TRNG I HC M

TP H CH MINH
BI GING TON CAO CP A1
Ging vin: Ths Nguyn Vn Du
CHNG 1
HM S
GII HN LIN TC
1 HM S MT BIN S
1.1 HM S
1 nh ngha
Cho X, Y c R, mt quy tc cho tng ng
mi s thc x e X vi mt s thc duy nht
y e Yc gi l mt hm s vi mt bin s
thc x v k hiu l:
( )
:
( )
:
f X Y
x y f x
hay y f x

=
=
a
Tp X c gi l min xc nh ca hm s
f
Tp f(X) = { f(x)/xeX)} c gi l min gi tr
ca f
2 th ca hm s
Cho hm s y = f(x) c min xc nh l X.
Ta gi tp hp:
G = {M(x; f(x))/xeX} l th ca hm s f
Biu din tt c cc im M(x; f(x))/xeX ln
mt phng xOy th ta nhn c mt ng
cong. Ta cng gi ng cong l th
ca hm s f
3 Cch cho hm s
Cch 1: Cho hm s theo kiu lit k tng
ng (tng t nh trong cc siu th vn
lm)
Cch 2: Cho hm s di dang mt hay
nhiu biu thc gii tch
Ch : Cho hm s y = f(x) ta thy MX ca
hm s ny l D = {x e R/ f(x) c ngha}
Cch 3: Cho hm s theo kiu phn on
1.2 CC LOI HM S
1 Hm n iu
Cho ham so y = f(x) xac nh trong khoang (a,b).Ta noi
ham so y = f(x) la mot ham tang (giam) trong khoang
(a, b) neu ta co:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
, , / : x x a b x x f f x f f x x x e < > <
Ham so tang hay giam tren mot mien c goi la
ham n ieu tren mien o
2 Hm chn l
Cho ham so y = f(x) xac nh trong mot mien D nhan
goc toa o lam tam oi xng.
Ta noi rang ham so y = f(x) la mot ham chan (le) tren
D neu cx e D ta co f(-x) = f(x)
(f(-x) = -f(x))
Ghi chu:
o th ham chan nhan truc tung lam truc oi xng
o th ham le nhan goc toa o lam tam oi xng
3 Hm tun hon
Cho ham so y = f(x) xac nh trong mot mien D. Neu
ton tai so thc T > 0 sao cho:
f(x+T) = f (x) (cx e D)
th f(x) c goi la mot ham tuan hoan tren mien D
So thc dng T
0
nho nhat thoa man ieu kien tren
c goi la chu ky cua ham so f
4 Hm hp
Cho ham so y = f(u), trong o u la mot ham so cua x
ngha la u = u(x). Khi o y la mot ham so cua x, ta
noi rang y la ham hp co bien la x thong qua bien
trung gian u.
Ky hieu la y = f(u(x))
( )
:
( )
y f u
hay
u u x
=

5 Hm ngc
1 - nh ngha
Cho ham so f(x) xac nh tren tap hp X ; at f(X) = Y. Ta
noi rang f la mot ham 1 1 neu thoa man ieu kien: cx
1

x
2
e

X: x
1
x
2
ta co f(x
1
) f(x
2
). Neu f la mot ham 1 1
ta co:
cy e Y , d!x e X / y = f(x). Khi o ta lap c mot ham so
x theo bien y, ky hieu la x = f
-1
(y)
Ta goi ham so x = f
-1
(y) la ham ngc cua ham so y = f(x)
va cung ky hieu la y = f
-1
(x)
2 Ghi chu:
Cac ham so n ieu tren mot khoang (a, b) la nhng
ham 1 1 nen chung co ham ngc
o th ham ngc cua ham so y = f(x) oi xng vi
o th cua ham so o qua ng phan giac th nhat
6 Hm b chn
Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn khong
(a, b)
(1) Nu dM e R sao cho cx e (a, b) ta c
f(x) M th ta ni f(x) b chn trn bi M
(2) Nu dm e R sao cho cx e (a, b) ta c
f(x) m th ta ni f(x) b chn di bi m
(3) Nu f(x) va b chn trn, va b chn
di trong khong (a, b) th ta ni f(x) l
hm s b chn trong khong (a, b)
1.3 CC HM S S CP C BN
1 Hm hng: y = C ( C l hng s)
Hm hng c tp xc nh l R v c tp gi
tr l { C }
2 Hm ly tha: y = x

( e R)
Min xc nh v min gi tr ca hm ly
tha ty thuc vo :
Hm s y = x
n
(n e N) c MX l R;
Nu n l th MGT ca hm s l R
Nu n chn th MGT ca hm s l [0; + )
Nu hm ly tha c dng
1
2
2
1)
k
k
y x x = =
Th MX l tp hp R v MGT cng l R
1
2 1
2 1
2)
k
k
y x x
+
+
= =
Th MX l tp [0; + ) v MGT cng l [0; + )
3 Hm s m y = a
x
(a>0; a1)
Hm s m c MX L R v c MGT l R
+

Nu a > 1 th hm s m ng bin
Nu 0 < a < 1 th hm s m nghch bin
4 Hm lgarit y = log
a
x (a>0; a1)
Hm lgarit l hm ngc ca hm s m:
y = log
a
x x = a
y

Hm logarit c MX L R
+
v c MGT l R
Nu a > 1 th hm logarit ng bin
Nu 0 < a < 1 th hm logarit nghch bin
K hiu: lgx = log
10
x; lnx = log
e
x
5 Cc hm lng gic
(1) Hm y = sin x
Hm y = sinx c MX l R; MGT l [-1,1]
Hm y = sin x l mt hm l v l hm
tun hon c chu k 2
(2) Hm y = cos x
Hm y = cosx c MX l R; MGT l [-1,1]
Hm y = cosx l mt hm chn v l hm
tun hon c chu k 2
(3) Hm y = tanx
Hm y = tanx c MX l R \ {/2+k (keZ)}
v MGT l R; Hm y = tanx l mt hm l v
l hm tun hon c chu k
Hm y = tanx l hm tng trn tng khong
xc nh ca n
(4) Hm y = cotanx
Hm y = cotanx c MX l R\ {k (keZ)} v
MGT l R; Hm y = cotanx l mt hm l v
l hm tun hon c chu k
Hm y = cotanx l hm gim trn tng
khong xc nh ca n
6 Cc hm lng gic ngc
1 Hm y = arcsinx
Hm y = arcsinx l hm ngc ca hm
sinx trn on [- /2; /2]:
y = arcsinx x = sin y ( y e [- /2; /2])
Hm y = arcsinx c MX l [-1;1] c MGT
l [- /2; /2]
Hm y = arcsinx l mt hm l v l hm
tng trn MX
2 Hm y = arccosx
Hm y = arccosx l hm ngc ca
hm cosx trn on [0; ] :
y = arccosx x = cosy ( y e [0; ])
Hm y = arccosx c MX l [-1;1] c
MGT l [0; ]
Hm y = arccosx l mt hm chn v
l hm gim trn MX

3 Hm y = arctanx
Hm y = arctanx l hm ngc ca
hm tanx trong khong (-/2; /2) :
y = arctanx x = tany
(y e (-/2; /2))
Hm y = arctanx c MX l R c
MGT l (-/2; /2)
Hm y = arctanx l mt hm l v l
hm tng trn MX
4 Hm y = arccotanx
Hm y = arccotanx l hm ngc ca
hm cotanx trong khong (0; ) :
y = arccotanx x = cotany (ye(0;
))
Hm y = arccotanx c MX l R c
MGT l (0; )
Hm y = arccotanx l mt hm l v
l hm gim trn MX
1.4 Hm s s cp

Nu thc hin mt s hu hn cc php ton
hm ( tng, hiu, tch, thng v hp cc
hm) trn mt s hu hn cc hm s s
cp c bn th ta nhn c mt hm s mi
v ta gi hm s l hm s s cp

3 GII HN HM S
3.1 Cc khi nim
1 - Gii hn hm s
Ta ni rng hm s f(x) c gii hn l L
khi x tin ti x
0
nu tha mn iu kin
sau:
0
0
0
0, 0 | : ( )
lim ( ) f(x) khi x x
x x
x x x f x L
L f x hay L
c o o c

> - > < <

=
ta co:
Ky hieu la:
2 Cc khi nim khc
Gii hn v cng
( )
0
0
1) lim ( ) 0, 0 / :| |
x x
f x M x x x
M
o o

= + > - > <

>

ta co: f x

( )
0
0
2) lim ( ) 0, 0 / :| |
x x
f x M x x x
M
o o

= > - > <

<

ta co: f x
Gii hn mt pha
0
0
1) lim ( ) 0, 0 | : 0
( )
x x
f x L x x x
f x L
c o o
c
+

= > - > < <

< ta co
0
0
2) lim ( ) 0, 0 | : 0
( )
x x
f x L x x x
f x L
c o o
c

= > - > < <

< ta co
0
0 0
3) lim ( ) lim ( ) lim ( )
x x
x x x x
f x L f x f x L
+

= = = Ta thay :
3.2 Cc nh l v gii hn
hm s
nh l 1
Gii hn ca hm s khi x tin ti x
0
(nu c)
l duy nht
nh l 2
Nu f(x) v g(x) l nhng hm s c gii hn
khi x tin ti x
0
th cc hm s :
f(x) + g(x); f(x) - g(x); kf(x)(k e R); f(x).g(x);
f(x) / g(x) v f(x)
g(x)
cng c gii hn khi x
tin ti x
0

Hn na:
| |
0 0 0
(1) lim ( ) ( ) lim ( ) lim ( )
x x x x x x
f x g x f x g x

=
( )
0 0
(2) lim lim ( )
x x x x
kf x k f x

=
| |
0 0 0
(3) lim ( ) ( ) lim ( ) lim ( )
x x x x x x
f x g x f x g x

=
( )
( )
( )
0
0 0
0
lim ( )
(4) lim : lim ( ) 0
lim ( )
x x
x x x x
x x
f x
f x
DK g x
g x g x

= =
( )
( )
0
0 0
0
lim ( )
(5) lim ( ) lim ( )
: lim ( ) 0
x x
g x
g x
x x x x
x x
f x f x
DK f x

(
=
(

>
nh l 3
1) Nu f(x), g(x), h(x) l nhng hm s tha
mn iu kin: g(x) f(x) h(x) vi mi x
nm trong mt ln cn no ca im x
0
.
Khi : Nu g(x) v h(x) u c gii hn l L
khi x tin ti x
0
th f(x) cng c gii hn l L
khi x tin ti x
0
2) Nu f(x) l hm s tng (gim) v b chn
trn (di) th f(x) c gii hn khi x +
( x - )
Khi nim v dng v nh
Khi cc iu kin ca nh l 2 khng tha
mn ta cng c th tm c gii hn ca
cc hm s, tr cc trng hp sau y:
- ; 0. ; 0/0; / ; 1

; 0
0
;
0
Ta thng gi cc trng hp ny l cc
dng v nh ca gii hn hm s. Khi
gp chng ta phi tm cch kh n i (gi
l kh dng v nh)
3.3 Cc gii hn c bn
0 0
sin tan
(1) lim 1; lim 1
x x
x x
x x

= =
( )
1
0
1
(2) lim 1 ; lim 1
x
x
x x
e x e
x

| |
+ = + =
|
\ .
( )
0 0
ln 1
1
(3) lim 1; lim 1
x
x x
x
e
x x

+

= =
(4) lim ; lim 0
x x
x x
e e
+
= + =
(5) lim arctan ; lim arctan
2 2
x x
x x
t t
+
= =
0
(6) lim ln ; limln
x
x
x x
+
+

= + =
3.5 Phng php kh dng
v nh
1 Phng php tng qut:
Tinh thn c bn ca bi ton tm gii hn
hm s l tm cch kh cc dng v nh ca
bi ton
2 Cch kh mt s dng v nh thng
gp
(1) Kh dng v nh /
Tm cch chia t v mu s cho ly tha bc
cao nht ca i s
(2) Kh dng v nh 0/0
Nu gii hn c dng lim [P(x)/Q(x)] th ta
tm cch chia t v mu s cho tha s
x x
0
Nu gii hn c lin quan ti hm m,
logarit, hm lng gic th tm cch a
v gii hn c bn
Nu gii hn c cha hiu cn thc th ta
kh cn thc bng cch nhn v chia cho
lng cn thc lin hp
(3) Kh cc dng v nh 0; -
Tm cch bin i v mt trong hai dng v
nh trn
(4) Kh dng v nh 1

; 0
0
;
0
B1: Logaritnepe hai v
B2: Tm gii hn v phi
B3: Suy ra kt qu ca bi ton

3 Cc v d luyn tp
V d 1:
Tnh gii hn hm s

3 2
2
2
3 2
(1) lim
6
x
x x x
L
x x

+
=
+
3
1
1 3
(2) lim
1 1
x
L
x x

| |
=
|

\ .
Gii
3 2
2
2
2 2
3 2 0
(1) lim
6 0
( 1)( 2) ( 1) 2
lim lim
( 2)( 3) 3 5
x
x x
x x x
L
x x
x x x x x
x x x

+
| |
=
|
+
\ .

