Chng 18:

Tng khuch i vi sai

Hnh 2.95a l cu trc in hnh ca 1 tng khuch i vi sai lm vic theo nguyn l cu cn bng song song. Hai nhnh cu l hai in tr Rcl v Rc2, cn hai nhnh kia l cc tranzito T1 v T2 c ch to trong cng 1 iu kin sao cho Rc1 = Rc2 v T1 cng T2 c cc thng s ging ht nhau. in p ly ra gia hai colect (kiu ra i xng) hay trn mi colect i vi t (kiu ra khng i xng). Tranzito T3 lm ngun n dng gi n nh dng IE (l tng dng emit IEI v IE2 ca tranzito T1 v T2). Trong s ngun n dng cn c cc in tr R1, R2 R3 v ngun cung cp Ec2, T4 mc thnh it lm phn t b nhit n nh nhit cho T3. Mun xc nh dng IE cn xc nh in p gia im 1-2 trong s . Nu b qua dng IB3 rt nh hn dng IE v coi IE3 IC3 = IE th c th vit : UBE3 + IE . R3 = I1 . R2 + UBE4 y E -U BE4 EC2 I1 = C2 R1 +R 2 R1 + R 2 I .R + (U - U ) 2 BE 4 I = 1 R BE3 E 3 (2-222)

T phng trnh 2-222 tm c (2-223)

Tr s I1R2 trong t s ca (2-223) rt ln hn hiu in p Ube ca cc tranzito T4 v T3. V th dng IE c xc nh ch yu bng in tr R1 R2 R3 v dng I1. V UBE4 v UBE3 trong cng thc (2-223) ph thuc vo nhit dng hiu s nn ph thuc nhit ca dng IE l rt nh.

Trong s rt gn (h.2.95b) phn ngun n dng dng T3 c thay bng ngun dng IE.

Hnh 2.95: Khuch i vi sai a) Mch nguyn l; b) S n gin ha; c,d) Phng php a tn hiu vo Tn hiu vo tng vi sai c th t hai ngun ring bit (Uv1 v Uv2) hoc t mt ngun (h.2.95c,d). Trong trng hp sau tn hiu vo t ln baz ca mt trong hai tranzito hay gia hai baz ca chng. Cc u vo Uv1 v Uv2 ni theo s nh hnh 2.95c,d c gi u vo vi sai. in p mt chiu cung cp cho tng vi sai l hai ngun Ec1 v Ec2 c th khc nhau hay bng nhau v tr s. V hai ngun ni tip nn in p cung cp tng l Ec = Ec1 + Ec2. Do c Ec2 nn in th emit ca tranzito T1, T2 gim nhiu so vi trong s hnh 2.94a v iu ny cho php a tn hiu ti u vo b khuch i vi sai m khng cn thm mch b in p u vo. Hy xt c th trong mt s trng hp in hnh sau: S tng vi sai yu cu dng tranzito T1, T2 c tham s ging nhau v Rc1 = Rc2 (h.2.94b), do khi tn hiu vo bng
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khng (h.2.96a). Cu cn bng, in p trn colect ca hai tranzito bng nhau v in p ra ly trn ng cho cu Ur= Ur1-Ur2 = 0. S c n nh cao i vi s tay i in p cung cp, nhit v cc yu t khc v tri theo hai nhnh ging nhau, in p trn cc colet thay i cng mt gia s v tri u ra gn nh b trit tiu. (Trong thc t, do tnh tn mn ca cc tham s tranzito hay s thay i ca chng khng ging nhau theo thi gian nn

u ra vn c mt tri no , nhng nh hn kh nhiu so vi nhng s trc v tr s tri y c xc nh bng hiu tri ca hai nhnh c tham s gn ging nhau.

