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N
A
A'
H
O
( )
( ')
C
CCH
HHY
YY
N
NN

H
HH
N
NNH
HH C
CCH
HH
P
PP
GC KHONG CCH
Quan h song song vung gc l mt mng v cng quan trng
trong chng trnh hnh hc khng gian ni chung v trong nhng bi ton c lin
quan n hnh chp ni ring. V mt trong nhng ng dng quan trng nht ca
quan h song song vung gc trong vic gii cc bi ton hnh hc khng gian
cng nh cc bi ton c lin quan n hnh chp l tm gc v khong cch.Ta
n vi nhng bi ton sau:

Bi 1: Cho (A),(A') cheo nhau, co AA' la duong vung goc chung cua (A) va (A')
(A' e (A') va A e (A)). Goi (P) la mt phng chua A va vung goc voi (A'), con
(Q) // (P) ct (A) va (A') ln luot tai M va M'. Goi Nch M/(P). Dt = (A,(P)),
ZMAM' = o, ZM'AA' = |. Tim mi quan h cua o,|,.

Gii :



* Vi (P) (A') va AA' (A'), A e
(P)

AA' c (P)

* AA' // (Q) MA' //
MN
M'A' (P) M'M //
A'N
M'MNA' la hinh chu nht
N = ch M/(P) M'A'
A'N

Dt MN x. Ta co

AA'
2
= A'M
2
AM
2

= A'N
2
+ MN
2
(AN
2
+ MN
2
)

= A'N
2
AN
2

A'A AN
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S
A
B
C
F
E
I

* D dang thy duoc = ZMAN. Trong mt phng (M'AM), ta co:

M'M
2
= A'A
2
+ AN
2
= M'A
2
+ MA
2
2M'A.MA.cos o

Ma A'A = cot |.x

AN = cot .x
M'A =
sin
x
|

MA =
sin
x

x
2
(cot
2
| + cot
2
) = x
2
2 2
1 1 cos
2
sin sin sin .sin
o
| |
| |
+
|
\ .

cot
2
| + cot
2
= 2 + cot
2
| + cot
2
-
cos
2
sin .sin
o
|

cos o = sin |.sin
Bi 2: Cho tu din vung S.ABC. M la mt dim bt thuc AABC, I la trung dim
AB. Gia su CA 2SB, CB 2SA. Ke SE CA, SF CB. CMR:
a. SC EF b.
4
4
tan ( )
1
tan ( )
SCI EB
SCA AB
+ =

Gii :






* Ta co SC
2
= BC
2
SB
2
=
4SA
2
SB
2
SC
2
= AC
2
SA
2
=
4SB
2
SA
2
SA = SB AC = AB
* SE =
. SC SA
AC
SF =
. SC SB
AB


SE = SF

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B C
A D
S
M
N
Tu dy ta d dang suy ra: EF // AB ma SC (SAB) nn EF SC
* Ta co :
2
2
2
SC
EF CE SC
AC
AB CA AC AC
= = =

Mt khac: AB 2 .SA (do ASAB vung cn)

=
2
2
AC
EF =
2 2
2
2
.
2
SC SC
AC AC
=
Lai co:
1
2
SA
AC
= ZSAC =
3
t

3
cos cos
2 3 6 2
CS
AC
t t t | |
= = =
|
\ .

CS =
2 2
AC SA = 3 SA =
6
2
AB
Do do: EF
2 3 6
. . .
2 2 2
AB =
3
4
AB
3
4
EF
AB
= (1)
* tan SCI =
1
6
2
6 6
2
AB
SI
SC
AB
= =
tan SCA =
3
3 3
SA SA
SC SA
= =

4
4
tan 1
tan 4
SCI
SCA
= (2)
* Tu (1),(2) suy ra:
4
4
tan ( ) 1 3
1
tan ( ) 4 4
SCI EB
SCA AB
+ = + = (dpcm)
Bi 3: Trong (P) cho ABCD la hinh vung canh a. Ly M,N e CB va CD. Dt
CM = x, CN = y. Trn At (ABCD) ly S. Tim x,y d:
a. ((SAM),(SAN)) =
4
t

b. ((SAM),(SMN)) =
2
t

Gii :





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D C
A B
S
E
H
I
K


a. AM SA, AN SA ZMAN = ((SAM),(SAN))
SA = (SAM) (SAN)
D ((SAM),(SAN))
4
t
thi ta co:
cos MAN =
2 2 2
2
2 2 .
AM AN MN
AM AN
+
=


2 2 2 2
2. ( ) . ( ) a a x a a y + + = a
2
+ (a x)
2
+ a
2
+ (a y)
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2[a
2
+ (a x)
2
].[a
2
+ (a y)
2
] = [4a
2
2a(x + y)]
2
a
4
+ a
2
[2a
2
2a(x + y) + x
2
+ y
2
] + (a
2
+ x
2
2ax)(a
2
+ y
2
2ay) = 2[2a
2
a(x
+ y)]
2
.
a
4
+ 2a
4
2a
3
(x + y) + a
4
+ a
2
(x
2
+ y
2
) + 4a
2
xy 2a
3
(x + y) + x
2
y
2
2axy(x +
y) = 8a
4
8a
3
(x + y) + 2a
2
(x
2
+ y
2
) + 4a
2
xy
x
2
y
2
+ 4a
3
(x + y) = 2axy(x + y) +4a
4
b. Gia su (SAM) (SMN)
Dung NM' SM ( M' e SM). Ta co :

'
' ( )
( ) ( )
NM SM
NM SAM
SM SAM SMN

NM' SA
Mt khac: SA (ABCD) SA NM
Do do: M M'
MN (SAM)

MN AM
Vy d (SAM) (SMN) thi ta phai co: AM
2

+ MN
2
= AN
2
a
2
+ (a x)
2
+ x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
+
(a y)
2
2x
2
= 2ax 2ay
x
2
= a(x y).
Bi 4: Cho hinh chop S.ABCD
co SA (ABCD) va SA a 2 .
ABCD la hinh thang vung tai
A, D. AB = 2a, AD = CD = a
a. Tinh goc (S, BC, A) va (A,
BS, C)
b. Tinh goc ((SBC),(SCD))
Gii :
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* Xet mp (ABCD)
Goi H ch C/AB
AHCD la hinh vung, ACHB la tam giac vung cn.
ZCAB =
2
t
hay CA CB
- Tu gia thuyt ta d dang co duoc: SB a 6 ,
- BC = AC = a 2 , SD = a 3
SC = 2a
SC
2
+ BC
2
= SB
2
.
SC CB
- Do do: (S, BC, A) ZSCA =
4
t
.
Goi K ch A/SB
I = ch A/SC
( )
SC CB
CB SAC
AC CB


`

)
AI BC ma AI SC AI (SBC)
AI SB SB (AIK)
AK SB
KI SB (A, SB, C) = ZAKI

D thy:AI a
AK =
2.2 2 3
.
3 6
a a
a
a
=

. . 2 3
3 6
SI KI SI BC a a
KI a
SB BC SB a
= = = =
AI
2
+ KI
2
= a
2
+
2
3
a
=
2
4
3
a
= AK
2
AAKI vung tai I
sin AKI =
3
2 2 3
3
AI a
AK a
= =
ZAKI =
3
t

* Trong mp (SCD) dung duong thng qua C vung goc voi SC va ct SD tai E.

(( ), ( ))
SC CE
SCB SCD
SC CB

)
= ZECB
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+ SE.SD = SC
2
SE =
2
4
3
a
a
=
4 3
3
a

DE =
3
3
a CE
2
= DE.SE =
2
4 3 3 4
.
3 3 3
a a a =

+
2 2 2
5
2 2
6 cos
2 . 3
3
BD a
SD SB BD
SB a ESB
SD SB
SD a

+
= = =
`

=

)


BE
2
= SE
2
+ SB
2
2.SE.SB.cos ESB

=
16
3
a
2
+ 6a
2
2.
2
2 2 4 3 2
. . 6
3 3 3
a a a =

cos ECB =
2 2 2
2. .
CE CB EB
CE CB
+
=
2 2 2
4 2
2
6
3 3
3 2 3
2. . 2
3
a a a
a a
+
=
ZECB = arccos
6
3





Bi 5: Cho ASAB du va hinh vung ABCD canh a nm trong 2 mt phng

vung goc voi nhau. Goi M la trung dim cua AD

a. Tim d(SA,MC)

b. Goi (P) la mt phng qua BC va mt dim P bt ki trn SD. Xac dinh gia tri

lon nht co th co cua goc nhi din giua (P) va (ABCD), bit thit din giua

(P) va hinh chop la hinh thang


Gii :
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D C
B A
S
O
E
P
Q
P'
Q'
M






















Goi O la trung dim
cua AB

SO AB

Ma

(SAB) (ABCD) = AB

SO (ABCD)

SO BC ma BC AB
BC (SAB)

a. Goi E la trung dim cua BC
AE = MC = SE =
5
2
a

AM = EC =
2
a


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AMCE la hinh binh hanh

MC // AE

Z(MC,SA) = Z(AE,SA)

cos (MC,SA) =
2 2 2
2. .
AE SA SE
AE SA
+
=
2
5
5 5
2 .
2
a
a a
=
sin (MC,SA) =
2 5
5
. D thy SO
3
2
a

Ta co: V
S.AMC
=
1
3
SO.S
AMC
=
1
6
SO.DC.MA =
1 3
. . .
6 2 2
a a
a =
3
3
24
a

Mt khac: ( ) ( )
.
1
. .sin , . ,
6
S AMC
V SAMC MC SA d SA MC = V
S.AMC
=
1
6
SA.MC.sin
(MC,SA).d(SA,MC)

3
3
24
a
=
1 5 2 5
. . . ( , )
6 2 5
a
a d SA MC
d(SA,MC) =
3
4
a

b.
Thit din giua (P) va hinh chop la hinh thang.

Dung PQ // AD (Q e SA)

PQ // BC

D thy PQBC la thit din cua (P) voi hinh chop S.ABCD

Trong mt phng (SAB) dung QQ' // SO

QQ' (ABCD)

Dung PP' (ABCD) (P' e (ABCD))

(P'Q'BC) = ch (PQBC)/(ABCD)

Ta co: (OAD) ch (SAD)/(ABCD)

P' e OD, Q' e OA
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Dt SP x (0 s x s SD = 2 a

2
SP x
SD a
=


'
' 2
SP x OP
PD P D a x
= =

'
2
OP SP x
OD SD a
= =

OP' =
2
2
.
4 2
x a
a
a
+

' '
2
OP OQ x
OD OA a
= =


2
'
4
x
OQ =

/ /
' '/ /
' ' ( ) / ( )
PQ AD
P Q AD
P Q ch PQ ABCD

`
=
)


P'Q' AB P'Q' =
2 2
5 2
8 8 2
x x x
=

S
PQBC
=
1
2
.Q'B.(P'Q' + BC) =
1
2
2 2
2 4 2
a x x
a
| || |
+ +
| |
| |
\ .\ .
=
2
1 2
4 2
x
a
| |
+
|
|
\ .


+
2
SP PQ x
SD AD a
= =

PQ =
2
2
x

+
1 1 1
' 2
1
2 2
QQ AQ SA AQ SQ x a x
SH SA AQ AQ a x a

| | | | + | |
= = = = + =
| | |

\ . \ . \ .

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QQ' =
2
. 6
4
a x

Do QQ' Q'B
QB =
( )
2
2
2 2
2 3
' ' 2
2 4 8
a x
Q B QQ a x
| |
+ = + +
|
|
\ .


=
2 2
2 2
2 3 3 2 3
4 4 8 4 4 8
a ax x
a ax x + + + +

=
2
2
2
2 2
a x
a x +
S
PQBC
=
2
2
1 2 2
2 2 2 2
a x x
a x a
| |
+ +
|
|
\ .


cos ((P),(ABCD)) =
2 2 2
2
2
1 1 2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
x
a
a x
a x a a x x
a x
+
+
=
+
+


Dt I(x)
2 2
2
2 2
a x
a a x x
+
+
x e [o;a 2 ]

Xet I'(x) =
( )
2
2 2 2 2
6 3 2
2 2 2 2
a xa
a ax x a a x x

+ +
> 0 x e [o;a 2 ]

Vy max I(x) 2 min f(x) = 1




Bi 6: Cho hinh chop tam giac S.ABC du co day la tam giac du canh a. Goi o
la goc giua mt bn va mt day va la goc giua hai mt bn.
Tim mi quan h giua o v .
Gii:

Goi I la trung dim cua BC .

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SI BC (SAI) BC
AI BC SIA ((SBC), (ABC))



Z = Z = o



Dung BJ SA ( J SA e ).

Ta d dang suy ra: CJ SA

Suy ra:
(BJC) SA
BJC ((SAB), (SAC))

Z = Z =

+ (BJC) SA IJ SA
BJI ((SAI),SAB))
BJ SA 2

Z = Z =
`

)

( Do BJ JC ma I trung dim BC nn
BJC
BJI
2
Z
Z = )
Goi H ch S (ABC) H la tm cua ABC
2
1 1 3 1 3 3 1 a
SH.AI a HI. tan a a . tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 8
S
SAI
= = o = o = o
A

+
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 BI 1 a a 1 a tan 4
BJ.SA SH AH . tan a
2 2 sin BJI 2 12 3 12
2.sin 4.sin
2 2
S
SAB
o+
= = + = o+ =

A
+ (SAI) BC I chS (SAI) =

.cos ((SAB), (SAI)) .cos BJI .cos
2
S S S S
SAI SAB SAB SAB

= Z = =
A A A A


2 2 2
a a tan 4
tan .cos
8 12 2
4.sin
2
o +
o =

2
2 2
tan 4
tan .cot
3 2
o +
o =

2 2 2 2
2
4
3. tan . tan tan 4 tan
2
3tan 1
2

o = o + o =

Bi 7: Cho hinh chop tu giac du co day la hinh vung ABCD canh a, duong
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cao SH h. Cho mt phng (P) qua BD va vung goc voi mt phng (SCD).

Tinh t ln th tich hai khi da din duoc chia bi voi la goc giua hai mt

bn va mt day
Gii:













Goi M, N ln luot la trung dim cua AD
v BC.

SN CD
SNM ((SBC), (ABCD))
MN CD

Z = Z =

Dung DESC.
Ta c: BD SH
BD (SHC)
HC BD


`

)


BD SC
(BDE) SC (BDE) (SCD) ( hay (BDE) (P))




Goi V V
S.ABCD
, V
1
= V
C.EBD
, V
2
la phn con lai.

Xt :
1 1
S.BCD
V V 1 CE
V 2.V 2 SC
= =

Ta c:
H
A B
D C
S
M
N
E
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2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 a 1 a
SC SN NC NH . NC 1 cos 1
2 2.cos cos SNM cos
= + = + = + = +


(BDE) SC BE SC
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
1 1
BE.SC SN.BC BE.SC SN.BC
SBC
2 2
a 1
a
SN.BC a 2 cos
BE
SC a 1
1 cos
1
2 cos
a a.cos
CE BC BE a
1 cos
1 cos
S = = =

= = =
+
+

= = =
+
+
A


Suy ra:

2 2
1
2
2
2 1 1
1 2
a.cos
1 cos V 1 cos
a
V 2 1 cos
1 cos
2.cos
V V
cos
V V V

+
= =
+
+

= =

Bi 8: Cho (P) co chua hinh chu nht ABCD voi AB a, BC b. Trn duong

thng vung goc voi mt phng (ABCD) tai trung dim O cua AB ly dim S

sao cho SO ab. Trn BC ly BM x, trn CD ly DN y (M BC, N CD) e e

Tim mi quan h giua x, y, a, b sao cho:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1)
a. SOM SMN
b. SON SMN

2) P la trung dim cua SM, Q la trung dim cua ON. Tim diu kin d

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PQ = d(SM, ON)

Giai:

1) a. Gia su ta co :
( ) ( ) SOM SMN . Dung NM SM (M e SM).
Ta c :
( ) ( )
NM' SM
NM' (SON)
SM SON SMN

NM' SO

Mt khac: SO
( ) ABCD SO NM

Do do: MM
( ) MN SOM MN OM

Vy d
( ) ( ) SON SMN thi ta phai co

2 2 2
OM MN ON + = (1)

Ta c BM = xCM = b x

DN = yDN = a y

( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
( )
4
2 2A 4 2( ) 2
4 4
BN b a y
AN b y
MN b x a y
a
OM x
BN N AB b a y y a
ON
= +
= +
= +
= +
+ + +
= =


Vy theo (1) ta co :

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
4 2( ) 2
4 4
2 2
b a y y a a
x b x a y
bx ay x a
+ +
= + + +
+ = +


Vy diu kin d (SOM) va (SMN) vung goc la :
2 2
2 2 bx ay x a + = +

b) lp lun nhu trn ta co diu kin d (SON) (SMN) l ONMN
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Khi do :
2 2 2
2y 2b a 2bx 3ay + + = +

2) PQ = d(SM, ON)
PQ SM
PQ ON

(1)
Ta c :

( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
4b 2 a y 2y a
ON
OQ
4 16
4b 2 a y 2y a
SQ OQ SO a b
16
a
SM SO OM a b x
4
a
a b x
4
OP SP
4
+ +
= =
+ +
= + = +
= + = + +
+ +
= =


Tu (1) ta co :

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
PQ SQ SP OP OQ
SQ OQ SP OP 2OP
4b 2 a y 2y a 4b 2 a y 2y a
4a b a 4x
a b
16 16 8
2a b 2b 2y x 2ay
= =
+ = + =
+ + + +
+ +
+ + =
+ + = +


Vy diu kin d PQ la khoang cach giua ON v SM l :

2 2 2 2 2
2a b 2b 2y x 2ay + + = +




Bi 9 :Cho hinh chop S.ABCD voi day ABCD la hinh vung canh a va duong cao
SA =
a 6
2
. Goi (P) la mt phng qua A va vung goc voi SC, ct cac canh SC,
SB, SD ln luot tai C, B, D.

Tnh goc giua CD va AD
Giai :

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Goi E C' D' CD C' E SC =

Dung DKSC
( ) K SC e


DK/ /C' E
(C' D', AD) (C' E, AD) (DK, AD) ADK

Z = Z = Z = Z



SA CD
CD (SAD) CD SD
CD AD


`

)


M ta cC' E SC nn suy ra: SDC dng dang voi EC' C
C' E C' C
SD CD
= (1)

AC SC
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
AC AC 2a 2 14
CC' a
SC 7 3
SA AC
a 2a
2
= = = =
+
+

Tu (1) : CE
2 2
2 2
2 14 3
a a a
SD.CC' CC' SA AD 2 35
7 2
a
CD CD a 7
+
+
= = =

2 2 2 2
8 20
EC CC' C' E a a 2a
7 7
CD 1 DK CK
(doDK/ /EC')
EC 2 EC' CC'
35
DK a
7
14
CK a
7
= + = + =
= = =

cos SCA =
AC a 2 2 7
SC 7 14
a
2
= =

2 2 2
2 2
2
AK CK AC 2CK.AC.cosSCA
2 14 2 7
a 2a 2.a 2. a.
7 7 7
8
a
7
2 14
AK a
7
= +
= +
=
=

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+ cos ADK
2 2 2
2 2 2
5 8
a a a
DA DK AK 2 35
7 7
2.DA.DK 35 35
2a a
7
+
+
= = =
2 35
ADK arccos
35
Z =



Bi 10: Cho hinh chop S.ABCD voi ABCD la hinh thoi canh a co

o
BAD 60 Z = . Goi O la giao dim cua AC va BD , bit SO (ABCD)
v SO =
3
a
4
.
a. Xac dinh va tinh khoang cach giua SB, AD.

b. Tinh goc giua (SBC) va (SAD).

Giai :

a. Qua O dung duong thng d AD va ct AD, BC ln luot tai I,J.

Dung IH SJ ( H SJ e )


SO (ABCD)
BC (SIJ)
IJ BC


`

)
IH BC

IH (SBC) IH SB

AD // BC IH AD

Vy IH d(AD,SB)
D thy OI OJ
3
a
4
. Dung F la hinh chiu cua O trn SJ , ta d dang suy ra
duoc : OF
3
a
8

Suy ra : IH = 2.OF =
3
a
4

b. Qua S dung duong thng d // AD // BC, d
( ) ( ) SAD SBC

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( )
SI AD SI d
SIJ AD (do d / /AD/ /BC)
SJ AD SJ d
ISJ ((SAD), (SBC))


`

)
Z = Z


Ta d dang co duoc:
IJ = 2.OI =
3
a
2


2 2 2 2
9 3 3
SI SJ SO OI a a a
16 16 2
= = + = + =
SIJ du
o
ISJ 60 Z =

Vy goc giua (SAD) va (SBC) la
o
ISJ 60 Z =

Nhn xet : bai toan nay, d tinh d dai khoang cach giua hai doan AD va SB

ta con co th lam nhu sau :

+
o
BAD 60 Z = ABD du canh a

2
3
S a
4
ABD
=
A

SO (ABCD)
Suy ra : V
S.ABD
=
2 3
ABD
1 1 3 3 3
SO.S a a a
3 3 4 4 16
= = (1)

Mt khac :

V
S.ABD
=
1
SB.AD.d(AD,SB).sin (AD,SB)
6
Z

Trong do:

SB =
2 2 2 2
9 1 13
OB SO a a a
16 4 4
+ = + =
SC =
2 2 2 2
9 3 21
OC SO a a a
16 4 4
+ = + =
AD // BC (AD,SB) (BC,SB) SBC Z = Z = Z
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2 2 2
2 2 2
13 21
a a a
SB BC SC 13
16 16
cosSBC
2.SB.BC 13 13
2.a. a
4
2 39
sinSBC
13
+
+
= = =
=

Suy ra: V
S.ABD
=
2
3
a .d(SB, AD)
12
(2)
Tu (1) va (2) ta suy ra duoc : d(AD,SB)
3
a
4

Bai toan khng kho, no ch xoay quanh nhung pham vi kin thuc c
ban va ch doi hi muc d nm vung kin thuc cua chung ta va su linh hoat trong
vic bin di biu thuc


Bi 11: Cho hinh chop S.ABC, day la tam giac vung tai A. AB a, BC 2a.
Dung SH vung goc voi (ABC) tai H sao cho
CA 6
CH , SH a
3 3
= = . Goi I, J ln
luot la trung dim cua BC, SA. Goi ( ) | la mt phng qua BJ va vung goc

voi mt phng (SHI).

