1

o| Hoc o Nng - Iruong o| hoc 8och Khoo

Khoo |n - Nhom Chuyn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY IN 1
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Chuong 2
IO NOI DY VA MACH I0 M.8.A

2.1. KHAI NIM CHUNG
MBA ba pha co th lam vic c, cac dy qun s cp va th cp phai ni
vi nhau theo mt qui lut nht nh. Ngoai ra, vic phi hp kiu ni dy qun s
cp vi kiu ni dy qun th cp cung hnh thanh cac t ni dy qun khac nhau.
Hn na, khi thit k MBA, vic quyt nh t ni dy qun cung phai thch ng
vi kiu kt cu cua mach t tranh nhng hin tng khng tt nh s khng
sin, tn hao phu tng ...
Trong chng nay ta se ln lt xet cac loai t ni dy va mach t, ng thi
xet cac hin tng xay ra khi t hoa loi thep va nu ln cach tnh toan mach t cua
MBA.
2.2. T NI DY MAY BIN AP
nghin cu t ni dy MBA, trc ht ta hay xet ky hiu cac u dy va
cach u dy qun pha vi nhau.
2.2.1. Coch ky h|u coc du dy


C







Hnh 2.1 cnh ccu ccu ccy M8/
A
X
B
Y
C
Z
(b)

A
A
U
AB
U
CA
U
CA
B
(a)

2
Mt cun dy co hai u tn cung: mt u goi la du du; con u kia goi
la du cui. i vi dy qun mba mt pha : u u hoc u cui chon tuy y.
i vi dy qun mba ba pha : cac u u va u cui chon mt cach thng nht
theo mt chiu nht nh (hnh 2.1a), nu khng in ap ra cua ba pha se khng
i xng (hnh 2.1b).
n gian va thun tin cho vic nghin cu, ngi ta thng anh du cac
u tn cung ln s dy qun cua mba vi qui c sau dy :
anh du cac u dy tn cung:
Cao ap Ha ap Trung ap
u u A,B,C A,b,c A
m
,B
m
,C
m
u cui X,Y,Z x.y,z X
m
,Y
m
,Z
m
Trung tnh 0 o O
m
2.2.2. Coc k|u du dy qun
1. u hnh sao (Y) : u ba im cui X,Y,Z lai vi nhau.

A B C
X Y Z
Hnh 2.3 cu Icm gicc
A
B
C





A
X
B
Y
C
Z
Hnh 2.2 cu :cc

A
B
C
2. u hnh tam giac () :
u im u cua pha nay vi im cui cua pha kia (hnh 2.3)
3. u zc-zc (Z) : Mi pha dy qun mba gm hai na cun dy trn hai tru
khac nhau mc ni tip va u ngc chiu nhau (hnh 2.4). Kiu dy qun nay t
dung v tn ng nhiu hn, loai nay chu yu gp trong mba dung cho thit chnh
lu.
Hnh 2.4 cu Zic- Zcc
A B C
X Y Z
-c
A
B
a
c
b
C






3
2.2.3. I n| dy cuo mbo.
T ni dy mba c hnh thanh do s phi hp kiu dy qun s cp so vi
kiu dy qun th cp. No biu th goc lch pha gia sdd dy cua dy qun s
cp va sdd dy cua dy qun th cp va goc lch pha nay phu thuc vao cac yu
t sau :
+ Chiu qun dy,
+ Cach ky hiu cac du dy ra,
+ Kiu du dy qun s cp va th cp
Xet mba mt pha co hai dy qun (hnh 2-5) : s cp : AX ; th cp : ax.
Cac trng hp xay ra nh sau :
a) Hai dy qun cung chiu va k hiu tng ng (hnh 2-5a).
b) Hai dy qun ngc chiu (hnh 2-5b).
c) i chiu k hiu mt trong hai dy qun (hnh 2-5c).
T ni dy cua mba mt pha : k t vector s s cp n vector s th cp
theo chiu kim ng h :
+ Trng hp a : lch pha 360
o
+ Trng hp b, c : lch pha 180
o
.








AX
E
&

360
o
180
o
180
o
Hnh 2.5 Su |ech phc cuc mLc mcI phc
AX
E
&
AX
E
&
ax
E
&
ax
E
&
ax
E
&

(b)
A
X
a
x
(a)
A
X
a
x
(c)
A
X
x
a

I n| dy cuo mbo bo pho : mba ba pha, do ni Y & vi nhng th
t khac nhau ma goc lch pha gia s dy s cp va s dy th cp la 30
o
, 60
o
,
90
o
, .., 360
o
.
Thc t khng dung ch goc lch pha ma dung kim ng h (hnh 2.6)
biu th va goi tn t ni dy mba, cach biu th nh sau:
4
+ Kim dai c nh con s 12, ch s s cp.
+ Kim ngn ch 1,2,.., 12 ng 30
o
,60
o
,..,360
o