= = =
+ +
( )
3
1
2 2
3 3
1 1
2 2
1 1
1 3
(2) lim
1 1
1 3 2 0
lim lim
1 1 0
( 1)( 2) ( 2)
=lim lim 1
(1 )( 1) 1
x
x x
x x
L
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x x x x

| |
=
|

\ .
| |
+ + +
| |
= =
| |

\ .
\ .
+ +
= =
+ + + +
V d 2
Tm gii hn ca cc hm s sau
3
8
9 2 5
(1) lim
2
x
x
L
x

+
=

( )
2 2
(2) lim 2 2
x
L x x x x
+
= +
( )
3 3 2
(3) lim 3 1
x
L x x x
+
= +
Gii
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
8
2
3 3
8
9 2 5 0
(1) lim
0
2
9 2 25 2. 4
lim
8 9 2 5
x
x
x
L
x
x x x
x x

+
| |
=
|
\ .
(
+ + +
(

=
+ +
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
3 3
8
2 16 2. 4
lim
8 9 2 5
x
x x x
x x

(
+ +
(

=
+ +
( )
2
3 3
8
2. 4
12
2 lim
5
9 2 5
x
x x
x

+ +
= =
+ +
Gii
( )
( )
2 2
(2) lim 2 2
x
L x x x x
+
= +
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
lim lim
2 2 2 2
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x x x
+ +
+
+ +
= =
+ + + +
2 2
4
lim
2 2
x
x
x x x x
+

| |
=
|

\ .
+ +
2 2
2 2
4 4 4
lim lim 2
2
2 2
2 2
1 1
x x
x x x x
x x
x x
+ +
= = = =
+
+ +
+
( )
( )
( )
3 3 2
3 2 3
2
3 3 3 2 3 2 2
(3) lim 3
3
lim
3 3
x
x
L x x x
x x x
x x x x x x
+
+
= +
+
=
+ + + +
( )
2
2
3 3 3 2 3 2 2
3
lim
3 3
x
x
x x x x x x
+

| |
=
|

\ .
+ + + +
2
3 3
3 3
lim 1
1 1 1
3 3
1 1 1
x
x x
+
= = =
+ +
| |
+ + + +
|
\ .
V d 3
2
0
1 cos
lim
x
x
L
x

=
Tnh cc gii hn sau:

0
arcsin
lim
x
x
L
x

=
0
1 1
lim
sin tan
x
L
x x

| |
=
|
\ .
Gii
2
2 2
0 0
2
0
2sin
1 cos
2
(1) lim lim
sin
1 1 1
2
lim2. 2.
4 4 2
2
x x
x
x
x
L
x x
x
x

= =
| |
|
= = =
|
|
\ .
0 0 0
arcsin sin
0 0
arcsin 1 1
lim lim lim 1
sin
sin 1
x t t
t x x t
x t
x t
t
x t
t

= =

= = = =
(2) at
Khi th
Suy ra: L =
( )
0
1 1
(3) lim
sin tan
x
L
x x

| |
=
|
\ .
0 0 0
1
sin
sin 1
sin
tan sin
cos
cos
lim lim lim
sin sin
sin tan
sin sin
cos cos
x x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x

| |

\ .
= = =

2
0 0 0
1
2sin
1
1 cos
2
cos
lim lim lim
sin
sin
2sin cos
cos
2 2
x x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x

| |

\ .
= = =
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
0
sin
2
lim 0
cos
2
x
x
x

| |
|
\ .
= =
| |
|
\ .
V d 4 : Tnh cc gii hn
2
2
1 sin
(1) lim
2
x
x
L
x
t
t

=
| |

|
\ .
4
cos sin
(2) lim
cos 2
x
x x
L
x
t

=
6
sin
6
(3) lim
3
cos
2
x
x
L
x
t
t

| |

|
\ .
=

Gii 2
2
1 sin 0
(1) lim
0
2
x
x
L
x
t
t

| |
=
|
\ .
| |

|
\ .
2
2
1 cos
2
lim : cos sin
2
2
x
x
do x x
x
t
t
t
t

| |

|
| |
| |
\ .
= =
| |
\ .
\ . | |

|
\ .
2 2
2 2
2 2
2sin 2sin
1
4 2 4 2
lim lim
2
4
2 4 2
x x
x x
x
x
t t
t t
t t

| | | |

| |
\ . \ .
= = =
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .
4
1 1 1
lim
cos sin
2 2 2
2 2
x
x x
t

= = =
+
+
4
cos sin 0
(2) lim
cos 2 0
x
x x
L
x
t

| |
=
|
\ .
( )( )
2 2
4 4
cos sin cos sin
lim lim
cos sin cos sin cos sin
x x
x x x x
x x x x x x
t t


= =
+
6
sin
0
6
(3) lim
0
3
cos
2
x
x
L
x
t
t

| |

|
| |
\ .
=
|
\ .

6 6
sin 2 2sin cos
2 12 2 12 2 12
lim lim
cos cos 2sin sin
6 12 2 12 2
x x
x x x
x x
x
t t
t t t
t t t

| | | | | |

| | |
\ . \ . \ .
= =
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
6
cos
1
2 12
lim 2
1
sin
2
12 2
x
x
x
t
t
t

| |

|
\ .
= = =
| |
+
|
\ .
3.5 V cng b v cng ln
1 nh ngha
(1) Hm s (x) c gi l VCB khi x tin ti
x
0
nu
( )
0
lim 0
x x
x o

=
(2) Hm s f(x) c gi l VCL khi x tin ti x
0

nu
( )
0
lim
x x
f x

=
2 So snh cc v cng b
Khi :
(1) Nu k = 0 th ta ni (x) l VCB c bc cao
hn (x). K hiu (x) = 0(x)
(2) Nu k 0 th ta ni (x) l VCB cng bc vi
(x). K hiu (x) = k(x)
(3) Nu k = 1 th ta ni (x) l VCB tng ng
vi (x) v k hiu K hiu (x) ~ (x)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
0
,
lim
x x
x x
x
k
x
o |
o
|

=
0
Cho la cac VCB khi x x
Gias:
3 Cc tnh cht ca VCB tng
ng
Tnh cht 1
Cho (x), (x), (x) l nhng VCB khi x x
0

Khi ta c:
(1) (x) ~ (x)
(2) Nu (x) ~ (x) th (x) ~ (x)
(3) Nu (x) ~ (x) v (x) ~ (x) th (x) ~
(x)

Tnh cht 2
Cho (x), (x),

(x) v

(x) l nhng VCB

khi x x
0
sao cho (x) ~

(x) v (x) ~

(x)
Ta c:
(1) (x)(x) ~

(x)

(x)
(2) (x)/(x) ~

(x)/

(x)
Ghi ch:
Tnh cht 2 cho php ta c th thay th cc
VCB tng ng khi tm gii hn hm s
dng tch hay dng thng
Tnh cht 3
Nu (x) v (x) l tng ca cc VCB khi x
x
0
th gii hn ca thng (x) / (x) bng
gii hn ca thng cc VCB c bc thp
nht ca t s v mu s khi x x
0

Ngi ta thng gi tnh cht 3 l quy tc
ngt b cc VCB cp cao
4 - Cc tng ng c bn khi x
tin ti 0
(1) sin ; tan x x x x
(2) arcsin ; arctan x x x x
(3) 1
x
e x
(4) ln(1 ) x x +
V d: Tnh gii hn ca cc hm s
sau
( )
( )
2
2
0
ln 1 arcsin 3
(1) lim
1 cos 2
x
x x x
L
x

+
=

( )
( )
( )
3
2
0
1 1 1
(2) lim
.arctan .ln 1 3
x
x
e x
L
x x x

+
=
+
0
lncos3
(3) lim
lncos 4
x
x
L
x

=
Gii
( )
( )
2
2
0
ln 1 arcsin 3
(1) lim
1 cos 2
x
x x x
L
x

+
=

( )
( )
2
4
2 4
0 0 2
3
9 9
lim lim
4 4
2sin
x x
x x x
x
x
x


= = =
( ) ( )
: ln 1 ;arcsin3 3 ;sin Do x x x x x x +
Gii
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
2
0
3 2
0
2
0
1 1 1
(2) lim
.arctan .ln 1 3
1 1
lim
. .3
1
lim 1 1 0
3
x
x
x
x
e x
L
x x x
x x
x x x
x

+
=
+
+
=
= + =
(3) Ta c
( )
2
2
2
lncos3 ln 1 cos3 1 cos3 1
3 3
cos3 1 2sin 2
2 2
9
lncos3
2
x x x
x x
x
x
x
= +

`
| | | |
=

| |
\ . \ .
)

( )
2 2
2
ln cos 4 ln 1 cos 4 1 cos 4 1
cos 4 1 2sin 2 2 4
ln cos 4 8
x x x
x x x
x x
= +

`
=

)

2
2
0 0
9
lncos3 9
2
lim lim
lncos 4 8 16
x x
x
x
L
x x

= = =

V d: Tnh cc gii hn sau

( )
( )
( )
( )
2 3 4
2 3
0
arcsin 2 tan
1 lim
tan 3 ln 1
x
x x x
L
x x

+ +
=
+ +
( )
( ) ( )
3 4
3
0
arctan 2tan
2 lim
1 ln 1 3
x
x
x x x
L
e x

+
=
+ +
Gii:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 3 4
2 3
0
2
2
2 2
0 0
arcsin 2 tan
(1) lim
tan 3 ln 1
arcsin 2 2
4
lim lim
tan 3 9
3
x
x x
x x x
L
x x
x x
x
x

+ +
=
+ +
= = =
( ) ( )
( )
3 4
3
0
0 0
arctan 2tan
(2) lim
1 ln 1 3
arctan
lim lim 1
1
x
x
x
x x
x x x
L
e x
x x
x
e

+
=
+ +
= = =

3.6 - Bi ton kh dng 1

; 0
0

Phng php: Logarit Nepe hai v
C th nh sau:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
0
0 0
0
lim 1
ln ln lim limln
lim ln 0.

v x
x x
v x v x
x x x x
x x
A
L u x
L u x u x
v x u x
A L e

=
= =
=
= =
V d
Tinh gii hn ca cc hm s:
( )
2
1
0
lim cos
x
x
L x

=
( )
1
-
4
4
lim tan
x
x
L x
t
t

=
Gii
( )
( )
2
1
0
(1) lim cos 1
x
x
L x

=
( )( )
2
0
1
ln lim ln cos 0.
x
L x
x

= Logarit nepe hai ve:

( ) ( )
2 2 2
0 0 0
ln cos ln 1 cos 1
cos 1
lim lim lim
x x x
x x
x
x x x

+

= = =
2
2
2 2
0 0
1
2
2sin
1
2
4
lim 2lim
2
1 1
ln
2
x x
x
x
x x
L L e
e

| |

|
\ .
= = =
= = =
(2) Ta c
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
-
4
4
4
lim tan 1
1
ln lim ln tan 0.
4
x
x
x
L x
L x
x
t
t
t
t

=
=

( )
( )
( )
( )
4 4 4
ln 1 tan 1
ln tan
tan 1
lim lim lim
4 4 4
ln 1 tan 1 tan 1
x x x
x
x
x
x x x
Do x x
t t t
t t t

+ (


= = =

+ (

Suy ra:
( )
1
-
4
4 4
2
4
sin
1 1
4
lnL lim lim 1 2
2 2
cos cos
.
4 4
2 2
ln 2 lim tan
x
x x
x
x
x x
L L x e
t
t t
t
t
t t

| |

|
\ .
= = =

= = =
4.1 Cc khi nim
1 Hm s lin tc
Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn khong (a,b);
x
0
e (a,b)
(1) Nu f(x) f(x
0
) khi x x
0
th ta ni rng
f(x) l hm s lin tc ti im x
0

(2) Nu f(x) lin tc ti mi im x
0
e (a,b) th
ta ni rng f(x) lin tc trong khong (a,b)
2 S lin tc hai pha
4 HM S LIN TC
(1) Nu f(x) f(x
0
) khi x x
0
+
th ta ni rng f(x)
l hm s lin tc phi ti im x
0

(2) Nu f(x) f(x
0
) khi x x
0
-
th ta ni rng f(x)
l hm s lin tc tri ti im x
0
(3) Nu f(x) va lin tc phi, va lin tc tri ti
im x
0
th lin tc ti im x
0
(4) Nu f(x) lin tc trong khong (a,b) v lin tc
phi ti a, lin tc tri ti b th ta ni f(x) lin
tc trn on [a, b]
Ghi ch:
Nu f(x) khng lin tc ti x
0
th ta ni x
0
l im
gin on ca hm s f(x)

4.2 Cc tnh cht
nh l 1
Nu f(x), g(x) lin tc ti x
0
th cc hm s:
f(x) + g(x); f(x) g(x); f(x)/g(x) (g(x
0
) 0); f(x)
g(x)
cng l nhng hm s lin tc ti im x
0

nh l 2
Cc hm s s cp c bn u l nhng
hm s lin tc trn min xc nh ca n
nh l 3
Cho f(x) l hm s lin tc trn on [a, b]. Khi
:
(1) f(x) l hm s b chn trn on [a,b], ngha
l tn ti mt s thc M sao cho:
x e [a,b] ta c: If(x)I M
(2) f(x) c gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht
trn on [a, b] ngha l dx
1
, x
2
e [a,b] ta c:
f(x
1
) f(x) f(x
2
)
(3) Ce[f(a), f(b)],-x
0
e (a,b) sao cho f(x
0
)=C
(4) Nu f(a)f(b)<0 th -x
0
e (a,b) sao cho f(x
0
)=0
4.3 Cc v d
V d 1
Cho hm s:




Xt tnh lin tc ca f(x) ti im x = 0
( )
2
2
cos
0
3
0
2
x
e x
x
x
f x
x

neu
neu
Gii
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
0 0 0
3
0
2
1 cos 1
cos
lim lim lim
x
x
x x x
f
e x
e x
f x
x x

=

= =
( ) ( )
2
2 2
0 0
1 cos 1
1 3
lim 1 lim 0
1 2 2
x
x x
e x
x x
f x f

| |
= = = =
|
\ .
Suy ra f(x) l hm s lin tc ti im x = 0

V d 2: Cho hm s
Xt tnh lin tc ca f(x) ti im x = 1

( )
( )
2
2
arctan 1
1
4 3
1 1
x
x
f x
x x
x

>
=

+

neu
neu
Gii
Ta c : f(1) = 1










Suy ra f(x) l hm s khng lin tc ti x = 1
( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
2
2
2 2
1 1 1
1 1
arctan 1
1
lim lim lim
4 3 4 3
1 1
1
lim lim 1 1
1 3 3
x x x
x x
x
x
f x
x x x x
x x
x
f
x x x
+ + +
+ +

= =
+ +
+
+
= = = =

Vay f(x) khong lien tuc phai tai x =1
( ) ( )
1
lim 1 1
x
f x f

= = f(x) lien tuc trai tai x =1

V d 3
Cho hm s:





Tm cc gi tr ca a sao cho hm s lin tc
ti im x = 0
( )
( )
2
2
2
ln 1 2 arcsin 2
0
1
2 1 0
x
x x
x
f x
e
a x

+
=

+ =

neu
neu
Gii: Ta c
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
2
2
2
0 0
2
2
0 0
ln 1 2 arcsin 2
lim lim
1
2 2
lim lim 4 0
2
x
x x
x x
x x
f x
e
x x
x
x


+
=

= = =
( )
0
lim
1
2
x
f x

f(x) lien tuc tai x = 0 = f(0)
2a+1 = 0 a= -
1
2
Vay khi a = - th f(x) lien tuc tai x = 0
Chng 2
PHP TNH VI PHN HM MT
BIN
1 O HM CA HM S
1.1 Khi nim o hm
1 nh ngha
Cho hm s y = f(x) xc inh trong khong
(a, b); x
0
e (a, b). Nu tn ti gii hn:



Th ta gi gii hn l o hm ca hm s
y = f(x) ti im x
0
v k hiu l y

= f

(x
0
) hay
y

xo

( ) ( )
0
0
0
0
'( ) lim
x x
f x f x
f x
x x

Nu tn ti f

(x
0
) th ta ni rng f(x) l mt
hm kh vi ti x
0

Nu f(x) kh vi ti mi im x
0
e(a, b) th ta
ni f(x) l hm kh vi trong khong (a, b)
2 nh ngha tng ng
Cho hm s y = f(x) xc inh trong khong
(a, b); x
0
e (a, b). Ta cho x
0
mt s gia i s
l x sao cho x
0
+x e(a, b). Khi s gia
ca hm s l: y = f(x
0
+ x ) f(x
0
) v ta
inh ngha:

( )
( ) ( )
0 0
0
0 0
lim lim
x x
f x x f x
y
f x
x x
A A
+ A
A
'
= =
A A
3 ngha hnh hc ca o hm
Nu f(x) c o hm ti x
0
th tip tuyn vi
th ca hm s y = f(x) ti im M
0
(x
0
; y
0
)
c h s gc l k = f

(x
0
) v phng trnh tip
tuyn ti l:
y y
0
= f

(x
0
)(x - x
0
)
4 nh l
Nu f(x) l hm kh vi ti im x
0
th f(x) l
hm s lin tc ti x
0

2.2 Cc quy tc tnh o hm
1 Cc quy tc c bn
[u(x) + v(x)]

= u(x)

+ v(x)

[u(x)v(x)]

= u(x)

v(x) + u(x)v(x)

[u(x)/v(x)]

= [u(x)

v(x) - u(x)v(x)

] / [v(x)]
2
(v(x) 0 )
Cho hm hp y = f[u(x)] ta c cng thc:
y
x

= f
u

. u
x


2 o hm hm ngc
Gi s hm s y = f(x) c hm ngc l x = g(y) ta
c cng thc tnh: x

y
= 1/y
x

3 o hm hm s y = u(x)
v(x)


( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
ln ln ln
ln ln
1 1
ln
1
ln
v x v x
v x
y u x y u x v x u x
y v x u x
y v x u x v x u x
y u x
y u x v x u x v x u x
u x
= = =
'
'
= (

' ' '
= +
(
' ' '
= +
(

4 - Bng o hm c bn
( )
0 C C
'
= lahang so
( )
( )
1
x x R
o o
o o
'
= e
2
1 1
x x
'
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
1
2
x
x
'
=
( )
1
1
n
n n
x
n x

'
=
( )
x x
e e
'
= ( )
( )
ln 0; 1
x x
a a a a a
'
= > =
( )
1
ln x
x
'
=
( ) ( )
1
log 0; 1
ln
a
x a a
x a
'
= > =
( )
sin cos x x
'
=
( )
cos sin x x
'
=
( )
2
1
tan
cos
x
x
'
=
( )
2
1
tan
sin
co x
x
'
=
2
1
(arcsin ) '
1
x
x
=

2
1
(arccos ) '
1
x
x
=

2
1
(arctan ) '
1
x
x
=
+
2
1
(arccot ) '
1
anx
x
=
+
5 V d minh ha
V d 1
Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau
arctan
arcsin
x
y
x
=
(sin cos )
x
y e x x = +
( )
2
ln 4 y x x = + +
( )
arctan
1 '
arcsin
x
y
x
'
| |
=
|
\ .
2
(arctan ) ' (arcsin ) (arctan ) (arcsin ) '
(arcsin )
x x x x
x

=
2
2
2
1 1
arcsin arctan
1
1
(arcsin )
x x
x
x
x

+

=
( )
2 ' (sin cos )
x
y e x x
'
(
= +

( ) '(sin cos ) (sin cos ) '
x x
e x x e x x = + + +
(sin cos ) (cos sin )
x x
e x x e x x = + +
(sin cos cos sin )
x
e x x x x = + +
2 cos
x
e x =
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1
(3) ' ln 4 4
4
y x x x x
x x
'
'
(
= + + = + +
(

+ +
2
2 2
1 1
1 ( 4)
4 2 4
x
x x x
| |
'
= + +
|
+ + +
\ .
2 2
1 2
1
4 2 4
x
x x x
| |
= +
|
+ + +
\ .
2
2 2 2
1 4 1
4 4 4
x x
x x x x
+ +
= =
+ + + +
V d 2
Tnh o hm ca cc hm s
x
y x =
( )
2
2
1
x
y x = +
1
(cos )
x
y x =
(1)
x
y x =
ln ln y x x =
( ) ( )
ln ln y x x
' '
=
1 1
1 ln y x x
y x
'
= + 1 ln x = +
( )
1 ln
x
y x x
'
= +
( )
( )
2
2
2 1
x
y x = +
( )
2
ln 2 ln 1 y x x = +
( )
( )
2
ln 2 ln 1 y x x
'
'
(
= +

2
2
1 2
2ln( 1) 2
1
x
y x x
y x
'
= + +
+
2
2
2
4
2ln( 1)
1
x
x
x
= + +
+
2
2 2 2
2
4
' ( 1) 2ln( 1)
1
x
x
y x x
x
(
= + + +
(
+

( )
1
3 (cos )
x
y x =
1
ln lncos y x
x
=
( )
1
ln lncos y x
x
'
| |
'
=
|
\ .
( )
2
sin
1 1 1
ln cos
cos
x
y x
y x x x

'
= +
1
2
1 1
' (cos ) ln cos tan
x
y x x x
x x
(
=
(

2.3 o hm cp cao
1 nh ngha
Cho f(x) l mt hm kh vi. Tnh o hm ln
th nht ta c hm s y

= f

(x) v gi y
l o hm cp 1 ca hm s y = f(x)
Tnh o hm ca hm s ny ta c hm
s y = [f(x)]

v gi hm s ny l o hm
cp 2 ca hm s y = f(x)

Mt cch tng qut o hm cp n ca hm
s y = f(x) c nh ngha nh sau:
y
(n)
= [f
(n-1)
(x)]

2 V d
Tnh o hm cp 3 ca hm s: y = tanx
Gii: Ta c:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2 3
3
2 2
2 2 2
1
tan 1 tan
cos
1
1 tan 2tan
cos
2tan 1 tan 2 tan tan
2 tan tan
1 1 2
2 3tan 1 3tan
cos cos cos
y x x
x
y x x
x
x x x x
y x x
x x
x x x
'
'
= = = +
'
''
= + =
= + = +
'
'''
= +
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
2 VI PHN
2.1 Khi nim vi phn
1 nh ngha
Cho f(x) l hm kh vi trong khong (a,b). Ta c:





Nu ta ngt b VCB (x)(x) th ta c cng thc
xp x: y = f

(x)(x) v gi cng thc ny l vi phn

ca hm s y = f(x). K hiu: dy = f

(x)(x)
( )
( )
0
'( ) lim '( ) ( )
( ) 0
'( ) ( ) ( ) 0
x
y y
f x f x x
x x
x VCB khi x
y f x x x x x x VCB khi x
o
o
o o
A
A A
= = +
A A
A
A = A + A A A
Ghi ch
Xt hm s y = x ta c:
dy = dx =(x)

x =1x dx = x
Nh vy cng thc vi phn c th vit di
dng: dy = f

(x)dx
Khi c k hiu: f

(x) = dy / dx (K hiu
Lepnit ca o hm)
2 V d
(1) Cho hm s: y = sin
2
x. Ta c:
dy = (sin
2
x)

dx = 2sinxcosxdx = sin2xdx
(2) Cho hm s y = e
2tanx
. Ta c:
dy = (e
2tanx
)

dx = 2(1+tan
2
x) e
2tanx
dx
3 Vi phn cp cao
a) nh ngha
Cho f(x) l mt hm kh vi. Tnh vi phn ln th
nht ta c: dy = f

(x)dx v gi y l vi phn
cp 1 ca hm s y = f(x).
Tnh vi phn ln th 2 ta c:
d
2
y = (f

(x)dx)

dx = f

(x)dx
2

Ta gi y l vi phn cp 2 ca hm s y = f(x)

Mt cch tng qut, vi phn cp n ca hm s
y = f(x) c nh ngha nh sau:
d
n
y = f
(n)
(x)dx
n

b) V d
Cho hm s y = cos
2
x ta c:
d
2
y = (cos
2
x)

dx
2
Nhng:
(cos
2
x)

= 2cosx(- sinx) = - sin2x

(cos
2
x) = (- sin2x)

= - 2cos2x
Suy ra:
d
2
y = - 2cos2x dx
2

3 NG DNG
3.1 Cc nh l v hm kh vi
1 nh l Rolle
Nu f(x) l hm s lin tc trn on [a, b], kh vi
trong khong (a, b): f(a) = f(b) th tn ti mt im
c e (a, b) sao cho f

(c) = 0
2 nh l Lagrange
Nu f(x) l hm s lin tc trn on [a, b], kh vi
trong khong (a, b) th tn ti mt im c e(a, b) sao
cho
( ) ( )
( )
f b f a
f c
b a

'
=

3- nh l Csi
Nu f(x) v g(x) l nhng hm s lin tc
trn on [a, b], kh vi trong khong
(a, b) sao cho g

(x) 0 (cx e(a, b)) th tn

ti mt im c e(a, b) sao cho
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
f b f a f c
g b g a g c
'

=
'

4 Cng thc s gia hu hn

p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm s f(x)
trn on [x
0
; x
0
+ x] ta thy:
-c e (x
0
; x
0
+ x): [f(x
0
+ x) f(x
0
)]/ x =
f

(c)
Suy ra: f(x
0
) = f(x
0
+ x) f(x
0
)= f

(c) x
Ta gi y l cng thc s gia hu hn ca
hm s f(x)
Cng thc ny cn c th vit nh sau:
f(x
0
) = f(x
0
+ x) f(x
0
)= f

(x
0
+ x) x
trong 0< <1
3.2 Kh dng v nh
1 Quy tc Lpitan

( )
( )
0
lim
x x
f x
g x

0
Neu co dang vo nh hoac
0
( )
( )
0
lim
x x
f x
g x

'
'
sao cho ton tai = L th :
( )
( )
( )
( )
0 0
lim lim
x x x x
f x f x
g x g x

'
'
= = L
2 V d
V d 1
Dng quy tc Lopitan tm cc gii hn sau
3
0
lim
sin
x
x
L
x x

ln
lim 1
x
x
L
x
o
o
+
= >
0
ln
lim
lnsin
x
x
L
x
+

=
2
ln
2
lim
tan
x
x
L
x
t
t
+
| |

|
\ .
| |

|
\ .
=
Gii
3
0
0
(1) lim
sin 0
x
x
L
x x

| |
=
|

\ .
3 2
( )
0 0
( ) ' 3
lim lim
( sin ) ' 1 cos
L
x x
x x
x x x

= =

( ) ( )
0 0
6 6
lim lim 6
sin cos
L L
x x
x
x x

= = =
ln
(2) lim 1
x
x
L
x
o
o
+
= >
( )
1
1
(ln ) ' 1 1
lim lim lim 0
( ) '
L
x x x
x
x
x x x
o o o
o o

+ + +
= = = =
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0 0 0
0 0 0
1
ln
ln
(3) lim lim lim
1
lnsin
lnsin
cos
sin
sin
sin cos
lim lim lim 1
cos cos sin
cos
x x x
x x x
x
x
x
L
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x x x x
x x
+ + +
+ + +


'
= = =
'

'
= = = =
+ '
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
ln
0
2
(4) lim
tan 0
1
ln
2 cos
2
lim lim lim
1
tan
cos 2
cos
2cos sin
lim lim lim
1
2
x
x x x
x x x
x
L
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
t
t t t
t t t
t
t
t
t
t
+
+ + +
+ +
| |

|
\ .
| | | | | |

| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | | |

| |
\ . \ .
| |

|
| |
\ .
=
|
\ .
'
(
| |

|
(
\ .

= = =
'

'

= = =
'
| |

|
\ .
( )
sin 2 0 x
+
|
|
\ .
=
V d 2
Tnh cc gii hn sau bng phng php
thch hp nht:
( )
1
limsin 1 tan
2
x
x
L x
t

=
( )
3
lim ln
x
L x x
+
=
1
1
1
lim
x
x
L x

=
2
lim arctan
x
x
L x
t
+
| |
=
|
\ .
( ) ( )
1
(1) limsin 1 0.
2
x
x
L x tg
t

=
( )
1
sin 1
lim
cot
2
x
x
x
g
t

=
( )
1
sin 1
lim
cot
2
x
x
x
g
t

'
(

=
'
| |
|
\ .
( )
1
2
cos 1
lim
1
2
sin
2
x
x
x
t
t

=

1 2
2
t
t
= =
( )
3
(2) lim ln
x
L x x
+
=
3
ln
lim 1
x
x
x
x
+
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
3
ln
lim lim 1
x x
x
x
x
+ +
(
| |
=
(
|
\ .