Tinh goc giua ( ) | v (ABC).

Giai:

D thy CA a 3 v
o
ABC 60 Z =

Goi K la trung dim cua AH
Suy ra : AK
o
1 3 AK 3
CA a tan ABK ABK 30
3 3 AB 3
= = = = Z = (1)
Goi N la trung dim cua SI. Ap dng dinh ly Menelaus cho tam giac ICS va

ba dim B, N, M ta co :


BI MC NS 1 MS
. . 1 . .( 1) 1
2 BC MS NI MC
MS
2
MC
= =
=

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Goi T la giao dim cua MJ va AC. Ap dng dinh li Menelaus cho tam giac ACS
va ba dim T, M, J ta co :

TA MC JS MS
. . 1 ( 2). .( 1) 1
TC MS JI MC
TA 1
2 TC
= =
=

Do do: A la trung dim cua TC.

Suy ra : ABTC cn tai T
o
TBA ABC 60 Z = Z = . (2)

Tu (1) va (2) ta co : BK TB (3)

Mt khac , ta thy H la hinh chiu cua S trn (ABC) , do do AH la hinh

chiu cua SA trn (ABC) .

Ma J, K ln luot la trung dim cua SA va AH.

Nn K la hinh chiu cua J trn (ABC) JK TB (4)

Tu (3) va (4) ta duoc : (JBK) TB

JBK (( ), (ABC)) Z = Z |
Ta d dang tinh duoc :
6 2 3 6
JK a, BK a BJ a
6 3 2
= = =
cos JBK =
BK 2 2
BJ 3
=


Bi 12 : Cho hinh chop C. ABBA voi day ABBA la hinh chu nht . Bit

AA va BB cung vung goc voi (ABC), dung duong vung goc chung cua

AB va BC.

Giai :

Trong mt phng (ABBA) ke duong thng qua B, song song voi AB va ct

AB tai D.
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Tu B ke BKCD ( K CD e ).

Tu B ke BHBK ( H B' K e ).

Tu H ke duong thng song song voi AB va ct CB tai J.

Tu J ke duong thng song song voi BH va ct AB tai I

Ta c :

CD BK
CD (B' BK) BH B' C
BH (B' DC) CD BB'
BH DB'
BH B' K



`

)


Ma DB // AB nn BH AB

Mt khac IJ // BH nn
BH B' C
BH A' B

Vy IJ la duong vung goc chung ma ta cn dung.

Bi 13 : Cho hinh chop S.ABCD co day ABCD la nua hinh lc giac du canh

a, duong cao SA a. Dung duong vung goc chung cua BD, SC ; xac dinh

chn duong vung goc trn cac canh SC va BD.Tinh d dai doan vung goc

chung do.
Giai :

Qua C ke duong thng song song voi BD va ct AB va AD ln luot tai K va E.

Ke BHSK
( ) H SK e . Tu H ke duong thng song song voi BD ct SC tai J, tu

J ke duong thng song song voi BH va ct BD tai I.

Do ABCD la nua hinh lc giac du canh a nn BDAB

KE AB
KE (SAK) KE BH
KE SA


`

)

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+
BH SK
BH (SKE)
IJ (SKE) IJ KE IJ BD (doBD/ /KE) BH KE
IJ / / BH


`

` )

)


+IJ (SKE) IJ SC

Vy IJ la duong vung goc chung cua SC va BD.

D thy :
2 2
a a 3 3a a 13
KB , KC , KA , KS SA AK
2 2 2 2
= = = = + =

Lai co tu giac SABH ni tip. Do do KH.KS KB.KA

KB.KA 3a 13
KH
KS 26
= =

Vy
3a 13
KH 3
26
KS 13 a 13
2
= =
Suy ra :
CJ 3
CS 13
= (do HJ // KC). Dim J duoc xac dinh trn CS
Ta lai co:
10 10 5a 3
13 13 13
SH HJ
HJ KC
SK KC
= = = =
V BI = HJ nn
5a 3
5
13
D 13 3
BI
B a
= = . Dim I duoc xac dinh trn BD
+Ta c:
1 13
IJ
13 13
BH BK a
BH
SA SK
= = = =

( BH // IJ , HJ // BI HJIB l hnh bnh hnh )




BI TP T LUYN

BT1/ Cho hinh chop S.ABCD co day la hinh vung, mp(SAB) mp(ABCD),

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tam giac SAB du. Tinh goc giua cac cp mt phng sau:

a/ (SAB) v (SAD);

b/ (SAD) v (SBC);

c/ (SHC) va (SDI), voi H, I ln luot la trung dim cua AB va BC.



BT2/ Cho tu din ABCD, hai mp(SAB) va (SBC) vung goc voi nhau, SA

vung gc mp(ABC). Cho o = Z = Z = ASB BSC a SA , 45 , 2 . Xac dinh o d

mp(SCA) va mp(SCB) tao voi nhau goc 60
0
.


BT3/ Trong mt phng (P), cho hinh thoi ABCD canh a,
3
6 2a
AC = . Trn duong
thng vung goc voi (P) tai giao dim O cua hai duong cheo hinh thoi,

ly dim S sao cho SO a. Chung minh rng mp(SAB) vung goc voi

mp(SAD).



BT4/ Trong mp(P) cho hnh thang cn ABCD c AB=2a, CD=a, BC=AD=a.

Trn duong thng vung goc voi (P) tai trung dim M cua AB, ly S: SMa.

a/ Tinh ban kinh mt cu ngoai tip hinh chop S.ABCD.

b/ Tinh goc giua SM voi mp(SCD).




BT5/ Cho ABC la tam giac vung C, AC a, BC b. Trn duong thng

vung goc voi (ABC) tai A ly dim S sao cho SA h. Goi M, N ln luot la

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trung dim cua cac canh AC va SB. Tim gia nh nht cua MN khi h thay di.


BT6/ Cho hinh chop S.ABCD co day la hinh thoi, goc BAC bng 120
0
, AC = b,

BC a, canh SA vung goc voi day, goc giua mp(SBC) va mt phng day la

60
0
. Tnh:

a/ Duong cao cua hinh chop.

b/ Khoang cach tu A dn mp(SBC).



BT7/ Cho hinh chop S.ABC, day la tam giac vung tai C, AC x, AB 2a,

duong cao SA h (h cho truoc va nh hn 2a). Goi I va J ln luot la trung

dim AC va SB. Xac dinh x theo a d IJ la duong vung goc chung cua AC v

SB. Khi do hy tinh khoang cach tu A dn (SBC).



BT8/ Cho tam giac du ABC canh a. Trn duong thng At vung goc voi

mp(ABC) ly dim S sao cho AS b.

a/ Tinh khoang cach tu A dn (SBC) theo a, b.

b/ Hz la duong thng di qua truc tm H cua tam giac SBC va vung goc voi

(SBC). Chung minh rng khi S di dng trn At thi Hz lun di dim c dinh.

NHNG BI TON V THIT DIN
TRONG HNH CHP


Bi 1: Cho hinh chop S.ABCD co day la hinh binh hanh. M la trung dim cua SC,
(P) la mt phng qua AM va song song voi BD. Goi E, F ln luot la giao dim cua
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(P) voi cac canh SB, SD. Tim t s din tich cua tam giac SME voi tam giac SBC
va t s din tich tam giac SMF voi tam giac SCD.



Gii:
F
K
H
O
I
M
E
D
C
B
A
S


- T s din tich tam giac SME voi tam giac SBC:

Goi H, K ln luot la hinh chiu cua M, C ln SB.

+
1
.
1
2
. . .
1
2
.
2
MH SE
MH SE SM SI SI
CK SB SC SO SO
CK SB
S
SME
S
SBC
= = = =

Ap dng dinh li Menelaus vao tam giac SOC voi b dim (I, A, M):

3
2
SO
SI
3
IO
IS
1 ) 1 .(
2
1
.
IO
IS
1
MS
MC
.
AC
AO
.
IO
IS
= = = =

1 2 1
.
2 3 3
S
SME
S
SBC
= =
- Tung tu,
1
3
S
SMF
S
SDC
= .


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Bi 2: Cho hinh chop S.ABC co dim M nm trong tam giac ABC. Cac duong
thng qua M ln luot song song SA, SB, SC ct cac mp(SBC), (SAC), (SAB) tai
A, B, C. Chung minh rng . 1
SC
' MC
SB
' MB
SA
' MA
= + +


Gii:



-Goi N la giao dim cua AM
va BC. Suy ra, S, A, N thng
hang. (Do cung thuc giao
tuyn cua mp(SAM) voi
(SBC)).
- Ta chung minh:
' MA
SA
S
MBC
S
ABC
= . Tht vy:
1
. .
'
2
1
. .
2
MK BC
MK NM MA
AH NA SA
AH BC
S
MBC
S
ABC
= = = =
.
- Tung tu:

' '
,
MB MC
SB SC
S S
MAC MAB
S S
ABC ABC
= = .

' ' '
1
MA MB MC
SA SB SC
S S S S
MBC MAC ABC MBA
S S S S
ABC ABC ABC ABC
+ + = = + + = (dpcm).





Bi 3: Cho hinh chop S.ABCD, day ABCD la hinh thoi voi cac duong cheo AC
4a, BD 2a, chung ct nhau tai O. Duong cao cua hinh chop SO h. Dung mt
phng qua A va vung goc voi SC ct SB, SC, SD ln luot tai B, C, D. Xac dinh
h d thit din BCD la tam giac du.
M
A'
H
K
N
C
B
A
S
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Gii:


D mp(BCD) chinh la thit din cn dung ta cn co C thuc doan thng SC,

khi do SC A Z phai la goc nhon. Suy ra

OC < SO.
Tht vy, nu OC SO thi

SAC A vung tai S va S C ' .

Con nu OC ~ SO thi:

0
0
90 SC
180 OAS OSC ASC SC 2
OAS OSA OCS, SC
> Z
= Z + Z + Z > Z
Z > Z Z > Z
A
A
O

Ngha l ASC Z la goc tu, trai voi
kt lun trn.
Tu do OC SO hay 2a h.

Trong mp(ABCD) tu A ke

duong thng song song voi BD, duong thng nay ct BC keo dai tai B
1
,

) (
1
o e B v ) (
1
SBC mp B e . Hin nhin C, B, B
1
du

thuc giao tuyn cua mp(o ) va mp(SBC), nn chung thng hang.

2 2
2 2
4
2 4 '. '. 4 '
4
ah
ah AC SC AC a h AC
a h
S
SAC
= = + =
+
=

V AC = 2OC v AB
1
// OB, nnAB
1
= 2OB = 2a.

Nu ABCD du thi 3 2 3
2
3
2 ' 30 ' '
1 1
0
a AB AB AC B EC = = = = Z . Suy ra :
SO a h
h a
h
h a
ah
a = =
+
=
+
= 3 2
4
2
3
4
4
3 2
2 2 2 2


C
C
S
B
D
B
H
B
1
A
O
D
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Do do SAC A du va C la trung dim SC.

D dang kim tra lai nu 3 2a h = thi thit din BCD la tam giac du.


Gii:

a) Vi SAC la tam giac cn SA SC nn C thuc doan SC khi va ch khi

SC A Z l gc nhon. Khi do:


2
2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
a
h
a
h a SC SA AC >
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ < + <

Vi vy khi
2
a
h > th mp(o ) ct SC tai C la mt dim thuc canh SC.

2 2
2
2 .
' '. . 2
h a
ah
SC
AC SH
AC SC AC AC SH S
SAC
+
= = = =

Ta c AHE A ~ SHC A (v AHE A ~ E SC' A , E SC' A ~ SHC A ) nn

h
a h
SE SE h h
a
HE SH HC AH
HC
HE
SH
AH
2
2
) (
2
. .
2 2 2

= = = =

Do do
2
) 2 (
2
2
.
2 .
' ' ) // ' ' (
' '
2
2 2 2 2
h
a h a
h
a h
h
a
SH
SE BD
D B BD D B
SH
SE
BD
D B
=

= = =



Bi 4: Cho hinh chop tu giac du S.ABCD, canh day a va duong cao h. Dung

mp(o ) di qua A va vung goc voi SC ct SB, SC, SD ln luot tai B, C, D.

a) h phai thoa diu kin gi d C la mt dim thuc canh SC ? Khi do

b) hy tinh th tich hinh chop S.ABCD.

c) Co xay ra truong hop nao ma tam giac BCD la tam giac du?

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Din tich thit din la:

.
2
1
' ' '.
2
1
= = D B AC S
td
2 2
2
2
h a
ah
+
.
2
) 2 (
2
2 2
h
a h a
) 2 ( 2
) 2 (
2 2
2 2 2
h a h
a h a
+

=

Hn nua
) 2 ( 2
) 2 (
2
4
2
' '
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
a h
a h
h a
h a a
h AC SA SC
+

=
+
+ = =

Suy ra
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 (2 )
'.
3 6 (2 )
. ' ' '
td
a h a
SC S
h h a
V
S AB C D
+
= =
+


b) Vi BD song song voi mp(o )
nn mp(o )

ct mp(ABCD) theo giao tuyn di qua
A v //BD,

giao tuyn do ct CB tai B
1
, ct CD

tai D
1
. Hin nhin C, B, B
1
thng

hang va C, D, D
1
cng thng hang.

Do BD//B
1
D
1
, BD//B
1
D
1
nn ' ' ' D B C A ~
1 1
B C' D A .

CBD A ~
1 1
CB D A , tu do suy ra
1 1
B C' D A l tam gic cn, cn
1 1
CB D A l tam

giac vung cn. Th nn 2 a C
1 1
= = = A AD AB

Ta lai co trong SAC A thi AC AC . Tu do mi tam giac vung CAB
1
v

CAD
1
c :

0
1
0
1 1
90 ' ' ' ' ' 45 ' ' > Z = Z > Z = Z D C B D C B D AC B AC .

Vi vy tam giac BCD lun co goc ' ' ' D C B Z t.


C
S
C
B
B
H
A
D
E
D
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Nhn xet:

Trong phn dinh dang thit din bai toan nay ta rt co th s nhm ln voi
truong hop cua bai toan 17 khi ng nhn rng thit din dung duoc vn co th xay
ra truong hop tam giac BCD du. Nguyn nhn la do su khac bit v hinh dang
mt day cua khi chop (giua hinh thoi va hinh vung tuy co nhiu net tung dng
nhung khi v hinh, dc bit la khi co nhung mt phng ct ngang khi chop thi
mi loai s dinh huong net v cng nhu hinh dang thit din theo nhung cach khac
nhau. Ta ch co th thng qua chung minh ma kt lun chu khng nn nhn dinh
vi vang).
Bi 5: Cho hinh chop S.ABCD co day la hinh binh hanh. Mt phng (P) ct cac
doan SA, SB, SC, SD ln luot tai A, B, C, D. Chung minh rng tu giac
ABCD la hinh binh hanh khi va ch khi mp(P) song song voi mp(ABCD).


Gii:

- Gia su (P) //(ABCD): Khi do mp(P) va (ABCD) bi mp(SAB) ct theo hai giao

tuyn AB va AB song song. Tung tu, CD//CD, BC//BC, AD//AD

AB//CD va AD//BC ABCD la hinh binh hanh.




'
D' C'
B'
A'
D
C
B
A
S

- Gia su ABCD la hbh:

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+ Ta c: ' D ' C // , ' B ' A // ), SCD ( ) SAB (
) SCD //( ' D ' C
) SAB //( ' B ' A
' D ' C // ' B ' A
A A = A

.

Mt khac: CD // , AB // ), SCD ( ) SAB (
) SCD //( CD
) SAB //( AB
CD // AB
A A = A

Do do, AB// AB AB//(ABCD). (1)

Tung tu, AD//(ABCD). (2)

Tu (1), (2) suy ra (P) //(ABCD).


Cu hi dt ra dy la nu nhu mt day hinh chop khng phai la hinh binh
hanh ma mang mt hinh dang bt ki thi lam th nao d dung duoc thit din
ABCD cua bai toan la hinh binh hanh?




Bi 6: Cho hinh chop S.ABCD, mp(P) ct cac canh SA, SB, SC, SD ln luot tai
A, B, C, D. Tim diu kin cua mp(P) d ABCD la hinh binh hanh.


Gii:
ABCD la hbh

' C ' B // ' D ' A

' D ' C // ' B ' A
.

Goi

=
=
) SBC ( ) SAD ( SF
) SCD ( ) SAB ( SE
.
+ Ta c:
) P //( SE ' D ' C // ' B ' A // SE
' D ' C // ' B ' A
) SCD ( ) SAB ( SE
) SCD ( ) P ( ' D ' C
) SAB ( ) P ( ' B ' A

=
=
=

(Dinh li v giao tuyn cua 3 mt phng).

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Tung tu, SF//(P).

















Vy nu (P)//SE va (P)//SF thi ABCD la hbh.




Bi 7: Cho tu din ABCD co ABCD. Goi I, J ln luot la trung dim cua BC, BD;
E la dim thuc AD khac Ava D.Tim vi tri cua E d thit din tu din khi ct bi
mp(JEI) l hnh thoi.


Gii:













D'
C'
B'
A'
E
F
D
C
B
A
S
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- Co IJ la duong trung binh cua tam giac BCD.

Do do, IJ//CD CD//mp(IJEF) EF // CD (do CD,

EF dng phng).

- Do do, thit din la hinh thang. D thit din la hinh

thoi th

=
=
JE EF
JI EF
E la trung dim cua AD.

- Nguoc lai, khi E la trung dim cua AD thi
-
-

=
= =
= =
AB CD
AB
FI JE AB FI JE
CD
JI FE CD JI EF
2
, // //
2
, // //

IJEF l hnh thoi.



Bi 8: Trong mp(P) cho duong tron (O), duong kinh AB 2R. Ly mt dim C
trn doan

AB, dt ) 2 0 ( R x x AC < < = . Mt duong thng di qua C ct duong tron tai 2 dim
K, L.

Trn duong thng vung goc voi mp(P) tai A, ly dim S sao cho SA h. Mt
mp(o ) di

qua A v vung gc SB.

a) Hy xac dinh thit din cua hinh chop S.AKBL va mp(o ). Thit din
do co dc

dim gi?

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b) Gia su mp(o ) ln luot ct SB, SC, SK. SL tai B, C, K, L. Duong
thng KL

c) phai thoa mn diu kin gi d C la trung dim KL?

d) Tim diu kin di voi KL d thit din AKBL la hinh vung.


Gii:

a) Trong mp(SAB) ke SB B SB AB e ' , ' . Trong mp(SAK) ke . ' SK AK

Goi C la giao dim cua SC va AB. Trong mp(SKL) ni K voi C. KC keo dai
ct SL

tai L. Do do thit din tao bi hinh chop S.AKBL va mp( o ) la min tu giac
AKBL

va theo chung minh trn thi tu giac nay ni tip.

b) Duong tron ngoai tip tu giac AKBL nhn AB lam duong kinh. Do do
C

c) mun la trung dim KL khi va ch khi KL thoa mn mt trong hai diu
kin:

















A
B
K
C
S
L
L
B
K
C
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Dk1 : ' ' ' AB L K

Gia su '. ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' AL AK L C L K AB L K = =

Trong cc tam gic vung SAK v SAL, ta c:

AB KL AL AK
SA AL SA AK AK
= = =
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
'
1 1


Nguoc lai, gia su :

CL KC SAB mp KL AB KL = ), (

' ' ; ' ' ' ' ) ( ' '
// ' ' ' ' ,
L C C K AB L K SAB mp L K
KL L K SL SK SL SK AL AK
=
= = =


Dk2 : C la trung dim AB.

Gia su AC CB. Trong mp(SAB) ke AB M SC m B e , // '

Ta c :
x R
x
AC R
AC
CB
CN

= =
2 2 SB
SB'


Mt khac
2 2
2
2
2
2
4
'. '
R h
h
SB
SA
SB
SB SB
SB
SB
+
= = = suy ra:

AC
R h
Rh
x
R h
h
x R
x
=
+
=
+
=

2 2
2
2 2
2
4 4 2


Nguoc lai, gia su:

'. ' '
4
2 2
2
B C AC AC CM
R h
Rh
x AC = =
+
= =


c) Din tich thit din AKBL la:

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o o o
o o o o
sin '. ' '.
2
1
sin ' ' '. '
2
1
sin ' '.
2
1
sin '. ' '. '
2
1
sin '. ' '. '
2
1
sin '. ' '.
2
1
sin ' ' '.
2
1
L K AB L K B C K AC
L C B C K C B C L C AC K C AC S
td
= + =
+ + + =


Trong do o la goc giua duong thng AB va KL. VI AB la duong

kinh c dinh cua duong tron ngoai tip tu giac AKBL, con KL la dy cung

cua duong tron do nn S
td
lon nht khi va ch khi KLAB va
0
90 = o , hay ni

cach khac khi AKBL la hinh vung. Diu do xay ra khi C la trung dim AB va
. AB KL




Bi 9: Cho hinh chop S.ABCD co day la hinh binh hanh, mt bn SAB l tam gic
vung tai A. Voi dim M bt ki thuc canh AD (M A,D), xet mp() di qua dim
M va song song voi SA, CD.
a) Thit din cua hinh chop khi ct mp() la hinh gi?
b) Tinh din tich thit din theo a, b; ABa, SAb, M la trung dim cua AD.


