Chng 24: 2.5.1.

TO DAO NG IU HA

Nguyn l chung to dao ng iu ho

C ba phng php chnh to ra tn hiu hnh sin l: - Dng h t dao ng gn vi h bo ton tuyn tnh. - Bin i mt tn hiu tun hon t mt dng khc thnh dng hnh sin. - Dng b bin i s tng t (DAC). Phng php th nht c ng dng kh rng ri trong cc my to dao ng hnh sin c in. Phng trnh vi phn ca mt h dao ng c m t nh sau: d2x +

dx + 2 x = 0 F
x,
2 dt
dt
Trong
F dx l mt hm phi tuyn l h s nh, ng thi

x,
tho mn iu
dt



dx'
ki n F . My to d dao x, c 0xy dng a ng hnh sin loi ny thng


dt
trn cc mch chn lc RLC. Loi my pht ny n gin, c h s mo nh. S khi ca chng c dng nh hnh 2.118. y AE l phn t tch cc c h s khuch i K ; W l l mch hi tip tuyn tnh c h s truyn t l ph thuc vo tn s. Mch ny xc nh tn s dao ng ca h. B l mch hi tip phi tuyn dng n nh bin dao ng. B I AE/K W/ R

F
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Hnh 2.118: S khi mch dao ng a tn hiu

Hnh 2.119: My pht

Phng php th hai c s dng trong cc loi my pht a chc nng (my pht hm). Loi my pht ny cng lc c th cho nhiu dng tn hiu cc u ra khc nhau nh tn hiu hnh tam gic, tn hiu xung hnh ch nht v.v.. Tn hiu hnh sin nhn c nh mt b bin i xung tam gic-hnh sin. Loi my pht ny gn y c s dng rng ri nh tnh a nng ca n. Tuy nhin tn hiu hnh sin y thng c h s mo ln hn so vi phng php trn. Mt trong nhng s khi in hnh ca loi my pht ny c m t trn hnh 2.119, trong : I l b tch phn, R l phn t rle, F l b bin i xung tam gic-hnh sin. Mch kn IR to nn mt h t dao ng, sinh ra hai dng tn hiu c dng xung tam gic v xung ch nht. X(t) t

Hnh 2.120: Xp x ha tn hiu hnh sin Da trn tin b k thut ca nhng nm sau ny, c bit trong lnh vc k thut s, ngi ta c th xy dng my pht tn hiu hnh sin da trn nguyn tc xp x ho tng on kt hp vi ly mu u theo thi gian (h.2.120). S khi my to dao ng hnh sin bng phng php s c m t trn hnh 2.221. Trong Tx l khi to xung nhp; C l b m thun nghch dng m theo thi gian gi tr tc thi ca i s; DFC l b bin i s hm to cc gi tr ca tn hiu hnh sin ( dng s); DAC l b bin i s tng t bin tn hiu t dng s (u ra ca DFC) thnh tn hiu tng t (hnh sin). mo tn hiu hnh sin ph thuc vo s lng mu ly trong mt chu k. Nu s ly mu cng ln (c xc nh bi tn s xung nhp) th hnh sin c chnh xc cng cao. Tuy nhin iu ny ph thuc vo gii hn tn s lm vic ca cc b DFC v DAC. V vy phng php ny khng th ng dng tn s cao tn hiu hnh sin vi h s mo nh c. Trong ba phng php nu trn, hai phng php u c s dng rng ri hn. V vy di y kho st k hn
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hai phng php ny. Tn hiu hnh sin

TX

RC DAC

DFC

Hnh 2.121: To tn hiu hnh sin bng phng php s

2.5.2. My pht dao ng hnh sin dng h t dao ng gn vi h bo ton tuyn tnh My pht dao ng hnh sin thc hin bin i nng lng ngun dng mt chiu thnh dng xoay chiu c tn s yu cu. Chng c cu to trn c s b khuch i c hi tip dng m bo ch t kch n nh tn s yu cu. Nu khng xt n phn mch phi tuyn dng n nh bin , s my pht dao ng hnh sin v li trn hnh 2.123. H s khuch i ca b khuch i v h s truyn t ca mch hi tip l s phc, ngha l c tnh n s ph thuc ca chng vo tn s. Tn hiu vo s my pht l mt phn ca in p ra c truyn theo mch hi tip dng. s lm vic trong ch pht sng th cn c hai iu kin: iu kin cn l tng cc gc dch pha ca tn hiu trong b khuch i k v trong mch hi tip (theo mt vng kn) l bi s ca 2. k + = 2n (2-256)