1
lim
x
L x
+
= =
3
2
ln
lim 1
x
x
L
x
+
| |
=
|
\ .
3
ln
1 lim
x
x
x
+
=
( )
( )
3
ln
1 lim
x
x
x
+
'
=
'
( )
2
1
3ln
1 lim
1
x
x
x
+

=
2
ln
1 3 lim
x
x
x
+
=
( )
( )
2
ln
1 3 lim
x
x
x
+
'
=
'
( )
1
2ln
1 3 lim
1
x
x
x
+

=
ln
1 6 lim
x
x
x
+
=
( )
( )
ln
1 6 lim
x
x
x
+
'
=
'
1
1 6 lim
1
x
x
+
=
1
1 6 lim
x
x
+
=
1 6 0 1 = =
( )
( )
1
1
1
3 lim 1
x
x
L x

=
1
1
1
ln ln lim
x
x
L x

| |
=
|
\ .
1
1
1
lim ln
x
x
x

| |
=
|
\ .
1
1
lim ln
1
x
x
x

| |
=
|

\ .
1
ln
lim
1
x
x
x

( )
( )
1
ln
lim
1
x
x
x

'
=
'

1
1
lim 1
1
x
x

= =

1
1
L e
e

= =
( )
2
4 lim arctan (1 )
x
x
L x
t

+
| |
=
|
\ .
2
ln lim ln arctan
x
L x x
t
+
| |
=
|
\ .
2
ln arctan
lim
1
x
x
x
t
+
| |
|
\ .
=
( )
2
ln arctan
lim
1
L
x
x
x
t
+
'
| |
|
\ .
=
'
| |
|
\ .
( )
2 2
1
t t
= =
2

L e
t

=
2
2
1
lim lim
arctan 1
x x
x
x x
+ +
| |
=
|
+
\ .
2
2
1 2 1
2
1
arctan
lim
1
x
x
x
x
t
t
+

+
=

3.3 Cng thc Taylor

1 nh l Taylor
Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn on [a, b], kh vi n
cp n+1 trong khong (a, b) ; x
0
l mt m nm
trong khong (a, b) th tn ti mt im c nm gia
x
0
v x sao cho:

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
( ) ( 1)
1
' "
1! 2 !
...
! ( 1) !
o o
o o o
n n
n n
o
o o
f x f x
f x f x x x x x
f x f c
x x x x
n n
+
+
= + + +
+ +
+
Ta thng gi cng thc ny l cng thc khai
trin Taylor ca hm s f(x) ti x = x
0

Khi x
0
= 0 ta c cng thc khai trin MacLoranh:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
( ) ( 1)
1
( 1)
( 1)
1
'(0) "(0)
( ) (0)
1! 2!
(0) ( )
... 0 1
! ( 1) !
( )
0
( 1) !
( )
0
( 1) !
n n
n n
n
n
n n n
f f
f x f x x
f f
x x
n n
f
x x VCB khi x
n
f
x x x x
n
u
u
u
o
u
o
+
+
+
+
+
= + + +
+ + < <
+
=
+
= =
+
Ta thay lamot
( )
2
( )
'(0) "(0)
( ) (0)
1! 2!
(0)
... 0
!
n
n n
f f
f x f x x
f
x x
n
= + + +
+ +
Ta thng goi ay lacong thc khai trien
gii han Maclaranh cua ham f(x)
2 Mt s khai trin Macloranh thng
gp
( )
2
1 ... 0
1! 2! !
n
x n
x x x
e x
n
= + + + + +
( )
2 3
1
ln(1 ) ... ( 1) 0
2 3
n
n n
x x x
x x x
n

+ = + + +
( )
2 3
1
1 ... ( 1) 0
1
n n n
x x x x x
x
= + + + +
+
( )
3 5 7 2 1
2 1
sin ... ( 1) 0
3! 5! 7! (2 1)!
k
k k
x x x x
x x x
k
+
+
= + + + +
+
( )
2 4 6 2
2
cos 1 ... ( 1) 0
2! 4! 6! (2 )!
k
k k
x x x x
x x
k
= + + + +
3.4 - ng dng tm cc tr hm s
1 Quy tc tm cc tr hm s y = f(x)
(1) Tnh y

(2) Cho y

= 0 tm cc im dng
(3) Tnh o hm cp hai y

(4) Ti im dng x
0
ta tnh A = y

(x
0
) v kt
lun nh sau:
Nu A < 0 th f(x) t cc i ti x
0

Nu A > 0 th f(x) t cc tiu ti x
0

2 V d
Tm cc tr ca hm s y = x
4
2x
2
+ 3
Gii
y

= 4x
3
4x = 4x(x
2
-1); y

= 12x
2
- 4
y

= 0 4x(x
2
-1) = 0 x = 0 v x = 1
y

(0)= -4 < 0 suy ra hm s f(x) t cc i

ti x = 0 v y
C
= y(0) = 3
y

(1)= 8 > 0 suy ra hm s f(x) t cc tiu

ti x = 1 v y
CT
= y(1) = 2
Chng 3
PHP TNH VI PHN HM
NHIU BIN
1 HM NHIU BIN
1.1 Hm nhiu bin
1 nh ngha
Neu ng vi moi cap gia tr cua hai bien so x va y ta co
mot quy tac cho tng ng vi mot gia tr duy nhat z th ta
noi z la ham so vi hai bien so thc la x va y va ky
hieu la z = f (x, y)
Tap hp D = {M(x,y)/ f(x,y) co ngha} c goi la mien xac
nh cua ham so z
2 Gii hn
Ham so z = f (x, y) c goi la co gii han la L khi M(x,y)
tien dan ti iem M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) neu thoa man ieu kien sau:
( ) ( )
0
0, 0 | , : , :
( , )
M x y d M M
f x y L
c o o
c
> - > <
<
ta co
( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
0
( , ) ( , )
lim , lim ,
M x y M x y x x
y y
L f x y hay L f x y

= = Ky hieu :
3 S lin tc
Cho ham so z = f(x,y) xac nh tren mot mien D, Ta noi
rang ham so z = f(x,y) lien tuc tai iem M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) neu:


Ta noi rang ham so lien tuc tren mien D neu no lien
tuc tai moi iem M(x
0
, y
0
) thuoc mien D
( ) ( )
0 0 0
0 0
( , ) ( , )
lim , ,
M x y M x y
f x y f x y

=
1.2 - o hm v vi phn
1.2.1 o hm ring v vi phn ton
phn
1 o hm ring
Cho hm hai bin z = f(x,y). Nu ta gi y c
nh ngha l coi y l mt hng s v xem z
nh l hm mt bin x. Ta gi o hm ca z
theo bin x l o hm ring ca hm s
z = f(x, y) theo bin x v k hiu l z

x
hay
z/x
Tng t ta cng c khi nim o hm
ring ca hm s z = f(x, y) theo y v k hiu
l z

y
hay z/y
V d: Cho hm s z = x
3
+ y
3
3xy +5
Ta c: z

x
= (x
3
+ y
3
3xy + 5)

x
= 3x
2
3y
z

y
= (x
3
+ y
3
3xy + 5)

y
= 3y
2
3x
2 Vi phn ton phn
Vi phn ton phn ca hm s z = f(x, y) l
mt biu thc k hiu dz c xc nh theo
cng thc sau:
dz = z

x
dx + z

y
dy
V d: Cho hm s z = e
2x+3y
ta c
dz = z

x
dx + z

y
dy = 2e
2x+3y
dx + 3e
2x+3y
dy
3 o hm ca hm hp
A) nh ngha
Cho hm s z = f(x, y) trong x v y l
nhng hm s c bin t: x = x(t) v y = y(t).
Khi z l hm s c mt bin l t. Ta ni z
l mt hm hp bin t thng qua cc bin
trung gian l x v y.
Ta cng vit: z = f(x(t), y(t))
B) nh l
Cho hm hp z = f(x(t), y(t)) ta c cng thc:
z

t
= z

x
x

t
+ z

y
y

t

Chng minh:
Ta c:
dz = z

x
dx + z

y
dy = z

x
dx(t) + z

y
dy(t)
Do dx(t) = x

t
dt v dy(t) = y

t
dt nn
dz = z

x
x

t
dt+ z

y
y

t
dt dz/dt = z

x
x

t
+ z

y
y

t

Hay z

t
= z

x
x

t
+ z

y
y

t

4 o hm ca hm n
1 nh ngha
Hm s y theo bin s x trong x v y lin
h vi nhau bng cng thc F(x, y) = 0 c
gi l hm n ca y theo x thng qua h thc
F(x, y) = 0
2 Cng thc o hm hm n
Ta thy F(x, y) = 0 d[F(x, y)] = 0
F

x
dx + F

y
dy = 0 F

y
dy = - F

x
dx
dy/dx

= - F

x
/ F

y
y

x
= - F

x
/ F

y

3 V d
Cho hm n y = y(x) lin h vi nhau qua h thc:
arcsin(xy) + ln(x
2
+ y
2
) = 0 ta c:
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2
1
1 2
1
2 1

2 1
x
y
x
y
x y
x y F dy
y
dx F
x
x y
x y
y x y x x y
x x y y x y
+
+
'
= =
'
+
+

+ +
=
+ +
1.2.2 o hm ring v vi phn cp cao
1 - o hm ring cp cao
a) nh ngha
Cho ham so z = f(x,y). Tnh ao ham rieng lan th
nhat ta c cac ham so z
x

va z

y
Ta goi cac ham
so nay la nhng ao ham rieng cap mot cua ham
so z = f(x,y).

Neu tnh cac ao ham rieng cua cac ham so z

x
va
z

y
th ta nhan c nhng ao ham rieng mi va ta goi
nhng ham so nay la cac ao ham rieng cap 2 cua
ham so z = f(x,y). Ky hieu va cach tnh cua chung nh
sau:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
;
;
xx x xy x
x y
yx y yy y
x y
z z z z
z z z z
' '
'' ' '' '
= =
' '
'' ' '' '
= =
b) V d
Cho hm s z = x
3
+ y
3
3xy + 2 ta c
( )
'
3 3 2
3 2 3 3
x
x
z x y xy x y
'
= + + =
( )
'
3 3 2
3 2 3 3
y
y
z x y xy y x
'
= + + =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
3 3 6 ; 3 3 3
3 3 3; 3 3 6
xx xy
x y
yx yy
x y
z x y x z x y
z y x z y x y
' '
'' ''
= = = =
' '
'' ''
= = = =
Ghi ch
Nu z = f(x, y) l mt hm s lin tc th
z

xy
= z

yx
2 Vi phn cp cao
A) nh ngha
Vi phn cp 2 ca hm s z = f(x, y) l mt
biu thc k hiu d
2
z c xc nh theo
cng thc sau:
d
2
z = z

xx
dx
2
+ 2z

xy
dxdy + z

yy
dy
2

V d
Cho hm s z = ln(x
2
+y
2
) ta c:
2 2 2 2
2 2
;
x y
x y
z z
x y x y
' '
= =
+ +
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
xx
x
x y x x
x y x
z
x y
x y x y
'
+
| |
''
= = =
|
+
\ .
+ +
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
0 2 2
2 4
xy
y
x y x y
x xy
z
x y
x y x y
'
+
| |
''
= = =
|
+
\ . + +
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
yy
y
x y y y
y x y
z
x y
x y x y
'
+
| |
''
= = =
|
+
\ . + +
2 2 2
xx xy yy
d z z dx z dxdy z dy
'' '' ''
= + + Khi o:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 4 2 2
2
y x xy x y
dx dxdy dy
x y x y x y
(

(
= + +
(
+ + +

2 CC TR HM HAI BIN
2.1 Cc tr t do
1 nh ngha
Cho ham so z = f(x, y) xac nh tren mien D; M
0
(x
0
; y
0
)
e D.
(1) Ta noi rang ham so at cc ai tai iem M
0
(x
0
; y
0
)
neu M(x; y) e D kha gan iem M
0
(x
0
; y
0
) e D ta co
f(x,y) < f (x
0
; y
0
)
(2) Ta noi rang ham so at cc tieu tai iem M
0
(x
0
;
y
0
) neu M(x; y) e D kha gan iem M
0
(x
0
; y
0
) e D ta
co f(x,y) > f (x
0
; y
0
)
(3) iem cc ai va cc tieu cua mot ham so c goi
la iem cc tr cua ham so o

2 Phng phap tm cc tr
a) Cac bc tien hanh
Bc 1:
Tnh tat ca cac ao ham rieng cap 1 va 2 cua ham
so z
Bc 2:
Giai he phng trnh: z

x
= 0 va z

y
= 0 .
Nhng iem co toa o la nghiem cua he phng trnh
nay c goi la cac iem dng cua ham so a cho
Bc 3:
Tai moi iem dng M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) ta tnh cac gia tr sau:
A = z

xx
(x
0
, y
0
); B = z

xy
(x
0
, y
0
)
C = z

yy
(x
0
, y
0
) va = B
2
- AC
Bc 4: Ket luan
Neu > 0 th ham so khong at cc tr tai
M
0
(x
0
, y
0
)
Neu < 0 va A < 0 th ham so at cc ai tai
M
0
(x
0
, y
0
)
Neu < 0 va A > 0 th ham so at cc tieu tai
M
0
(x
0
, y
0
)
V du
Tm cc tr cua ham so: z = x
3
+ y
3
3xy + 2
Giai:
( )
'
3 3 2
3 2 3 3
x
x
z x y xy x y
'
= + + =
( )
'
3 3 2
3 2 3 3
y
y
z x y xy y x
'
= + + =
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
3 3 6
3 3 3
3 3 6
xx
x
xy
y
yy
y
z x y x
z x y
z y x y
'
''
= =
'
''
= =
'
''
= =
Giai he:
2
2
0
3 3 0 0; 0
0
1; 1
3 3 0
x
y
z
x y x y
z
x y
y x
'
=
= = =