Gii:

















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a) Thit din la tu giac MNPQ. Do CD // (), SA // () nn MN//PQ//CD, MQ//SA
m

BA SA thit din la hinh thang MNPQ vung tai M.

b) Khi M la trung dim AD, ta duoc:


a AB MN
a
PQ
CD
PQ
b
MQ
SA
MQ
= =
= =
= =
2 2
1
2 2
1



Vy
( ). 3
2 8
MN PQ MQ ab
S
MNPQ
+
= = .




Bi 10: Cho hinh chop S.ABCD co day la hinh vung canh a. Mt bn SAB la tam
giac cn tai S va mp(SAB) mp(ABCD), canh bn SC tao voi mt phng day goc
o . Tinh din tich thit din cua hinh chop khi ct bi mt phng trung truc cua
canh BC.


Gii:









H
F
K
Q
P
E
N
M
D
C
B
A
S
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- Goi H la trung dim cua BA thi ) ABCD ( SH AB SH .

- Goi K la trung dim cua CD.

- Goi M, E, N, P, F, Q ln luot la giao dim cua mt phng trung truc (R) cua BC
voi cac

canh BC, HK, AD, SD, SK, SC. Do do thit din la tu giac MNPQ.

- Ta c:

=
=

2
CD
PQ , MN // PQ
2
SH
EF , MN EF
CD // PQ
CD // MN
SH // EF
) R //( CD ), R //( SH
BC ) R (
BC CD
BC SH


Thit din la hinh thang MNPQ co duong cao EF.

1
.( ).
2
MN PQ EF S
MNPQ
= +

- Mt khac, o
o o
tan .
4
5 a
2
tan . BC HB
2
tan . HC
2
SH
EF
2 2
=
+
= = =

Vy
2
1 1 5 3 5
.( ). . . . tan . tan
2 2 2 4 16
a a a
MN PQ EF a S
MNPQ
o o
| |
= + = + =
|
\ .
.



Bi 11: Cho hinh chop S.ABCD day la hinh vung canh a, SAmp(ABCD) v
SAa. Goi () la mp qua A va vung goc voi SC ct SB, SD ln luot tai B
1
, D
1
.
Tinh din tich thit din cua hinh chop tao bi mp().


Gii:
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D
1
C
1
B
1
D
C
B
A
S


- Gia su B
1
D
1
ct BD, khi do ta co:

+
SD SC
) SBD ( mp SC
SC BD ) SAC ( mp BD SA BD , AC BD
)) mp( SC do ( D B SC
1 1

o


Mt khac, SD CD AD CD , SA DC .

Suy ra v li (do trong mt tam giac khng th tn tai hai cp canh vung goc).

- Do do, B
1
D
1
//BD. M
1 1 1 1 1
AC D B ) SAC ( mp D B ) SAC ( mp BD .
1 1 1 D C AB
AC . D B
2
1
S
1 1 1
=

- C SB AB
AB SC
AB BC SA BC , AB BC
1
1
1

.

Tung tu, SD AD
1
.

- Do tam giac SAB vung cn tai A, AB
1
la duong cao nn B
1
la trung dim cua
SB


2
2 a
2
AB AD
2
BD
D B
2
1
BD
D B
2 2
1 1
1 1
=
+
= = =

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- Xet tam giac SAC vung tai A, duong cao AD
1
:

3
6 a
AC
a 2
3
a 2
1
a
1
AC
1
SA
1
AC
1
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
= = + = + = .

Vy
6
3 a
3
6 a
2
2 a
2
1
S
2
D C AB
1 1 1
= = .




Bi 12: Cho hinh chop A.BCD co day la tam giac du canh a, AB 2 a . Duong
cao cua hinh chop ke tu dnh A di qua trung dim H cua canh CD. Tinh din tich
thit din hinh chop khi ct bi mp(P) song song voi AB, CD va cach dnh B mt
khoang bng x.


Gii:

















- Goi (P) ct cac canh AC, AD, DB, BC, HB, AH ln luot tai P, Q, R, S, I, J. Ta
c:

AB // SP // QR
CD // RS // PQ
AB // ) P (
CD // ) P (
Thit din PQRS la hinh binh hanh.
K
E
H
S
Q
J
P
I
R
D
C B
A
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- Mt khac, AB // IJ
BH
BI
CD
SR
CD
PQ
AH
AJ
= = = .

- C: . IJ SR IJ CD HB CD , AH CD

. IJ SR S
PQRS
= .

- M:
15 a
2 x 4
2
3 a
.
4
a 3
a 2
2 ax
HB . HB AB
2 ax
AB
HB . HA
x
HE
IK
BH
BI
CD
SR
2
2
2 2
=

= = = =
-
Suy ra,
15
2 x 4
15 a
2 x 4 . CD
SR = = .

- V:
15 a
2 x 4 15 a
15 a
2 x 4
1
HB
BI
1
HB
BI BH
HB
HI
AB
IJ
= = =

= =

15
x 8 30 a
15 a
) 2 x 4 15 a .( 2 a
IJ

=

= .

Vy:
15
2 x 32 15 ax 8
15
2 x 4
.
15
x 8 30 a
SR . IJ S
2
PQRS

=

= = .




Bi 13: Cho hnh chp S.ABC co day la tam giac du, SASBSCa va cung tao
voi mt phng (ABC) goc 60
0
. Mt mt phng (P) song song voi SA, BC va ct
hinh chop theo thit din la hinh vung. Tinh din tich thit din.


Gii:

- Gia su H la tm cua tam giac du ABC, suy ra SH la trc cua tam giac ABC. Suy
ra = Z 60 SAH
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Q
P
N
M
x
a
H
A'
C
B
A
S


- Goi canh cua hinh vung MNPQ la x, A la trung dim cua BC.

- Ta c:

1
BS
SN BN
BC
1
SA
1
. x
SB
SN
BC
NP
BS
BN
SA
MN
=
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
=


- Ma ta lai co:
3 3 3 3a
AA' .AH .SA.cos A .a.cos60
2 2 2 4
= = = =

Suy ra:
2
3 a
3
3
.
4
a 3
. 2 60 cot '. AA 2 ' BA . 2 BC = = = = .
Do do: ) 3 2 ( 3 a x 1
2
3 a
1
a
1
. x = =
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ .
Vy
( )
2
2 2 2
3(2 3) 3 (2 3) x a a S
MNPQ
= = = .




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Bi 14: Cho tu din du ABCD co d dai canh la 6. N la trung dim cua AC; M, P
ln luot thuc doan AB, CD sao cho: 2 = =
PC
PD
MB
MA
. Tinh din tich thit din cua
tu din khi tao bi mt phng (MNP).


Gii:

- Goi BD RP Q , = = BC NM R Nn thit din la tu giac MNPQ.

- Ap dng dinh li Menelaus vao tam giac BCA voi b dim (R, N, M) thng hang,
ta

duoc: 12 . 2
2
1
1 2 . 1 . 1 . . = = = = = BC RC
RC
RB
RC
RB
MB
MA
NA
NC
RC
RB
.

3
2
1 3 .
2
1
. 1 . . = = =
RN
RM
RN
RM
BM
BA
CA
CN
RN
RM
.

H
K
Q
R
M
N
P
D
C
B
A


- p dng dinh li Menelaus vao tam giac CBD voi b dim (R, P, Q) thng hang,
ta duoc
:
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1 1 2 .
2
1
. 1 . . = = =
QD
QB
QD
QB
RB
RC
PC
PD
QD
QB
4
3
1 2 .
3
2
. 1 . . = = =
RP
RQ
RP
RQ
BQ
BD
CD
CP
RP
RQ
.

-Ta duoc:
1
. .
2 3 1 1
2
. . . .
1
3 4 2 2
. .
2
MK RQ
MK RQ RM RQ
NH RP RN RP
NH RP
S
RMQ
S S
RNP MNPQ
S
RNP
= = = = = = .
-C: 3 .
2
1
CN , 4 .
3
2
CP , 12 . 2 = = = = = = AC CD BC RC .

- Ap dng dinh li cosin vao cac tam giac RNC, RNP, NPC ta duoc:

= + = + =
= + = + =
= + = + =
13 60 cos . 3 .. 2 3 4 cos . . . 2
112 60 cos . 4 . 12 . 2 4 12 cos . . . 2
117 60 cos . 3 . 12 . 2 3 12 cos . . . 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
PCN CN PC CN PC PN
RCP CP RC CP RC RP
RCN CN RC CN RC RN


7 2 13 2
2
13
7 4
13 3
+ =
+ +

=
=
=

PN RP RN
PN
RP
RN
.

Vy theo cng thuc Hrng ta duoc:

( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 13 2 7 . 2 13 2 7 3 13 . 2 13 2 7 4 7 2 13 2 7 13 6 10 S
RNP
= + + + + =
.

Vy din tich thit din la:
1
. 3 10
2
S S
RNP MNPQ
= =



Bi 15 : Cho hinh chop tu giac du S.ABCD, canh day la a, mt bn hop voi mt
day mt goc o . Tinh din tich thit din tao bi hinh chop va mt phng (R),
trong do mt phng (R) di qua mt canh day va hop voi mt day mt goc | .

Gii:
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V S.ABCD l hnh chp du nn day ABCD la hinh vung, chn duong cao cua
hnh

chop la tm O cua day, va cac mt bn hop voi mt day mt goc o .

Goi (R) la mt phng di qua canh CD, hop voi mt day mt goc | .

E, F ln luot la trung dim canh day AB, CD

~ EF hin nhin qua tm O va vung goc voi AB, CD (do F//BC E ).

Ta c o = Z = SEO AB SE SB SA ,

Trong mp(SEF) ke ( ) SE K KF e sao cho KF hop voi EF mt goc | .

V ( ) KFE SE mp CD Z F la goc giua mp(R) va mt day (ABCD).

Do

)
`

= CD QP
AB QP
QP SAB R
SAB mp CD
//
//
) ( ) (
) ( //

C
F
B
D
E
Q
C
P
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
O
|
C
o
K
A
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Lai co hinh chop S.ABCD du nn thit din dung duoc la min tu giac PQCD
dang hinh

thang cn.

Ta c
2
.
CD PQ
KF S
PQCD
+
=
Trong F KE A , theo dinh ly ham s sin
) sin( ) sin(
F
sin sin | o | o | o +
=
+
= =
a E KE KF

) sin(
sin .
;
) sin(
sin .
| o
|
| o
o
+
=
+
=
a
KE
a
KF

Trong SAB A do PQ//AB nn
) sin( .
sin .
1 1
| o
|
+
= =

= =
SE
a
SE
KE
SE
KE SE
SE
SK
AB
PQ


Lai co
o
o
cos 2
cos
a
SE
SE
OE
= = .Do do
) sin(
) sin( .
) sin(
cos . sin 2
1
| o
| o
| o
o |
+

=
(

+
=
a
a PQ

Suy ra
) ( sin
cos . sin
) sin(
) sin( .
) sin(
sin
.
2
1
2
2 2
| o
| o
| o
| o
| o
o
+
=
(

+
+

+
=
a
a
a a
S
PQCD


Dn dy thi vic giai bai toan sau tr nn dn gian hn rt nhiu:




Bi ton : Cho hinh chop tu giac du S.ABCD, canh day la a, cac mt bn hop
voi day mt goc . Mt phn giac (o ) cua goc nhi din canh BC ct SD tai M,
ct SA tai N. Hy tinh th tich cua hinh chop S.BCMN theo , a .





Bi 16: Cho tu din ABCD trong do goc giua hai duong thng AB va CD lao .
Goi M la dim bt ki thuc canh AC, dt AM x ( 0 x AC). Xt mp(P) di qua
M va song song voi AB, CD.
a) Dung thit din va xac dinh vi tri dim M d din tich thic din cua tu
din ABCD khi ct bi mp(P) dat gia tri lon nht.
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b) Chu vi thit din noi trn khng ph thuc vao x khi va ch khi nao?

Gii:














a)
- Dung AD Q MQ//CD, BD; P , // ; , // e e e CD NP BC N AB MN .

Vy thit din la hinh binh hanh MNPQ.

- Din tich thit din MNPQ (H la hinh chiu M ln NP):

4
sin . .
4
sin . .
4
) ( sin . .
. .
sin . .
. . sin . . . sin . .
2
2
2
2
2
o o
o
o
o o
CD AB AC
AC
CD AB
MA CM
AC
CD AB
MA CM
AC
CD AB
AM
AC
CD
CM
AC
AB
MQ MN MQ MH S
GM AM
= =
+
s
s =
= = =

Do do:
S
max
=
4
sin . . o CD AB
MA CM = hay M la trung dim cua AC.

b) Chu vi thit din nu trn bng:

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( )
( ) CDx ABx AC AB
AC
x CD x AC AB
AC AC
AM CD
AC
CM AB
MQ MN
+ =
= + =
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
.
2
. ) (
2 . .
2 ) .( 2


Chu vi thit din
khng ph thuc
vao x khi va ch
khi
0 = ABx CDx ,
hay CD=AB.




Bi 17 : Cho tu din ABCD co AC AD BC BD a, AB 2m, CD 2n.
Tim vi tri doan vung goc chung IJ cua hai canh di nhau AB, CD. Mt mp(o )
vung goc voi IJ tai O sao cho ) , ( CD J AB I x JO e e = . Xac dinh thit din cua tu
din voi mp(o ). Tinh din tich S(x) cua thit din. Dng thoi, xac dinh vi tri dim
O d thit din co din tich lon nht.


Gii :

















C
J
D
M
B
I
A
P
O
E
Q
N
F
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Goi I, J ln luot la trung dim cua canh AB va CD.

Tu gia thit AC AD BC BD a suy ra :

AB IJ mp(ABJ), CD CD BJ CD, AJ BJ, J = A Do do IJ chinh la doan vung
gc

chung cua hai canh AB va CD.

2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
JA J n m a m I
n a JD AD JA
= =
= =


Mp(o ) vung goc voi IJ tai O nn mt phng nay song song voi AB, CD.
Tu do

suy ra cach xac dinh thit din nhu sau :

Trong mp(ABJ) tu O ke IJ EF BJ) F J, F//AB( e eA E E .

Trong mp(ACD) tu E ke IJ PQ PQ, EF AC) Q AD, PQ//CD( e e P .

Trong mp(BCD) tu F ke IJ MN EF, MN BD) N BC, MN//CD( e e M .

Hin nhin M, N, P, Q du thuc mp(o ). Do do thit din chinh la hinh chu nht
MNPQ

dung duoc.

Ta c
IJ
AB.JO
F
J AB
F
= = E
I
JO E


|
.
|

\
|
= = =

= =
JI
JO
CD PQ
JI
JO
JA
JE
JA
JE JA
JA
EA
CD
PQ
1 . 1 1 . Suy ra din tich thit
din:

(
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
=
2 2
2
1
4
1
. . . . 1 . .
JI
JO
AB. S(x)
JI
JO
CD AB
JI
JO
JI
JO
CD AB
JI
JO
CD

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Vi vy max mn
CD AB
x S = =
4
.
) ( khi
2
1
=
JI
JO
, ngha la O la trung dim cua IJ.




Bi 18: Cho hinh chop S.ABCD day la hinh thang vung, duong cao ABa, canh
day nh BCa va
0
45 = ZD . Canh 2 a SA = vung goc voi mt day.
a) Tinh s do goc nhi din canh SD
b) Trn canh AB ly dim M, dt ( ) a x x AM < < = 0 . Mt phng qua A
va song song mp(SBC) ct CD, SD, SA ln luot tai N, P, Q. Tinh
AMNPQ
V khi din tich tu giac MNPQ dat gia tri lon nht


Gii :





















a) Goi I la trung dim AD a BC IC ID IA = = = = . Ke SD CK .

Mt khac SD
SA

)
`

CI
CI
AD CI
nn o = Z CKI SD IK la goc nhi din canh
SD.
D
N
C
B
M
P
K
J
I
A
S
45
0
Q
H
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Goi J la trung dim SD mp(ABCD) J I . Xt tam gic vung : JK I A

3
3 3 1 2 1 1
IK
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
a
IK
a a a ID IJ
= = + = + =

Xt
0
60 3 tan : = = = A o o
IK
IC
ICK
v


b) Thit din MNPQ // mp(SBC)

AD QP
SB MQ
BC MN
//
//
//
Thit din la hinh thang vung, duong cao MQ )) ( ( SAB mp MN .

Trong SAB A , do MQ//SB nn

3
2
2 2
x AQ MA MQ
x QA
x MA
= + =
)
`

=
=


Trong SAD A , do PQ//AD nn

) ( 2
2
) 2 2 ( 2 .
x a
a
x a a
SA
SQ AD
PQ
SA
SQ
AD
PQ
=

= = =

Goi E la giao dim giua MN voi CI, khi do

2
2
2
1 3
( ) (4 3 )
2 2
3 3 (4 3 ) 3 2 3
.3 .(4 3 ) .
6 2 6 3
CI ID a EN EC a x MN ME EN a x
MQ PQ MN a a x
x a x a
x a x
S
MNPQ
= = = = = + =
= + =
+ (
= s =
(




(BDT AM-GM)

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S
MNPQ
dat max a x x a x
3
2
3 4 3 = = .

Ke mp(MNPQ) HA MN AH MQ AH . Ta c

3 3
2 2
3
2
2
3 1
2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
a
x HA
x x x AM AQ HA
= = = + = + =

2 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 4 2
. . .
3 3 3 27 3 3
a a a
HA V S
MNPQ MNPQ
= = = .






Bi 19: Cho hinh chop tu giac du S.ABCD canh bn va canh day du bng a. Goi
M, N, P la trung dim cua AB, AD, SC.
a) Dung thit din tao bi mp (MNP).
b) Tim din tich thit din.


Gii:
J
I
M
R
O
Q
P
B
C
D
E
K
N
A
F
S

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- Goi E, F, R, Q ln luot la giao dim cua MN voi CD, MN voi BC, SB voi PF,
cua SD

PE. Suy ra thit din la ng giac MNQPR.

-Tac:

1 1 1 1
CD CB CO AO CA AI AI AM 1 2
2 2 2
CE CF CI CA AI AO AO AB 2 3

| | | | | | | |
= = = = = = = =
| | | |

\ . \ . \ . \ .
.

- Ta c:
MN / /BD
BD AC MN / /BD (SAC) MN BI
BD SO

.

- D thy QNE RMF A = A .

S S 2S
PEF MNQPR QNE
= .

- Goi J la hinh chiu cua P trn AC PJ / /SO PJ la duong trung binh cua tam
gic
SOC, suy ra J la trung dim cua OC.

2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
SO AC 1 1 a a 10
IP PJ IJ SC OC 2a a 2a
4 4 2 2 2 4
= + = + = + = + = .

2
1 1 a 10 3 1 a 10 3 a .3 5
.PI.EF . . BD . . .a 2
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 8
S
PEF
= = = = .

- Goi KhcQ/NE. Suy ra:

2
1 1 a 2 1 1 a 2 1 a 10 a 5
.EN.QK . . PI . . .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 16
S
QNE
= = = = .

Vy
2 2 2
a .3 5 a 5 a 5
2.
8 16 4
S
MNQPR
= = .


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Cch khc: Chiu vung goc ng giac MNQPR ln mt phng day. Ta c gc
giua

mt phng thit din voi mp day la o, voi
2 5
cos cos PIJ
5
o = = .

S
MNQ'JR'
S
MNQPR
cos
=
o
.

Vn con co th khai thac thm bai toan nay nu chung ta chu y thm v mi
quan h

th tich giua cac khi hinh:

Ta c )) ( , (
2
1
)) ( , ( ADC S d ADC P d =


1 1 1 3 3 1
. . .sin F.d(P,(ADC)) . . .sin . ( , ( ))
3 2 6 2 2 2
9 1 9
. .sin . ( , ( ))
16 3 16
F
.
CE CF EC CD CB BCD d S ADC
CBCD BCD d S ADC
V
PCE
V
S ABCD
= Z = Z
| |
= Z =
|
\ .


Ap dng dinh li Menelaus voi b 3 dim (D, S, Q) trong : ICP A

QE QP
QE
QP
SP
SC
DC
DE
= =1 . . . Ta c :
1 1 1 1
. . . .
IF 3 2 3 18
F
ID IQ IN
IC IP
V
EDQN
V
ECP
= = =

1 1
F .
18 32
V V V
EDQN ECP S ABCD
= = . Tung tu ta cng co
1
.
32
V V
FMBR S ABCD
=

9 1 1
( )
2 F
16 32 32
1
. .
2
V V V V
PCE EDQN FMBR
V V
S ABCD S ABCD
| |
= + =
|
\ .
=

( voi V
2
la th tich phn khi chop giuoi han bi mp(MNP) va mt day).

Vy nu goi V
1
la phn th tich con lai cua khi chop gioi han bi mp(MNP) thi
V
1
cng
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bng
1
2
.
V
S ABCD
, tuc la V
1
= V
2
.

Do khi chung minh ta khng h su dng dn yu t chop du cua hinh ma ch
quan tm dn quan h song song cac cp canh di mt day d lp t s nn kt
qua trn vn s dung nu ta thay di d bai lai nhu sau



Cho khi chop S.ABCD co day la hinh binh hanh. Goi M, N, P ln luot la trung
dim cac canh AB, AD, SC. Khi do hy chung minh mp(MNP) chia khi chop
thanh hai phn co th tich bng nhau.





Bi 20: Cho hinh chop tam giac du S.ABC canh day bng a, duong cao SO2a.
Goi dim M la dim thuc duong cao AA cua tam giac ABC. Xet mp(P) di qua
dim M va vung goc voi AA. Dt AMx.
a) Xac dinh thit din cua hinh chop khi ct bi mp(P).
b) Tinh din tich thit din vua xac dinh theo a va x. Xac dinh vi tri dim M d
din tich thit din dat gia tri lon nht.