y: n = 0,1,2 Cng thc (2256) xc nh iu kin cn bng pha trong b khuch i c hi tip dng. iu kin th hai gi l iu kin v bin c xc nh bi bt ng thc |K|.|| 1 (2257) Mun u ra ca my pht c in p dng hnh sin th cng thc (2-256), (2 257) ch ng mt tn s. ngha vt l ca bt ng thc (2 257) l: Tn hiu c khuch i ln |K| ln v b suy gim mch hi tip || ln, khi tho mn iu kin (2157) th tn hiu xut hin u vo b khuch i cng pha nh trc, nhng bin ln. Ni cch khc i, bt ng thc |K|.|| > 1 xc nh iu kin cn my t kch khi c nhng thay i u tin ca dng in v in p trong s khuch i. ng thc |K|.|| =1 tng ng vi vic chuyn my pht sang ch cng tc xc lp, khi c s tng ca bin dao ng ko theo h s khuch i K gim do c tuyn ca tranzito khng tuyn tnh (vi bin tn hiu ln). Trong ch xc lp th th tn hiu u ra v vo my pht tng ng vi mt gi tr n nh no . l v suy gim
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do mch hi tip gy ra c b hon ton nh b khuch i (iu kin cn bng bin ). Gi tr in p xc lp tu thuc vo h s khuch i ca b khuch i K i vi tn hiu nh cng nh vo khng tuyn tnh ca c tuyn tranzito. S ph thuc ca h s khuch i vo nhit v in tr ti l nguyn nhn gy ra khng n nh bin in p ra. n nh bin ny, ngi ta mc thm vo mch mt phn t n nh khng tuyn tnh, cng nh thc hin hi tip m phn thc.

Hnh 2.123: M phng hot ng ca mch dao ng ghp bin p My pht dao ng hnh sin thng dng mch dao ng LC v mch RC ph thuc tn s. My pht dng LC to ra tn hiu cao tn (tn s cao hn vi chc kHz), cn my pht dng RC to ra tn hiu tn thp (ti vi Hz). to ra dao ng hnh sin, cc biu thc (2-256)(2-257) c tho mn i vi tn hiu iu chun f0 v tr khng ca mch dao ng phi l thun tr. S thay i gc di pha ca b khuch i khi lch khi tn s cng hng l iu kin hon thnh biu thc (2-256) i vi tn s f0, v tr khng ca mch s khng phi l thun tr, m mang tnh cht in khng (in cm hay in dung). Tnh cht ng n ca biu thc (2257) i vi tn s cng hng c xc nh bng tr s cc i ca h s khuch i tn s f0. Mch in ca my pht LC rt a dng. Chng c th khc nhau do phng php mc mch dao ng LC trong b
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khuch i v thc hin hi tip dng. S my pht v trn hnh 2.123 thc hin hi tip dng nh cch ghp bin p thch hp.

Cc tham s ca mch dao ng ny l in dung C v in cm L ca cun s cp bin p. Trong s khuch i mt tng ti thun tr th tn hiu ra ngc pha vi tn hin vo. V th m bo iu kin cn bng pha (2-156) th mch hi tip dng tn s cng hng phi thc hin o pha tn hiu a ti u vo b khuch i. Tn hiu hi tip dng ly t cun W 2 qua t phn ng Cpt t ti u vo tranzito. S di pha cn thit ca mch hi tip thc hin bng cch mc mc u dy cun th cp thch hp. V in p hi tip nh hn in p ra nn t s vng dy n = 2/1 < 1.

Hnh 2.124: M phng hot ng ca mch dao ng ghp t bin p Tn s dao ng to ra gn vi tn s cng hng ca mch dao ng f= 1 2 LC (2-258)

Tn hiu hi tip cng c th ly trc tip t colect mch dao ng bng cch lm cun dy hay t c nhiu u ra. Vi cc s pht sng nh th, mch dao ng c ba im ni vi b
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khuch i, v vy gi l mch ba im. Trong s pht sng hnh 2.124 (ba im in cm), nhnh in cm qun hai cun W 1, W 2. Tn hiu hi tip ly t cun W 2 in p ly ra t colect qua t Cp2. in p trn cun W 1, W 2 i vi im chung (t) ngc pha nhau. Tn hiu t cun W 1 qua t Cp1 (Cp1<<C) c a ti u vo tranzitor. Trong s hnh 2.125 (ba im in dung), mch dao ng gm in cm L v hai t ni tip C1, C2 c mc

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song song vi mch ra ca tng. in p hi tip ly t t C2 t ti u vo tranzito qua t Cp1. in p trn t C1 v C2 i vi im chung (t) ngc pha nhau v th s to nn hi tip dng. iu kin t kch c m bo theo quan h: CL = r v C2 (B) Rc //R t y: rv (B) - in tr vo ca tranzito theo s BC; Rt - in tr ti mch ngoi. tnh ton tn s ta dng cng thc (2-258) y C=C1C2/(C1+C2) V tr s ca L, C trong mch dao ng v tham s ca tranzito ph thuc vo nhit nn tn s f ca my pht to ra cng s ph thuc vo nhit . Mun tng n nh tn s th phi tng n nh theo nhit cho ch tnh ca tranzito, cng nh dng bin php b s thay i ca tn s theo nhit . Mt trong nhng phng php b l mc thm vo mch dao ng nhng t in c in dung ph thuc vo tn s. Trong nhng my pht c cht lng cao, ngi ta dng b cng hng thch anh, khi n nh tn s l ln nht. (2.259)