'
=
= =
=


( ) ( )
0;0 1;1
1 2
Ham soco 2 iem dng la M vaM
( )
( )
2
0; 0 0; 3; 0 9 0
0; 0
A B C B AC = = = A = = >
1
1
Tai M :
Suy ra ham sokhong co cc trtai M
( )
( )
2
1;1 6; 3; 6 27 0
1;1
(1;1) 1
CT
A B C B AC
z z
= = = A = = <
= =
2
2
Tai M :
Do A = 6 > 0 nen ham soat cc tieu tai M
Tm cc tr ca hm s
3 3
6 1 z x y xy = + +
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 3 2
3 3 2
2
2
2
6 1 3 6
6 1 3 6
3 6 6
3 6 6
3 6 6
x
x
y
y
xx
x
xy
y
yy
x
z x y xy x y
z x y xy y x
z x y x
z x y
z y x y
'
'
= + + = +
'
'
= + + = +
'
''
= + =
'
''
= + =
'
''
= + =
Gii h:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 4
4
3
3
3 3
2
2 0 1 0
3 6 0
0
3 6 0 2 0 2
1
2
2 2 0 2 0 8 0
2 4
0
8 0
8 0 8 2
0 0
2
4
2 2
2 2
x
y
x y z
x y
z
y x y x
x
y
x x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x y
x y
' + = = + =



'
=
+ = + =



=
| |
+ = + = + =
|
\ .
=

+ =

+ = = =

= =

= = = =

( ) ( )
0;0 2; 2
1 2
Ham soco 2 iem dng la M vaM
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
0; 0
0, 0 0; 0, 0 6; 0, 0 0
36 0
0; 0
xx xy yy
A z B z C z
B AC
'' '' ''
= = = = = =
A = = >
1
1
Tai M :
Suy ra ham sokhong co cc trtai M
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2; 2
2; 2 12; 2; 2 6; 2; 2 12
36 144 108 0
2; 2
( 2; 2)
xx xy yy
CD
A z B z C z
B AC
z z

'' '' ''
= = = = = =
A = = = <

=
2
2
Tai M :
Do A = -12 < 0 nen ham soat cc ai tai M
2.2 Cc tr co ieu kien
1 nh ngha
Cc tr cua ham so z = f(x, y) c tnh trong ieu kien
(x,y) = 0 c goi la cc tr co ieu kien va viet nh sau : z
= f(x, y) vi ieu kien (x,y) = 0
2 Phng phap nhan t Lagrange
e tm cc tr co ieu kien z = f(x, y) vi (x,y) = 0 ta thc
hien theo cac bc nh sau:
Bc 1: Lap ham Lagrange L(x,y) = f(x,y) + (x,y) ( e R)
2 2 2
, , , , 2
x y xx xy yy xx xy yy
L L L L L d L L dx L dxdy L dy
' ' '' '' '' '' '' ''
= + + Tnh
( )
0
0
, 0
x
y
z
z
x y

'
=

'
=

Bc 2:
Giai he phng trnh: ; Nghiem cua he
phng trnh lacac iem dng cua ham soa cho
( )
0
, y
2
0 0 0 0
Bc 3:
Tai moi iem dng M x ta tnh A = d L(x ,y )
Bc 4
V du
Tm cc tr co ieu kien
(1)
0 0 0
0 0 0
Can c vao dau cua A ta a ra ket luan nh sau:
Neu A < 0 th ham soat cc ai tai M (x ,y )
(2) Neu A > 0 th ham soat cc tieu tai M (x ,y )
(3) Neu dau cua A khong
0 0 0
xac nh th
ham sokhong at cc trtai M (x ,y )
1 0
z xy
x y
=

+ =

Giai
( ) ( )
, 1 L x y xy x y = + + (1) Lap ham Lagrange
2 2 2
(2) , ; 0, 1, 0
2 2
x y xx xy yy
xx xy yy
L y L x L L L
d L L dx L dxdy L dy dxdy

' ' '' '' ''
= + = + = = =
'' '' ''
= + + =
Tnh
( )
(3)
1
0 0
0
2
0 0
1 1
1 0
, 0
2
x
y
z y
x
x y
z x
x y
y
x y
x y

'
= + =

'
= + =

+ =

=
+ =
=

Giai he phng trnh:
1 1
,
2 2
M
| |
|
\ .
Nh vay ham soco mot iem dng la
Suy ra
2
1 1
, 2
2 2
A d L dxdy
| |
= =
|
\ .
2
1 0 1
2 0
x y y x
dy dx A dx
+ = = +
= = <
Xet dau cua A :
1 1
,
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
,
2 2 2 2 4
CD
z z
| |
|
\ .
| |
= = =
|
\ .
Vay ham soat cc ai tai M va

3 - Phng phap the
a) Noi dung phng phap
Neu t ieu kien (x,y) = 0 ta rut c x theo y hay y theo x
va thay vao bieu thc ham so th ta se nhan c mot
ham so z theo mot bien x hoac z theo mot bien y.
Khao sat ham mot bien tm c ta nhan c cc tr cua
ham so a cho.
Phng phap nay c goi la phng phap the e tm cc
tr co ieu kien
b) V du
Tm cc tr co ieu kien:


1 0
z xy
x y
=

+ =

( )
2
1 0 1
1
x y y x
z x x x x
+ = = +
= + = +
Giai :
T phng trnh:
2
- :
1 1
2 1; 0 2 1 0 ;
2 2
z x x
z x z x x y
= +
' '
= + = + = = =
Ta tm cc trcua ham so
Suy ra ham so z = xy co mot iem dng la
M(1/2;1/2)
1
2 2 0
2
z z
| |
'' ''
= = <
|
\ .
Ta co:
2
1
2
z x x = + Vay ham mot bien at cc ai tai x =
1 1
;
2 2
| |
|
\ .
Suy ra ham hai bien z = xy at cc ai tai M
Chng 3
PHP TNH TCH
PHN HM MT BIN
Phn A
TCH PHN BT NH
1 NGUYN HM V TCH PHN
BT NH
1.1 Nguyn hm
Hm s F(x) c gi l nguyn hm ca
hm s f(x) trong khong (a, b) nu :
[F(x)]

= f(x) (x e (a,b))
1.2 Tnh cht c bn ca nguyn hm
Tnh cht 1:
Nu F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca hm f(x)
trn (a, b) th n c v s nguyn hm v cc
nguyn hm y u c dng F(x) + C ( C l
hng s ty )
Tnh cht 2
Nu f(x) lin tc trong (a, b) th f(x) c nguyn
hm trong khong
1.3 Tch phn bt nh
1 nh ngha
Gi s hm s f(x) c mt nguyn hm l F(x)
th ta gi tp hp F(x) + C vi C l mt hng
s ty l tch phn bt nh ca hm s f(x)
v k hiu l:
( ) ( ) f x dx F x C = +
}
2 Tnh cht c bn
(1) } d[F(x)] = } F

(x)dx = F(x) + C
(2) } kf(x)dx = k} f(x)dx
(3) } [f(x) + g(x)]dx = }f(x)dx + }g(x)dx
3 Bng nguyn hm c bn
dx x C = +
}
1
( 1)
1
x
x dx C
o
o
o
o
+
= + =
+
}
ln | |
dx
x C
x
= +
}
( 0; 1)
ln
x
x
a
a dx C a a
a
= + > =
}
x x
e dx e C = +
}
cos sin xdx x C = +
}
sin cos xdx x C = +
}
2
tan
cos
dx
x C
x
= +
}
2
cot
sin
dx
anx C
x
= +
}
2
arctan
1
dx
x C
x
= +
+
}
( )
2 2
1
arctan 0
dx x
C a
a x a a
= + =
+
}
2
arcsin
1
dx
x C
x
= +

}
( )
2 2
arcsin 0
dx x
C a
a
a x
= + >

}


2 CC PHNG PHP TNH TCH
PHN
2.1 Phng php phn tch
1 Ni dung phng php
tnh tch phn }f(x)dx ngi ta thng c
xu hng phn tch hm s f(x) thnh tng
ca cc hm n gin gn vi cng thc
nguyn hm c bn ri p dng tnh cht v
cng thc nguyn hm c bn tnh
V d
(1) Tnh tch phn
2
2
1
x
I dx
x
=
+
}
( )
2
1
1
1
I f x dx dx
x
| |
= =
|
+
\ .
} }
2
1
arctan
1
dx dx x x C
x
= = +
+
} }
2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
( ) 1
1 1 1
x x
f x
x x x
+
= =
+ + +
Ta co: =
(2) Tnh tch phn
4
2
4
x
I dx
x
=
+
}
4 4
2
2 2 2
16 16 16
( ) 4
4 4 4
x x
f x x
x x x
+
= = = +
+ + +
Ta co:
( )
2
2
3 3
4 16
4
1
4 16 arctan 4 8arctan
3 2 2 3 2
dx
I f x dx x dx dx
x
x x x x
x C x C
= = +
+
= + + = + +
} } } }
2.2 Phng php i bin
1 Ni dung phng php
tnh tch phn }f(x)dx ta c th thc hin
php i bin th hin qua cc bc sau:
Bc 1
t x = (t) hay t t = (x). Sau tnh dx
theo t v dt
Bc 2
Thay kt qu tm c vo bi ton tch phn
ri rt gn ta thu c cng thc i bin:
}f(x)dx = }g(t)dt
Bc 3
Tnh tch phn theo t, sau th ngc t theo x vo
kt qu ta thu c kt qu ca tch phn u
V d
Tnh tch phn
5
2
1
x
x
e dx
I
e
=
+
}
4 4 4
2 2 2
1 1

1 1 1
x x
x x
x
e dt e dx
e e dx t dt t
I dt
e t t
= =
+
= = =
+ + +
} } }
at : t
3
2
2
3
1
1 arctan
1 3
arctan
3
x
x x
t
t dt t t C
t
e
I e e C
| |
= + = + +
|
+
\ .
= + +
}
Chng minh rng
2
2
ln
dx
I x x h C
x h
= = + + +
+
}
( )
2 2
x x h dt x x h dx
'
+ + = + + at : t =
2
2 2
2
1
2
x x h x
dx dx
x h x h
| |
+ +
= + =
|
+ +
\ .
2
2
ln ln
dx dt dt
I t C x x h C
t t
x h
= = = + = + + +
+
}
Tnh tch phn
2
1 1
x dx dt
t t
= = at :
2
2 2 2
2 2
1
1 1
1 1
1
dt
dx tdt
t
I
x x t
t t

= = =
+ +
+
} } }
( ) ( )
( )
1
1
2
2 1
2 2
2
1
1 1
1 1
1
2 2
1
2
t
t d t C
+

+
= + + = +
+
}
( )
2 2
0
1
dx
I x
x x
= >
+
}
2
2
1
1
x
t C C
x
+
= + + = +
2.3 Phng php tch phn tng
phn
1 Cng thc
I = }f(x)dx = }udv = uv - }vdu
2 Cch chn u v dv trong cc trng
hp c bit
(1) Nu gp tch phn dng:
I = } P(x)e
x
dx; I = } P(x)cosxdx
Ta t: u = P(x) v dv = phn cn li
(2) I = } P(x)lnxdx; I = } P(x)arcsinxdx
Ta t: dv = P(x)dx v u = phn cn li
(3) Khi gp tch phn dng:
I = } e
x
sinx dx; I = } e
x
cosxdx
Ta dng php th vng
V d
(1) Tnh tch phn
2 cos3 I x xdx =
}
2 2
1
cos3 cos3 sin3
3
u x du dx
dv xdx v xdx x
= =
= = =
}
at :
1 2
2 sin3 sin3
3 3
2 sin3 2 1
cos3
3 3 3
I uv vdu x x xdx
x x
x C
= =
| |
= +
|
\ .
} }
(2) Tnh tch phn
arctan I x xdx =
}
2
2
1
arctan
1
2
du x du dx
x
x
dv xdx v xdx
= =
+
= = =
}
at :
2
2
2
1 1
arctan
2 2 1
x
I uv vdu x x dx
x
= =
+
} }
2 2
1
2 2 2
1 1
arctan
1 1 1
x x dx
I dx dx dx x x
x x x
+
= = = =
+ + +
} } } }
2
1 1
arctan ( arctan )
2 2
I x x x x C = +
(3) Tnh tch phn
arcsin I xdx =
}
2
1
arcsin
1
u x du dx
x
dv dx v dx x
= =

= = =
}
at :
2
arcsin
1
x
I uv vdu x x dx
x
= =

} }
2 2 2
1
2
2
1
: 1 1 2 2
1
1
x
I dx t x t x tdt xdx
x
tdt
I dt t x
t
= = = =

= = = =
}
} }
2
arcsin 1 I x x x C = + +
2.4 Tch phn cc hm hu t
1 Phn thc thc s - Phn thc n
gin
A) Phn thc thc s
Gi s P(x) / Q(x) l mt phn thc i s
(1) Nu degP(x) degQ(x) th ta ni P(x)/Q(x)
l phn thc khng thc s
(2) Nu degP(x) < degQ(x) th ta ni P(x)/Q(x)
l phn thc thc s
b) Phn thc n gin
Nhng phn thc thc thc s sau y
c gi l cc phn thc n gin:
A / (x-a); A / (x-a)
k
; (Mx+N) / x
2
+px + q
(vi < 0)
(Mx+N) / (x
2
+px + q)
k
(vi < 0)
C) nh l
Nu Q(x) c dng phn tch
Q(x) = (x a)
n
. . . (x
2
+ px + q)
k
(vi < 0)
Th mi phn thc thc s P(x) / Q(x) u
vit c thnh tng ca cc phn thc
n gin nh sau:
1 2
2
( )
... ...
( ) ( ) ( )
n
n
A A A P x
Q x x a x a x a
= + + + +

1 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
...
( ) ( )
k k
k
M x N M x N M x N
x px q x px q x px q
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
c C he so tsocua cac phan thc n gian
tm c bang phng phap he sobat nh
V d
Phn tch phn thc f(x) = (2x+6)/(x-2)(x-
6) thnh tng ca cc phn thc n gin
Gii
2 6
( )
( 2)( 6) 2 6
x A B
f x
x x x x
+
= = +