Hnh 296:a) S khuch i vi sai khi tn hiu vo bng 0; b) Biu ca tn hiu ra Dng emit IE chia u gia hai tranzito ngha l IE1= IE2 = IE/2 v c xc nh bi dng baz tnh: IBO1 = IBO2 = IE/ 2(1+) = lvo Dng baz l mt phn dng emit chy trong mch c ngun n ng IE v in p Ec2. Cc dng colect bng nhau v cc dng emit bng nhau: Ic1 = Ic2 = IE/2 IE/2 v in p trn colect l Uc1 = Uc2 = Ec1 - IERC /2 y Rc1 = Rc2 = Rc Trng thi ny ca s c trng cho ch cn bng ca tng v gi l ch cn bng tnh.
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- Khi c tn hiu a ti 1 trong cc u vo, (gi s Uv1 > 0; Uv2 = 0)

Hnh 2.97: a) S tng vi sai khi c tn hiu vo vi Uv1 > 0; Uv2 = 0; b) Biu in th Do tc dng ca tn hiu vo, xut hin dng in vo ca hai tranzito. Vi gi thit Uv1 > 0, Uv2 = 0, dng vo ny lm tng dng baz ca tranzito T1 v lm gim dng baz ca tranzito T2. Khi ng IE1 v lc1 tng, cn dng IE2 v Ic2 gim. S thay i dng in ca cc tranzito xy ra ngc chiu nhau v vi cng mt gia s, v th tng dng in IE1 + IE2 = lE gi nguyn khng i. in p trn colect ca tranlito T1 l Uc1 = Ec1 ICLRC1 gim, mt lng Uc1 ngc du (o pha) vi in p vo. in p Uc2 tng v to ra gia s in p +Uc2 cng du (khng o pha) vi in p tn hiu vo. Nh vy vi cch a tn hiu vo nh s ang kho st u ra ca tng ly trn colect T1 (Ur1) gi l u ra o, cn u kia ly trn colect T2 (Ur2) gi l u ra khng o. Tn hiu ly gia hai colect gi l tn hiu vi sai.
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Ur = Uc2 - Uc1= Uc2 + Uc1 = 2Uc = 2|+Ic| . Rc Ta s xc nh h s khuch i in p ca tng vi sai. Khi hai tranzito c tham s ging nhau th dng in vo ca tng l.

en = en = I = E n v1 v2 n v n [ B ] v R +r R + R + + (1 + )r 2r 2r +r en y rv l in tr vo ca tranzito.

(2-224)

Dng in vo to gia s dng in colect Ic = Iv v gia s in p trn colect. U r12 = Ic.Rc = Iv . Rc (2-225) Sau khi thay IV t (2-224) vo (2-225) v chia cho en ta s xc nh c h s khuch i in p ca tng (theo hai u ra Ur1 v Ur2 ring r). U R C = R K = = r1,2 C B R + R + + (1+ )rE ] 1,2 n e n 2rv 2[r
n

(2-226)

Khi Rn = 0 th

Ur R C = K1 1,2 = + (1+ R = e ,2 2[r )r ] C R + n 2r n v B E 2 U 2R C 2R K = r1,2 = C = + (1+ )rE ] R + R + v.s n e n 2rv 2[r B

(2-227)

H s khuch i ca tng theo n u ra vi sai (Ur) khi Rt -> l (2-228)

Nu tnh n Rt th K v.s

2(R // R )C t = Rn + 2rv

(2-229)

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Rt ; Rn 0 Rc (2-230) K v.s =R C + (1+ = r ).rE v r B Cng thc (2-228), (2-230) dng tnh h s khuch i ca tng vi sai. H s khuch i theo u ra Ur1 v Ur2 khi Rn = 0 v Rt = S gn bng K/2 v h s khuch i in p theo u ra vi sai Kvs gn bng tr s h s khuch i K ca tng n mc EC. Tn hiu cung cp cho tng khuch i vi sai c th thc hin ng thi trn hai u vo (h.295b). Khi tn hiu v Uv1 Uv2 c cc tnh khc nhau th. in p vo vi sai s l Uv =Uv1 + Uv2 cn in p ra vi sai l: Ur = KVS(UV1 - Uv2) - Ta s kho st trng hp tn hiu vo c cc tnh ging nhau, ngha l hai tn hiu vo ng pha. Tt nhin, trong trng hp ny th in p vi sai s t l vi hiu (UV1 - Uv2):