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Hnh 2.125: M phng hot ng ca mch dao ng ghp ba im in dung

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 di tn s thp (di vi chc kHz), ngi ta dng mch pht sng RC. y khng dng mch LC v n lm tng kch thc v trng lng ca cc phn t trong mch dao ng. Mch pht sng RC da trn c s dng mch ph thuc tn s gm in tr v t in c s khi tng t nh my pht sng LC cho hnh 2.122. Trong khi khuch i, tn hiu ra c th ngc pha hoc ng pha vi tn hiu vo. Trong trng hp u, mch hi tip RC ph thuc tn s phi dch pha tn hiu 1800 tn s pht sng, cn trng hp th hai th khng cn dch pha tn hiu. Gii quyt hai nhim v ny bng nhiu s mch RC khc nhau. Hnh 2.126a l s loi thang R song song thc hin dch pha tn hiu 1800. S ny c h s truyn t v pha tn hiu ca mch RC ph thuc vo tn s. V s dch pha cc i ca mt khu RC tn s gn bng khng l vo khong 900, nn c gc dch pha l 1800, cn c t nht ba khu RC ni tip (thng ngi ta dng mch c ba khu RC l ). S ph thuc || v vo tn s i vi mch ba khu RC khi C1 = C2 = C3 = C v R1 = R2 = R3 v trn hnh 2.126b vi biu thc: r 1 = 1/2 2 2 [(1 5 ) + 2 (6 2 )2 ] (6 2 = ) vi = 1/RC arctg 1 2 5 Tn s f0 ng vi gc di pha bng 1800 t c lc 2=6. f0 = 1 2 RC (2-260)

Ta thy tn s f0 mun ca h s truyn t ca mch hi tip l = 1/29. Do my pht ch c th t kch nu h s khuch i ca b khuch i tho mn K 29. Hnh 2.127 v s my pht RC dng khuch i thut ton. Mch hi tip ph thuc vo tn s c mc gia u ra v u vo o. Mun c h s khuch i theo yu cu (K 29)
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th phi chn t s Rht/Rtd 29 y Rtd= R3//R0. in tr vo b khuch i o bng R0 cng vi R3 xc nh thnh phn thun tr ca khu cui cng trong mch hi tip ph thuc tn s. V th tnh f0 theo (2260) cn phi chn R1 = R2 = R3 // R0 = R. Trn thc t mun c bin dao ng cn thit th phi hiu chnh in tr Rht.

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Hnh 2.127: To dao ng hnh sin kiu RC dng IC thut ton Hnh 2.128a v mch hi tip RC khng lm dch pha tn hiu tn s f0. chnh l cu Vin. c tuyn bin tn s v pha tn s cho trn hnh 2.128b vi cc biu thc dng:
1


1 = = arctg

1 ;

1
R 2 1 ; = 3 C
/ 2
9 +








Ti = 1 hay f0 = 1/2RC c = 0 nn khi xy dng b to sng dng khuch i thut ton (h.2.129) th mch hi tip ph thuc tn s (h.2.128a) c mc gia u ra v u vo khng o ca khuch i thut ton. V tn s f0 h s truyn t ca mch cu Vin l 1/3 nn my pht ch t kch khi K 3, ngha l phi chn t s Rht/R0 2. Tn s ca my pht xc nh theo f 0
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1 = 1 (2-216) R 1R 2 C 2 RC 1C 2 y: R1 = R2 = R v C1 = C2 = C Bin dao ng cn thit t c bng cch hiu chnh in tr Rht hay R0 trong qu trnh iu chnh s .

= 2

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Cn lu mt im l nu chn t s Rht/R0 = 2 th ti tn s f0, in p hi tip ly trn ng cho cu gia 2 u vo o v khng o ca OA bng 0, tc l mch khng th dao ng c. V l do ny ngi ta thng s dng loi cu Vin c ci bin bng cch chn quan h Rht/R0 = 2 + vi l 1 lng v cng b (mt vi %) mch d dao ng c n nh tn s cao nh c tnh dc hn ln cn f0. T s Rht/Ro = 2 + l 1 hm ca bin in p ra to kh nng t ng n nh bin dao ng hnh sin ti u ra ca my pht. Dng khuch i thut ton c hi tip m su s lm n nh tham s ca b pht sng RC. V vy khng n nh tn s theo nhit trong b pht sng RC ch yu l do s ph thuc ca mch RC vo nhit . n nh ca n nm trong khong 0.1 3%.

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