Luật và chính sách trong chính sách quản lý CTR

MC LC MC LC ........................................................................................................................i DANH MC HNH ...................................................................................................... iii DANH MC BNG ......................................................................................................iv DANH MC CH VIT TT .......................................................................................
v CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG .............................................................................1 1.1. Li m u............................................................................................................1 1.2. Ni dung nghin cu ............................................................................................ 2 1.3. Phng php nghin cu ......................................................................................2 CHNG 2: NHNG VN L LUN V PHP LUT QUN L CHT THI RN V CHT THI NGUY HI ....................................................................3 2.1. Cc khi nim .......................................................................................................3 2.1.1. Khi nim cht thi ........................................................................................ 3 2.1.2. Khi nim cht thi rn, cht thi rn thng thng .....................................4 2.1.3. Khi nim v qun l CTR ............................................................................5 2.1.4. Khi nim v cht thi nguy hi ....................................................................6 2.1.5. Khi nim v qun l CTNH .........................................................................7 2.2. Quan nim v vai tr ca php lut v qun l cht thi rn v CTNH ...............9 2.2.1. Quan nim php lut v qun l CTR TT v CTNH ....................................9 2.2.2. Vai tr ca php lut v qun l CTR v CTNH ........................................10 2.2.3. Cc yu t tc ng ti php lut qun l CTR v CTNH .......................... 11 CHNG 3: LCH S PHT TRIN CA PHP LUT V QUN L CTR V CTNH ............................................................................................................................ 12 3.1. Kinh nghim ca mt s nc trn th gii trong qun l cht thi nguy hi ...12 3.1.1. Trung Quc ..................................................................................................12 3.1.2. Hn Quc .....................................................................................................12 3.1.3. Thi Lan.......................................................................................................12 3.1.4. Cng Ha Lin Bang c ...........................................................................13 3.1.5. n ..........................................................................................................14 3.2. S pht trin ca php lut qun l cht thi rn Vit Nam ............................... 14 3.3. Mt s kinh nghim cho Vit Nam ....................................................................16 CHNG 4: LUT V CHNH SCH V QUN L CTR V CTNH CA NC TA .....................................................................................................................19
