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DAI HOC DA NNG

Ik0ONG AI HOC 8ACH KHOA


KHOA IN
8O MON : IN CONG NGHIF




MAY IN 1
























Nm 2005

1
Lo| no| du
May in nghin cu nhng ng dung cua cac hin tng in t nhm bin
i nng lng. May in la phn t quan trong nht cua bt ky thit b in nng
nao. No c s dung rng rai trong dn dung, nng nghip, cng nghip, giao
thng vn tai, cac h iu khin va t ng iu chnh, khng ch.
in nng c s dung rng rai trong moi lanh vc v cac u im sau:
in nng c san xut tp trung vi ngun cng sut ln.
in nng co th truyn tai i xa vi hiu sut cao.
in nng d dang bin i thanh cac cac dang nng lng khac.
Nh in nng co th t ng hoa moi qua trnh san xut, nng cao nng
sut lao ng.
in nng tuy c phat hin chm hn cac nng lng khac, nhng vi vic
phat hin va s dung in nng a thuc y cach mang khoa hoc cng ngh tin
nh vu bao sang ky nguyn in kh hoa va t ng hoa. Vao cui th ky 19,
nganh ky thut in t ra i va gia th ky 20 ch tao c linh kin in t cng
sut co iu khin, t do in t cng sut phat trin a thuc y va lam thay i
tn gc r lanh vc ky thut in. Ky thut in va ky thut in t hoa nhp phat
trin, cung vi cng ngh thng tin a a nn san xut xa hi sang giai oan kinh
t tri thc. May in cung khng ng ngoai s phat trin y.
Giao trnh May din I nay gm ba phn :
Phn I cung cp cac kin thc v may bin ap.
Phn II cung cp cac kin thc chung v may in xoay chiu.
Phn III cung cp cac kin thc nguyn ly, cu tao, c tnh va ng dung cua
may in khng ng b.
Giao trnh May in I c bin soan da trn kinh nghim giang day nhiu
nm nhom chuyn mn in Cng Nghip - Khoa in - Trng ai Hoc Bach
Khoa - ai Hoc a Nng va tham khao giao trnh cua cac trng ban. y la giao
trnh a ln mang nhm giup cho sinh vin chuyn nganh in lam tai liu tham
khao va hoc tp.
Do trnh co han, giao trnh May in I khng tranh khoi thiu sot, xin hoan
nghnh moi s gop y cua ban oc. Cac y kin ong gop xin gi v tac gia nhom
chuyn mn in Cng Nghip - Khoa in - Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - ai
Hoc a Nng.
8u| In Lo|
2
o| Hoc o Nng - Iruong o| hoc 8och Khoo
Khoo |n - Nhom Chuyn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY IN 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|





Chuong 0
KHAI NIM CHbNG V MAY IN

0.1 DJNH NGHIA VA PHN LOAI
0.1.1. |nh ngho.
May in la thit b in t, nguyn ly lam vic da vao hin tng cam ng
in t, v cu tao gm mach t (loi thep) va mach in (dy qun), dung bin
i cac dang nng lng nh c nng thanh in nng (may phat in) hoc ngc
lai nh in nng thanh c nng (ng c in), hoc dung bin i cac thng
s in nng nh in ap, dong in, tn s, s pha ...
0.1.2. Fhn |oo| moy d|n.
May in co nhiu loai va co nhiu cach phn loai khac nhau. y ta phn
loai may in da vao nguyn ly bin i nng lng nh sau :
1. May in tnh :
May in tnh lam vic da vao hin tng cam ng in t, do s bin i t
thng trong cac cun dy khng co s chuyn ng tng i vi nhau. May in
tnh thng dung bin i cac thng s in nng nh may bin ap bin in ap
xoay chiu thanh in ap xoay chiu co gia tr khac,..
2. May in quay (hoc co loai chuyn ng thng):
May in quay lam vic da vao hin tng cam ng in t, lc in t do t
trng va dong in trong cac cun dy gy ra. Loai may ny dung bin i
dang nng lng nh c nng thanh in nng (may phat in) hoc ngc lai nh
in nng thanh c nng (ng c in). Qua trnh bin i nng lng ny co tnh
thun nghch ngha la may in co th lam vic ch may phat in hoc ng
c in.
S phn loai may in thng gp:
3















May in quay
May
bin
ap
May in xoay chiu May in mt chiu
May
phat
in
mt
chiu
ng
c
in
mt
chiu
May
phat
in
khng
ng b
ng
c in
khng
ng
b
May in
khng ng b
May in
ng b
May
phat
in
ng
b
ng
c
in
ng
b
May in tnh
Moy d|n