Gii:















Q
P
R
M
O
A'
C
B
A
S
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a) Xc nh thit din:
V

M P
AA P
AA BC
AA SO
) (
' ) (
'
'
nn (P) chinh la mt phng qua M va song song voi SO, BC.
- TH 1: M thuc doan AO
hay
3
3 a
x 0 s < :



















Ke QR qua M va song song voi BC (Q, R ln luot thuc SO, BC).

Ke MP song song voi SO, P thuc SA.

Thit din la tam giac PQR cn tai P.

- TH 2: M la dim thuc doan thng OA
2
3 a
x
3
3 a
hay ), ' A M ( < < = :

Ke PQ qua M va song song BC (P, Q ln luot thuc AB, AC).

Ke MM song song, M thuc AA.
M'
O
P
T
R
Q
M
A'
C
B
A
S
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Ke RT qua M va song song BC (T, R ln luot thuc SB, SC).

Thit din la hinh thang PQRT co duong cao MM.


b) Tnh din tch thit din:

- TH 1:
+ Ta c:
1
.
2
QR PM S
PQR
=

+
3
x 2
3 a
x 2 . BC
QR
3 a
x 2
2
3 a
x
' AA
AM
BC
QR
= = = = = .

+ 3 x 2
a
3 . x . a 2
a
3 x . SO
PM
a
3 x
3
3 a
x
AO
AM
SO
PM
= = = = = = .

2
1 2
. .2 3 2
2 3
x
x x S
PQR
= = .

Do
(

\
|
e
3
3 a
0, x nn
3
3 a
x
3
a 2
3
3 a
2 S
2
2
3
3 a
0,
Max = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

\
|
.

-TH 2:
+ Ta c: ' MM ). RT PQ (
2
1
S
PQRT
+ = .

+
3
x 2
PQ
3 a
x 2
' AA
AM
BC
PQ
= = = .

+ a 2 x . 3 2
a
) a 2 x . 3 2 .( BC
RT
a
a 2 x . 3 2
6
3 a
3
3 a
x
' OA
OM
' SA
' SM
BC
RT
=

= = = .
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+ 3 x 4 a 6
a
) 3 x 2 a 3 .( SO
' MM
a
3 x 2 a 3
6
3 a
x
2
3 a
' OA
' MA
SO
' MM
=

= = .
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 1
2 3 2 . 3 2 3 . 4 3 3 . 6 4 3
2 3 3
1 (4 3 3 6 4 3) 1 9 3
. . .
3 4 3 4 4
AM GM
x
x a a x x a a x
x a a x a a
S
MNPQ

| |
= + =
|
\ .
+
s = =


Du xay ra
8
3 a 3
x 3 x 4 a 6 a 3 3 x 4 = = .
Do do:
8
3 a 3
x
4
a 3
S
2
max
= = .
Tu cac truong hop ta nhn duoc
8
3 a 3
x
4
a 3
S
2
max
= = .

Vy dim M thuc AA sao cho
8
3 a 3
AM = thoa yu cu d bai..





Bi 21: Cho hinh chop S.ABCD dnh S, day la mt tam giac vung A voi AB
a, BC 2a. Dim H thuc AC sao cho CA CH
3
1
= , SH la duong cao cua hinh chop
v a
3
6
SH = . I, J ln luot la trung dim canh BC, SA. Dung va tinh din tich mt
ct cua hinh chop voi cac mt :
a) Qua dim giua K cua SH va song song voi SA, BC.
b) Qua H v vung gc AI.
c) Qua BJ va vung goc voi mp(SHI).
d) Qua I va vung goc voi BC.



Gii:


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a) Goi K la trung dim
SH va mt phng qua K
song song voi SA, BC
l mp(o )

V mp(o )//SA nn mt phng nay ct mp(SAC) va mp(SAB) theo cac giao tuyn

MN//PQ//BC. Vy tu giac MNPQ la hinh binh hanh.

Trong mp(SAC) qua A ke AC song song va bng SC, ta co : CC//MN//SA
v

AC'. SA V AB SA v AC' SA nn ) BC' (A mp SA

Do do ) ' ( ' ABC mp CC nn B C CC ' ' hay tam giac BCC la tam giac vung tai
C.

Ta co CC//MN va BC//NP vy CB C MNP ' Z = Z .

Trong tam giac vung BCC co:

2
2 '
' cos = = = Z
BC
SA
BC
CC
CB C .
C
C
S
A
I
J
N
K
P
B
Q
M
H
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Vy
0
45 ' = Z = Z CB C MNP

Din tich hinh binh hanh MNPQ la:

MNP NP MN S Z = sin . .

Ta c CMN A ~ CAS A nn
AC
CM SA
MN
.
=

Mt khac SHC A ~ MHK A nn

HC
a
HC
HK SH
MH = = =
3
3 .

Suy ra a HC CM
3
3 2
2 = = . Vy a MN
3
2 2
=
Tung tu AMQ A ~ ACB A nn a
AC
AM BC
MQ
3
2 .
= =

Vy
9
4
45 sin
3
2
.
3
2 2
S
2
0
a a
a = =

c) V ) (ABC mp SH v AC AB nn theo dinh li ba duong vung goc ta
c

d) AB SA . Vy tam giac SAB vung tai A.

Trong tam gic vung ABC, ta c:
2 2 2 2
3a AB BC AC = = hay 3 a AC =

Vy
3
3
3
1 a
AC HC = = . Suy ra:
2 2 2 2
a HC SH SC = + = hay SC = a.
V
3
3 2
3
2 a
AC AH = = nn
2 2 2 2
2a HA SH SA = + = hay 2 a SA = .
Ta c:

2 2 2 2
3a AB SA SB = + = . Xt
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 3 BC a a a SC SB = = + = + nn tam gic
SBC vung tai S va voi I la trung dim cua BC thi AI a
BC
SI = = =
2
.
Trong tam gic vung ABC : v a
BC
AB = =
2
do do tam giac AIB la tam giac du

0
60 = Z AIB v . 30
0
= ZHCI
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Trong tam gic vung SHI c HC
a
SH SI HI = = =
3
3
2 2



















Vy tam giac HIC la tam giac cn nn
0
30 = ZHIC .

Xt
0 0
90 ) ( 180 = Z + Z = Z HIC AIB AIH suy ra ) 1 ( AI HI

V ) (ABC mp SH nn theo dinh li ba duong vung goc ta co ) 2 ( AI. SI

Tu (1) va (2) suy ra . ) ( AI SHI mp Vy mt phng qua H va vung goc voi AI
chnh l

mp(SHI) nn tam giac vung SHI la thit din phai dung.


6
2
.
2
1
2
a
HI SH S
SHI
= =

c) Trong mp(SAI), tu J ke JL//AI (L thuc SI) thi L chinh la trung dim SI.

V ) ( ) ( SHI mp JL SHI mp AI
Trong mp(SBC), ni BL ct SC tai D.

Mp(BJD) chua ) (SHI mp JL nn ) ( ) ( SHI mp BJD mp

S
D
C
F
I
E
A
B
P
A
J
J
H
Q
L
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~ Tam giac BJD chinh la thit din phai dung.
Trong mp(BJD), tu D ke BJ DE thi din tich thit din la DE BJ S
BJD
.
2
1
=
Chu y rng vi
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 SA AC a a a SC = = + = + nn tam gic SAC vung
tai S

, tuc la . SA CS Mt khac, ta cng co tam giac SBC vung tai S nn . SB CS

) (SAB mp CS hay ) (SAB mp DS , nhung vi BJ DE nn theo dinh li ba
duong

vung gc ta suy ra BJ SE . Trong tam gic vung DES, ta c
2 2
SE DS DE + = .

Ha BJ A' A ta co ngay SE AA.Lai co BA A' A ~ ABJ A nn
BJ
AB.AJ
A' = A
Trong tam gic ABJ, ta c: a AB A BJ
2
6
J
2 2
= + = . Vy a
3
3
AA' SE = = .
Trong tam gic vung SBD, ta c
2 2
SB BD DS =

D tim BD, truoc ht ta tim BL. Xet tam giac SBI voi trung tuyn BL, ta co:

2
7
2
2
2
2 2 2
a
BL
SI
BL BS BI = + = +

Trong tam giac SCI, tu L ke LF//SC (F thuc IC) thi F la trung dim IC.

Vy ta co a BL BD
BC
BF
BD
BL
3
7 2
3
4
4
3
= = = = .

Th nn
9
2
2
a
DS = do do .
3
2
9
3
9
2 2
a
a a
DE = + =
2
1 6 2 6
. .
2 2 3 6
a a
a S
BJD
= =

e) Theo cu b, tam giac HIC la tam giac cn, F la trung dim IC nn IC HF
v

f) do mp(ABC) SH nn ta suy ra . IC SF

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Goi | la mt phng qua I va vung goc voi BC. Ta co , BC | cac doan thng
HF, SF,

SH cng vung goc voi BC nn HF, SF, SH // mp( | ) ct cac mp(ABC), (SBC),
(SAC)

ln luot theo cac giao tuyn PI//HF, IQ//SF, va JP//SH. Vy thit din cn dung la
tu
giac PJQI.
Vi F la trung dim IC va HF//PI nn H la trung dim CP, tuc la
AH HP CH
3
1
= =
Ta suy ra P la trung dim cua AH, dng thoi PJ//SH nn J J' la trung dim SA.

V ) (ABC mp SH v IP//SH nn PI JP ABC mp JP ) ( .

Vy tam giac JPI vung tai P.

V ) (| mp BC nn JQ BC v ) (ABS mp CS nn JQ CS
) (SBC mp JQ nn JQ QI . Vy tam giac JQI vung tai Q. Ta co
a
6
6
2
SH
JP = =
Tam giac SIC la tam giac du canh a nn duong cao
2
3 a
SF =
Vy a SF
3
3
3
2
QI = = . Ta c
6
3
2 2
a
SH SF HF = = v suy ra
QI
a
HF PI = = =
3
3
2
Hai tam giac vung JPI va JQI bng nhau vi co PI QI va IJ chung.
Vy din tich tu giac PJQI la:
6
2
3
3
.
6
6
.
2
a
a a IP JP S
PJQI
= = = .


BI TP T LUYN

Bi 1: Tu din ABCD co 2 a AD = , cac canh khac du bng a. DH la duong cao
ha tu dnh D. Mt phng (P) qua H va vung goc AD ct AD, BD, CD ln luot tai
A, B, C. Thit din tao bi mp(P) va tu din co gi dc bit?

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Bi 2: Cho hinh chop S.ABC co day la tam giac du, duong cao AH cua tam giac
day bng 5a; SO la trc cua tam giac day (SO 2a, O la tm cua tam giac day).
Goi I la trung dim OH. (P) la mt phng qua I va vung goc voi AH. Thit din
cua hinh chop khi ct bi mt phng (P) la hinh gi? Tinh din tich thit din do.


Bi 3: Cho hinh chop du S.ABCD canh day bng a. Xet mt phng (P) qua A,
song song voi CD va vung goc voi mt phng (SCD), chia tam giac SCD thanh
hai phn, t s din tich phn thu nht (chua dnh S) voi phn thu hai la 1/8. Tinh
din tich thit din hinh chop khi ct bi mt phng (P).


Bi 4: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co day la hinh vung canh a, chiu cao SA a. M
la dim trn doan AC, AM x ( 0 x a 2 < < ). Goi (P) la mp qua M, song song BD
va vung goc voi mp day.
a) Tinh din tich thit din cua hinh chop khi ct mp(P).
b) Xac dinh vi tri cua M d thit din co din tich lon nht.


Bi 5: Cho hinh chop S.ABC co day la tam giac vung tai A, AB a,
ABC 60 , SC= a, SC (ABC) Z = .
a) Dung thit din vung goc voi doan SA tai M. Tinh din tich thit din.
b) Tim vi tri cua M d thit din dat din tich lon nht.


Bi 6: Trong mp(P) cho duong thng (d) va dim O cach (d) mt khoang OHh.
Trn (d) ly B, C sao cho: BOH COH Z =Z =o. Tu O ke duong thng vung goc
voi (P) va trn do ly dim A sao cho: OA OB. Ly K trn OH va dt OK x.
Xt hnh chp O.ABC:
a) Dung thit din vung goc voi OH tai K. Thit din la hinh gi?
b) Tinh chu vi va din tich thit din. Voi gia tri nao cua o thi chu vi y khng di
nhung din tich bin thin
Bi 7: Cho hnh chp S. ABCD, day ABCD la hinh chu nht, AB a, AD b.
Canh bn SA co d dai 2a vung goc voi mt phng day. Goi M la dim trn canh
SA, dt ) 2 0 ( a x x AM < < = .
a)MP(MBC) ct hinh chop theo thit din gi ? Tinh din tich thit din do.
b) Xac dinh x d thit din co din tich lon nht.
c) Xac dinh x d mp(MBC) chia hinh chop thanh hai phn co th tich bng
nhau.


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Bi 8: Cho hinh chop S.ABCD, day ABCD duoc tao bi hai tam giac du canh a
la ABD va CBD, canh bn SA h va SA vung goc mt day. Goi O la giao dim
cua hai duong cheo AC va BD. Dim M di dng trn AC, ( o ) la mt phng di qua
M v vung gc



























TH TCH CC TR TRONG HNH HC
KHNG GIAN

Trong cac vn d lin quan dn hinh chop, th tich cua hinh chop la mt
vn d rt duoc quan tm. Co nhiu bai toan cng nhu nhiu bai tp v th tch
hinh chop rt hay va kho. Vi vy, trong chuyn d v hinh chop cua chung ti s
khng thiu phn th tich. Di kem theo voi cac vn d v th tich hinh chop la cuc
tri trong hinh hoc khng gian. Hy vong chuyn d cua chung ti s mang dn cho
ban doc nhiu diu thu vi v hai vn d trn.

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mt s kin thuc c ban v th tich hinh chop:
1.Cng thuc tinh th tich hinh chop:
1
V h.S
3
=

Trong do: V la th tich hinh chop


h la chiu cao hinh chop


S la din tich mt day

2. Cng thuc tinh din tich cua hinh chop day tam giac:

-Voi hinh chop S.A
1
A
2
A
3
th:

( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1
.SA .A A .d SA , A A .sin SA , A A
6
V
S.A A A
1 2 3
=

(*)

-Voi hinh chop S.A
1
A
2
A
3
, mt phng
( ) o ct cac canh SA
1
, SA
2
, SA
3


ln luot tai
'
1
A ,
'
2
A ,
'
3
A . Khi do:


' ' '
1 2 3
1 2 3
SA .SA .SA
SA .SA .SA
V
' ' '
S.A A A
1 2 3
V
S.A A A
1 2 3
= (**)

Ban doc tu chung minh lai (*), (**).


Chung ta co th hinh chop day da giac thanh nhiu hinh chop day tam
giac sau do dung (*) hoc (**) d tinh th tich tung hinh chop day tam giac ri
cng lai.

mt s cng c thuong dung d tim cuc tri trong hinh hoc khng gian:

1. Dao ham

2. Cac bt dng thuc nhu AM-GM, BCS, Schawrt,
Mt s bai toan va bai tp co loi giai:


Bi ton 1: cho hinh chop S.ABC, G la trong tm tam giac ABC. Dim I thuc

canh SG sao cho SI kSG = (0 k 1). Mt phng
( ) o qua I va ct cac tia SA,
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SB, SC ln luot tai M, N, P (khng trung voi S). Xac dinh vi tri mt phng

( ) o d th tich hinh chop S.MNP nh nht khi k la hng s.

Gii:

Cch 1:

Ta dt :


c
SC
SC
b
SB
SB
a
SA
SA
= = =
'
,
'
,
'
(0 a, b, c 1).

Ta c :


' '
. .
. ' '
.
SI SA SB
kab
SG SA SB
V
S A IB
V
S AGB
= =
;

Tung tu co :


. ' '
.
kbc
V
S B IC
V
S BGC
=
;
. ' '
.
kca
V
S C IA
V
S CGA
=
.
Suy ra :

( )
1
. ' ' . ' ' . ' '
3 3
. . .
. ' ' '
.
V V V
k
S A IB S B IC S C IA
ab bc ca
V V V
S AGB S BGC S CGA
V
S ABC
V
S ABC
| |
|
= + + = + +
|
\ .
(1)


)
3
(
.
. . .
ABC S
CGA S BGC S AGB S
V
V V doV = = =






Mt khac ta co :

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abc
SC
SC
SB
SB
SA
SA
V
V
ABC S
C B A S
= =
'
.
'
.
'
.
' ' ' .
(2)

Tu (1), (2) suy ra :

( )
3
3
1
. 3
1 1 1 3
3
k abc
abc c b a k
abc ca bc ab
k
>
> + + =
= + +


Thay vo (2), ta c :


3 3
. ' ' ' .
.
. ' ' '
.
S A B C S ABC
k V k V
V
S A B C
V
S ABC
> >


Vy :
3
. ' ' ' .
Max k V V
S ABC S ABC
= dat duoc khi va ch khi :

a = b = c = k ( ) / /(ABC) o

Cch 2 : (Dung vect)

Dt :
c
SC
SC
b
SB
SB
a
SA
SA
= = =
'
,
'
,
'
(0 a, b, c 1).

Ta c :
' ' '
. .
. ' ' '
.
SA SB SC
abc
SA SB SC
V
S A B C
V
S ABC
= =
(*)

Vi G la trong tm tam giac ABC nn:

SG SC SB SA 3 = + + (1)

Lai co: I thuc mp(ABC) nn tn tai 3 s thuc x, y, z sao cho

1 = + + z y x v SI SC z SB y SA x = + + ' ' ' (2)

M SI kSG = (3)
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Tu (1), (2), (3) , ta co :

k k k
ax SA by SB cz SC 0
3 3 3
| | | | | |
+ + =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .


Vi S, A, B, C khng dng phng nn


k k k
xa yb zc 0
3 3 3
k
x
3a
k
y
3b
k
z
3c
= = =

Thay vao x y z 1, ta duoc :
3
3
3 1 1 1 1
3 abc k
k a b c abc
= + + > > (**)
Tu (*) va (**) co :


3 3
.
. ' ' '
. ' ' ' .
.
k k
V
S A B C
V V
S A B C S ABC
V
S ABC
> >


Vy
3
. ' ' ' .
Max k V V
S ABC S ABC
= dat duoc khi va ch khi :

a = b = c = k ( ) / /(ABC) o



Bi ton 2 : Cho hinh chop S.ABCD voi ABCD la hinh binh hanh. G la giao

dim hai duong cheo cua ABCD. Trn doan SG ly I sao cho : SI kSG = . Mt

phng () di qua I va ct cac doan SA, SB, SC, SD ln luot tai A, B, C, D.

Tim vi tri () sao cho th tich hinh chop S.ABCD nh nht ( bit th

tch hnh chp S.ABCD l V).
Gii :
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I
G
D
C
B
A
S

Dt :
SA'
a
SA
= ,
SB'
b
SB
= ,
SC'
c
SC
= ,
SD'
d
SD
= ( 0 < a, b, c, d < 1 )

















Cch 1

Ta c:


' '
. .
. ' '
.
SI SA SB
kab
SG SA SB
V
S A IB
V
S AGB
= =


Tuong tu co :

. ' '
.
kbc
V
S B IC
V
S BGC
=
,
. ' '
.
kcd
V
S C ID
V
S CGD
=
,
. ' '
.
kda
V
S D IA
V
S DGA
=

Suy ra :

1
4
k
(ab bc cd da)
4
V V V V V
S.A'B'C'D' S.A'IB' S.B'IC' S.C'ID' S.D'IA'
V V V V V
S.AGB S.BGC S.CGD S.DGA
| |
|
=
|
\ .
= + + +
+ + +

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Hay
k
(a c)(b d)
4
V
S.A'B'C'D'
V
= + + (1)
Mt khac, ta co:

abc
V
S.A'B'C'
V
S.ABC
= , adc
V
S.A'D'C'
V
S.ADC
= , bad
V
S.B'A'D'
V
S.BAD
= , bcd
V
S.B'C'D'
V
S.BCD
=


Do do:


1 1
ac(b d) bd(a c)
2 2
V
S.A'B'C'D'
V
= + = + (2)

Tu (1), (2) ta co:


2 1 1 1
k 1
2
(a c)(b d) ac(b d)
ac k
k a c ac
4 2
k 1
2 1 1 1 bd k
(a c)(b d) bd(a c)
2
4 2
k b d bd

= + >
+ + = +


>



>


+ + = +
= + >

(3)


Tu (1) va (2), ta co:


3
k
(a c)(b d) k ac. bd k
4
V
S.A'B'C'D'
V
= + + > >

Vy
3
Min k .V V
S.A'B'C'D'
= dat duoc khi va ch khi :

a = c = b = d = k ( ) / /(ABCD) o


Cch 2:

Do ABCD la hinh binh hanh nn G cng la trong tm cua ABCD (tm t

cu cua h cht dim (1;A), (1;B), (1;C), (1;D).).

Vi vy : SA SB SC SD 4SG + + + = (1)
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Ta c :

1 1
ac(b d) bd(a c)
2 2
V
S.A'B'C'D'
V
= + = + (*)

Lai co I thuc mp(ABCD) nn tn tai 4 s thuc x, y, z, t sao cho:

x + y + z + t = 1 v xSA' ySB' zSC' tSD' SI + + + = (**)

M : SI kSG = (2)

Tu (1), (**) va (2) ta co:

k k k k
ax SA by SB cz SC dt SD 0
4 4 4 4
| | | | | | | |
+ + + =
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .


Do S, A, B, C, D khng dng phng nn:


k k k k
xa yb zc td 0
4 4 4 4
k
x
4a
k
y
4b
k
z
4c
k
t
4d
= = = =

Thay vao x y z t 1 ta duoc :


2
4
4 1 1 1 1 1
4 abcd k
k a b c d abcd
= + + + > > (3)

Tu (*) va (3) ta co :

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6
3
1
abcd(a c)(b d) abcd abcd k
4
k
2
V
S.A'B'C'D'
V
V
S.A'B'C'D'
V
| |
= + + > > |
|
\ .
>


Vy
3
Min k .V V
S.A'B'C'D'
= dat duoc khi va ch khi :

a = c = b = d = k ( ) / /(ABCD) o


Ta cn chng minh (**).
Truoc ht ta chung minh dinh ly sau:

Cho n dim A
1
, A
2
, A
3
,, A
n
dng phng. Nu dim M thuc mp(A
1
A
2
A
3
) th c
n s
1 2 3 n
, , ,..., o o o o m
n
i
i 1
1
=
o =

sao cho
n
i i
i 1
SM SA
=
= o

voi moi dim S.

Chung minh:

Ta chung minh bng phung phap qui nap:

Ta co voi n 3, dpcm dung.

Gia su voi n k, dpcm dung. Ta cn chung minh voi n k1, dpcm cng dung.

Theo gia thit qui nap ta co:


k 1
i i
i 2
SM SA
+
=
= o

v
k 1
,
1 i i
i 2
SA SA
+
=
= o

(do A
1
thuc mp(A
2
A
3
A
4
))

Suy ra:
i
k 1
1 i 1
i 2
SM SA SA
+
=
= |
( voi
i
,
1 i i
| = o +o
v
i
k 1
1
i 2
2
+
=
| =
)


Tung tu, ta co:


i
k 1
2 i 2
i 1
SM SA SA
+
=
= |
(
2
2
0 | =
v
i
k 1
2
i 1
2
+
=
| =
);
..
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i
k
k 1 i k 1
i 1
SM SA SA
+ +
=
= |
(
i
k
k 1
i 1
2
+
=
| =
)

Suy ra:

1 2 k 1
k 1 k 1 k 1
i 1 i 2 i k 1
i 2 i 1 i 1
(k 1)SM 1 SA 1 SA ... 1 SA
+
+ + +
+
= = =
| | | | | |
+ = | + | + + |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .


Hay:

k 1
i i
i 1
SM SA
+
=
= u

trong do
i
k 1
j
j 1
i
1
k 1
+
=
|
u =
+

M
i
k 1 k 1
j
k 1
i 1 j 1
i
i 1
(k 1)
k 1
1
k 1 k 1
+ +
+
= =
=
| |
| +
|
+
\ .
u = = =
+ +

Vy ta co dpcm.




Bi ton 3: Cho hnh chp S.A
1
A
2
A
3
A
n
voi day la n-giac du (n chn, n6).

Goi G la tm cua n-giac du trn. Trn doan SG ly dim I sao choSI kSG = .

Mt phng () lun qua I va ct cac canh SA
i
tai A

I
( i 1; n = ). Tim vi tri () sao

cho th tich hinh chop
' ' '
1 2 n
S.A A ...A nh nht. Bit th tich hinh chop

S.A
1
A
2
A
3
A
n
l V.

Giai:

Dt :
'
i
i
i
SA
a
SA
= ( i 1; n = )

Ta co G la tm t cu cua h n cht dim (1;A
1
), (1;A
2
), ,(1;A
n
).

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Do do:
n
i
i 1
SA nSG
=
=

(1)

Mt khac c: i i 1
V
' '
S.IA A
I I 1
ka a
V
S.GA A
I I 1
+
+
+
=
(coi n 1 1 + ).

Suy ra:
n
i i 1
i 1
k
a a
n
V
' ' '
S.A A ...A
n
1 2
V
+
=
=

(coi n 1 1 + ). (2)

Lai co I thuc mp(
' ' '
1 2 3
A A A ) nn co n s thuc
1 2 3 n
, , ,..., o o o o m
n
i
i 1
1
=
o =

sao cho:

n
'
i i
i 1
SI SA
=
= o

(3)

V SI kSG = (4)

Tu (1), (3) va (4) ta co :

n
i i i
i 1
k
a SA 0
n
=
(
| |
o =
| (
\ .

V
1 2 3
S (A A A ) e nn ta c:
i i
k
a 0
n
o = ( i 1; n = )

Hay
i
i
k
na
o = , i 1; n =

Thay vo
n
i
i 1
1
=
o =

.

Ta duoc:


n n n
n
i
n
n
i 1 i 1 i 1 i i
i
i 1
k 1 n 1 1
1 n a k
n a k a
a
= = =
=
= = > >
[
[
(5)

Tu (2) va (5) ta co:
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S
A
B
C
B'
A'
C'
S'
G


n n
2 3
n
i i 1 i
i 1 i 1
k
a a k. a k
n
V
' ' '
S.A A ...A
n
1 2
V
+
= =
= > >
[

Vy
3
Min k .V V
' ' '
S.A A ...A
n
1 2
=
dat duoc khi va ch khi :

a
1
= a
2
a
n
= k
1 2 3
( ) / /(A A A ...) o


Ban doc hy tu giai bai toan 3 voi cach 1 nhu bai toan 2 hoc tim hiu xem

nu n la s le thi bai toan 3 s giai nhu th nao? Hy suy ngh xem tai sao bai

toan 2 tu giac ABCD lai la hinh binh hanh? Nu ABCD la tu giac thuong thi

sao, ta co th giai duoc hay khng? Do la vn d ban doc cn giai quyt!




Bi ton 4: hinh chop S.ABC voi SA SB SC t. Mt phng (P) qua trong

tm G hinh chop va ct cac canh SA, SB, SC ln luot tai A, B, C. Xac dinh

(P) d biu thuc sau dat gia tri nh nht:


1 1 1
Q
SA'.SB' SB'.SC' SC'.SA'
= + +

Giai:









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Dt:


c
SC
b
SB
a
SA
= = =
'
1
,
'
1
,
'
1


Goi S la trong tm tam giac ABC, ta c :
3
SG SS'
4
=

Hay 4SG 3SS' SA SB SC = = + +

Tu do suy ra: 4SG a.SA.SA' b.SB.SB' c.SC.SC' = + +

M SA = SB = SC = t

Nn

t
SG (a.SA' b.SB' c.SC')
4
= + + (1)

Lai co G thuc mp(ABC) nn lun co 3 s thuc x, y, z ma

x y z 1 + + = v x.SA' y.SB' z.SC' SG + + = (2)

Tu (1) va (2) ta co:


at bt ct
x .SA' y .SB' z .SC' 0
4 4 4
| | | | | |
+ + =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .


Vi S, A, B, C khng dng phng nn:

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at bt ct
x y z 0
4 4 4
at
x
4
bt
y
4
ct
z
4
= = =

Thay vo x y z 1 + + = , ta duoc:
4
a b c
t
+ + =

Suy ra:
2
2
(a b c) 16
Q ab bc ca
3 3t
+ +
= + + s =

Vy
2
16
MaxQ
3t
= dat duoc khi va ch khi


4
a b c
3t
= = = hay (P) // (ABC).

Ta cng co th giai bai toan trn bng phung phap toa d.




Bi ton 5: Hinh chop du S.ABC voi SA t. Goi S la trong tm tam giac

ABC. Trn doan SS, ly dim G sao cho SG k.SS. Mp(P) qua G va ct cac

canh SA, SB, SC ln luot tai A, B, C. Xac dinh (P) sao cho biu thuc sau dat

gia tri lon nht:


1 1 1
Q
SA'.SB' SB'.SC' SC'.SA'
= + +


Giai:
Dt:

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S
A
B
C
B'
A'
C'
S'
G

c
SC
b
SB
a
SA
= = =
'
1
,
'
1
,
'
1



















Do S la trong tm tam giac ABC nn:
k
SG kSS' (SA SB SC)
3
= = + +
Tu do suy ra :
k
SG (a.SA.SA' b.SB.SB' c.SC.SC')
3
= + +

M SA = SB = SC = t nn

kt
SG (a.SA' b.SB' c.SC')
3
= + + (1)

Lai co G thuc mp(ABC) nn lun co 3 s thuc x, y, z ma

x y z 1 + + = v x.SA' y.SB' z.SC' SG + + = (2)

Tu (1) va (2) ta co:

kat kbt kct
x .SA' y .SB' z .SC' 0
3 3 3
| | | | | |
+ + =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .


Vi S, A, B, C khng dng phng nn:

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kat kbt kct
x y z 0
3 3 3
kat
x
3
kbt
y
3
kct
z
3
= = =

Thay vo x y z 1 + + = , ta duoc:
3
a b c
kt
+ + =

Suy ra:
2
2 2
(a b c) 3
Q ab bc ca
3 k t
+ +
= + + s =

Vy
2 2
3
MaxQ
k t
= dat duoc khi va ch khi
4
a b c
3t
= = = hay (P) // (ABC).



Bi ton 6: Cho hinh chop du S.A
1
A
2
A
3
A
n
(n3), SA
i
t. Goi S la tm t cu

cua n cht dim (1;A
1
), (1;A
2
), (1;A
3
),,(1;A
n
). Trn doan SS, ly G sao cho

SGk.SS. Mp(P) qua G va ct cac canh SA
1
; SA
2
; SA
3
;... ;SA
n
ln luot tai

M
1
; M
2
; M
3
;... ;M
n
. Xac dinh (P) sao cho biu thuc sau dat gia tri lon nht :


n
cyc
1 2
1
Q
SM .SM
=

Giai:

Dt :
i
i
1
a
SM
= ( i 1; n = )

Ta co S la tm t cu cua h n cht dim (1;A
1
), (1;A
2
), ,(1;A
n
).

Do do:
n
i
i 1
k
SG kSS' SA
n
=
= =


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Tu do suy ra:
n
i i i
i 1
k
SG kSS' a .SA .SM
n
=
= =



M SA
i
t voi moi I nn

n
i i
i 1
kt
SG a .SM
n
=
=

(1)

Theo b d (**) d chung minh bai toan 3, ta co:

G thuc mp(M
1
M
2
M
3
) nn co n s thuc
1 2 3 n
, , ,..., o o o o m
n
i
i 1
1
=
o =

sao cho:

n
i i
i 1
SG SM
=
= o

(2)
Tu (1), (2), ta co :

n
i
i i
i 1
kta
SM 0
n
=
(
| |
o =
( |
\ .

V
1 2 3
S (A A A ) e nn ta c:
i
i
kta
n
o = 0 ( i 1; n = )

Hay
i
i
kta
n
o = , i 1; n =

Thay vo
n
i
i 1
1
=
o =

; ta duoc:
n
i
i 1
n
a
kt
=
=

Suy ra:
n
2
i
n
i 1
1 2
2 2
cyc
(n 1)( a )
n(n 1)
Q a a
2n 2k t
=

= s =

Vy
2
2 2
n
MaxQ
3k t
= dat duoc khi va ch khi
i
1
a
kt
= ( i 1; n = )

hay (P)//(A
1
A
2
A
3
).

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( Ban doc tu chung minh BDT
n n
2
1 2 i
cyc i 1
2n a a (n 1)( a )
=
s

)


Bi ton 7: Cho hinh chop S.ABC co SA x, cac canh con lai bng a.

a. Tinh din tich toan phn cua hinh chop theo a v x.

b. Tim khoang bin thin cua x khi a la hng s.

c. Tinh x theo a d th tich hinh chop lon nht.


Giai:

N
M
S
A
C
B
H


a. Ta c ABC A v SBC A la 2 tam giac du canh a.

Suy ra :
2
a 3
4
S S
ABC SBC
= =
A A


Goi M la trung dim cua SA.

Do SAB A v SAC A la hai tam giac cn tai B va C nn SA BM , SA CM .


2 2
2 2
SA x
BM CM AB a
4 4
= = =
( ) x 2a <
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Ta cng c SAB SAC = A A nn


2
2
1 1 x
SA.BM x a
2 2 4
S S
SAB SAC
= = =
A A

( ) x 2a <
Vy :
2 2
2
a 3 x
x a
2 4
S S S S S
tp
ABC SBC SAB SAC
= + = + + +
A A A A



( ) x 2a <

b, c. Goi N la trung dim cua BC.


Xt NSA, ta c
a 3
SA SN
2
= = v NM SA . Suy ra:


2 2 2
2 2 2
SA 3a x 1
NM SN 3a x
4 4 4 2
= = =

D tn tai NM thi x a 3 < . So voi diu kin cu a. ta co 0 x a 3 < < .

Vy
( )
x 0; a 3 e khi a la hng s.

Ta c
2 2
SAN
1 1
S SA.NM x 3a x
2 4
= =

Dung SH AN ( ) H AN e khi do SH BC nn
( ) SH ABC .

Ta cng co:
1 a 3
AN.SH SH
2 4
S
SAN
= =
A

2 2
x 3a x
SH
a 3

=

Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 3
1 ax 3a x a x 3a x a
SH. .
3 12 12 2 8
V S
S.ABC ABC
| | +
= = s =
|
\ .
A


Vy
3
S.ABC
a
MaxV
8
= dat duoc khi va ch khi:
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2
2 2 2 2
3a a 6
x 3a x x x
2 2
= = =




Bi ton 8. Cho hinh chop S.ABCD, SAx, cac canh con lai bng a.

1. Trung dim cua BC, CD, SA ln luot la M, N, Q. Thit din qua tao

bi mp(MNQ) voi hinh chop d cho la W. Chiu song song W theo SB ln

(ABCD) duoc W. Tinh t s
dt(W')
dt(ABCD)


2. Tinh khoang bin thin cua x khi a la hng s.

3. Tinh x theo a khi th tich hinh chop lon nht.


Phn tch:

Nhn thy ABCD la hinh thoi va S nm trn trc cua BCD. Tu dy ta tim

diu kin cua hinh thoi d tha gia thit bai toan tuc la dua ra nhn xet v diu

kin cac goc cua hinh thoi. Sau do dua trn diu kin do d giai bai ton.


Gii:
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H
I
N
Q'
A D
B
C
P'
O
D
Q'
P
R
E
F
S
A
C
B
M
N
Q
P'


Tu gia thit, ta co ABCD la hinh thoi.

Dt ABC Z =o (0<o<t ) va goi I AC BD =

Truoc ht, ta co :
3
t
< o < t.
Tht vy, gia su 0
3
t
< o s . Khi do:
a
OC a SC
2sin
2
= s =
o
(v l).
Vy
3
t
< o < t

a.Ta c :
BD 2acos
2
o
= v AC 2a sin
2
o
=










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Mt khac, ap dng dinh li Menelaus cho SAD A va b ba dim (P,I,Q),

Ta c:
PS ID QA
1
PD IA QS
=
PS
3
PD
=
SP 3 BP' 3
SD 4 BD 4
= =


Ke P' H Q' N (H Q' N) e . Ta c:

BD BD a sin
P' H IP' sin BP' sin sin
2 2 2 4 2 4
o o o o | |
= = = =
|
\ .



Dt dt(W) =S
W
v dt(ABCD) =S. Khi do, ta co :

S
W
= S
BCNQ
+ S
QPN
=
S
2
+ S
QPN


M : S
QPN
a.P' H
2
= =
2
a sin
8
o
v S
2
AC.BD
a sin
2
= = o

W'
W'
S 5 5
S S
8 S 8
= =


b. Goi O la chn duong cao cua hinh chop. Do SB SC SD = = nn SO la trc

cua BCD A .

Ta c:

a
OB OC OD
2sin
= = =
o

2
4sin 1
2
OA AC CO a
2sin
2
o

= =
o

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( )
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
4sin 1
a t 1
2
OA a
t
4sin
2
o | |

|

\ .
= =
o
(voi
2
t 4sin
2
o
= )

2 2 2 2
t 1
SO SA OA a
t

= =

( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
t 1 t 1
x OA +OS a a t 1
t
+
= = = x a t 1 =

V ;
3
t | |
oe t
|
\ .
nn
( ) t 1;4 e
( )
x 0; a 3 e .

c. Ta c


3
2 ABCD
S.ABCD
2
S .SO a sin
V 4sin 1
3 3 2
2sin
2
o o
= =
o
( ;
3
t | |
oe t
|
\ .
)

3 3
2 2 2
a a
cos 4sin 1 sin cos
3 2 2 3 2
o o o
= = o ( ;
3
t | |
oe t
|
\ .
)

Xet ham s ( )
2 2
x
f x sin x cos
2
= (voi x ;
3
t | |
e t
|
\ .
)
C ( )
'
1
f x sin x. 2cos x
2
| |
= +
|
\ .
nn
( )
'
f x =0
1
cos x
4
=
M
"
1
f arccos 0
4
| |
<
|
\ .
( )
1 9
f x f arccos
4 16
| |
s =
|
\ .
( x ;
3
t | |
e t
|
\ .
).
Tu do co:
2 2
sin cos
2
o
o
3
4
s , ;
3
t | |
oe t
|
\ .

Suy ra:
3
S.ABCD
a
V
4
s . Dng thuc xay ra khi va ch khi
1
cos
4
o =

Khi do,
a 6
x
2
=


Nhn xt:

Bai toan kho ch thiu di diu kin v goc cua hinh thoi va d bai cng c

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tinh lam mo di gia thit S nm trn trc cua BCD. Mu cht d giai bai toan

nay la tim duoc diu kin v goc cua hinh thoi dua trn quan h giua cac canh

trong nhung tam gic vung.

Rt kinh nghim:

Khi gp cac bai toan co ve nhu thiu gia thit nhu trn chung ta nn xem lai

cac mi quan h giua cac canh va goc.

Mt s bai tp h qua cua bai toan 4:





Bai tp 4.1: Cho hinh chop S.ABCD, day la hinh vung. Bit

SB=SC=SD=BC=a.


a. Chung minh rng S.ABCD la hinh chop du. Xac dinh tm mt cu

ngoai tip hinh chop.

b. Tinh th tich hinh chop.
(ban doc tu giai




Bai tp 4.2: cho hinh chop S.ABCD voi SA a 2 = , cac canh con lai bng a.

a. Xac dinh SAB Z v SAD Z .

b. Tinh d dai AC, BD theo a. Xac dinh doan vung goc chung cua SA

va BD, tinh d dai doan do.

c. Tinh th tich hinh chop theo a.
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M
I
O
S
D
C B
A


Giai:















Goi M la trung dim cua SA.

a.Ta c
( ) SA BM,SA DM SA BDM v


2
2
SA a 2
BM DM AB AM
4 2
= = = = .

Suy ra:
0
SAB SAD 45 Z = Z =

b.Theo bi ton 4, ta c
2
SA a 4sin 1
2
o
= voi ABC o=Z (
3
t
< o < t).

Do do, ta c:

2
4sin 1
2
o
= 2 (v SA = a 2 )
3 2
sin ( )
2 2 3 3
o t t
= < o < t o =

Hay
0
ABC 120 Z = m ABCD l hnh thoi nn BD=AB=a v AC=a 3 .

Dung
( ) MI BD I BD e ; khi do MI SA (do
( ) SA BDM ) suy ra MI la doan

vung goc chung cua SA va BD.

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Lai co
2 2 2
MB MD DB + = , MBMD nn I la trung dim BD va
BD a
MI
2 2
= = .
c. Ta c :
3
1 a 2
SA.DB.d(SA, BD).sin(SA, BD)
S.ABCD SABD
3 6
V 2V = = =


Bai tp4.3:Bit hinh chop S.ABCD co day la hinh thoi canh a voi
0
ABC 150 Z =

Tim SA theo a d SBSCSDa. Tinh th tich hinh chop khi do.

(ban doc tu giai).

Ban doc hy xet bai toan tung tu cua bai toan 4 trong truong hop hinh

chop ng giac, lc giac,...



Bi ton 9: Cho tam giac ABC vung tai A, goi M la trung dim BC. Duong

thng d qua M va vung goc voi mp(ABC). Trn d ly dim S ( S M = ). Mt

phng (Q) qua BC va vung voi mp(SAB), ct SA tai D. Hy xac dinh vi tr S

trn d d th tich tu din ABCD lon nht.

Giai:














A
C
B
D
K
M
S
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Dt AC b, AB c, SM h va goi goc giua hai mp(SAB) va mp(ABC) la o.

Goi N la trung dim AB. Ta co NM //AC, NM
AC b
2 2
= v MNAB,

SNAB. Vi vy SNM Z = o.

V
0
90 o < v (BCD) (SAB) nn D thuc doan SA.

Goi P la giao dim cua SN va BD. Ta cn chung minh MPSN.

Trong mp(BCD) dung CKBD tai K. Khi do CKAB, CKAK

M ABAC nn AB(ACK) do do ABAK. AK // SN SNCK

Lai co:
BP BN BM
BK BA BC
= = MP // CK.

Vy MPSN.

Ta c:
DA
DABC
SA
SBAC
V
V
=
(*)
Ta cn tinh
DA
SA


Ap dng dinh ly Menelaus cho tam giac SAN va ba dim thng hang B, P, D;

Ta c:

BA PN DS DS BN PS 1 PS
. . 1 . .
BN PS DA DA BA PN 2 PN
= = =

Do tam giac SMN vung tai M va MPSN nn:

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2 2
2 2
PS PS.NS MS 4h
PN PN.NS MN b
= = =

2
2
DS 2h
DA b
=

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
SA DS 2h b 2h DA b
1 1
DA DA SA b b b 2h
+
= + = + = =
+




Thay vao (*) ta duoc:


2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
b
DABC
b 2h
SBAC
b
.
DABC SBAC
b 2h
b bch b c bh
. .
b 2h 6 6 b (h 2)
b c bh b c 2
.
6 24 2bh 2
V
V
V V
=
+
=
+
= =
+ +
s =



Vy
2
ABCD
b c 2
MaxV
24
= dat duoc khi va ch khi: h 2 b = hay
b 2
h
2
=

Vy th tich tu din ABCD dat gia tri lon nht khi va ch khi S thuc d va cach

M mt doan bng
b 2
2
.




