1 Nguyn Quc Thi Ma LTH nm 2009

NHN BIT CATION

Na+: dng pp vt l: cho mui rn ln dy platin, hoc nhng dy platin vo dd mui a u
dy vo ngn la n kh ko mu ngn la nhum mu vng ti c ion Na+
NH4+: cho dd kim NaOH hoc KOH (d) vo dd kh c mi khai (hoc lm qu tm thm t
nc chuyn sang mu xanh) kh NH3 c cation NH4+
Ba2+: nhn bit v tch Ba2+ ra khi dd bng H2SO4 long: Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4
Hoc dng dd thuc th K2Cr2O7, K2CrO4:
Ba2+ + CrO42- BaCrO4
2Ba2+ + Cr2O72- + H2O 2BaCrO4 + 2H+

Al3+,Cr3+: thm t t dd kim vo s thy kt ta (M(OH)3) sinh ra, sau kt ta tan dn khi
cho dd kim d Al3+,Cr3+ (do M(OH)3 lng tnh)
Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3
Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(OH)4]Cr3+ + 3OH- Cr(OH)3
Cr(OH)3 + OH- [Cr(OH)4]-

Fe3+: thuc th c trng l dd cha ion thioxianat SCN-, n to vi Fe3+ ion phc c mu mu:
Fe3+ + 3SCN- Fe(SCN)3
Hoc dng dd kim NaOH, KOH, hoc NH3 kt ta mu nu (Fe(OH)3) Fe3+

Fe2+: cho dd kim NaOH,KOH hoc NH3 vo kt ta mu trng xanh (Fe(OH)2) kt ta

chuyn t mu trng xanh thnh vng ri thnh nu khi tip xc vi oxi khng kh c ion
Fe2+:
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3
Hoc cho dd thuc tm (c mt H+) vo, nu dd tm hng mt mu Fe2+:
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

Cu2+: thuc th c trng l dd NH3. u tin to kt ta Cu(OH)2 mu xanh kt ta b ha tan

trong NH3 to ion phc [Cu(NH3)4]2- c mu xanh lam c trng:
Cu2+ + 2NH3 + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 + 2NH4+
Cu(OH)2 + NH3 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2

Ni2+: mui Ni2+ u c mu xanh l cy, tc dng vi NaOH, KOH to Ni(OH)2 mu xanh lc, ko
tan trong dd kim d, nhng tan trong dd NH3 to thnh ion phc mu xanh:
Ni2+ + OH- Ni(OH)2
Ni(OH)2 + 6NH3 [Ni(NH3)6](OH)2

2 Nguyn Quc Thi Ma LTH nm 2009

NHN BIT ANION

NO3-: nu dd khng c anion c kh nng oxi ha mnh th dng bt Cu (hoc vi l Cu mng) v
mi trng axit ca H2SO4 long nhn bit NO3-:
3Cu + 2NO3- + 8H+ 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
Bt Cu tan to dd mu xanh, kh NO khng mu gp xi khng kh s ha nu (NONO2)

SO42-: thuc th c trng l BaCl2 trong mi trng axit (HCl hay HNO3) long, d
Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4
Cn c mi trng H+ long, d v cc anion nh: CO32-, SO32-, PO43-, HPO42- cng to kt ta trng
vi Ba2+, nhng cc kt ta u tan trong mt axit long, d. Ring BaSO4 khng tan.

Cl-: thuc th c trng l AgNO3 trong mi trng HNO3 long:

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl
Cc ion Br- v I- cng to kt ta AgBr v AgI nh Cl-, nhng khng tan trong dd NH3 long v c
tan nh hn AgCl nhiu.
AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]Cl
Vy c th dng dd NH3 long tch AgCl ra khi hn hp vi AgBr v AgI

CO32-: khi axit ha dd cha anion CO32- bng cc dd axit mnh (HCl, H2SO4 long) th CO2 s c
gii phng v gy si bt kh mnh. Nu dng dng c c bit ng lng d nc vi trong, ta
s thy s to thnh kt ta trng CaCO3 lm vn c dd nc vi trong :
CO32- + 2H+ H2O + CO2
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

3 Nguyn Quc Thi Ma LTH nm 2009

NHN BIT CHT KH

CO2: khng mu, khng mi, nng hn khng kh, rt t tan trong H2O nn khi to t dd nc n
si bt kh mnh:
CO32- + 2H+ H2O + CO2
HCO3- + H+ H2O + CO2
Hp th CO2 bng bnh ng lng d Ba(OH)2 hoc Ca(OH)2, kh CO2 b hp th to kt ta trng:
CO2 + Ba(OH)2d BaCO3 + H2O

SO2: khng mu, nng hn khng kh, mi hc, gy ngt, c, lm vn c nc vi trong nh

CO2
nhn bit SO2 ng thi phn bit n vi CO2, ta dng dd nc Brom d (hoc dd nc Iot d)
c mu nu:
SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O 2HBr + H2SO4
SO2 + I2 + 2H2O 2HI + H2SO4
SO2 lm nht mu nu ca dd

Cl2: mu vng lc, nng hn khng kh, mi hc, c, t tan trong H2O
Dng giy tm hn hp KI v h tinh bt thm t nhn ra kh Cl2 (hoc Ozon):
2KI + Cl2 2KCl + I2
I2 to vi h tinh bt 1 hn hp mu xanh tm (lm giy chuyn sang mu xanh tm)

NO2: nng hn khng kh, mu nu , c, t tan trong H2O

NO2 + O2 + H2O HNO3
Nhn bit HNO3 bng bt Cu
Khi nng NO2 ln ta c th nhn ra bng mu nu ca n

H2S: khng mu, nng hn khng kh, mi trng thi, c.

H2S + Cu2+ CuS + 2H+
H2S + Pb2+ PbS + 2H+
Nh phn ng trn ca H2S vi dd mui Cu2+, Pb2+ m ta c th nhn bit H2S bng cch: tm
ming giy lc bng dd mui ch (II) axetat (CH3COO)2Pb (khng mu), nu thy trn tm giy c
xut hin kt ta en kh H2S.

NH3: khng mu, nh hn khng kh, tan nhiu trong H2O, c mi khai c trng. Do NH3 tan
nhiu trong nc to dd bazo yu nn nhn bit kh NH3 bng giy qu tm thm t nc ct, nu
qu tm ha xanh + mi khai c NH3