0.2 CAC DJNH LUT DIN TU CO BAN DUNG TRONG MAY DIN
Trong nghin cu may in ta thng dung cac nh lut sau: nh lut cam
ng in t, nh lut lc in t va nh lut mach t. Cac nh lut ny a c
trnh bay trong giao trnh vt ly, y nu lai nhng im chnh ap dung cho
nghin cu may in.
0.2.1. |nh |ut com ung d|n tu
1. Trng hp t thng xuyn qua vong dy bin thin.
Khi t thng = (t) xuyn qua vong dy bin thin trong vong dy se cam
ng sc in ng (s) e(t). S o co chiu sao cho dong in do no sinh ra tao
ra t thng chng lai s bin thin cua t thng sinh ra no (hnh 0.1).
S cam ng trong mt vong dy c tnh theo
cng thc Mcxoen :

dt
d
e

= [V] (0.1)
Nu cun dy co N vong, s cam ng la:

dt
d
dt
d
N e

=

= (0.2)
trong o, [Wb] goi la t thng moc vong
cua cun dy
= N

e
Hnh 0.1 Chieu cucng :cc
ccm ung phu hcp vci Iu Ihcng
Ihec ui Icc vcn nuI chci
4
2. Trng hp thanh dn chuyn ng trong t trng.
Khi thanh dn chuyn ng thng goc vi
ng sc t trng (y la trng hp thng
gp nht trong may in), trong thanh dn cam
ng s co tr s la:
Hnh 0.2 Xcc cnh :cc ccm ung
Ihec ui Icc Lcn Icy phci
e = Blv (0.3)
trong o : B: cng t cam [T].
l : chiu dai tac dung cua thanh dn
[m].
v: tc dai thanh dn [m/s]
Con chiu s cam ng xac nh theo qui
tc ban tay phai (hnh 0.2).
0.2.2. |nh |ut |uc d|n tu.
Khi thanh dn mang dong in t thng goc
vi ng sc t trng, thanh dn se chu mt lc
in t tac dung co tr s la:
Hnh 0.3 Xcc cnh |uc cien Iu
Ihec ui Icc Lcn Icy Irci
i
f = Bil (0.4)
Trong o, B : cng t cam, [T].
i : dong in chay trong thanh dn, [A].
l : chiu dai thanh dn, [m].
f : lc in t o bng Niuton, [N]
Chiu cua lc in t f c xac nh theo qui tc
ban tay trai (hnh 0.3).
0.2.3. |nh |ut moch tu. Inh toon moch tu.
1. nh lut mach t:
Loi thep cua may in la mach t. Mach t la mach khep kn dung dn t
thng. nh lut mach t la nh lut dong in toan phn ap dung vao mach t.
Ni dung cua nh lut dong in toan phn nh sau:


H
r

l d
r

i
1
i
2
i
3
(L)
Hinh 0.4 Minh hoa nh
lut dong in toan phn

i
1
N
1
l
1
,S
1
l
2
,S
2
i
2
N
2
Hinh 0.6 Mach t co khe h
khng kh va hai cun dy

i
N
l(L)

Hinh 0.5 Mach t ng
nht co mt cun dy







5
Nu la vect cng t trng do mt tp hp dong in i H
r
1
, i
2
, ... i
k
, ...,
i
n
. tao ra va nu L la mt ng cong kn bao quanh chung th:


=
) L (
k
i l d H
r r

Vi l d
r
la di vi phn trn (L) .(hnh 0.4). Du cua i
k
xac nh theo qui tc
vn nut chai: Quay cai vn nut chai theo chiu l d
r
, chiu tin cua vn nut chai
trung vi chiu dong in i
k
th dong in i
k
mang du dng, con ngc lai ly
du m.
nh lut dong in toan phn ap dung vao mach t ng nht co mt cun
dy nh hnh 0.5, ta co nh sau:
H.l = Ni = F
Vi: =

=

R
S
l 1
l
B
Hl
Vy F Ni R Hl = = =

(0.5)
Trong o:
H[At/m]: Cng t trng trong mach t.
B=H [T] : T cam (mt t thng) trong mach t.
=
r

o
[H/m]: t thm tuyt i cua mach t.

o
= 4.10
-7
[H/m] : t thm cua khng kh.

r
= /
o
: t thm tng i cua mach t.
L[m] : Chiu dai trung bnh cua mach t.
N: S vong dy cua cun dy.
I[A]: goi la dong in t hoa, tao ra t thng cho mach t.
F = Ni [At/m]: goi la sc t ng (st)
H.l : goi la t ap ri trong mach t.
S[m
2
] : tit din ngang cua mach t.
S
l 1
R

[At/Wb] t tr cua mach t.