Bi ton 10: Cho tam giac ABC vung tai A. Trn doan BC ly dim M sao

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cho MB kMC = . Trn duong thng d qua M va vung goc mp(ABC) ta ly

dim S khng trung M.Mt phng (Q) qua BC va vung voi mp(SAB), ct SA

tai D. Hy xac dinh vi tri S trn d d th tich tu din ABCD lon nht.

Giai:

Dt AC b, AB c, SM h va goi goc giua hai mp(SAB) va mp(ABC) la o.

Trong mp(ABC), dung MN // AC.

Goi P la giao dim cua SN va BD.


Tung tu nhu bai toan 6, ta chung minh duoc MPSN
Ta c:
DA
DABC
SA
SBAC
V
V
= (*)

Ta cn tinh
DA
SA


Ap dng dinh ly Menelaus cho tam giac SAN va ba dim thng hang B, P, D;

Ta c:

BA PN DS DS BN PS k PS
. . 1 . .
BN PS DA DA BA PN k 1 PN
= = =
+


Do tam giac SMN vung tai M va MPSN nn:

2 2 2
2 2 2
PS PS.NS MS h (k 1)
PN PN.NS MN b k
+
= = =

2
2
DS h (k 1)
DA b k
+
=

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
SA DS h (k 1) b k h (k 1) DA b k
1 1
DA DA SA b k b k b k h (k 1)
+ + +
= + = + = =
+ +


Thay vo (*) ta duoc:
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2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
b k
b k h (k 1)
b k b k bch
. .
b k h (k 1) b k h (k 1) 6
b c k(k 1) b c bhk b c bhk
. .
6 b k [h(k 1)] 6 12(k 1) 2bh k(k 1)
V
DABC
V
SBAC
V V
DABC SBAC
=
+ +
= =
+ + + +
+
= s =
+ + + +


Vy
2
ABCD
b c k(k 1)
MaxV
12(k 1)
+
=
+
dat duoc khi va ch khi: h k 1 b + = hay

b k 1
h
k 1
+
=
+




Vy th tich tu din ABCD dat gia tri lon nht khi va ch khi S thuc d va cach M
mt doan bng
b k 1
k 1
+
+



Bai tp co loi giai :



Bi tp 1: Cho hinh vung ABCD canh a, tm O. M la mt dim khng thuc

mp(ABCD) sao cho M nhin AD va AB duoi goc vung.

a.Chung minh: M lun thuc mt duong tron c dinh.

b. ola mt phng di qua AB va vung goc voi mp(ABCD). Keo dai DM ct

o tai N. Chung minh:
o
ANB 90 Z =

c. Dt DM x = . Tinh MN theo a va x. Tim min bin thin cua x. Tu do

tim diu kin cua hng s k d lun tn tai x tha MN k = .

d. Tim GTLN cua th tich tu din ABND
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.
Giai

a. Ta c: AM MB M thuc mt cu duong kinh AB (1)

AM MD M thuc mt cu duong kinh AD (2)

M thuc duong tron (L) la giao tuyn cua hai mt cu duong kinh AB va

AD.

b.

( )
AM BM, AM MD
AM DMB AM BN




m AD AD BN o nn
( ) BN ADM
o
BN AN ANB 90 Z =


c. Xet tam giac vung AND co AM la duong cao nn

2
AD DM.DN a x.DN = =
2 2 2
a a x
DN MN DN DN
x x

= = =

do
( ) AM DMB nn AM MO AM AO s

Mt khac
2 2
AM a x = nn
2 2
a 2 a 2
a x x a
2 2
s s < .

Gia su ( )
2 2
2 2
a x
MN k f x x kx a 0
x

= = = + = voi
a 2
x a
2
s <

D thy
( ) f x 0 = lun co hai nghim
1 2
x 0 x < < . Ta xet hai kha nng:

1) ( )
2
2
2 2
a 2 a a 2 a 2
x f x k a 0 k
2 2 2 2
= = + = =

2)
a 2
x a
2
< < ( )
a 2 a 2
f f x 0 0 k
2 2
| |
< < <
|
|
\ .


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Vy k cn tim tha mn:
a 2
0 k
2
< <

c. Ta c:


1 1 DN.BN
AM. AM.
BND ABND
3 3 2
V S = =
A


M
2
2 2
2
a
BN DB DN a 2
x
= =



2 2
2 2
ABND 2 2
2 2
2 2 3 2 2 3 3
2 2
1 a a
V a x . .a 2
6 x x
a a
1 2
x x a a a a a
1 2
6 x x 6 2 12
=
(
| | | |
+
( | |
| || |
\ . \ .
(
= s =
| |
(
\ .\ .
(



Du bng xay ra
2 2
2 2
a a a 6
1 2 x
x x 3
= = khi do
3
ABND
a
MaxV
12
=


Bi tp 2. Cho hinh chop S.ABCD co day ABCD la hinh binh hanh, M
trn canh SA,
SA
SM
k. Dinh k d mt phng (MBC) chia hinh chop thanh
2 phn co th tich bng nhau


Gii:

Mt phng (MBC), (SAD) chua 2 duong thng song song BC va AD, co

chung dim M nn co chung giao tuyn MN // BC // AD

Goi V la th tich hinh chop S.ABCD


S S ABC ACD
=
1 1
. . .
2 2
V
V V V S ABC S ACD S ABCD
= = =

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.
.
V S MBC
V S ABC
=
SC SB SA
SC SB SM
. .
. .
= k
.
V
S MBC
= kV
2
1


Tung tu
.
.
S MNC
S ADC
V
V
=
SD SC SA
SN SC SM
. .
. .
= k
2
( v MN // BC )
. S MNC V
=
2
1
k
2
V

M
. S MNCB V
=
. . S MBC S MNC V V
+ =
2
1
V.(k + k
2
)

Mt phng (MBC) chia hinh chop thanh 2 phn co th tich bng nhau nn


. S MNCB V
=
2
1
V k
2
+ k = 1

=
+
=
2
5 1
2
5 1
k
k
k =
2
5 1+
( do k > 0 )




Bi tp 3. Cho hinh chop S.ABCD co day ABCD la hinh chu nht, AB a,
SA (ABCD), canh SC hop voi day gco va hop voi (SAB) goc | . Tinh th
tch hnh chp


Gii

SA (ABCD) o = A C S

BC (SAB) | = C S B

Dt :
BC = x SC =
| sin
x
(*). M AC
2
= AB
2
+ BC
2
AC =
2 2
x a +

SC =
o cos
AC
=
o cos
2 2
x a +
(**)

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(*) v (**)
|
2
2
sin
x
=
o
2
2 2
cos
x a +
x
2
=
| o
|
2 2
2 2
sin cos
sin .

a


SC
2
=
|
2
2
sin
x
=
| o
2 2
2
sin cos
a


V = SA S
ABCD
.
3
1
= SA BC AB . .
3
1
= o sin . . .
3
1
SC BC AB =
| o
| o
2 2
3
sin cos
sin . sin .
.
3
1

a





Bi tp 4. Cho hinh chop tu giac du S.ABCD
a. Bit AB a va goc giua mt bn va day bng o . Tinh th tich hinh
chp
b. Bit trung doan bng d va goc giua canh bn va day bng . Tinh th
tch hnh chp

Gii:


a. Goi O la tm hinh vung, H la trung dim BC


)
`

) (ABCD SO
BC OH
SH BC o = O H S

SO = h = OH.tano = o tan .
2
a


SH =
o cos
OH
=
o cos 2
a
V = SO S
ABCD
.
3
1
=
6
tan
3
o a


b. SH = d, AO = hc
) ( ABCD
SA
= O A S

. Xt 2 tam gic SOA v

SOH:

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= =
= = =
4
tan
2
2
tan .
2 2 2 2 2
x
d h OH SH SO
x
OA h SO
( x la canh hinh vung ABCD )

d
2
-
4
2
x
=
2
2
tan
2
x
x =

2
tan 2 1
2
+
d
OS = h =

2
tan 2 1
tan . . 2
+
d


V =
ABCD
S
3
1
.SO =
3
1
.

2
2
tan 2 1
4
+
d
.

2
tan 2 1
tan . . 2
+
d
=



2 2
3
tan 2 1 ) tan 2 1 .( 3
tan . . 2 4
+ +
d





Bi tp 5.Cho hnh chp S.ABCD day ABCD la nua lc giac du, AD 2a,

AB = BC = CD = a. SA (ABCD), SA h. Mt phng (P) qua A, vung

goc voi SD ct SB,SC, SD tai B, C, D.

a. Chung minh ABCD la tu giac ni tip

b. Tinh th tich hinh chop S.ABCD

Gii:


a. CD(SAC) DC AC (1)
M CD AC, SD(P) SDAC (2)
(1), (2) AC (SCD) AC ' ' D C
Tung tu ta co
0
90 ' '

' '

= = D B A D C A . Vy ABCD ni tip duong tron

duong kinh AD
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b.Ta c
. '' '
.
V
S AB C
V
S ABC
=
SC SB SA
SC SB SA
. .
' '. .
= |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
2 2
' .
.
' .
SC
SC SC
SB
SB SB
=
2 2
4
.SC SB
SA

M S
ABC
=
3
1
S
ABCD
V
S.ABC
= V
3
1

V
S.ABC
= V
SC SB
SA
.
. . 3
2 2
4

Tung tu V
S.ACD
= V
SD SC
SA
2 2
4
.
.
3
2

V
S.ABCD
=
2 2 2
2 2 4
. . . 3
) 2 .( .
SD SC SB
SC SB V SA +
, V =
4
3
2
h a

=
) 4 )( 3 )( .( 4
) 2 ( . . 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 5 2
a h a h a h
a h h a
+ + +
+





Bi tp 6.Cho duong tron (C) co duong kinh AB 2R. Trn nua duong
thng Ax vung goc voi mt phng chua (C) tai A ly dim S sao cho AS
h. Goi M la 1 dim di dng trn (C). Mt phng (P) di qua A va vung
goc voi SB ct SB, SM ln luot H, K.
a. Chung minh AK (SBM) va dim K chay trn 1 duong tron c dinh
khi M thay di
b. Tinh th tich hinh chop S.AHK trong truong hop M la trung dim cua
cung AB
Gii:
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a. Ta c AM MB v SA MB
) (
) (
) (
SBM AK
AK SB P SB
AK MB SAM MB

)
`

AK KH

0
90

= H K A
(P) qua dim c dinh A va vung goc voi SB c dinh tai H (P) c dinh, H c
dinh
Trong (P), K nhin doan c dinh AH duoi 1 goc vung K nm trn duong
tron duong kinh AH nm trong (P)
b.AM = MB = R 2

. .
. .
.
.
SASK SH
SASM SB
V
S AHK
V
S AMB
= = |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
2 2
.
.
.
SB
SB SH
SM
SM SK
=
2 2
4
.SB SM
SA
=
) 4 )( 2 (
2 2 2 2
4
R h R h
h
+ +

V
S.AMB
= SA S
AMB
. .
3
1
=
2
3
1
hR
V
S.AHK
=
2
3
1
hR
) 4 )( 2 (
2 2 2 2
4
R h R h
h
+ +
=
) 4 )( 2 .( 3
2 2 2 2
5 2
R h R h
h R
+ +


Bi tp 7. Cho tu din vung SABC tai S. Chung minh rng
a. . 3 S
ABC
> S
SAB
+ S
SBC
+ S
SAC

b. Cho SA a, SB SC k. Dt SB x. Tinh th tich tu din SABC
theo a, x, k. Xac dinh SB, SC d th tich tu din SAB lon nht
Gii:

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a.Goi H la truc tm AABC, ni dai AH ct
BC tai K
AH (ABC)
ASAK vung duong cao SH: SK
2
= KH.KA

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
2
.
.
2
.
2
.
2
BC KA BC KH BC SK
(S
SBC
)
2
=
(S
HBC
)(S
ABC
)
Tung tu (S
SAB
)
2
= S
ABC
.S
HAB
, (S
SAC
)
2
= S
ABC
.S
HAC

Cng v: (S
SAB
)
2
+ (S
SAC
)
2
+ (S
SBC
)
2
= (S
ABC
)
2

S
SAB
+ S
SAC
+ S
SBC
s | | ) 1 1 1 ( S
2 2 2 2 2 2
SAB
+ + + +
SBC SAC
S S s 3 S
ABC

c. V
S.ABC
=
6
1
SA.SB.SC =
6
1
ax.(k-x) s
2
2 6
1
(

+ x k x
a
24
2
ak
s
Max V
S.ABC
=
24
2
ak
x = k-x x =
2
k
SB = SC =
2
k

A
B
C
H
K
O
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Bi tp 8. Cho hinh chop S.ABCD co day ABCD la 1 hinh vung canh a, SA
(ABCD) va SA a. 1 mt phng qua CD ct cac canh SA, SB ln luot M,N. Dt
AM = x
a. Tu giac MNCD la hinh gi? Tinh din tich tu giac MNCD theo a, x
b. Xc dinh gia tri cua x d th tich cua hinh chop S.MNCD bng
9
2
ln th
tch hnh chp S.ABCD

Gii















a. Ta c CD AB MN
CD AB
SAB AB
MCD CD
MN SAB mp MCD mp
// //
//
) (
) (
) ( ) (

c
c
=

MNCD l hnh thang
) (
)) ( (
SAD CD
ABCD doSA SA CD
AD CD

)
`

MD MN MN CD ,
MNCD l hnh thang vung
ASMN ~ ASAB ASMN vung cn tai M
MN = SM = SA AM = a x
AAMD vung: MD =
2 2
AD AM + =
2 2
a x +
C D
B
A
S
M
N
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S
MNCD
= MD
CD MN
.
2
+
=
2 2
2
2
a x
x a
+ |
.
|

\
|

b. Ta c
SMCD
SACD
V
V
=
SD SC SA
SC SD SM
. .
. .
=
SA
SM
( AACD AABC)

SMNC
SABC
V
V
=
SB SC SA
SC SN SM
. .
. .
=
SB
SN
SA
SM
. =
2
|
.
|

\
|
SA
SM
( v MN // AB )

SMCD SMNC
SABC
V V
V
+
=
SA
SM
+
2
|
.
|

\
|
SA
SM


1
2
MNCD
SABCD
V
V
=
SA
SM
|
.
|

\
|
+
SA
SM
1

2
9
1
2
SABCD
SABCD
V
V
=
SA
SM
|
.
|

\
|
+
SA
SM
1


9
4
=
a
x a
|
.
|

\
|
+
a
x a
1 x = a
27
23



Bi tp 9 : cho tu din OABC co
0
AOB BOC COA=180 Z + Z + Z . Goi OA
1
,

OB
1
, OC
1
ln luot la duong phn giac trong cua cac tam giac OBC, OCA,

OAB. Goi OA
2
, OB
2
, OC
2
ln luot la duong phn giac cua cac tam giac OAA
1
,

OBB
1
, OCC
1
. Chung minh rng:


( )
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
1 2 1 2 1 2
AA BB CC
2 3
A A B B C C
| | | | | |
+ + > +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(*)

Xac dinh tu din OABC d dng thuc xay ra?

Gii:




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Dt OA a, OB b, OC c, AOB Z = o, BOC Z = |, COA Z = .

Ta c
0
180 o +| + =

Theo tinh cht duong phn giac trong tam giac OAA
1
ta c:

2 1 2
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1
AA AA AA OA a a
1 1
A A OA OA A A A A OA
= = = + = +

Tung tu co:
1
1 2 1
BB b
1
B B OB
= + ;
1
1 2 1
CC c
1
C C OC
= +

Theo BDT Bunhiacovski, ta co:

2 2 2
(*)
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c 1 a b c
VT 1 1 1 . 3
OA OB OC 3 OA OB OC
| | | | | | | |
= + + + + + > + + +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
(1)

Ta cn c:

3
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c abc
3
OA OB OC OA .OB .OC
+ + > (2)

Theo cng thuc tinh d dai duong phn giac trong tam giac, ta duoc:

2 2 2
1 1 1
8a b c .cos .cos .cos
2 2 2
OA .OB .OC
(a b)(b c)(c a)
o |
=
+ + +
(3)

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M (a b)(b c)(c a) 8abc + + + > v
3 3
cos .cos .cos
2 2 2 8
o |
s (v
0
180 o +| + = )

Do do tu (3) suy ra:
1 1 1
abc 8
OA .OB .OC
3 3
> (4)

Tu (1), (2) va (4) ta co:

( )
2
3
(*)
1 8
VT . 3 3 2 3 (*)
3
3 3
| |
> + = +
|
|
\ .


Dng thuc xay ra khi va ch khi:

0
a b c
60
= =

o = | = =

hay OABC la tu din du

Bi tp 10: cho hinh chop S.ABCD co day la hinh binh hanh, th tich l V.
Trn canh SC, ly dim C sao cho SC k.CC. Mt phng (P) qua AC va ct
cac canh SB, SD ln luot tai B, D. Tim gia tri lon nht va nh nht cua V
V
S.ABCD
.

Gii:

V V
S.ABC
+V
S.ADC

Ta c:


S.AB'C'
S.AD'C'
SB'.SC' k SB' k SB'
. V . .V
SB.SC k 1 SB 2(k 1) SB
SD'.SC' k SD' k SD'
. V . .V
SD.SC k 1 SD 2(k 1) SD
V
S.AB'C'
V
S.ABC
V
S.AD'C'
V
S.ADC
= = =
+ +
= = =
+ +


k SB' SD'
V' .
2(k 1) SB SD
| |
= +
|
+
\ .
(*)

Goi O la giao dim hai duong cheo cua ABCD, I la giao cua AC va SO.
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S
A
B
C
D
O
C'
I
D'
B'


















Ap dng dinh ly Menelaus cho tam giac SCO va ba dim thng hang C, A, I;

Ta c:


C' C AC IO IO AO C'S 1 SO 2k 1
. . 1 .
C'S AO IS IS AC C' C 2k SI 2k
+
= = = =

Trong tam gic SBD, ta c:


SB SD 2SO 2k 1
SB' SD' SI k
+
+ = = (**)

( Ban doc tu chung minh (**))

Dt :
SB'
x
SB
= v
SD'
y
SD
= . Thay vo (*), (**) ta c:

k
V' .(x y)
2(k 1)
= +
+
v
1 1 2k 1
x y k
+
+ =

Suy ra:
k kx
V' . x
2(k 1) (2k 1)x k
(
= +
(
+ +



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Trong do
0 x 1
k
x 1 kx
0 1
k 1
(2k 1)x k
< s

s s

< s
+

Xet ham s
kx k
f (x) x y x x ;1
(2k 1)x k k 1
(
= + = + e
(
+ +



Ta c:
| |
| |
2
x 0
(2k 1)x (2k 1)x 2k
f '(x) 0
2k
x
(2k 1)x k
2k 1
=
+ +

= =

=
+
+

Ta co bang bin thin cua I(x):
x
0
k
k 1 +

2k
2k 1 +
1
I 0 - - 0 +
f

2k 1
k 1
+
+

4k
2k 1 +

2k 1
k 1
+
+

Suy ra:
2
2
2k k k(2k 1)
.V V' .(x y).V .V
(2k 1)(k 1) 2(k 1) 2(k 1)
+
s = + s
+ + + +


Vy:
_
2
k(2k 1)
MaxV' V
2(k 1)
+
=
+
dat duoc khi va ch khi
k
x ; y 1
k 1
k
x 1; y
k 1

= =

= =

+


hay (P) qua B hoc D.

_
2
2k
MinV' .V
(2k 1)(k 1)
=
+ +
dat duoc khi va ch khi
2k
x y
2k 1
= =
+
hay (P)//BD






Bi tp 11: trn mt cu ban kinh R ly nm dim A, B, C, D, E sao cho
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A
B'
C'
D'
E'
B
C
D
E
2 2
BAC CAD DAE . BAD . CAE
3 3
Z = Z = Z = Z = Z . Chung minh rng:
AB AC AD AE 4 2R + + + s

Gii:




















Trn cac tia AB, AC, AD, AE ln luot ly cac dim B, C, D, E

sao cho AB AC AD AE a va goi M, N ln luot la trung

dim BD va CE.

D thy
AB' C' AB' E' (c.g.c)
AD' C' AD' E' (c.g.c)

Tu do BC BE, DC DE

Suy ra mp(ABD) la mt phng trung truc cua CE nn N thuc

mp(ABD). Vy A, M, N thuc mp(ABD). Tung tu co A, M,

N thuc mp(ACE) nn A, M, N thng hang. (1)
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Lai co : AB' D' AC' E' (c.g.c) = suy ra: AM = AN (2)

Tu (1), (2) co M trung N. Lai co BC BE, DC DE; ta co BCDE la

hnh vung, suy ra
2 2
(B' D') 2(B' C') = (3)

Dt B' AC' Z = o Ta c:
3
B' AD'
2
Z = o

Ap dng dinh ly cosin cho B' AD' v B' AC' , ta duoc:

2 2 2 2
3
(B' D') 2a 1 cos v (B' C') 2a (1 cos )
2
o | |
= = o
|
\ .
(4)

Tu (3), (4) suy ra:


3 2
3
1 cos 2(1 cos ) 4cos 4cos 3cos 3 0
2 2 2 2
3
cos
2 2
3
cos (loai)
2 2
cos 1 (loai)
2
o o o o
= o + =

o
=

o
=

o
=

Do do
3
t
o = .Suy ra:

2 2 2
B' AD' hay BAD
2 2
AB AD 2(AB AD ) 2BD 2 2R
t t
Z = Z =
+ s + = =



Tung tu: AC AE 2 2R + s

Vy: AB AC AD AE 4 2R + + + s

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Dng thuc xay ra khi va ch khi AB AD, AC AE hay A.BCDE la hinh chop
du.