4.1. Php lut v qun l CTR v CTNH ..................................................................19 4.1.1. Php lut v qun l CTR ............................................................................22 4.1.2. Php lut v qun l CTNH ........................................................................27 4.2. Chnh sch qun l CTR v CTNH ....................................................................38 4.2.1. Chnh sch p dng c ch qun l 3R (Gim thiu, Ti s dng, ti ch) 38 4.2.2. Chnh sch v x hi ha qun l cht thi rn sinh hot ........................... 39 4.2.3. Chnh sch pht trin cng nghip v cng ngh x l CTR ...................... 39 4.2.4. Chnh sch v thu v ph BVMT i vi CTR ..........................................40 CHNG 5: NH GI HIN TRNG THC THI PHP LUT V CHNH SCH QUN L CTR V CTNH CA NC TA ..................................................42 5.1. Hin trng lut v chnh sch qun l CTR........................................................ 42 5.2. Cht thi rn sinh hot ........................................................................................ 45 5.2.1. Qun l CTR Nng .............................................................................45 5.2.2. Qun l CTR Bnh Dng .......................................................................46 5.2.3. Qun l cht thi rn TP.HCM.................................................................48 5.2.4. Qun l cht thi rn th ng Bng sng Hng ................................ 48 5.3. Cht thi rn cng nghip ...................................................................................49 5.3.1. Pht thi cht thi rn cng nghip ............................................................. 49 5.3.2. Cng tc x l.............................................................................................. 49 5.4. Cht thi rn t .................................................................................................51 5.4.1. Thng k mc phn loi, thu gom cht thi trong cc bnh vin...........51 5.4.2. Cng tc x l cht thi rn y t nguy hi ...................................................52 5.4. Nhn xt, nh gi .............................................................................................. 53 CHNG 6: KT LUN V KIN NGH ............................................................... 55 6.1. Kt lun...............................................................................................................55 6.1.1. H thng php lut....................................................................................... 55 6.1.2. Cng tc qun l CTR .................................................................................56 6.1.2. Hn ch trong h thng lut v chnh sch v cng tc qun l CTR .........56 6.2. Kin ngh ............................................................................................................56 TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................. 58
ii
DANH MC HNH Hnh 1: C s php qun l CTR ..................................................................................22 Hnh 2: S hin trng h thng k thut qun l CTR SH .......................................47 Hnh 3: H thng qun l nh nc v CTR th ti Tp. H Ch Minh .....................48 Hnh 4: Biu pht sinh cht thi rn y t nguy hi theo cc vng kinh t ................52
iii
DANH MC BNG Bng 1: CTR theo cc ngun pht sinh khc nhau (Ngun: TCMT tng hp) ............19 Bng 2: Danh sch cc vn bn quy phm php lut lin quan n CTR v CTNH ....20 Bng 3: So snh mc thc hin cc ch tiu v qun l CTR t ra n nm 2010 trong Chin lc bo v mi trng quc gia ............................................................... 43 Bng 4: c tnh v d bo CTR cc KCN ca Vit Nam n 2020 ........................... 49 Bng 5: Lng CTR y t mt s th Vit Nam .....................................................51
iv
DANH MC CH VIT TT CTR : Cht thi rn CTR TT : Cht thi rn thng thng CTNH : Cht thi nguy hi BVMT : Bo v mi trng TM : nh gi tc ng mi trng BTNMT : B Ti ngu n v Mi trng BKH&T : B Khoa hc v o to KCN : Khu cng nghip CSSX : C s sn xut CSYT : C s Y t CTCC : Cng trnh cng cng CTRSH : Cht thi rn sinh hot BXD : B Xy dng BCL : Bi chn lp UNEP : United Nations Environment Programme - Chng trnh Mi trng Lin Hp Quc RCRA : Resource Conservation and Recovery Act - Bo tn v Phc hi ti nguyn M