ch s th cp.
Hnh 2. 8ieu Ih gcc |ech phc
Truong hop mba mt pha :
+ Trng hp a : I/I-12.
+ Trng hp b,c : I/I-6.
Truong hop mba ba pha :
+ Mba ba pha ni Y/Y:
V du mt mba ba pha co dy qun s va dy qun th ni hnh sao, cung
chiu qun dy va cung ky hiu cac u dy (hnh 2.7) th vector s pha gia hai
dy qun hoan toan trung nhau va goc lch pha gia hai in ap dy se bng 360
o

hay 0
o
. Ta noi mba thuc t ni dy 12 va ky hiu la Y/Y-12 hay Y/Y-0.
nguyn dy qun s, dch ky hiu dy qun th ab, bc, ca ta co t u dy
Y/Y-4, dch tip mt ln na ta co t u dy Y/Y-8. Nu i chiu dy qun th
ta co t u dy Y/Y-6,10,2. Nh vy mba khi ni Y/Y, ta co t ni dy la s chn.


x y z
a b
c
A B C
C
A
B
E
AB
E
ab
a
c
b
E
AB
E
ab
360
o
Y/Y -12

Hnh 2.7 Iim Ic nci ccy









+ Mba ba pha ni Y/ :
V du cung mba ba pha co dy qun s ni hnh sao va dy qun th ni
hnh tam giac, cung chiu qun dy va cung ky hiu cac u dy (hnh 2. 8) th
vector s pha gia hai dy qun hoan toan trung nhau va goc lch pha gia hai
in ap dy se bng 330
o
. Ta noi mba thuc t ni dy 11 va ky hiu la Y/-11.
nguyn dy qun s, dch k hiu dy qun th a b, b c, c a th ta co t u
dy Y/-3, dch tip mt ln na ta co t u dy Y/-7. Nu i chiu dy qun
th ta co t u dy Y/-5,9,1. Nh vy mba khi ni Y/, ta co t ni dy la s le.
5
A B C








2.3. MACH TU MAY BIN AP
2.3.1. Coc dong moch tu moy b|n op
1. May bin ap mt pha
+ Mach t kiu loi (hnh 1.3a)
+ Mach t kiu boc
2. May bin ap ba pha
+ H thng mach t ring :
T thng ba pha c lp (hnh 2.9).
Ta co t mba ba pha.
+ H thng mach t chung (hnh 1.3b) : T thng ba pha lin quan nhau. Ta
co mba ba pha ba tru.







Nu :
= + + 0
C B A
U U U
& & &
0 = + +
C B A
& & &
Nh vy cac tru ghep chung co t thng tng

= 0
&
, nn ta bo tru ghep
chung. Sau khi bo tru ghep chung, ta thy loi thep khng gian nn ch tao kho
khn. V vy phai rut ngn tru gia ba tru mba cung nm trong mt phng, luc
Hnh 2.10 Ghep Lc Iru mLc mcI phc

B
A

A
B
C

A

C

B
A
B
C

A

B
A
B
C
Hnh 2-8. Iim Ic nci ccy mLc nci Y/

B
E
AB
E
AB
C
A
E
ab
330
o
Y/Y -11

x
y z
b
c a
b
E
ab c
a
Hnh 2. Ic mLc Lc
A
X
a
x
Y
b
y
Z
c
z
B
C

A
A

A
6
nay ta thy kt cu loi thep mba khng i xng, tru gia ngn hn hai tru hai bn
nn dong t hoa cua ba pha cung khng i xng :
I
oA
= I
oC
(1,2 1,45)I
oB

2.3.2. Nhung h|n tuong xut h|n kh| tu hoo |o| thep M8A
Xet trng hp :
+ MBA khng tai (hnh 2.11).
+ S cp t vao in ap u hnh sin.
Hnh 2.11 Sc cc nguyen |y
cuc mLc mcI phc

u

i
o

X
a
x
A
1. Mba mt pha
in ap u co dang :
t sin U u
m
=
Bo qua in ap ri trn dy qun, ta co :

dt
d
W e u

= =
T thng trong loi thep co dang :
) / t sin(
m
2 =
Khng xet tn hao trong loi thep :
Khi khng xet n tn hao trong loi thep th dong i
o
i
ox
, ngha la dong t hoa
gn bng dong in phan khang. Ta co quan h = f(i
o
) cung chnh la quan h B
= f(H). T quan h = f(i
o
) va = f(t) ta ve c i
o
= f(t).
T hnh 2.12, ta thy :
+ T thng (t) co dang hnh sin
+ Dong in i
o
(t) co dang nhon du (k
0
sin)
+ (t) va i
o
(t) trung pha nhau
Dong i
o
(t) khng sin, ta phn tch thanh tng song hnh sin :
i
o
(t) = i
o1
+ i
o3
+ i
o5
+ i
o7
+ ..