Bi tp 12: cho tu din ABCD. M la mt dim bt ki thuc min trong cua tu

din. Cac duong thng AM, BM, CM, DM ln luot ct cac mt (BCD),

(CDA), (DAB), (ABC) tai A, B, C. Hy xac dinh vi tri M d biu thuc sau

dat gia tri nh nht:


MA MB MC MD
T
MA' MB' MC' MD'
= + + +

Gii:

Dt
2
a V
MBCD
= ,
2
b V
MCDA
= ,
2
c V
MDAB
= ,
2
d V
MABC
=

Ta c:


2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
AA' a b c d
MA' a
MA b c d
MA' a
V
ABCD
V
MBCD
+ + +
= =
+ +
=



M
2 2 2 2
3(b c d ) (b c d) + + > + + nn ta c:

2 2 2
MA b c d 1 b c d
.
MA' a a
3
+ + + +
= >

Hoan toan tung tu, ta cng co:

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2 2 2
MB a c d 1 a c d
.
MB' b b
3
+ + + +
= > ;
2 2 2
MC a b d 1 a b d
.
MC' c c
3
+ + + +
= > ;
2 2 2
MD a b c 1 a b c
.
MD' d d
3
+ + + +
= >

Suy ra:

1 b c d c d a d a b a b c 12
T . 4 3
a b c d
3 3
+ + + + + + + + | |
> + + + > =
|
\ .
(BDT Cauchy)

Vy MinT 4 3 = dat duoc khi va ch khi:

2 2 2 2 ABCD
V AM BM CM DM 3
a b c d
4 4 AA' BB' CC' DD'
= = = = = = = =

Hay M la trong tm tu din ABCD.

Ban doc hy m rng bai toan trn bng cach thay cn bc hai bng cn bc n.
















Mt s bi tp tham kho:

Bi tp1:Cho hinh chop S.ABC bit SAx, BCy, cac canh con lai du bng 1.

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a) tinh th tich hinh chop theo x, y.

b) voi x, y nao thi th tich hinh chop dat lon nht?



Bi tp2: cho hnh chp S.ABC. Bit SA vung goc mp(ABC), nhi din SB la

nhi din vung, BCa,
0 0
BSC 45 , BAC 60 Z = Z =

a) chung minh BC SB

b) tinh th tich hinh chop



Bi tp3: trong mp(P) cho hinh chu nht ABCD bit ABa, BCb. Qua C va

D ln luot dung cac duong thng d, d vung goc voi (P). Dim M thuc d, N

thuc d sao cho BM AN

a) xac dinh mt cu ngoai tip tu din ABMN.

b) Chung minh : CM.DN la hng s khi M, N di dng

c) Xac dinh d dai CM, DN d th tich tu din ABMN la nh nht.



Bi tp4: cho hnh chp S.ABCD, ABCD l hnh thang vung

0
BAD ABC 90 , AB AD a, BC a 6 Z = Z = = = = . Goi O la trung dim cua duong

trung binh cua hinh thang. Trn doan SO ly dim I sao cho 2009.SI 1992.SO = .

Mp(P) qua I va ct cac canh SA, SB, SC, SD ln luot tai A, B, C, D. Xac

dinh (P) d th tich hinh chop S.ABCD dat gia tri nh nht. Tinh gia tri do.
Bi tp 5: cho hinh chop S.ABCD co day la hinh binh hanh. Trn canh SC ly

C
1
sao cho SC
1
=3C
1
C; trn canh SC
1
ly C
2
sao cho SC
2
= 7 C
2
C
1
. Mp(P) qua
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SC
2
va ct cac canh SB, SD ln luot tai B va D. Xac dinh (P) sao cho th tich

hinh chop S.ABC
2
D dat lon nht va nh nht.



Bi tp 6: cho hinh chop S.ABC voi SAa, SBb, SCc. Mt mp thay di lun

qua trong tm cua hinh chop va ct cac canh SA, SB, SC ln luot tai A, B,C.

a) Tim gia tri nh nht cua biu thuc:
2 2 2
1 1 1
A'S B'S C'S
+ +

b) Nu xet bai toan voi hinh chop n-giac dnh S thi kt qua s nhu th nao?


Bi tp 7 M, N ln luot la trung dim cac canh AB, CD cua tu din ABCD; P

la dim thuc doan AD sao cho PA kPD = , k la s cho truoc va khac 1.

a) Xac dinh dim Q thuc canh BC sao cho MN va PQ ct nhau.

b) Tinh th tich hinh chop A.MQNP theo k va th tich tu din ABCD.

c) Xac dinh k d th tich trn lon nht va nh nht.



Bi tp 8: cho hinh chop tu giac du S.ABCD canh day bng a.Cac mt bn

nghing du trn mt day mt goc o. Mt mp(P) qua AB tao voi mp(ABCD)

mt goc | va ct SC, SD ln luot tai M, N.

a) xac dinh dang cua tu giac ABMN

b) tinh din tich tu giac ABMN theo a, o, | . Khi o la hng s, hy tim| d

c) din tich do lon nht va nh nht.


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Bi tp 9: cho hinh chop S.ABCDE, ACDE la hinh vung tm O canh a va

ABC la tam giac du. G la dim trn doan BO ma BG4GO; M la trung dim

SG. Mp(P) qua BM va ct cac canh SA, SC, SD, SE ln luot tai A, C, D, E

. Xac dinh (P) d th tich hinh chop S.BACDE nh nht va lon nht.



Bi tp 10: cho tu din ABCD. Hy tim cac dim X, Y, Z, T ln luot thuc cac

mt (BCD), (CDA), (DAB), (ABC) sao cho tng sau nh nht:

XY
2
+ YZ
2
+ ZT
2
+ TX
2
+ XZ
2
+ ZT
2





Bi tp 11: cho tu din ABCD vung A. Goi x, y, z ln luot la goc giua

duong cao AH voi cac canh AB, AC, AD. Tim gia tri nh nht cua biu thuc:



2 2 2
cosx cos y cos y cosz cosz cosx
P
cos z cos x cos
+ + +
= + +


Mt s tnh cht t tam gic n t din.

D co kha nhiu nghin cuu v su lin h giu hinh hoc phng va hinh khng
gian, trong do chung ta d co nhiu tinh cht thu vi duoc kham pha tu din
nho vic lin h tu cac tinh cht tam giac. Sau dy chung ti xin gioi thiu
dn ban doc mt s tinh cht nhu th ma chung ti d tim duoc. Rt mong nhn
duoc su gop y tu ban doc cng nhu nhung tinh cht dp ma ban doc tim ra.

Tnh cht phng1(khng chung minh lai): cho tam giac ABC ni tip
duong tron tm O. Mt duong tron tm I lun qua 2 dim B, C va ct AB, AC ln
luot tai B va C. Khi do BC lun vung goc voi AO.
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bi ton 1: cho tu din ABCD ni tip mt cu tm O. Mt mt cu tm
I lun qua 3 dim B, C, D va ct cac AB, AC, AD ln luot tai B, C, D. chung
minh rng: mp(BCD) lun vung goc AO.
Chung minh:
Truoc ht ta chung minh 2 nhn xet sau:
i) dim I lun thuc trc cua tam giac
BCD (vi I lun cach du B, C, D)
ii) cho hinh chop A.BCD va mt mt cu
tm I lun qua 3 dim B, C, D va ct cac AB,
AC, AD ln luot tai B, C, D. Khi do, voi
moi dim M thuc duong tron ngoai tip tam
giac BCD, M la giao cua AM va duong tron
ngoai tip tam giac BCD thi M thuc mt
cu tm I noi trn va nguoc lai.
chung minh ii)
Phn thun: M thuc duong tron ngoai tip
tam giac BCD thi M thuc mt cu tm I ( S(I; IM) ).
D co duong tron ngoai tip tam giac BCD thuc mt cu tm I lun qua 3
dim B, C, D. Suy ra M thuc mt cu tm I noi trn.
Phn dao: M thuc mt cu tm I( lun qua 3 dim B, C, D thi M thuc
duong tron ngoai tip tam giac BCD.

Goi T la tp hop tt ca cac dim thuc duong tron ngoai tip BCD

Goi T la tp hop tt ca cac dim thuc duong tron ngoai tip BCD

Ta c M P e th
2 2
AM.AM' AI IM k const = = = (v M' AM S(I; IM) = ; luu y:

k la hng voi dim I do)

Suy ra:
(A;k)
M N (M) = (
(A;k)
N la phep nghich dao h s k voi tm nghich dao S)
M :

(A;k)
B' N (B) =


(A;k)
C' N (C) =


(A;k)
D' N (D) =

V A T e M' P' e

A
B
C
D
O
D'
B'
C'
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(dpcm)

Tr lai bai toan:

Ta ki hiu C(BCD) la duong tron ngoai tip BCD


Goi:

'
1 1 1 1 1
'
2 2 1 1 1
'
3 3 1 1 1
BK (ABO) (BCD); BK C(BCD) B ; AB S(I) B
CK (ACO) (BCD); CK C(BCD) C ; AC S(I) C
DK (ADO) (BCD); DK C(BCD) D ; AD S(I) D
= = =
= = =
= = =


Theo nhn xet ii) ta co
' ' '
1 1 1
B , C , D C(BCD) e

Xt mp(ABO):

Ta co tu giac BBB
1

B
1
la tu giac ni tip. Theo tinh cht 1 thi
'
1
B' B AO

Tung tu co:
'
1
C' C AO ;
'
1
D' D AO

(B' C' D') AO

Tnh cht phng 2: M la mt dim bt ki thuc min trong tam giac ABC. Tu M
ke cac duong vung goc MA
1
, MB
1
, MC
1
xung cac canh BC, CA, AB (A
1
,B
1
,C
1
la cac giao dim). Chung minh :


2
1 1 1 ABC
a b c (a b c)
MA MB MC 2.S
+ +
+ + >

Chung minh:

Dt MA
1
= x, MB
1
= y, MC
1
z. Khi do, ta co :

ax + by + cz = 2S
MBC
+ 2S
MCA
+ 2S
MAB
= 2S
ABC

Do do:

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ABC
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
a b c a b c
.2.S (ax by cz)
x y z x y z
x y y z z x
a b c ab bc ca
y x z y x z
a b c 2ab 2bc 2ca (a b c)
| | | |
+ + = + + + +
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
| |
= + + + + + + + +
| | |
\ .
\ . \ .
> + + + + + = + +


Suy ra:
2
1 1 1 ABC
a b c (a b c)
MA MB MC 2.S
+ +
+ + >

Dng thuc xay ra khi va ch khi x y z, tuc khi M la tm duong tron ngoai

tip tam giac ABC.
ta thu suy ngh nhu th nay: mt trong tu din s tung ung voi canh trong
tam giac; din tich mt trong tu din s tung ung voi d dai canh trong tam
giac va th tich trong tu din s tung ung voi din tich trong tam giac. Tu do
ta co th xy dung bai toan sau tu tinh cht phng 2; sau do ta kim chung lai.

bai toan 2: M la mt dim bt ki thuc min trong tu din ABCD. Tu M ke cac
duong vung goc MA
1
, MB
1
, MC
1
, MD
1
xung cac mt (BCD), (CDA), (DAB),
(ABC). (A
1
,B
1
,C
1
la cac giao dim). Chung minh :


1 1 1 1
MA MB MC MD
2
S S S (S S S S ) S
BCD CDA ABC BCD CDA DAB ABC DAB
3.V
ABCD
+ + + >
+ + +


Chung minh:

Dt MA
1
= x, MB
1
= y, MC
1
= z, MD
1
= t

v S
BCD
= S
a
; S
CDA
=S
b
; S
DAB
=S
c
; S
ABC
=S
d
.

Khi do ta co :

a b c d
S .x S .y S .z S .t 3( ) 3 V V V V V
MBCD MCDA MDAB MABC ABCD
+ + + = = + + +

Lai co:

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a b c d
a b c d
2 2 2 2
a b c d a b b c c d
d a a c b d
2 2 2 2
a b c d a b b c c d
S S S S
(S .x S .y S .z S .t)
x y z t
x y y z z t
S S S S S .S S .S S .S
y x z y t z
t x x z y t
S .S S .S S .S
x t z x t y
S S S S 2S .S 2S .S 2S .S
| |
+ + + + + + =
|
\ .
| | | |
| |
= + + + + + + + + + +
| | |
\ .
\ . \ .
| |
| | | |
+ + + + + +
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
> + + + + + + +
2
d a a c b d a b c d
2S .S 2S .S 2S .S (S S S S ) + + = + + +

Suy ra:


2
S S S (S S S S ) S
BCD CDA ABC BCD CDA DAB ABC DAB
MA MB MC MD 3.V
1 1 1 1 ABCD
+ + +
+ + + >


Dng thuc xay ra khi va ch khi x y z t, tuc khi M la tm mt cu ngoai

tip tu din ABCD.


Tnh cht phng 3: trong tam giac nhon ABC lun co :


a b c
a b c
m m m R
1
h h h r
+ + s +

( trong do m
a
la duong trung tuyn ke tu A; h
a
la duong cao ke tu A; R, r ln luot
la ban kinh duong tron ngoai tip va ni tip tam giac ABC ).
Chung minh:
Goi O la tm duong tron ngoai tip tam giac ABC va A
1
, B
1
, C
1
ln luot la trung
dim BC, CA, AB.
Do tam giac ABC nhon nn O thuc min trong tam gic.

Ta c:
a 1 1 1
m AA AO OA R OA = s + = +

Tung tu co:
b 1
m R OB s + ;
c 1
m R OC s +

Suy ra:

a b c 1 1 1
a b c a b c a b c
m m m OA OB OC 1 1 1
R
h h h h h h h h h
| | | |
+ + s + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .

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Ta s chung minh :

a b c
1 1 1 1
h h h r
+ + = v
1 1 1
a b c
OA OB OC
1
h h h
+ + =

Bi vi 2S (a b c)r = + + nn
a b c
2S 2S 2S 2S
a b c
r h h h
= + + = + +
a b c
1 1 1 1
h h h r
+ + =

Ta cng co:

1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c
2S 2S 2S
2S a.OA b.OB c.OC .OA .OB .OC
h h h
= + + = + +

1 1 1
a b c
OA OB OC
1
h h h
+ + =

Vy ta c :
a b c
a b c
m m m R
1
h h h r
+ + s + . Dng thuc xay ra khi va ch khi O la truc

tm tam giac hay tam giac ABC la tam giac du.

ta thu suy ngh nhu th nay: mt cu ngoai tip trong tu din s tung
ung voi duong tron ngoai tip trong tam giac; duong tron ngoai mt trong tu
din s tung ung voi trung dim canh trong tam giac va th tich trong tu din
s tung ung voi din tich trong tam giac. Tu do ta co th xy dung bai toan sau
tu tinh cht phng 3; sau do ta kim chung lai


Bi ton 3: trong tu din ABCD ma tm mt cu ngoai tip tu din
thuc min trong tu din, ta lun co:

a b c d
a b c c
m m m m R
1
h h h h r
+ + + s +

( Trong do, m
a
la d dai doan thng ni A va tm duong tron ngoai tip BCD;
h
a
la duong cao cua tu din ke tu A; R, r ln luot la ban kinh mt cu ngoai tip
va ni tip tu din ABCD ).
Chung minh:
Goi O la tm mt cu ngoai tip tu din ABCD; A
1
, B
1
, C
1
, D
1
ln luot la tm
duong tron ngoai tip cac BCD, CDA, DAB, ABC.

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Vi O thuc min trong tu din nn:
a 1 1 1
m AA AO OA R OA = s + = +

Tung tu co:
b 1
m R OB s + ;
c 1
m R OC s + ;
d 1
m R OD s +

Suy ra:

a b c d 1 1 1 1
a b c d a b c d a b c d
m m m m OA OB OC OD 1 1 1 1
R
h h h h h h h h h h h h
| | | |
+ + + s + + + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .


Ta s chung minh:

a b c d
1 1 1 1 1
h h h h r
+ + + = v
1 1 1 1
a b c d
OA OB OC OD
1
h h h h
+ + + =

Bi vi 3V (S S S S )r
ABCD BCD CDA DAB ABC
= + + +

Nn :

3V
ABCD
S S S S
BCD CDA DAB ABC
r
3V 3V 3V 3V
BCD CDA ABC DAB
h h h h
a c
b d
= + + +
= + + +



a b c d
1 1 1 1 1
h h h h r
+ + + =

Ta cng co:

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
a b c d
3 .OA .OB .OC .OD
3 3 3 3
.OA .OB .OC .OD
h h h h
V S S S S
ABCD BCD CDA DAB ABC
V V V V
ABCD ABCD ABCD ABCD
= + + + =
= + + +


1 1 1 1
a b c d
OA OB OC OD
1
h h h h
+ + + =

Vy ta co:
a b c d
a b c c
m m m m R
1
h h h h r
+ + + s +

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Dng thuc xay ra khi va ch khi O la truc tm tu din hay ABCD la tu din du






















TNG HP

Bai 1: SABC la 1 hinh chop tam giac du voi canh day AB a, duong cao SH h.

1. Tinh theo a va h cac ban kinh r, R cua hinh cu ni tip va ngoai tip hinh
chp.
2. Gia su a c dinh va h thay di. xac dinh h d
r
R
lon nht.
Giai:
. Tnh R:
Tm hinh cu ngoai tip tu din SABC

nm trn SH( trc cua duong trong

ngoai tip tam giac ABC) va trn

duong trung truc cua SA v mp(SAH).

S
C
J
A
B
H
O
O
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Tu giac AHOJ ni tip( J la trung dim cua SA),

Do do:

2
2 2 2 2
6
( 12 ).(3 )
6
3
r ah
R
a h a h a
a
h
=
+ + +
=
2
SO.SH SA.SJ
2
SA
SO R
SH
= = =
Nhung:
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 3
.
3 2 3
a a
SA SH HA h h
| |
= + = + = +
|
|
\ .


2 2
3
3
h a +
=
Suy ra: R =
2 2
3
6
h a +
=
. Tnh r:
Tm O hinh cu ni tip tu din nmg trn SH va trn phn giac trong cua
SIH( I la trung dim cua BC), goc phng cua nhi din canh BC.

Tinh cht cua phn giac cho:


2
2
2 2 2
2 2
' .
. .( )
'
3
6
Ta c :
3
6 12
12
2 3
O H HI h HI
r SI HI h r
O S SI SI HI
a
HI

a a
SI h r
h a
SI
= = =
+

| |

= + = +
|
|
\ .
+
=


Cho nn ra duoc tinh bi

2 2 2 2
3
.
6
3 12 12
6 2 3
a
h
ah
r
a h a a h a
= =
+ + +
+


3. Dinh h d r/R lon nht

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Ta c:
2
2 2 2 2
6
( 12 ).(3 )
r ah
R
a h a h a
=
+ + +

Dt:
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
12
12
12
x a
x a
x h a
x a
h a x h
>
>

= +

+ = =

Do do:
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
6
12 2ax 3
( 3 ) 3
( ).
4
x a
a
r x a
R a a x a
a x
| |
|
+ +
\ .
= =
+ | | +
+
|
\ .

Bang bin thin


Vy :
ax
1
3
m
r
R
| |
=
|
\ .
nu va ch nu x 3a
6
3
a
h = .








Bai 2: cho hinh chop tam giac SABC. Goi K va N la trung dim cua SA, BC.

Dim M nm trn SC sao cho:


2
3
SM
MC
=

1. Tim t s din tich hai tam giac ASC va AKM.

2. Mt phng qua K song song voi AB va SC co qua N khng?

3. Qua K, M, N dung mt phng mp(P).

a. xac dinh tit din tap bi mp(P) voi hinh chop d cho.

b. Chung minh KN chia tit din thanh 2 phn din tich bng nhau.

x
I(x)
f(x)
-
-a a 3a
+
x
+
+
_

1
6
a
0
0
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c. Bit khoang cach tu A dn mp(P) bng h va th tich hinh chop la V. tinh din

tich tit din.
Giai:

1. Tnh

. AAMS v ASAC co cung duong cao phat xut tu A nn:


2 2
( )
3 3
S
MS MS
SAC
do
S CS MC
AKM
= = =


. AAMS v AAMK co cung duong cao phat xut tu M nn:

2
S
SA
AMS
S KA
AMK
= =

Suy ra :
2.
2
5
5
S S
SAC AMK
S S
SAC AMK
= =

2. Mt phng qua K song song voi AB va SC co qua N khng?

Mt phng qua K song song voi aB va SC ct BC N.

Dinh ly Talet trong khng gian cho:

'
1
'
KS N C
KA N B
= = N la trung dim cua BC NN
Vy mt phng qua K song song voi AB va SC qua trung dim N cua BC.

a. Cach dung thit din:

- Duong thng MK va duong thng CA ct nhau I

- Hai duong thng IN va AB ct nhau H.

Tit din cua mt phng (KMN) voi hinh chop la tu giac KMNH.


S
M
K
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b. Chung minh S S
MKN HKN
=

Goi O la giao dim cua MH va KN. Vn theo dinh ly Talet trong khng
gian ta

suy ra: O la trung dim cua MH. Tu do suy ra cac duong cao MM va HH
trong

2 tam giac MKN va HKN bng nhau, do do:


3 3
.
10 5
V V
S S
KMN KMNH
h h
= =

c. Tinh din tich thit din:

. Ta tinh th tich tu din AKMN bng cach coi day la AKMN va dnh la A:


1
. .
.
3
V S h
KMN AKMN
= (1)


. Cng tu din y ma ta coi day la AAKM va chiu cao la khoang cach tu N dn

(AKM) thi th tich cua no la:


1
. .
.
3
V S h
N N AKM AKM
=

Nu goi chiu cao ke tu B cua tu din ABCD la h
B
th ta c :

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2. h h
B N
=

V do cu 1. ta c:

1 1
. . .
.
3 5
1 1 1
. . .
10 3 10
V S h
B N AKM SAC
S h V
B SAC
=
= =
(2)
Tu (1) va (2) suy ra:



3 3
.
10 5
V V
S S
KMN KMNH
h h
= =


Bai 3: Cho tu din SABC co cac goc phng dnh S vung.