Lut v Chnh sch trong Qun l Cht thi rn v Cht thi nguy hi.
CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG 1.1. Li m u Tc pht trin kinh t qu nhanh chng v s bng n dn s th gii khin cho mi trng sng ca nhn loi ngy cng b suy gim nghim trng. Con ngi v ang i din vi hng lot cc s c mi trng nh ng t, ni la, sng thn, nhim mi trng tr thnh vn ca ton cu m khng phi ca tng quc gia hay lnh th. Bin i kh hu v ang c tc ng mnh m ti sn xut v sinh hot ca nhiu nc trn th gii. C nhiu nguyn nhn dn n nhim mi trng, trong ngun c bn l nhim do cht thi rn (c bit l cht thi nguy hi). Cht thi nguy hi (CTNH) khng ch g tc ng xu ti mi trng m cn e da ti sc khe v tnh mng con ngi. Cc hot ng sn xut, sinh hot hng ngy ca con ngi u pht sinh cht thi rn v CTNH thi b vo mi trng. Vit Nam l quc gia ang pht trin, ang trong tin trnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha, a nc ta tr thnh nc cng nghip vo nm 2020. Nc ta cng ch ng hi nhp kinh t khu vc (khi ASEAN nm 1995) v th gii (WTO nm 2000). S tng trng kinh t vi tc ngy cng cao, s pht trin theo quy m ngy cng rng nhng hp v chiu su lm cho ngun ti nguyn vn c coi l rng vng, bin bc b khai thc trit a vo sn xut. V i km vi l ni lo v mi trng, c bit vn cht thi rn nh cht thi sinh hot, cht thi cng nghip, cht thi nng nghip, cht thi y t, cht thi xy dng, cht thi nguy hi,... Vic thu gom, vn chuyn, x l v tiu hy cht thi rn v ang tr thnh mt bi ton kh i vi cc nh qun l ti hu ht cc nc trn th gii, c bit l cc nc c nn kinh t ang pht trin, trong c Vit Nam. Vit Nam, vn bn u tin v bo v mi trng l lut BVMT nm 1993, qu ch qun l cht thi nguy hi ra i nm 1999 (l vn bn php lut u tin qu nh v qun l CTNH Vit Nam). T ti nay, cng tc qun l cht thi rn nhn c s quan tm ca ng v nh nc, th hin bng cc chnh sch, php lut qun l CTR theo hng bn vng l mt trong b chng trnh u tin ca Chin lc Bo v mi trng Quc gia 2001-2010 v nh hng n nm 2020 v l mt ni dung thuc lnh vc u tin trong chnh sch pht trin ca Chng trnh ngh s 21 nh hng chin lc pht trin bn vng Vit Nam. Bo co hin trng mi trng quc gia nm 2011 ch Cht thi rn, cc chin lc n t ra cc mc tiu c th c ngha nh hng cho cc cng tc qun l CTR hin nay. Tuy nhin, kt qu t c trn thc t vn cn
HVTH: Nhm 1
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hn ch so vi yu cu ca Chin lc ra, cc mc tiu qun l CTR t ra cn gp rt nhiu kh khn trong vic trin khai thc hin cng nh hon thnh mc tiu. Theo nh gi ca Bo co mi trng quc gia hng nm, hu ht cc ch tiu bo v mi trng v CTR c xc nh trong Chin lc v trong Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP3 u khng t. Vy trong nhng nm qua nc ta cng tc qun l CTR t c nhng thnh tu v hn ch nh th no trong qu trnh thc hin. chnh l l do nghin cu Lut v chnh sch trong chnh sch qun l CTR nc ta. 1.2. Ni dung nghin cu - Nghin cu cc vn bn php lut v nhng chnh sch trong vic qun l cht thi rn v CTNH. - nh gi hin trng cng tc qun l cht thi rn v CTNH nc ta. 1.3. Phng php nghin cu - T cc ti liu, ti, thu thp c, tng hp, nghin cu, phn tch, tm hiu vn . - S dng cc phn mm Microsoft Office trnh by kt qu nghin cu.
HVTH: Nhm 1