( 6) ( 2) ( ) ( 6 2 )
( 2)( 6) ( 2)( 6)
A x B x A B x A B
x x x x
+ + +
= =

Suy ra
2
2 6 ( ) ( 6 2 )
6 2 6
5
2
2
3 3 9
2
A B
x A B x A B
A B
A
A B
A B
B
+ =

+ = + +

=

+ =

+ =

5 9
( )
2( 2) 2( 6)
f x
x x
= +

2 Phng php tnh tch phn cc
hm hu t
A) Phng php:
Ta dng ch yu l phng php phn
tch
B) V d
Tnh tch phn:
2 6
( 2)( 6)
x
I dx
x x
+
=

}
Theo kt qu bi ton trn ta c:
5 9
( )
2( 2) 2( 6)
I f x dx dx
x x
| |
= = +
|

\ .
} }
5 9
( )
2( 2) 2( 6)
f x
x x
= +

9 5 9 5
ln 6 ln 2
2 6 2 2 2 2
dx dx
x x C
x x
= = +

} }
2.5 Tch phn cc hm s lng
gic
1 Php th ph dng
Xt tch phn I = } R(cosx, sinx) dx. Nu hm
s di du tch phn hu t i vi sinx v
cosx th t t = tan(x/2) v tnh c:
dx = 2dt / (1+t
2
); sinx = 2t / (1+t
2
);
cosx = (1 - t
2
) / (1+t
2
)
Khi tch phn lng gic c a v
tch phn hm hu t
Php th nh trn c gi l php th ph
dng
V d: Tnh tch phn
2 cos
dx
I
x
=
+
}
2
2 2
2 1
tan ; cos
2 1 1
x dt t
t dx x
t t

| |
= = =
|
+ +
\ .
at :
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2
1
1 2 cos 2 2 1 3
2
1
dt
dx dt dt
t
t x t t t
t
+
= = =
+ + + +
+
+
( )
2
2
tan
1 2
2
2 2 arctan arctan
3 3 3 3
3
x
dt t
I C C
t
| |
|
= = + = +
|
+ |
\ .
}
2 Trng hp c bit
(1) Nu hm s di du tch phn l i vi
sinx (cosx) th ta t t = cosx (t = sinx)
(2) Nu Nu hm s di du tch phn chn
i vi c sinx v cosx th ta t t = tanx hoc t
= cotanx
(3) Xt tch phn dng I = }sin
m
x cos
n
x dx vi m,
n l nhng s nguyn:
A) Nu m v n u l nhng s chn dng
th ta dng cng thc h bc
B) Nu m v n u l nhng s chn trong
c mt s m: ta t t = tanx hoc t = cotanx
V d
Tnh cc tch phn sau
3
sin
2 cos
x
I dx
x
=
+
}
2 2
9sin 4cos
dx
I
x x
=
+
}
2 2
sin cos I x xdx =
}
3 2
sin cos I x xdx =
}
Gii
cos sin t x dt xdx = =
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
1
1 1
t t
I dt dt t dt
t t

= = =
+ +
} } }
2 2
1 1
cos cos
2 2
t t C x x C = + = +
3
sin
2 cos
x
I dx
x
=
+
}
( )
2
3 2
1 cos sin
sin sin sin
2 cos 2 cos 2 cos
x xdx
x x xdx
I dx
x x x

= = =
+ + +
} } }
Tnh
2 2
9sin 4cos
dx
I
x x
=
+
}
2
2
1
tan (1 tan )
cos
t x dt dx x dx
x
= = = +
2
2 2
2 2 2
1
;sin ; cos
1 1 1
dt t
dx x x
t t t
= = =
+ + +
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 (3 )
1
9 4 9 4 3 (3 ) 2
1 1
dt
dt d t
t
I
t t t
t t
+
= = =
+ +
+
+ +
} } }
1 1 3 1 3tan
arctan arctan
3 2 2 6 2
t x
C I C
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
Cch 2
2 2
2
2
2
9sin 4cos
sin
cos 9 4
cos
dx dx
I
x x
x
x
x
= =
+ | |
+
|
\ .
} }
( )
2 2
cos 9tan 4
dx
x x
=
+
}
2
1
tan
cos
t x dt dx
x
= =
2 2 2
1 (3 )
9 4 3 (3 ) 2
dt d t
I
t t
= =
+ +
} }
1 1 3 1 3tan
arctan arctan
3 2 2 6 2
t x
C I C
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
Tnh
2 2
sin cos I x xdx =
}
2
1 1 1 cos 4 1 1
sin 2 cos 4
4 4 2 8 8
x
x x

= = =
1 1 1 1 1
cos 4 cos 4 (4 )
8 8 8 8 4
1 1
sin 4
8 32
I dx xdx x xd x
I x x C
= =
= +
} } }
( )
2
2 sin2
( ) sin cos
2
x
f x x x
| |
= =
|
\ .
Tnh
3 2
sin cos I x xdx =
}
( )
3 2 2 2
2 2
sin cos sin sin cos
1 cos cos sin
I x xdx x x xdx
x x xdx
= =
=
} }
}
cos sin t x dt xdx = =
( )
( )
( )
5 3
2 2 4 2
5 3
1
5 3
1 1
cos cos
5 3
t t
t t dt t t dt C
I x x C
= = = +
= +
} }
Phn B
TCH PHN XC NH
1 - KHAI NIEM TCH PHAN XAC NH
1.1 nh ngha
Cho ham so y = f(x) lien tuc tren oan [a, b]. Ta chia
oan thang [a, b] mot cach tuy y thanh n oan nho
khong dam len nhau bi cac iem chia: a = a
0
< a
1
< <
a
n
= b
Ky hieu o dai cua moi oan [a
i-1
; a
i
] la S
i

Goi d
t
la o dai ln nhat cua cac oan thang [a
i-1
; a
i
]
. Tren moi oan nho [a
i-1
; a
i
] ta lay mot iem x
i
tuy y
va thanh lap tong tch phan:
( )
0
n
i i
i
f x S
t
o
=
= A

Neu ton tai gii han

th ta goi I la tch phan xac nh cua ham f(x)
vi can t a en b va ky hieu la :
( )
0
0
lim lim
n
i i
d n
i
I f x S
t
t
o

=
| |
= = A
|
\ .

( )
b
a
I f x dx =
}
Khi tch phan cua f(x) tren oan [a, b] ton tai
th ta noi f(x) la ham kha tch tren [a, b]
1.2 - Y ngha hnh hoc cua tch phan xac nh
Cho hnh thang cong xac nh bi cac ng x = a, x = b,
y = f(x), truc Ox, trong o f(x) la ham so khong oi
dau tren oan [a, b]. Khi o dien tch cua hnh thang
cong c tnh theo cong thc:
( )
b
a
S f x dx =
}
1.3 Cac tnh chat c ban cua tch phan xac nh
b b
a a
( ) ( ) kf x dx k f x dx =
} }
b b b
a a a
[ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( ) f x g x dx f x dx g x dx =
} } }
a b
b a
( ) ( ) f x dx f x dx =
} }
a
a
( ) 0 f x dx =
}
b c b
a a c
( ) f(x)dx f(x)dx ( , ) f x dx c a b = + e
} } }
1.4 ao ham theo can tren va cong thc Niuton
Lepnit
1- ao ham theo can tren
a) nh ly
Cho ham so y = f (x) xac nh va lien tuc tren oan [a, b].
at

va goi o la ham so phu thuoc vao can tren, Khi o ta
co:
( ) ( )
x
a
F x f t dt =
}
( ) ( ) ( )
x
a
F x f t dt f x
'
| |
'
= =
|
\ .
}
b) He qua:
V du

( )
( )
( ) ( )
x
a
f t dt f x x

'
| |
'
= ( |

|
\ .
}
( )
2
2
0
3
0
2
0
2
0 0
3
2 2
0 0
sin
0
lim .
0
sin
sin
lim lim 2
3
sin 2 2
lim 2 lim
3 3 3
x
x
x
x x
x x
tdt
L
x
tdt
x
L x
x
x
x x
x x
x x

| |
=
|
\ .
'
| |
|
|
\ .
= =
'
= = =
}
}
Tnh:
Dung quy tac Lopitan ta c:
2 Cong thc Niuton - Lepnit
a) nh ly
Cho ham so y = f (x) xac nh va lien tuc tren oan [a,
b]; Goi F(x) la mot nguyen ham cua f(x) tren oan o.
Khi o ta co cong thc (goi la cong thc Niuton
Lepnit):

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b
a
b
f x dx F x F b F a
a
= =
}
b) V du 1
2 2
1 1
(ln )
1 ln 1 ln
arcsin(ln ) arcsin1 arcsin0
1 2
e e
dx d x
I
x x x
e
x
t
= =

= = =
} }
Tnh:
2 V du 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
1
2
1
0
2
1
1
2 2
2
1
0
2
1
2
1
2 1 1
2
1 2 2 1
1 1 1 1 1
2 4 4 2 2
x
I x dx x dx
x x x x

s s

s s

= +
| | | |
= + = =
| |
\ . \ .
} }
1- 2x khi 0 x
Ta co: 2x -1 =
khi x
dx
}
1
0
Tnh: I = 2x -1
2 HAI PHNG PHAP TNH TCH PHAN XAC
NH
2.1 Phng php i bin
1 Ni dung phng php
tnh tch phn }
a
b
f(x)dx ta c th thc hin
php i bin th hin qua cc bc sau:
Bc 1
t x = (t) hay t t = (x). Sau tnh dx
theo t v dt
Bc 2
i cn ly tch phn: Khi x = a th t = ;
Khi x = b th t =
Bc 3
Thay kt qu tm c vo bi ton tch phn
ri rt gn ta thu c cng thc i bin:
}
a
b
f(x)dx = }

g(t)dt
V d:
Tnh tch phn:

2
2
0
cos
1 sin
xdx
I
x
t
=
+
}
Gii
t t = sinx 0 dt = cosxdx
Cn mi:
Khi x = 0 th t = 0; Khi x = /2 th t = 1
Suy ra:
( )
1
2
2 2
0 0
cos
1 sin 1
1
arctan arctan1 arctan0
0 4
xdx dt
I
x t
t
t
t
= =
+ +
= = =
} }
2.2 Phng php tch phn tng
phn
1 Cng thc


2 V d
Tnh tch phn:


( )
b b b
a a a
b
I f x dx udv uv vdu
a
= = =
} } }
1
0
arctan I xdx =
}
Gii

= =

= = =

}
2
1
arctan
1
:
u x du dx
x
at
dv dx v dx x
= =
+
} }
1 1
2
0 0
1 1
1
arctan
0 0 1
I uv vdu x x x dx
x
( )
t t
= + =
2
1
1 1
ln 1 ln2
0 4 2 4 2
x
( )
t
+
=
+
}
2
1
2
0
1
1
4 2
1
d x
x
V d 2
Tnh tch phn
Gii


1
3
0
arctan I x xdx =
}
2
4
3 3
1
arctan
1
4
u x du dx
x
x
dv x dx v x dx

= =

= = =

}
1 1
4
4
4
0 0
1
4
2
0
1 1
1 1
arctan
0 0 4 4 1
1 1

4 4 4 1
x
I uv vdu x x dx
x
x
dx
x
t
= =
+
=
+
} }
}
Ta tnh:
1
4
1
2
0
1
x
I
x
=
+
}
1 1 1
4 4
2
1
2 2 2
0 0 0
3
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1
1 2
arctan 1 arctan1
0 3 3 4 3
x x
I dx x dx
x x x
x
x x
t
+
| |
= = = +
|
+ + +
\ .
| |
= + = + =
|
\ .
} } }
1 2 1 1
16 4 4 3 16 16 6 6
I
t t t t
| |
= = + =
|
\ .
Tnh tch phn
3
1
ln
e
I x xdx =
}
4
3 3
4
4 4 3
1
1 1 1
1
4 4 4 4 4
1
1
ln
4
1 1 1 1
ln
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 3 1
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 16
e
e e e
e
e
u x du dx
x
x
dv x dx v x dx
e
I uv vdu x x x dx x dx
x
e x e e e
= =
= = =
= = =
| |
+
= = =
|
\ .
}
} } }
PHN C
TCH PHN SUY RNG
1 CC KHI NIM
1.1 Tch phn suy rng c cn v hn
( ) lim ( )
b
b
a a
f x dx f x dx
+
+
=
} }
( ) lim ( )
a a
b
b
f x dx f x dx

=
} }
( ) ( ) ( )
a
a
f x dx f x dx f x dx
+ +

= +
} } }
1.2 Tch phn suy rng c cn
khng b chn
( )
lim
( ) lim ( )
x b
b c
c b
a a
f x
f x dx f x dx

=
=
} }
(1) Cho f(x) laham solien tuc tren [a, b);
khong bchan tai b, ngha la
Ta nh ngha:
( )
lim
( ) lim ( )
x a
b b
c a
a c
f x
f x dx f x dx
+
+

=
=
} }
(2) Cho f(x) laham solien tuc tren (a, b];
khong bchan tai a, ngha la
Ta nh ngha:
(3)
( ) ( ) ( )
b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x dx
e
= +
} } }
Cho f(x) laham sokhong bchan tai c (a, b)
valien tuc tai moi iem khac thuoc oan [a, b]
Ta nh ngha:
Ghi ch
Khi mt tch phn suy rng tn ti th ta ni
tch phn hi t
Ngc li:
Khi mt tch phn suy rng khng tn ti th
ta ni tch phn l phn k
2 V D 1: Tnh tch phn
2
1
dx
I
x
+