1. Chung minh : 3.S S S S
ABC SBC SBA SAC
> + +

2. Cho bit SA a, SB SC k. dt SB x. tinh th tich tu din SABC theo a,
k,x.

xac dinh SB, SC d th tich tu din SABC lon nht.

3. Cho A c dinh; B va C thay di ao cho SB SC k khng di. Tim qu tich

4. dim O cua cac duong cheo hinh hp co 3 canh la SA, SB, SC.

Giai:

1 Chung minh : 3.S S S S
ABC SBC SBA SAC
> + +

. Truoc ht ta chung minh h thuc :


2 2 2 2
S S S S
ABC SBC SBA SAC
= + + (1)






C
S
B
I
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V SI vung goc voi AB. Theo dinh ly 3 duong thng vung goc ta co:


( ) SC SAB
CI AB
SI AB

2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
. . .
4 4 4
1 1
( ) .
4 4
1 1
. .
4 4
1 1
.( ) .
4 4
2
SB SC SA SB SA SC
SC SB SA SA SB
SC AB SI AB
AB SC SI CI AB
S S S
SBC SBA SAC
S
ABC
= + +
= + +
= +
= + =
=
+ +


Ap dng bt dng thuc Schwarz:

( )
2 2 2
(1 1 1). S S S S S S
SBC SBA SAC SBC SBA SAC
s + + + + + + (1)

Ap dng kt qua (1) ta c:

3.S S S S
ABC SBC SBA SAC
> + +







A
S
B
O
O
C
D
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2. Tinh V cua tu din SABC

1
. . .
6
1
.ax( )
6
SASB SC
V k x
V
=
=


. Dinh SB, SC d V lon nht.

' O O S = O 0 ; 0 x k x > > .


Bt dng thuc Cauchy:

2
.( )
4
k
x k x s ( k, a: khng di; x: thay di)

Do do :
2
24
k a
V s
Dng thuc xy ra khi va ch khi : x k x
2
k
x =
Vy

2
24
ma x
k a
V = xy ra khi va ch khi SB SC
2
k


4. Qu tich dim O

. Goi O la giao dim cua cac duong cheo trong hinh hp v trn 3 canh SA,

SB, SC. Nu ta v hinh chu nht SBDC thi O chinh la trung dim cua AD. Hinh

chiu O

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ln mt phng (SBDC) la trung dim SD.

.Chon tia Sx mang bi SB, dinh huong tu S dn B. tia Sy mang bi SC,
dinh

huong tu S toi C. trong 1 phn tu mt phng toa d Sxy ta co:


2
'
2
SB
x
O
SC
y

Suy ra qu tich cua O la

doan thng IJ co phung trinh la:



2 2
2
SB SC k
x y
k
y x
+
+ = =
= +





Voi 2 dim du la I(k/2;0) va J(0;k/2).

. Goi O la trung dim cua SA; O la dim c dinh.

Ta c: ' O O S = O


Suy ra qu tich cua O la doan IJ, hinh bin di cua IJ qua phep tinh tin

vect SO.




Bai 4: Trong 1 tu din ch co 1 canh co d dai lon hn 1.

CMR: th tich tu din y khng vut qua 1/8.
J
I
J
I
S
O
J
A
y
x
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Giai:

. Cho tu din ABCD co AB ~ 1

con cac canh khac nh hn hay bng 1. Ta

chung minh 1/ 8 V s .

. V duong cao AE trong tam giac ABC

va duong cao BF trong tam giac BCD.


Goi AH la duong cao cua tu din v tu A. dt CD a ( 1 a s ).

Ta chung minh :
2
2
1
4
1
4
a
AE
a
BF

.Nu
2
a
ED s th:
2
2 2 2
1
4
a
AE AC EC = s
( do
2
a
EC > )
.Nu
2
a
ED > th:
2
2 2 2
1
4
a
AE AD ED = s

Trong ca 2 truong hop ta du co:

2
2
1
4
a
AE s
2
1
4
a
AE s

Tung tu nhu vy ta cng chung minh duoc:

2 2
2
1 1
4 4
a a
BF BF s s




.Th tich tu din:
D
B
F
E
A
C
H
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2
2
1 1 1 1
. . . . . . . .
3 3 2 6
1 1
1 (4 )
6 4 24
BCD
V S AH CD BF AH CD AE BF
a
a a a
= = s
| |
s =
|
\ .


Xt hm
f(a) =
2
(4 ) a a
I(a) -3a
2
+ 4

Bang bin thin:







Vy
max
3 1
24 8
V = = xy ra khi va ch khi a 1.

.Cui cung ta thu xem co tn tai 1 tu din nhu trn khng. Chon tu din

ABCD nhu sau:

BCD A du canh a 1

ACD A du canh a 1

(BCD) (ACD)

Ta c:

2
2 2 2 2
1 3 3 1
. .
3 4 2 8
3 3
2. 2
2 2
V
AB AH HB AH
= =
| |
= + = = =
|
|
\ .


3
1
2
AB = > ; tu din ABCD tha d bai.
a
I(a)
f (a)

2
3

0
0
0
+
1
3
+
2
3

0
A
D
C
B
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Bi 5:
1. Cho tam gic AABC du canh a. mt duong thng ( A) ty qua tm O

cua tam giac ct BC, CA, AB ln luot tai M, N, P.

Chung minh:

2 2 2 2
1 1 1 18
OM ON OP a
+ + =

2. Cho tu din du SABC. Qua duong cao SH cua tu din ta ke 1 mt phng

ct cac mt bn theo nhung duong thng tao voi day cua tu din cac goc
, , o | .

Chung minh :

2 2 2
12 tg tg tg o | + + = .

Giai:


1. Chung minh:

2 2 2 2
1 1 1 18
OM ON OP a
+ + =

Goi A, B, C la trung dim cua BC, CA, AB. Dt

' A OM =

Ta c:
0
' 120 C OM =

V ' 60 B ON =

Ta c:
1 3 3
' ' ' .
3 2 6
a a
OA OB OC = = = =

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Cho nn
2 2 2 0 2 0
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
1 1 1
' . (60 ) (120 )
12 1 3 1 3
. . .sin . .sin
2 2 2 2
12 1 3
. . .sin
2 2
12 3 18
.
2
OA cos cos cos
OM ON OP
cos cos cos
a
cos cos
a
a a



( + + = + +

(
| | | |
(
= + + + +
| |
| |
(
\ . \ .

| |
= + +
|
|
\ .
= =


2. Chung minh:

Mt phng qua SH ct cac mt (SBC), (SAC), (SAB) theo cac giao tuyn
ln

luot la SM, SN va SP. Ta co:

; ; SMH SNH SPH o | = = =
( A)
A
B C
M
<
P
B
A
C

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Ta c :
2 2 2
tg tg tg o | + + =
2 2 2
2 2 2
SH SH SH
HM HN HP
+ +


2
2 2 2
1 1 1
SH
HM HN HP
| |
= + +
|
\ .

Ta nhc lai rng
2
2
3 2
6 3
a a
SH SH = =
V theo cu 1:


2 2 2 2
1 1 1 18
OM ON OP a
+ + =

Cho nn :


2 2 2
12 tg tg tg o | + + =











Bai 7: cho hinh chop S.ABCD co day la hinh vung canh a. canh bn SA vung
gc

voi mt day. Tu A ha cac duong vung goc AE voi SB va AF voi SD.

1. Chung minh: (AEF) SC.

2. Goi P la giao dim cua (AEF) voi SC. Tim qu tich cua P khi S chat trn
nua

duong thng Ax vung goc voi day ABCD.

3. Chung t rng co 2 vi tri cua S trn Ax sao cho V
PABCD
bng 1 gia tri V
cho
A
S
B
C N
H
P
M

o


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4. Truoc voi diu kin khng vuot qua 1 gia tri V, nao do ma ta phai xac dinh.

5. Trong truong hop V
PABC
= V
1
, hy tnh V
SAPEF
.

Giai:

1. Chung minh (AEF) SC.

( )
BC AB
BC SAB BC AE
BC SA

Theo gia thit AE SB , nhu vy :

( ) AE SBC AE SC

Tung tu ta cng co : AF SC

Vy ( ) SC AEF

2. Qu tich cua P.













* Mt phng (SAC) c dinh,
0
90 APC = va AC c dinh nn P trn duong tron

duong kinh AC trong mt phng (ASC).

* S ch chay trn nua duong thng Ax nn P ch chay trn nua duong tron noi trn,

D
C
A
B
F
P
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
E
S
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khng k dim C. Nua duong tron nay v trong nua ,mt phng Ax gioi han bi
AC.


3. Chung minh co 2 vi tri cua S trn Ax khi V
PABCD
= V v V s V
1
.






















V PH AC , PH la duong cao cua hinh chop P.ABCD :

PH = h.

1
2
. .
3
1
. . .
3
h a h V S
PABCD ABCD
= =

Ta c :
2
3V
V h
a
V
PABCD
= =
Nu
2
2 2
AC a
h s = thi ta co 2 vi tri cua P trn nua duong tron duong kinh

AC, do do co 2 vi tri cua S trn Ax.

H O
A
S
P
C
x
h
y
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Nhung :
3
1 2
2 3 2 . 2
2 2 6
a V a a
h V V
a
s s s =

Vy co th noi la : khi AC
1
V V s thi co 2 vi tri cau S trn Ax d V V
PABCD
=

4.Trong truong hop
1
V V
PABCD
= hy tnh V
SAEPF



Theo trn ta c :


1
2
2
a
h V V
PABCD
= = ( tuc P la trung dim cua cung AC)



Luc y P la trung dim cua SC va :


2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
1 1 1 1 1 3
2 2
2 6
3 3
2 3
3 3 3
AC
AP SP PC a
AS AC a
AE AB AS a a a
a a
AE AE
a a a
EP AP AE a DP
= = = =
= =
= + = + =
= =
= = = = =


Ta c :
2
6 3 2
. .
3 3 3
2
a a a
AE EP S S
AEPF AEP
= = = =

Vy:
2 3
1 2 2
. . .
3 3 9
1
.
3
a a
SP a V S
SAEPF AEPF
= = =






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Bai 8: Trong mt phng (P) cho ABC A vung tai B, co canh AB, ABC a = ;

v ADC A vung tai D co AD b ( B va D khng cung phia di voi AB). Trn
duong

thng vung goc voi mt phng (P) tai A ta ly dim S sao cho SA x.

1. tinh th tich hinh chop SABCD

2. AI, AJ, AH la 3 duong cao xut phat tu A cua 3 tam giac SAB, SAC, SAD.
Hy

tm tm v bn kinh cua hinh cu ngoai tip cac da din ABCIJ, ASIJH. Tu do
xc

dinh giao cua 2 hinh cu noi tr

3. goi | la goc phng cua nhi din tao bi (SAC) va (SBC). Chung minh :

2
1
.
cos
tg tg
cos
o
o |
o
+
=

4. ABC A phai tha mn diu kin gi d | = 60
0
.





Giai:

1. tnh V
SABCD



1
. .( )
3
V V V
SABCD SABC SACD
SA S S
ABC ADC
= +
= +


Ta tinh cac chi tit :

. AB a BC atgo = =
Do do:
C
B
A
D
J
S
I
H
o
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2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
. .
2
a tg
AD b
a
CD b
a
cos AC
cos
a
CD b
cos
S
ABC
o
o
o
o
=
=

=


Do do :
2
2
2
1
. .
2
a
b b
cos
S
ACD
o
=

Tom lai :


2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
1 1 1
. . . . .
3 2 2
1
. .
6
SABCD
a
V a a tg b b
cos
a
a tg b b
cos
o
o
o
o
| |
= + |
|
\ .
| |
= + |
|
\ .



2. tm va ban kinh hinh cu ngoai tip cac da din ABCIJ va ASIJH
. Ta c ( ( ))
AI SB
do BC ABC
AI SC

Nn : AI IC

Nhu vy : I, J va B cung nhin AC duoi goc vung nn hinh cu ngoai tip
da

din ABCIJ la hinh cu duong kinh AC. Tm la dim giua ca AC, ban kinh bng


2 2
AC a
coso
=


. I, J, H cung nhin AS duoi goc vung nn hinih cu ngoai tip khi da din

ASIJH la hinh cu duong kinh AS. Tm la dim giua cua AS, ban kinh
bng
2 2
AS a
=
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Giao cua 2 hinh cu

Hai hinh cu y co chung 3 dim la A, I va J nn giao cua chung la duong
trn

qua 3 dim y. Nhung ta d bit ( ) AI SAB nn AI IJ

Vy giao cua 2 hinh cu y la duong tron duong kinh AJ trong mt phng qua
A v

vung goc voi SC.


3. Chung minh h thuc
2
1
.
cos
tg tg
cos
o
o |
o
+
=
Goc phng cua nhi din tao bi (SAC) va (SBC) la AJI | =

AIJ A vung I :
AI
tg
I J
| =
Do do : . . .
BC AI AI BC
tg tg
AB IJ AB IJ
o | = = (i)

Nhung :

AI SI
SAB SIA
AB SA
BC SC
SBC SIJ
IJ SI
A A =
A A =
Thay cac kt qua trn vao (i): . .
SI SC SC
tg tg
SA SI SA
o | = =
Ta c :


2 2 2 2
2
2
1
.
a
SC SA AC a
cos
cos
SC a
cos
o
o
o
= + = +
+
=


Vy:
2
1
.
cos
tg tg
cos
o
o |
o
+
=
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4. ABC A tha mn diu kin gi d
0
60 | =

Voi
0
60 | = th o tha mn phung trinh :


2
2
2 2
2
1
3. 3.sin 1
3.sin 1 (0 90)
1 1
sin sin
2 2
cos
tg cos
cos
cos
o
o o o
o
o o o
o o
+
= = +
= + < <
= =

Vy
0
45 o = : tam gic ABC vung cn B.


Bi 9: trong mt phng (o ) cho AOAB va 1 dim di dng M trn doan AB. Tu
M

ta dung duong thng song song voi OB va OA, ln luot ct OA, OB tai P va Q;
goil I

la giao dim cua AQ va BP. Trn duong thng vung goc voi mp(o ) tai M ta ly

dim S= M. Dt OA a, OB b.

1. chung minh : 1
OP OQ
a b
+ =

Tu do suy ra th tich cua 2 hinh chop SOPIQ va SIAB bng nhau.

2. Cho
0
60 AOB = , a = 2b v 3 SM b = . Goi
1 2
, ln luot la goc phng cua 2 nhi

din tao bi (SOA) va (SOB) voi mp(o ). Chung minh rng khi M di dng trn
doan

AB (nhung khng trung voi A va B) thi ta lun lun co h thuc:

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1 2
2 1
1
tg tg
+ =








Giai:
1. Chung minh : 1
OP OQ
a b
+ =

Dinh ly Talet :


//
//
OP BM
PM OB
OA BA
OQ AM
QM OA
OB AB
=
=

Do do:

OP OQ BM AM
a b AB
+
+ =
(1)



Chng minh V V
SOPIQ SIAB
=

D chung minh 2 hinh chop SOPIQ va SIAB co cung th tich ta ch cn
chung

minh S S
OPIQ IAB
=

Tu (1) ta suy ra :
. . . OBOP OAOQ OAOB + =

Tu do : S S S
OPB OQA OAB
+ =
Hay :
S
B
M
Q
C
A
P
I
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S S S S
OPIQ IQB OPIQ IPA
S S S S
OPIQ IPA IQB IAB
+ + +
= + + +


Do do : S S
OPQI IAB
=

2. Chung minh h thuc:


1 2
2 1
1
tg tg
+ =

* Do OA = 2OB v
0
60 AOB =

nn tam giac OAB vung tai B

va la nua tam giac du.
V :
0
3
. 60 3
2
a
AB OBtg b = = =

Goc cua (SOB) va mp(o ) (OAB) l :


2
SBM =

V MHOA. Do dinh ly 3 duong thng vung goc ta co SHOA nn goc cua

(SOA) voi mp(o ) l:


1
SHM =

Ta c:

1
1 1 1
2
2
3 3 3 2 3
3 3
SM b b b b
tg MH AM
HM MH tg tg tg
SM b b
tg BM
BM BM tg

= = = =
= = =


Tu AB AM MB va tu cac kt qua trn ta co :


1 2
2 3 3 2 1
3 1
1 2
b b
b
tg tg tg tg
= + + = .
S
S
M
H
O
B
1
S
2

S
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Phng php ta :

Bai 6: cho hinh chop SABC, day la tam giac vung cn dnh C; CA CB a;
dnh S

co hinh chiu trn day la trong tm G cau tam giac ABC; SG h.

Tinh goc phng cua nhi din canh SC cua hinh chop.

Giai:





















Lp h trc toa d goc Axyx, co Ax // CB, chiu dung tu C dn B; Ay chua

AC, chiu dung tu A dn C; Az co chiu dung tu G dn S.

Cac dim A, B, C co toa d la : A(0, 0, 0);
B(a, a, 0);
C(a, 0, 0);
B
C
A
G
S
y
a
x
a
h
z
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S(
3
a
,
2
3
a
, h)

Cac vect , CB CS co toa d la :
( , 0, 0); (0, , 0); ( , , )
3 3
a a
CB a CA a CS h = = =

Ta c:
( , 0, 0); (0, , 0); ( , , )
3 3
a a
CB a CA a CS h = = =
1
2
2
2
, , , 3 3 3 3
0 0 0 0
0, ,
3
, , , 3 3 3 3
0 0 0 0
, 0,
3
a a a a
h h
n CS CB
a a
a
ah
a a a a
h h
n CS CA
a a
a
ah
| |

|
(
= =
|
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
| |

|
(
= =
|
|

\ .
| |
=
|
\ .


1
n ,
2
n theo thu tu la cac vect phap tuyn cua cac mt (SCB) va (SCA),
Do do nu goi la goc phng nhi din canh SC thi :
1
2
4
2
2 2
4 4
2 2 2 2
( , )
9
9
.
9 9
cos cos n n
a
a
h a
a a
a h a h
=

= =
+
+ +


Vy:
2
2 2
ar ( )
9
a
ecos
h a

=
+



Bai ..: cho hinh chop tu giac du SABCD, canh day bng 2a, mi canh bn lp voi
mt

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phng day 1 goc o . Trong hinh chop do, v ni tip 1 hinh lp phung sao cho
cac dnh

nm trn cac trung doan cua hinh chop. Tinh d dai canh cau hinh lp phung.

Giai:

Chon h trc toa d Oxyz voi SeOz va khi do:

A(a, a, 0) , B(-a, a, 0) , C(-a, -a, 0) , D(a, -a, 0),

va tu gia thit nn S(0, 0, 2. a tgo ).



Khi do goi M, N theo thu tu la trung dim

cua AB, AD ta duoc:

M(0, a, 0) , N(a, 0, 0).

Gia su


Canh cua hinh lp phung bng x, ta duoc:


1 1
(0, . , ) , ( . , 0, ) M a x cotg x N a x cotg x o o

Ta co diu kin la :


2 2 2
1 1
( . ) ( . )
2
M N x a x cotg a x cotg x
a
x
cotg
o o
o
= + =
=
+




Bi..: Cho hinh chop du SABCD canh bng 2a. goi d
1
, d
2
, d
3
, d
4
theo thu
tu la

khoang cach tu dim M bt k thuc day ABCD toi cac mt bn. CMR: tng

A
D
B
C
O
M
N x
y
S
z
N
1
M
1
E
1
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S = d
1
+ d
2
+ d
3
+ d
4

Khng ph thuc vao vi tri dim M.

Giai:

Chon h trc toa d Oxyz voi A, C e Ox , B, D e Oy v S e Oz.

Khi do
A(a, a, 0) , B(a, -a, 0) , C(-a, -a, 0) , D( -a, a, 0) , S(0, 0, a 2 )

Dim M e (ABCD), ta duoc M(x, y, 0), voi a x s , y a s khi do :

* Phung trinh mt phng (SAB) duoc cho bi:


( ) :
,
( ) : 2 2 0
qua A
SAB
vtcp SA SB
SAB x z a

+ =


Suy ra khoang cach d
1
duoc cho bi :

1
2 2
2 2
.
3 3
x a
a x
d


= =


*Phung trinh mt phng (SBC) duoc cho bi:


( ) :
,
( ) : 2 2 0
qua B
SBC
vtcp SB SC
SBC y z a

+ =


Suy ra khoang cach d
2
duoc cho bi :

2
2 2
2 2
.
3 3
y a
a y
d
+
+
= =


*Phung trinh mt phng (SCD) duoc cho bi:

A
x
y
O
B
D
C
S
z
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( ) :
,
( ) : 2 2 0
qua C
SCD
vtcp SC SD
SCD x z a

+ =


Suy ra khoang cach d
3
duoc cho bi :

3
2 2
2 2
.
3 3
x a
a x
d
+
+
= =



*Phung trinh mt phng (SDA) duoc cho bi:


( ) :
,
( ) : 2 2 0
qua D
SDA
vtcp SA SD
SDA y z a

+ =


Suy ra khoang cach d
4
duoc cho bi :

4
2 2
2 2
.
3 3
y a
a y
d


= =



Tu do :

S = d
1
+ d
2
+ d
3
+ d
4
=
4 2 4 6
3 3
a a
=