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CHNG 2: NHNG VN L LUN V PHP LUT QUN L CHT THI RN V CHT THI NGUY HI 2.1. Cc khi nim 2.1.1. Khi nim cht thi - Theo cch hiu thng thng, cht thi l nhng cht m con ngi b i, khng tip tc s dng na. Khi b thi b, nhng cht ny tn ti trong mi trng di nhng trng thi nht nh v c th gy ra rt nhiu tc ng bt li cho mi trng cng nh sc kho con ngi. - Di gc ng ngha, cht thi c hiu l nhng cht khng cn s dng c na b con ngi thi ra trong cc hot ng khc nhau. Cht thi c sn sinh trong cc hot ng khc nhau ca con ngi th c gi vi nhng thut ng khc nhau nh: Cht thi rn pht sinh trong sinh hot th gi l rc thi; Cht thi pht sinh sau khi s dng nguyn liu trong qu trnh sn xut th gi l ph liu; Cht thi pht sinh sau qu trnh s dng nc th gi l nc thi - T in Ting Vit ca Vin Ngn ng hc nh ngha Cht thi l rc thi v nhng vt b b i ni chung. Theo cch hiu ca khi nim ny, cht thi bao gm rc l nhng th vn vt b vt b vng vi, lm bn v vt khng c gi tr, khng c tc dng nn khng gi li. - Khi nim cht thi cng c s dng trong php lut quc t v mi trng, c cp ti Cng c Basel. iu 2 khon 1 Cng c Basel. Ngoi ra, khi nim cht thi cn c cp trong php lut ca khi lin kt chnh tr - kinh t. Lin minh Chu u (EU). iu 1 Ngh nh 259/93 ca EU v vn chuyn cht thi ngy 1/2/1993 c hiu lc t ng 6/5/1994 v iu 3 khon 1 Lut khuyn khch kinh t tun hon v m bo x l cc cht thi ph hp vi mi trng ngy 27/9/1994 c sa i b sung ngy 25/8/1998 ca CHLB c. C hai nh ngha trn u c mt im chung l vt cht c xc nh l cht thi khi n nm trong Ph lc I ca Lut. Nh vy, c hai lut n u quan tm n vic a vt cht no v khng a vt cht no vo trong Ph lc ca mnh. Gi s c nhng vt cht cha c a vo Ph lc nhng n li c ngu c g nh hng n mi trng khi ch s hu thi b th s c xc nh nh th no, l hn ch m cc nh lm lut cn phi b sung. Hn na, iu ny s kh khi p dng vo Vit Nam bi chng ta cha m bo c yu t v mt k thut, cng ngh khi xc nh cc dng vt cht nm trong danh mc cht thi thuc s hu ca cc ch th khc nhau. - Php lut Vit Nam c qu nh khc so vi hai vn bn php lut trn, php lut Vit Nam lit k c th cc dng vt cht pht sinh trong cc hot ng ca con
HVTH: Nhm 1
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ngi v tn ti di cc dng khc nhau: Kh, lng, rn iu 2 khon 2 Lut bo v mi trng (BVMT) 1993 v iu 3 khon 10 Lut BVMT 2005 u a ra nh ngha v cht thi: Cht thi l vt cht th rn, lng, kh c thi ra t sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v, sinh hot hoc hot ng khc. - T cc nh ngha v da vo cc tiu ch khc nhau ta c th phn loi cht thi thnh cc nhm loi khc nhau: + Da vo dng tn ti ca cht thi, cht thi tn ti di dng rn (cht thi rn), lng (cht thi lng), kh (kh thi), nhit lng, ting n + Ph thuc vo s c hi ca cht thi, cht thi bao gm cht thi c hi nguy him v cht thi thng thng. + Ph thuc vo ngun sn sinh cht thi, cht thi c chia thnh cht thi sinh hot, cht thi cng nghip, cht thi y t + Ph thuc vo chu trnh sn sinh ra cht thi, cht thi bao gm nguyn liu th phm, ph liu, vt liu th phm, sn phm, vt h hng hoc qu hn s dng. 2.1.2. Khi nim cht thi rn, cht thi rn thng thng - Cht thi rn (CTR): Theo iu 3 khon 2 Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 09 thng 4 nm 2007 ca Chnh ph V qun l cht thi rn th Cht thi rn l cht thi th rn, c thi ra t qu trnh sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v, sinh hot hoc cc hot ng khc. Cht thi rn bao gm cht thi rn thng thng v cht thi rn nguy hi. Cht thi rn pht thi trong sinh hot c nhn, h gia nh, ni cng cng c gi chung l cht thi rn sinh hot. Cht thi rn pht thi t hot ng sn xut cng nghip, lng ngh, kinh doanh, dch v hoc cc hot ng khc c gi chung l cht thi rn cng nghip. - Cht thi rn thng thng (CTR TT): Thut ng Cht thi rn thng thng c s dng nhiu trn thc t v ti mt s vn bn quy phm php lut. Chng VIII, mc 3 Lut BVMT 2005 v Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ng 09 thng 4 nm 2007 ca Chnh ph V qun l cht thi rn c nhiu iu, khon cp n n thut ng CTR TT, nhng cha c vn bn no trc tip nh ngha CTR TT. CTR TT c th c hiu l: mt dng vt cht th rn, khng phi l th lng, th kh, khng phi l cht thi nguy hi v c thi ra t cc hot ng khc nhau ca con ngi nh sinh hot, tiu dng, sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v; Phn loi CTRTT: Theo iu 77 Lut BVMT 2005, CTR TT c phn thnh hai nhm chnh: + Cht thi c th dng ti ch, ti s dng; + Cht thi phi tiu hu hoc chn lp.
