s ln nht khi in p ra t ti gi tr xp x in p ngun cung cp.

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