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Ur = Kvs (UV1 - Uv2) (2=231) Xt trng hp Uv1 v Uv2 ng pha v bng nhau v ln, khi mch khuch i hon ton i xng th in p ly ra trn hai colect ca tng vi sai s bng khng v h s khuch i i vi tn hiu ng pha K s bng khng. Tuy nhin, khng th c mch i xng l tng v ngun dng in l tng nn h s khuch i ng pha lun khc khng, v thng rt nh hn 1. Cht lng ca tng vi sai c c trng bng t s K/KVS, ch r kh nng ca tng khuch i phn bit tn hiu vi sai nh trn nn in p ng pha ln. y ngi ta a ra khi nim h s nn tn hiu ng pha ca tng vi sai c k hiu l N v c tnh nh sau: N = 20 lg (K/Kvs) (dB) Trong cc tng khuch i vi sai hin nay, tr s N c gi tr t - 60 100 dB.

Hnh 2.98: Khuch i vi sai c ti kiu gng dng in

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- Trong tng khuch i vi sai ca IC thut ton, ngi ta thng thay in tr Rc bng tranzito thc hin chc nng ti ng ca tng. S ny c h s khuch i Kvs ln hn nhiu ln so vi s kho st c ti l Rc. iu ny rt quan trng khi thit k b khuch i mt chiu nhiu tng. Mt trong nhng s nh vy v trn hnh 2.98. Tranzito T5, T6 dng lm ti ng ca tng c tham s ging nhau, T5

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c mc thnh it. Cch mc nh vy cn c gi l s gng dng in (xem thm 2.6.4.b). Dng Ic1 ca tranzito T1 cng chy qua T5 to nn in p UBE5 xc nh in p vo UBE6. V T5 v T6 c tham s ging nhau nn Ic6 ging Ic1 Tn hiu vi sai ly t colect ca T2 . Khi en = 0 s trong ch tnh (cn bng). Dng Ic1 = Ic2 = Ic6 = IE/2. Dng Ic6 chy qua T2, dng ti It = 0 v Ur = 0. Gi thit tn hiu vo c cc tnh nh hnh 2.98. Di tc dng ca ngun en dng in vo s lm tng dng IB1 v lm gim dng IB2 S thay i dng baz lm thay i dng colect: Ic1 = IE/2 + Iv Ic2 = IE/2 - Iv Bi v dng Ic6 = Ic1 nn Ic6 = I E/2 + Iv. Khi dng ti It = Ic6 - lc2 = 2Iv. in p u ra Ur = 2Iv Rt. Nu tn hiu vo i du th s lm i chiu dng in IV, It v cc tnh in p ra Ur. H s khuch i in p ca tng 2 U 2R t K=r = Rt = Rn + B + (1+ )rE ] en Rn + 2rv 2[r Khi Rn 0 th K= )r R t ( E Br + 1+ (2-232)

(2-233)

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Trong t s ca (2-230) c in tr Rc (h. 295a) cn trong t s (2-233) c in tr ti Rt Trong b khuch i nhiu tng th Rt l in tr vo ca tng sau. S hnh 2.98 c u im c bn l kh nng chu ti cao v ti c im ni t, thm vo h s khuch i Kvs trong tng vi sai ti l Rc khong ti chc, cn trong tng c di ng khong vi trm. V c tuyn vo ca tranzito khng tuyn tnh nn nu chn ch thch hp, c th t c in tr vo hng chc hoc hng trm k. Tng in tr vo (ti hng chc M) c th t c khi chn T1 v T2 l FET (h.2.99) v nguyn l s ny khng khc s (h.2.95).

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