HVTH: Nhm 1
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2.1.3. Khi nim v qun l CTR - Qun l: Theo T in Ting Vit, qun l c hiu l vic t chc v iu khin cc hot ng theo nhng yu cu nht nh. Trong cuc sng hng ngy, con ngi khng ch tiu th v s dng mt s lng ln cc nguyn liu, sn phm t thin nhin, t sn xut tn ti v pht trin ng thi cng vt, thi li cho thin nhin v mi trng sng cc ph thi, rc thi. t lu, cc nc pht trin, nh nc v cng ng a ra cc bin php x l rc thi, a vo qu hoch pht trin kinh t x hi; xy dng h thng cng ngm thot nc, qu nh nhng ni chn rc sinh hot, nhng quy ch, phng php thu gom, phn loi, ti ch v qun l rc - Qun l cht thi: qun l hiu qu loi cc loi cht thi (bao gm c CTR TT), trn th gii hin c ba phng thc qun l, vi ba cch tip cn khng ging nhau. l phng thc qun l cui ng ng sn xut, phng thc qun l dc theo ng ng sn xut v phng thc qun l nhn mnh vo khu tiu dung. + Khi nim v qun l cht thi c nh ngha u tin ti Thng t s 1590/TTLT-BKHCN&MT ng 17 thng 10 nm 1997 ca B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng hng dn thi hnh Ch th s 199/TTg ng 3 thng 4 nm 1997 ca Th tng Chnh ph v cc bin php cp bch trong qun l cht thi rn cc th v khu cng nghip. + Ngoi ra trong mt s vn bn khc nh: Ngh nh 175/N-CP ngy 18/10/1994 v hng dn thi hnh Lut BVMT 1993; Quyt nh s 152/1999/QTTg v vic ph duyt chin lc qun l cht thi rn ti cc th v khu cng nghip Vit Nam n 2020; Ch th s 23/2005/CT- TTg ng 21 thng 6 nm 2003 ca Th tng Chnh ph v y mnh cng tc qun l cht thi rn ti cc khu th v cng nghip; Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP ngy 9/8/2006 v vic qu nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut BVMT cng a ra cc nh ngha v qun l cht thi rn. + Theo iu 3 ca Lut bo v mi trng 2005 th qun l cht thi l hot ng phn loi, thu gom, vn chuyn, gim thiu, ti s dng, ti ch, x l, tiu hy, thi loi cht thi. Cn theo Cng c Basel (1989) v kim sot, vn chuyn xuyn bin gii cc cht thi nguy hi v tiu h chng th qun l cht thi l vic thu thp, vn chuyn v tiu hy cc ph thi nguy him hoc cc ph thi khc, bao gm c vic gim st cc a im tiu h . Nh vy, c th hiu qun l cht thi ni chung l mt quy trnh khp kn v tun t, chng lun chu s gim st cht ch tt c cc khu. Vic qun l cht thi c thc hin bi nhiu hot ng khc nhau. Nhng hot ng ny phi lun m bo c s gn kt, cht ch v tun t nhm tiu hy trit s nguy hi ca cht thi t giai on pht sinh n giai on x l v tiu hy hon ton.
HVTH: Nhm 1
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- Qun l CTR: Theo iu 3 khon 1 Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP th Hot ng qun l cht thi rn bao gm cc hot ng quy hoch qun l, u t x dng c s qun l cht thi rn, cc hot ng phn loi, thu gom, lu gi, vn chuyn, ti s dng, ti ch v x l cht thi rn nhm ngn nga, gim thiu nhng tc ng c hi i vi mi trng v sc kho con ngi. Sau khi tm hiu cc nh ngha khc nhau v qun l cht thi, ta c th a ra nh ngha ph hp v qun l CTR TT nh sau: Qun l cht thi rn thng thng l mt qu trnh thc hin lin tc cc hot ng phn loi, thu gom, vn chuyn, gim thiu, ti s dng, ti ch, x l, tiu hy cht thi rn thng thng. 2.1.4. Khi nim v cht thi nguy hi - Theo Chng trnh Mi trng Lin Hp Quc (UNEP): Cht thi nguy hi (CTNH) l cc cht thi (khng bao gm cc cht phng x) c kh nng phn ng ha hc hoc c kh nng g c, g ch , n mn, c kh nng g ngu hi cho sc khe con ngi ha mi trng khi tn ti ring l, hoc khi tip xc vi cc cht khc. - Theo lut Bo tn v Phc hi ti nguyn M (RCRA): CTNH l cht thi rn hoc t hp cc cht thi rn do lng hoc nng ha do c tnh vt l, ho hc hoc truyn nhim m chng c th: (1)To ra hoc gp phn ng k vo vic tng kh nng t vong hay l nguyn nhn dn n tnh trng nguy kch khng th cu cha; (2)To ra s nguy hi n sc khe con ngi hoc mi trng trong khi x l, bo qun, vn chuyn. - Philippin: CTNH l cc loi vt liu c kh nng g ngu him cho con ngi, ng vt, c kh nng