Cung ap dung nh lut dong in toan phn vao mach t gm hai oan co
hiu dai l
1
va l
2
tit din S
1
va S
2
, hnh 0.6, ta co:
H
1
.l
1
- H
2
.l
2
= N
1
.i
1
- N
2
.i
2

Trong o:
H
1
,H
2
[At/m]: Cng t trng tng ng trong oan mach t 1, 2.
l
1
, l
2
[m] : Chiu dai trung bnh cua oan mach t 1, 2.
i
1
.N
1
,i
2
.N
2
[At]: St cua cun dy 1, 2.
Mt cach tng quat, mach t gm m oan ghep ni tip nh lut mach t
c vit:
6
(0.6) F F i N R l H
n
1 k
k
n
1 k
k k
m
1 j
j
m
1 j
j j
= = = =

= = =

=
trong o, dong in i
k
nao co chiu phu hp vi chiu t thng a chon theo qui
tc vn nut chai se mang du dng, con ngc lai se mang du m; j - ch s tn
oan mach t; k - ch s tn cun dy co dong in.
2. Tnh toan mach t:
Vic tnh toan mach t thng gp hai loai bai toan sau :
Bai toan thun : Cho bit t thng , tm st F = Ni tao ra t thng o.
Cach giai : Tin hanh gm ba bc sau :(xet mach t gm j oan ni tip, t
thng bng nhau moi tit din S
j
trong cac oan mach t ).
Buoc 1: Tnh t cam mi oan mach t : B
j
= /S
j
; j la ch s tn oan mach
t.
Suy ra cng t trng H
j
nh sau:
Nu oan mach t la vt liu st t, tra ng cong t hoa B = f(H) tm H.
Nu oan mach t la khe h khng kh th H
0
= B
0
/
o
.
Buoc 2: Suy ra st tng tao ra t thng t cng thc (0.6):
(0.7)

=
=
m
1 j
j j
l H F
Buoc 3: Tuy theo bai toan ma ta tm c dong in i hoc s vong dy W.
Bai toan nguoc : Bit st F, tm t thng .
Loai bai toan ny phc tap. Do vt liu t co t thm phu thuc t thng
nn t tr R