i
o
i
o
t
i
o
(t)
(t)
(i
o
)
0
Hnh 2.12 Dcng Iu hcc






7
+ i
o1
la song c ban (song bc 1)
+ i
o3,5,7..
la cac song bc cao. Song bc 5 tr ln co bin nho, ta bo qua.
Nh vy chnh dong in bc ba i
o3
lam dong i
o
co dang nhon u. Thc cht dong
i
o
co dang nhon u la do hin tng bao hoa trong loi thep.
Co k dn tn hao trong loi thep :
Khi co xet n tn hao trong loi thep, quan h = f(i
o
) cung chnh la quan h
ng cong t tr B = f(H). T quan h = f(i
o
) va = f(t) ta dung phng phap
ve tm c quan h i
o
= f(t) nh trn hnh 2.13.
T hnh 2.13, ta thy :
+ T thng (t) co dang hnh sin
+ Dong in i
o
(t) co dang nhon du (k
0
sin)
+ i
o
(t) vt trc (t) mt goc .
Goc nho hay ln phu thuc vao mc tr cua B = f(H), ngha la phu thuc
vao ng cong t tr v th goc goi la goc tn hao t tr.











Hnh 2.14 biu din vect dong in va t thng khi co k n tn hao
trong loi thep. V dong in i
o
I
&
m

&
o
khng sin nn ta ch ve gn ung vi thanh phn bc
1. Ta thy dong in khng tai I
o
gm hai thanh phn :
+ I
ox
: thanh phn dong in phan khang t hoa loi thep.
+ I
or
: thanh phn dong in tac dung, vung goc vi , nn :

2 2
ox or o
I I I + = (2.1)
Thc t I
or
< 10%I
o
, ngha la goc thng rt be, nn dong in I
or
khng
anh hng my n dong in t hoa va ta coi nh I
ox
I
o
.
Hnh 2.14 c Ih vecIc ccng l
c

I
&

or
I
&
ox
I
&
E
&

U
&

&

i
o
(t)
t

i
o
i
o
Hnh 2.13 Dcng Iu hcc khi cc Icn hcc
8
2. Mba ba pha
Khi mba khng tai va xet tng pha th dong in bc ba trong cac pha :
t sin I i
m o A o
= 3
3 3
(2.2a)
t sin I ) t ( sin I i
m o
o
m o B o
= = 3 120 3
3 3 3
(2.2b)
t sin I ) t ( sin I i
m o
o
m o C o
= = 3 240 3
3 3 3
(2.2c)
T cac phng trnh trn ta thy, ba pha trung nhau v thi gian, ngha la
moi thi im chiu dong in bc ba trong cac pha hoc hng t u n cui
hoc hng t cui n u, tc la lun lun tn tai.
) Trng hp mba ni Y/Y
S cp u Y nn dong i
o3
khng tn tai, dong i
o
se co dang sin va t thng
do no sinh ra se co dang vat u. Ta phn tch t thng trong loi thep thanh song
c ban va song bc cao :
.. + + + + =
7 5 3 1

Cac song
5,7..
nho, ta bo qua, ch xet
1
va
3
.

Trng hp t mba ba pha :
(Mba ba pha5 tru)

1 Loai nay mach t ring, nn

3

tn tai va khep mach qua loi thep,
do vy
3
tng i ln, s e
3
do
no sinh ra cung ln theo (E
3f
= (45-
60)% E
1f
) lam cho s pha tng
ln. Con s U
d
khng co thanh
phn e
3
.

3

e=e +e




Hai:
+ Choc thung cach in dy qun
+ H thit b o lng.
+ Anh hng ng dy thng tin
1 3
e
1
e
3

3A

3B

3C
Hnh 2.15 Iu Ihcng vc :cc
Ircng Ic mLc Lc phc nci Y/Y

9
Mba ba pha ba tru :










Hnh 2.1 Iu Ihcng Lcc Lc Ircng |ci Ihep mLc nci Y/Y

H thng mach t chung, nn
3
cung chiu (hnh 2.16). moi thi im t
thng
3
khng khep mach qua mach t tru ma b y ra ngoai, va khep mach qua
mi trng co t tr ln, nn
3
khng ln lm, nh vy xem t thng trong mach
t la sin, va s cam ng ra E
f
se sin.
Chu y :
3
khep mach qua gng va vach thung lam tng tn hao nn hiu
sut cua may giam.
) Trng hp mba ni /Y
Dy qun s cp ni nn dong i
o3
se khep kn trong tam giac, v vy dong i
o

se co dang nhon u. Ging mba mt pha.
) Trng hp mba ni Y/


i
03
i
23
i
23
i
23 23
I
&
Y 3

&

23
&

23
E
&

nho
3

&

Hnh 2.17 MLc nci Y/







Dy qun s cp u Y nn dong i
o3
khng tn tai, dong i
o
se co dang sin va t
thng do no sinh ra se co dang vat u. Kt lun ging trng hp . Thanh
phn t thng bc ba cam ng trong dy qun th cp s e
3 23
, do dy qun th
10
ni nn sinh ra dong i
23
chay trong dy qun, dong in ny sinh ra trong loi
thep t thng
23
va ta co t thng tng bc ba , nn anh hng
nay khng ang k (hnh 2.17).
0
23 3
+

& &
Y