=
+
}
0
2 2 2
0
1 1 1
dx dx dx
I
x x x
+ +

= = +
+ + +
} } }
0 0
1
2 2
0
lim lim arctan
1 1
lim[ arctan( )]
2 2
b b
b
b
dx dx
I x
b x x
b
t t

| |
= = =
|
+ +
\ .
| |
= = =
|
\ .
} }
2
2 2
0 0
lim
1 1
lim arctan lim arctan
0 2
b
b
b b
dx dx
I
x x
b
x b
t
+
+
+ +
= =
+ +
| |
= = =
|
\ .
} }
2 2
I
t t
t = + =
Nh vay tch phan a cho lahoi tu
V d 2: Tnh tch phn
x x x
u x du dx
dv e dx v e dx e
= =
= = =
}
0 0
lim
b
x x
b
I xe dx xe dx
+
+
= =
} }
0
:
b
x
Tnh K xe dx =
}
0
x
I xe dx
+
=
}
Suy ra:
0 0
.
0 0
b b
x x
b b
K uv vdu x e e dx = =
} }
1 ( 1) 1
0
b x b b b
b
be e be e b e = = + = +
lim lim[( 1) 1]
b
b b
I K b e
+ +
= = + = +
Nh vay tch phan a cho laphan ky
V d: Tnh tch phn
( )
1 1
0 0
0
0
1
(1) lim lim ln
lim ln
b b
b
b
dx dx
I x
b x x
b
+ +
+

| |
= = =
|
\ .
= = +
} }
2 1 2
2 2 2
0 0 1
(2)
( 1) ( 1) ( 1)
dx dx dx
I
x x x
= = +

} } }
Nhng:
1
2
2
1
0 0
2 1
1 1
lim ( 1) ( 1)
( 1)
( 1) 1
lim lim
0 0 2 1 1
b
b
b b
dx
x d x
x
b b
x
x

+

=

| |

= =
|
+
\ .
} }
1
1
lim 1
1
b
b

| |
= =
|

\ .
Nh vay tch phan a cho laphan ky
Phn C
NG DNG CA TCH
PHN XC NH
1 TNH DIN TCH
1.1 CNG THC
1 Din tch hnh thang cong
Cho hnh thang cong c gii hn bi cc
ng: x =a; x=b; y = f(x) v y = 0 sao cho
f(x) khng i du trn on [a,b]
Khi din tch hnh thang cong c tnh
theo cng thc:
S = }
a
b
If(x)Idx
2 Din tch hnh phng
Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng
x = a; x = b; y = f(x) v y = g(x) c tnh
theo cng thc:
S = }
a
b
If(x) g(x)Idx

2.2 V D
Tnh din tch hnh phng c gii hn
bi cc ng: x = 1; x = e; y = lnx; y = 0
Gii

1
ln
ln
e
S xdx
dx
u x du
x
dv dx v dx x
=
= =
= = =
}
}
Suy ra:
( )
1 1
1 1
1
1
ln
ln 1 1
e e
e e
e
e
xdx
S uv vdu x x
x
x x dx e e
= =
= = =
} }
}
1 TNH TH TCH
1.1 CNG THC
1 - Th tch ca mt vt th bt k
Nu gi S(x) l din tch thit din thng
vung gc vi trc Ox ti x e [a,b] th th tch
ca vt th l:
V = }
a
b
S(x) dx

2 Th tch ca khi vt th trn xoay
Cho hnh thang cong gii hn bi cc
ng: x = a; x = b; y = f(x) v y = 0
(1) Nu quay hnh thang cong ny mt vng
xung quanh trc Ox th ta nhn c mt
khi vt th trn xoay c th tch c tnh
bng cng thc:
( )
2
b
x
a
V f x dx t = (
}
(2) Nu quay hnh thang cong ny mt
vng xung quanh trc Oy th ta nhn
c mt khi vt th trn xoay c th
tch c tnh bng cng thc:

( )
2
b
y
a
V xf x dx t =
}
3 V d
Cho hnh phng c gii hn bi cc
ng:
y = sinx; y = 0 ; 0 x t
A) Tnh din tch hnh phng
B) Tnh th tch ca khi vt th trn xoay do
hnh phng trn quay mt vng xung quanh
trc Ox
C) Tnh th tch ca khi vt th trn xoay do
hnh phng trn quay mt vng xung quanh
trc Oy
Gii
( )
0 0
0
) sin sin cos 1 1 2 a S x dx xdx x
t
t t
= = = = =
} }
2 2
0 0
) [ ( )] sin
x
b V y x dx xdx
t t
t t = =
} }
0 0 0
1 cos 2
cos 2
2 2 2
x
dx dx xdx
t t t
t t
t

= =
} } }
2
sin 2
0 2 4 2
x
t
t t t
t = =
0
) 2 sin
y
c V x xdx
t
t =
}
sin sin cos
u x du dx
dv xdx v xdx x
= =
= = =
}
0
0 0
2 2 cos cos
0
y
V uv vdu x x xdx
t t
t
t
t t
| | | |
= = +
| |
\ . \ .
} }
2
2 ( 1) sin 2
0
x
t
t t t
(
= + =
(

Chng 3
PHNG TRNH VI
PHN
1 PHNG TRNH VI PHAN CAP 1
1.1 - AI CNG VE PHNG TRNH VI PHAN
CAP 1
1 Phng trnh vi phan cap 1
Phng trnh co dang F(x,y,y

) = 0 trong o x la bien so
oc lap, y la ham so cha biet can phai tm va y

la
ao ham cua ham so o c goi la phng trnh vi
phan cap 1
Neu giai c y

theo x va y th phng trnh vi phan

cap 1 con co the viet c di dang y

= f(x,y) hay
dy/dx = f(x,y)
oi khi phng trnh vi phan cap 1 con co the viet
c di dang:
P(x,y) dx + Q(x,y) dy = 0
Trong trng hp nay ta coi x hay y la ham hoac bien
eu c ca.
2 Nghiem tong quat va nghiem rieng
Ham so y = (x,C) vi C la mot hang so tuy y
thoa man phng trnh vi phan cap 1 c goi la
nghiem tong quat cua phng trnh vi phan o.
Neu ta thay ieu kien ban au y(x
0
) = y
0
vao cong thc
nghiem tong quat cua phng trnh vi phan cap 1 va
tnh c C = C
0
th ham so y = (x,C
0
) c goi la
mot nghiem rieng cua phng trnh vi phan cap 1.
3 Ghi chu
(1) Khi giai phng trnh vi phan co khi ta khong thu
c cong thc nghiem tong quat ma ch thu c
mot he thc dang :
u (x,y,C) = 0
Ta goi ay la tch phan tong quat hay cung goi la
nghiem tong quat cua phng trnh vi phan cap 1
(2) Ngoai nghiem tong quat ra co the ta van tm
c nhng ham so ac biet khac thoa man
phng trnh vi phan cap 1, ta goi nhng ham ac
biet nay la nhng nghiem ky d cua phng trnh vi
phan.
Noi chung neu bai toan khong yeu cau th ta co
the bo qua viec tm nghiem ky d

1.2 PHNG TRNH TACH BIEN
1.2.1 Phng trnh tach bien
1 nh ngha
Phng trnh vi phan cap 1 co dang
M(x) dx + N(y) dy = 0
c goi la phng trnh tach bien hay con goi la phng
trnh co bien so phan ly
2 Cach giai
Chuyen ve va tch phan bat nh hai ve la xong
3 V du
Giai phng trnh vi phan:

3
2
1
0
cos
x
e dx dy
y
=
Ta co:
3 3
2 2
1 1
0
cos cos
x x
e dx dy e dx dy
y y
= =
3 3
2
1 1
tan
cos 3
x x
e dx dy e y C
y
= = +
} }
1.2.2 Phng trnh a c ve dang tach bien
1 nh ngha
Phng trnh vi phan co dang
M
1
(x) N
1
(y)dx + M
2
(x) N
2
(y)dy = 0
c goi la phng trnh co the a c ve dang tach
bien.
2 - Cach giai
Chuyen ve roi chia hai ve cho M
2
(x) N
1
(y) ta a phng trnh
vi phan a cho ve dang tach bien
3 V du
Giai phng trnh vi phan:
xydx + (x + 1)dy = 0
Ta co:
ln 1 ln ( )
1
dx dy
dx x x y C NTQ
x y
= + = +
+
} } }
(1) -( 1)
1
x dy
xydx x dy dx
x y
= + =
+
1 1
1 1
x dy x dy
dx dx
x y x y
+
= =
+ +
} } } }
1.3 PHNG TRNH ANG CAP CAP 1
1 nh ngha
Phng trnh vi phan ang cap cap 1 la phng trnh vi phan
co dang:
y = f(x, y) = (y/x) (1)
2 - Cach giai
at u = y/x 0y = ux 0y

= (ux)

= u

x + u
Suy ra: (1) u

x + u = (u)
(du/dx)x = (u)-u
du/ [ (u)-u] = dx/x
Giai phng trnh theo u roi the u = y/x vao ket qua, ta thu
c NTQ cua phng trnh a cho
3 V du
Giai phng trnh:

y
x
y
y e
x
'
= +
Giai
y
u y ux y u x u
x
' '
= = = +
(1) ' '
u u
u x u u e u x e + = + =
u u
du dx
x e e du
dx x

= =
ln
: ln
u u
y
x
dx
e du e x C
x
NTQ e x C

= = +
= +
} }
1.4 - PHNG TRNH VI PHAN TOAN PHAN
1 nh ngha
Phng trnh vi phan toan phan (VPTP) la phng trnh vi
phan co dang:
P(x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy = 0
Trong o P
y
= Q
x
(ieu kien VPTP)
2 Cong thc nghiem
NTQ cua PTVP toan phan co dang:

Trong o x
0
, y
0
lay tuy y mien sao tch phan co ngha.
C dy y x Q dx y x P
y
y
x
x
= +
} }
0 0
0
) , ( ) , (
0 0
0
( , ) ( , )
y
x
x y
hay P x y dx Q x y dy C + =
} }
3 V du
Giai phng trnh vi phan
(4xy
2
+ y)dx + (4x
2
y + x)dy = 0
Giai
x y
x
y
Q P
xy Q
xy P
x y x Q
y xy P
' '
'
'
=

1 + 8 =
1 + 8 =

+ 4 =
+ 4 =
2
2
0 0
: ( , ) ( , ) 0
y
x
o
x y
NTQ P x y dx Q x y dy + =
} }
Chon x
0
= 0, y
0
= 0 ta c NTQ cua PTVP la:
C dy x y x dx
y
x
= + 4 + 0
} }
0
2
0
) (
2
2 2 2
0
:
4 2
2
y
hay
y
x xy C x y xy C
| |
+ = + =
|
\ .
1.5 - PHNG TRNH VI PHAN TUYEN TNH CAP
1
1 nh ngha
(1) Phng trnh vi phan tuyen tnh cap 1 la PTVP co
dang:
y

+ p(x) y = q(x)
trong o p(x) va q(x) la nhng ham so cua x
(2) Khi q(x) = 0 th phng trnh co dang:
y

+ p(x) y = 0
Ta goi ay la phng trnh vi phan tuyen tnh thuan
nhat cap 1
2 Tm cong thc nghiem
( ) ( )
0 1 y p x y
' '
+ = B1: Giai PT thuan nhat :
(1) ( ) ( )
dy dy
p x y p x dx
dx y
'
= =
( ) ln ( ) ln
dy
p x dx y p x dx C
y
= = +
} } }
( )
( )
ln ( )
. (C 0)
p x dx
p x dx
y y
p x dx e
C C
y C e

}
= =
}
= =
}
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ). ( )
p x dx
p x dx p x dx
y C x e
y C x e C x e p x

}
=
} }
' '
= +
Coi C laham socua x :
( ) ( )( )
1 y p x y q x
'
+ = B2: Giai PT khong thuan nhat :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 ( ) ( ) ( )
p x dx p x dx
C x e C x e p x

} }
'
+
( )
( ) ( )
p x dx
p x C x e

}
+ ( ) q x =
Suy ra:
( )
'( ). ( )
p x dx
C x e q x

}
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
'( )
( )
p x dx
p x dx
C x e q x
C x e q x dx C
}
=
}
= +
}
Vay NTQ cua PT tuyen tnh cap 1 la:
( )
( ) ( )
1
p x dx p x dx
y e e q x dx C

(
} }
= +
(

}
Ghi chu
Trong thc hanh ta co the lap lai qua trnh giai theo
cac bc tren ma khong can ap dung cong thc
nghiem
V du 1
Giai PTVP
3
2
' 2 y y x
x
=
Giai
( )
2
' 0 1 y y
x
'
= B1: Giai PT thuan nhat :
( )
2 2
1 0
dy dy
y dx
dx x y x
'
= =
2 2 2
2 ln 2ln ln
ln ln ln ln
dy dx
y x C
y x
y x C Cx y Cx
= = +
= + = =
} }
Coi C laham socua x:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 y C x x y C x x C x x
' '
= = +
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2 C x x C x x
'
+
( )
2
2
C x x
x

( ) ( )
( )
3
2 3
2
1
2
2 2
2 2
2
x
C x x x C x x
x
C x xdx C
=
' '
= =
= = +
}
( )
2 2
1
y x C x = + NTQ cua PTVP la:
V d 2
Giai phng trnh vi phan
xy

+ 2y = 6x
4
Giai: Chia 2 ve cho x

ta c phng trnh:

3
2
' 6 y y x
x
+ =
2
(1) ' 0 (1) y y
x
'
+ = Giai phng trnh thuan nhat :
Ta co
( )
2 2
1 0
dy dy
y dx
dx x y x
'
+ = =
2
dy dx
y x
=
} }
2
2
ln 2ln ln ln ln ln
C
y x C x C
x
= + = + =
2
C
y
x
'
= Vay NTQ cua phng trnh (1) la:
(2) Coi C la ham so cua x ta c
( )
( ) ( )
2 3
.2
1
C x C x x
x x
'

( )
2
2
C x x
x
+
3
6x =
( )
( )
3 5
2
6 6
C x
x C x x
x
'
'
= =
( )
6
5
1
6 6
6
x
C x x dx C = = +
}
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 4
2 C x C x x C x x
y y
x x
'

'
= =
6
1
2
x C
y
x
+
= Vay NTQ cua phng trnh (1) la:
V du 2: Giai phng trnh vi phan
xy y = x
2
cosx
Giai: Chia 2 ve cho x
2
ta c:

1
.cos y y x x
x
'
=
1
(1) ' 0 (1) y y
x
'
= Giai phng trnh thuan nhat :
( )
1
1
dy dy y dy dx
y
dx x dx x y x
'
= = =
ln ln ln
dy dx
y x C
y x
= = +
} }
Suy ra:
ln ln y Cx y Cx = =
( ) ( ) ( )
y C x x y C x x C x
' '
= = +
2) Coi C laham socua x :
( )
( )
1
1
1
1 '( ) ( ) ( ) cos
'( ) cos ( ) cos sin
: sin
C x x C x C x x x x
x
C x x C x xdx x C
NTQ y x C x
+ =
= = = +
= +
}
Khi o:
2 S LC V S PHC
1 Khi nim s phc
Ta gi i l mt k hiu sao cho i
2
= -1 v goi i
l n v o
K hiu z = a + bi trong a v b la nhng s
thc c gi l s phc; a c gi l phn
thc, b l phn o ca s phc z
S phc c gi l s phc lin
hp ca z
Tp hp cc s phc c k hiu l C

z a bi =
2 Nhn xt
Mt s thc a bt k c th vit di dng
mt s phc c phn o bng 0: a = a + 0i
nn tp cc s phc C lun lun cha tp
hp cc s thc R
3 Php ton v s phc
V hnh thc php ton trn cc s phc
z = a + bi c thc hin nh trn cc a
thc c bin i, vi lu rng khi xut hin i
2

th ta thay l -1
4 V d
V d 1: Cho cc s phc
Ta c:
1 2
1 2 ; 2 3 z i z i = + =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2 2 3 3
1 2 2 3 1 5
z z i i i
z z i i i
+ = + + =
= + = +
( )( )
( )
2
1 2
1 2 2 3 2 3 4 6
2 6 1 8
z z i i i i i
i i
= + = +
= + = +
( )( )
( )( )
2
1
2
2
1 2 2 3
1 2 2 3 4 6
2 3 2 3 2 3 4 9
2 7 6 4 7 4 7

4 9 13 13 13
i i
z i i i i
z i i i i
i i
i
+ +
+ + + +
= = =
+
+ +
= = = +
+
V d 2
Gii cc phng trnh trn tp hp cc s
phc:
Gii


( )
3 4 2 3 i z i + =
2
4 5 0 z z + + =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 3 4 2 3
2 3 3 4
2 3 6 8 9 12
3 4 3 4 3 4 9 16
6 17 12 6 17 6 17

9 16 25 25 25
i z i
i i
i i i i
z
i i i i
i i
i
+ =

+
= = =
+ +

= = =
+
(2) Ta c
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2
1 2
1
2
4 4 4.1.5 16 20 4 2
2 2
4 4 2
, 2
2 2
2
2
b ac i
i i
b b ac i
z z i
a
z i
z i
A = = = = =
A = =

= = =
= +

3 PHNG TRNH VI PHN

CP 2
3.1 AI CNG VE PHNG TRNH VI PHAN CAP 2
1- nh ngha
Phng trnh co dang trong o x la bien
so oc lap, y la ham so cha biet can phai tm, y

va y

la ao ham cua ham so o c goi la phng trnh vi
phan cap 2
Neu giai c theo x , y va y

th phng trnh vi phan

cap 2 con co the viet c di dang
y

= f(x, y, y

)
( )
, , , 0 F x y y y
' ''
=



2 Nghiem tong quat va nghiem rieng
1 Nghiem tong quat
Ham so y = (x, C
1
, C
2
) vi C
1
, C
2
la cac hang so tuy y
thoa man phng trnh vi phan cap 2 c goi la nghiem tong
quat cua phng trnh vi phan o.
2 Nghiem rieng
Neu ta thay ieu kien ban au vao cong thc nghiem tong
quat cua phng trnh vi phan cap 1 va tnh c C
1
= C
1
0
;C
2
=
C
2
0
th ham so y = (x, C
1
0
, C
2
0
) c goi la mot
nghiem rieng cua phng trnh vi phan cap 2.

3 Ghi chu
Khi giai phng trnh vi phan co khi ta khong tnh c cong
thc nghiem tong quat ma ch thu c mot he thc dang
(x, y, C
1
, C
2
) = 0 . Ta goi ay la tch phan tong quat hay
cung goi la nghiem tong quat cua phng trnh vi phan cap 2
Ngoai nghiem tong quat ra co the ta van tm c nhng
ham so ac biet khac thoa man phng trnh vi phan cap 2,
ta goi nhng ham ac biet nay la nhng nghiem ky d cua
phng trnh vi phan.
Noi chung neu bai toan khong yeu cau th ta co the bo qua
viec tm nghiem ky d

2.2 CAC PHNG TRNH GIAM CAP
2.2.1 - Phng trnh vang y, y: y = f(x)
1- Cach giai:
Tch phan lien tiep hai lan.
2 V du:
V du 1: Giai phng trnh vi phan

Giai:
Ta co:
2
1
x
y x xe
''
= + +
( )
3
2
1
. 1
3
x x x
x
y x x e dx xe e x C
'
= + + = + + +
}
3
1
3
x x
x
y xe e x C dx
| |
= + + +
|
\ .
}
4 2
1 2
.
12 2
x
x x
x e C x C = + + + +
V du 2
Giai phng trnh vi phan

Giai

2 3
" 2sin .cos sin y x x x =
2 3
2 2
3
2
3 3 3
1 1
2 cos .sin sin
2 cos (cos ) sin (cos )
cos
2 (1 cos ) (cos )
3
2 1
cos cos cos cos cos
3 3
y x xdx xdx
xd x xd x
x
x d x
x x x C x x C
'
=
= +
= +
= + + = +
} }
} }
}
3
1 2
cos cos y xdx xdx Cdx C = + +
} } }
2
1 2
sin cos (sin ) x xd x C x C = + +
}
2
1 2
sin (1 sin ) (sin ) x x d x C x C = + +
}
3
1 2
sin
sin sin
3
x
x x C x C = + + +

3
1 2
sin
:
3
x
NTQ y C x C = + +
3
1 2
sin
3
x
C x C = + +
2.2.2 Phng trnh vang y:
y

= f(x,y

)
1 - Cach giai:
- at y = p p = y
- Ta c PTVP: p = f(x, p) la PTVP cap 1. Giai ra c p
y
2 V du
V du 1: Giai phng trnh vi phan


y
y x
x
'
''
=
Giai
at :
Khi o phng trnh co dang:

ay la phng trnh vi phan tuyen tnh cap 1. Giai phng
trnh nay ta thu ng nghiem la:


p y y p
' '' '
= =
1 1
p x p p p x
x x
' '
= + =
2
1
3
C x
p
x
= +
2
1
'
3
C x
y
x
= +
2
1
3
C x
y dx
x
| |
= +
|
\ .
}
3
1 2
: ln
9
x
NTQ y C x C = + +
2.2.3 Phng trnh vang x:
y

= f(y, y

)
at p = y quan niem y la bien, p la ham cua y ngha la p
= p(y) ta co:


Ta nhan c phng trnh: p.p = f(y,p).
ay la PTVP cap 1, giai ra ta thu c p.
T o ta thu c NTQ cua phng trnh la y.


'
. .
yy x
dy dp dp dy
y p y p p
dx dx dy dx
'' ' ' '
= = = = =
V du
Giai phng trnh vi phan: y,y

- y
2=
0
at p = y quan niem y la bien, p la ham cua y ngha la p
= p(y) ta co:


Ta nhan c phng trnh: y p.p p
2
= 0.
ay la PTVP cap 1, co an ham la p, bien la y .
Ta giai phng trnh nay nh sau:

'
. .
yy x
dy dp dp dy
y p y p p
dx dx dy dx
'' ' ' '
= = = = =
2
1
1 1
1 1 1 1
2
1
1 2 2
2
1 2
2
(1) . '
ln ln ln ln
'
ln ln ln
2
ln . : .
C x
dp dp dy
y p p y p
dy p y
dp dy
p y C C y
p y
dy dy
p C y y C y C y C x
dx y
C x dy
C xdx C y C
y
y
C x NTQ y C e
C
= = =
= = + =
= = = =
= + = +
= =
} }
} }
2.3 Phng trnh vi phan tuyen tnh cap 2
co he so la hang so
2.3.1 nh ngha
Phng trnh vi phan tuyen tnh cap vi he so hang so la
PTVP co dang trong o p va q la
nhng hang so cho trc, f(x) la ham so cua x
Khi f(x) = 0 th phng trnh co dang:

Ta goi ay la phng trnh vi phan tuyen tnh thuan nhat
cap 2 vi he so hang so.
( )
y py qy f x
'' '
+ + =
0 y py qy
'' '
+ + =
2.3.2 Phng phap giai
1 Cac bc tien hanh
Bc 1: Giai phng trnh thuan nhat

Giai phng trnh ac trng
Goi nghiem cua phng trnh nay la k
1
va k
2

Neu phng trnh ac trng co 2 nghiem thc phan biet k
1
=
k
2
th NTQ cua (1) la:

( )
0 1 y py qy
'' ' '
+ + =
2
0 k pk q + + =
1 2
1 2
k x k x
y Ce C e = +
Neu phng trnh ac trng co nghiem kep thc k
o
th NTQ
cua (1) la:
Neu phng trnh ac trng co hai nghiem phc lien hp x
= o |i th NTQ cua (1) la:
Bc 2: Tm nghiem tong quat cua PTVPTT cap 2:
Nh sau:
- Tm mot nghiem rieng y
*
cua (1)
- Suy ra NTQ cua (1) la:


0 0
1 2
k x k x
y Ce C xe = +
1 2
( cos sin )
x
y e C x C x
o
| | = +
( )( )
1 y py qy f x
'' '
+ + =
*
y y y = +
2 Phng phap tm nghiem rieng y
*

Trng hp f(x) = e
ox
P
n
(x) (o - hang so, P
n
(x) la a thc bac
n)
Neu o khong phai la nghiem cua PTT th (1) co nghiem
rieng tm di dang: y = e
ox
Q
n
(x) , trong o Q
n
(x) la a thc
bac n phai tm theo phng phap he so bat nh.
Neu o la nghiem n cua PTT th (1) co nghiem rieng
di dang: y = x.e
ox
Q
n
(x) trong o Q
n
(x) la a thc bac n
phai tm theo phng phap he so bat nh.
Neu o la nghiem kep cua PTT th (1) co nghiem rieng
di dang: y = x
2
.e
ox
Q
n
(x) trong o Q
n
(x) la a thc bac n
phai tm theo phng phap he so bat nh.
Trng hp f(x) = e
ox
(P
n
(x)cos|x + Q
m
(x)sin|x)
Neu o |i khong phai la nghiem cua PTT th nghiem
rieng cua (1) co dang:
y = e
ox
(R
s
(x) cos|x + T
s
(x)sin|x)
Trong o R
s
(x), T
s
(x) la a thc can tm co bac s vi s =
max{n, m}.

Neu o |i la nghiem cua PTT th nghiem rieng cua (1)
co dang:
y = x.e
ox
(R
s
(x) cos|x + T
s
(x)sin|x)
Trng hp f(x) = f
1
(x) + f
2
(x) + + f
k
(x)
th ta giai tng PTVP:
va nhan c nghiem la y
*
i

Suy ra mot nghiem rieng cua phng trnh a cho la y
*
= y
*
1

+
y
*
2

+ . + y
k
*

Ngi ta thng goi ay la nguyen ly chong chat nghiem


( )( )
1, 2,...,
i
y py qy f x i k
'' '
+ + = =
3 V du
V du 1 : Giai phng trnh vi phan
y 3y + 2y = e
x
(3 4x) (1)
Giai
Bc 1: Giai phng trnh thuan nhat
y 3y + 2y = 0
Phng trnh ac trng k
2
3k + 2 = 0 co hai nghiem thc phan
biet la k
1
= 1, k
2
= 2
Suy ra NTQ cua (1

) la
2
1 2

x x
y Ce C e = +
Bc 2:
Tm mot nghiem rieng cua phng trnh khong thuan nhat:
y 3y + 2y = e
x
(3 4x)
Ta co f(x) = e
1x
(3 4x) ( o = 1, P(x) = 3 4x co bac 1)
Do o = 1 la nghiem cua PTT nen (1) co nghiem rieng
c tnh di dang:

( )
( )
2 x x
y xe Ax B e Ax Bx = + = +
( )
( )
2
2
x x
y e Ax Bx e Ax B
'
= + + +



Khi

( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
x x
x x
y e Ax Bx e Ax B
e Ax B e A
''
= + + +
+ + +
( ) ( )
2
4 2 2
x
e Ax A B x B A
(
= + + + +

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
(1) 4 2 2
3 2 2 3 4
2 4 2
2 2 3 4
2 3 1
x
x x x
e Ax Bx Ax B A
e Ax Bx Ax B e Ax Bx e x
A A
Ax A B x
A B B
+ + + +
+ + + + + =
= =

+ =

= =

Vy mt nghim ring ca (1) l
y
*
= x.e
x
(2x + 1)
Suy ra nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
cho l:

( )
* 2
1 2
. 2 1
x x x
y y y x e x Ce C e = + = + + +
V du 2
Giai phng trnh vi phan y + 2y + y = cosx
Giai
Bc 1:
Tm nghiem tong quat cua phng trnh thuan nhat y + 2y +
y = 0 (1

)
Phng trnh ac trng :
k
2
+ 2k + 1 = 0 k
1,2

= -1
NTQ cua la:

1 2
( )
x
y e C xC

= +
Bc 2:
Tm mot nghiem rieng cua phng trnh khong thuan nhat:
y + 2y + y = cosx (1)
Ta co :
f(x) = cosx = e
0x
(1.cosx + 0sinx), o = 0, | = 1
V o + | i = 0 + i khong phi la nghiem cua PTT nen
nghiem rieng cua (1) co dang:


( )
0x
y e Acosx Bsinx y Acosx Bsinx = + = +
' sin cos
" cos sin
y A x B x
y A x B x
= +

Khi
( )
1 - cos - sin - 2 sin 2 cos
cos sin cos
A x B x A x B x
A x B x x
+
+ + =
( )
2 cos 2 sin cos A B x A x x + =
0
2 1
1
* sin
1
2 0 2
2
A
A B
y x
A B
=

+ =

=

= =

1 2
1
: * sin ( )
2
x
NTQ y y y x e C xC

= + = + +