cung phu thuc . V cha bit nn cung cha bit R. Phng


trnh (0.6) tr thanh:
() (0.8). F ) ( R
m
1 j
j
=

=

y la phng trnh phi tuyn, thng dung phng phap gn ung giai.
0.3. CAC VT LIU CH TAO MAY DIN
Vt liu ch tao may in gm vy liu cu truc, vt liu tac dung va vt liu
cach in. Vt liu cu truc la vt liu ch tao cac chi tit chu cac tac ng c
hoc nh truc, truc, thn may, np. Vt liu tac dung la vt liu dung ch tao
nhng b phn dn in va t. Con vt liu cach in dung cach in gia phn
dn in vi khng dn in va gia cac phn dn in vi nhau.
0.3.1. Vt ||u dn d|n
Vt liu dn in ch tao may in tt nht la ng v chung khng t lm
va co in tr sut nho. Ngoai ra con dung nhm va cac hp kim khac nh ng
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thau, ng phtpho. Dy ng hoc dy nhm c ch tao theo tit in tron
hoc tit in ch nht co boc cach in. Vi nhng may co cng sut nho va
trung bnh, in ap di 1000V thng dung dy dn boc may v lp cach in
cua no mong va at bn yu cu.
0.3.2. Vt ||u dn tu
Vt liu dn t trong may in la vt liu st t nh thep ky thut in, gang,
thep uc, thep ren ...
cac phn dn t co t thng bin i vi tn s 50Hz thng dung thep la
ky thut in day 0,35 1mm, trong thanh phn thep co t 2 5% silc tng
in tr cua thep, giam dong in xoay. Thep ky thut in c ch tao bng
phng phap can nong hoc can ngui. Hin nay thng dung thep can ngui
ch tao cac may in v thep can
ngui co t thm cao hn va
sut tn hao nho hn thep can
nong. Trn hnh 0.7 trnh bay
ng cong t hoa cua mt s
vt liu dn t khac nhau. Cung
mt dong in kch t, ta thy
thep ky thut in co t cam ln
nht, sau o la thep uc va cui
cung la gang.
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
B
H
Gang
Thep uc
Thep KT
Hnh 0.7 ucng ccng Iu hcc cuc mcI :c vcI |ieu Iu
cac phn dn t co t
thng khng i thng dung
thep uc, thep ren, hoc thep la.
0.3.3. Vt ||u coch d|n
Vt liu cach in trong may in phai co cng cach in cao, chu nhit
tt, tan nhit tt, chng m va bn v c hoc. Cach in boc dy dn chu c
nhit cao th nhit cho phep cua dy dn cang ln va dy dn chu c
dong tai ln.
Cht cach in cua may in phn ln th rn va gm co 4 nhom:
a) Cht hu c thin nhin nh giy, lua
b) Cht v c nh aming, mica, si thuy tinh.
c) Cac cht tng hp.
d) Cac loai men va sn cach in.
Cht cach in tt nht la mica nhng t. Giy, vai, si... re nhng dn nhit
va cach in kem, d b m. V vy chung phai c tm sy cach in tt hn.
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Cn c bn nhit, vt liu cach in c chia ra cac cp nh sau:
- Cp Y : Nhit cho phep la 90
0
C, bao gm bng, giy, vai, t lua, si
tng hp, khng c tm sy bng sn cach in.
- Cp A : Nhit cho phep la 105
0
C, bao gm vai si xenlul, si t nhin
hoc nhn tao c qua tm sy bng sn cach in.
- Cp E : Nhit cho phep la 120
0
C, bao gm mang vai, si tng hp gc
hu c co th chu c nhit tng ng.
- Cp B : Nhit cho phep la 130
0
C, bao gm cac vt liu gc mica, si
thuy tinh hoc aming c lin kt bng sn hoc nha gc hu c co th chu
c nhit tng ng.
- Cp F : Nhit cho phep la 155
0
C, ging nh loai B nhng c tm sy
va kt dnh bng sn hoc nha tng hp co th chu c nhit tng ng.
- Cp H : Nhit cho phep la 180
0
C, ging nh cp B nhng dung sn tm
sy hoc cht kt dnh gc silic hu c hoc cac cht tng hp co kha nng chu
c nhit tng ng.
- Cp C : Nhit cho phep la >180
0
C, bao gm cac vt liu gc mica, thuy
tinh va cac hp cht cua chung dung trc tip khng co cht lin kt. Cac cht v
c co phu gia lin kt bng hu c va cac cht tng hp co kha nng chu c
nhit tng ng.
Ngoai ra con co cht cach in th kh (khng kh) va th long (du bin ap).
Khi may in lam vic, do tac ng cua nhit , chn ng va cac tac ng ly
hoa khac cach in se b lao hoa ngha la mt dn cac tnh bn v in va c. Thc
nghim cho bit, khi nhit tng qua nhit lam vic cho phep 8-10
0
C th tui
tho cua vt liu cach in giam i mt na.
0.4. PHAT NONG VA LAM MAT MAY DIN
Trong qua trnh bin i nng lng lun co s tn hao. Tn hao trong may
in gm tn hao st t (do hin tng t tr va dong xoay) trong thep, tn hao
ng trong dy qun va tn hao do ma sat ( may in quay). Tt ca cac tn hao
nng lng u bin thanh nhit lam cho may in nong ln.
lam mat may in, phai co bin phap tan nhit ra mi trng xung quanh.
S tan nhit khng nhng phu thuc vao b mt lam mat cua may ma con phu
thuc vao s i lu khng kh xung quanh hoc cua mi trng lam mat khac nh
du may bin ap... Thng vo may in c ch tao co cac canh tan nhit va may
in co h thng quat gio lam mat.
Kch thc cua may, phng phap lam mat phai c tnh toan va la chon
cho tng nhit cua vt liu cach in trong may khng vt qua tng nhit
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cho phep, am bao cho vt liu cach in lam vic lu dai, tui tho cua may
khoang 20 nm.
Khi may in lam vic ch nh mc, tng thit cua cac phn t khng
vt qua tng nhit cho phep. Khi may qua tai tng nhit cua may se vt
qua nhit cho phep, v th khng cho phep may lam vic qua tai lu dai.
0.5. PHUONG PHAP NGHIN CUU MAY DIN
Vic nghin cu may in gm cac bc sau:
1. M ta cac hin tng vt ly xay ra trong may in.
2. Da vao cac nh lut vt ly, vit phng trnh toan hoc m ta s lam vic
cua may in. o la m hnh toan cua may in.
3. T m hnh toan thit lp m hnh mach, o la s thay th cua may
in.
4. T m hnh toan va m hnh mach, tnh toan cac c tnh va nghin cu
may in, khai thac s dung theo cac yu cu cu th.

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