g c, ng c, n mn, d ng, nhy cm cao, gy chy n. - Nhn chung, nh ngha CTNH cc nc tuy c khc nhau v cch din t, nhng bn cht u nhn mnh n tnh cht c hi ca loi cht thi n n mi trng v sc khe con ngi. - Vit Nam, ln u tin khi nim CTNH c cp n mt cch chnh thc ti quy ch qun l CTNH ban hnh km theo Q 155/1999/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph. Ti Khon 2 iu 3 Quy ch qu nh: CTNH l cht thi c cha cc cht hoc hp cht c mt trong cc c tnh gy nguy hi trc tip (d chy, d n, lm ng c, d n mn, d ly nhim v cc c tnh gy nguy hi khc) hoc tng tc vi cc cht khc gy nguy hi n mi trng v sc khe con ngi. n nm 2005, nh ngha n c sa i v hon thin hn vi cch din t rt ngn gn v sc tch ti Khon 11 iu 3 Lut Bo v mi trng 2005. Theo , CTNH l cht thi cha yu t c hi, phng x, d chy, d n, d n mn, d ly nhim, gy ng c hoc c tnh nguy hi khc. - Khi i chiu khi nim CTNH hai vn bn php lut trn, c th d dng nhn thy v mt hnh thc th khi nim CTNH trong Lut Bo v mi trng (2005)
HVTH: Nhm 1 Trang 6
rt gn i rt nhiu v s lng cu, ch, cch din t cng r rng hn v sc tch hn. Tu nhin, iu vn khng lm gim hay sai lch phn ni dung m khi nim mun cp n: CTNH l mt loi cht thi, c cc c tnh l, ha hoc sinh hc c th gy nguy hi trc tip hay gin tip khi tng tc vi cc cht khc. - C nhiu tiu ch phn loi CTNH nh: Phn loi theo ngun thi c th, phi c th; phn loi theo cht thi cng nghip; phn loi theo loi nguy hi; theo nhm ha hc; theo thnh phn ha hc ban u; theo tnh trng vt l Theo Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT ban hnh ngy 26/12/2006 v vic ban hnh danh mc CTNH, CTNH c phn loi theo cc nhm ngun hoc dng thi chnh nh: Cht thi t ngnh thm d, khai thc, ch bin khong sn, du kh v than; cht thi t ngnh sn xut ha cht v c, hu c; cht thi t ngnh luyn kim; cht thi t ngnh sn xut vt liu xy dng v thy tinh; cht thi t ngnh nng, lm nghip v thy sn; cht thi t ngnh y t v th y; cht thi t cc c s ti ch, x l, tiu hy cht thi, x l nc cp sinh hot v cng nghip 2.1.5. Khi nim v qun l CTNH - Ti Khon 3 iu 3 quy ch qun l CTNH ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 155/1999/Q-TTg ngy 16/07/1999 ca Th tng Chnh ph qu nh: qun l CTNH l cc hot ng kim sot CTNH trong sut qu trnh t pht sinh n thu gom, vn chuyn, qu cnh, lu gi, x l v tiu hu CTNH. - Theo Thng t s 12/2006/TT-BTNMT ng 26/12/2006 (sau gi tt l Thng t 12) qu nh ti mc 2.1: qun l CTNH gm cc hot ng lin quan n vic phng nga, gim thiu, phn loi, thu gom, vn chuyn, lu gi, x l (k c ti ch, thu hi), tiu hu CTNH. - Nh vy, khi nim qun l CTNH ln u tin c qu nh ti quy ch qun l CTNH, sau khi nim n c chnh sa ti Thng t 12. Ti thng t n , khi nim qun l CTNH c din t mt cch c th, r rng, c ni hm rng hn v hn so vi qu nh ti Khon 3 iu 3 ca quy ch. Cc nh lm lut lit k hng lot hot ng ca vic qun l CTNH theo mt quy trnh cht ch hn, bao gm c nhng hot ng lin quan n vic phng nga, gim thiu, phn loi CTNH. Nh vy, trch nhim qun l cht thi ca c quan Nh nc v cc t chc, c nhn c lin quan n vic qun l CTNH khng ch c t khi cht thi pht sinh, m cc ch th trn cn c trch nhim trong vic phng nga, gim thiu bng vic p dng mi bin php k thut hin i, cng ngh tin tin nhm hn ch lng CTNH pht sinh trn thc t. - Theo qu nh trn, qun l CTNH c nhng c im sau: i) Trch nhim qun l cht thi thuc v c quan Nh nc c thm quyn qun l CTNH v cc t chc, c nhn c lin quan. Cc c quan Nh nc c trch
HVTH: Nhm 1
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nhim qun l CTNH trong phm vi chc nng lut nh. Cc t chc, c nhn c trch nhim qun l CTNH l nhng ch th c nhng hot ng lin quan trc tip n CTNH nh: ch ngun thi, ch thu gom, vn chuyn, x l, tiu hu. ii) Ni dung qun l CTNH l cc hot ng m cc c quan qun l Nh nc v bo v mi trng v cc t chc, c nhn c lin quan phi thc hin. C th l: cc c quan Nh nc c trch nhim xy dng v hon thin h thng php lut v qun l CTNH, thanh tra, kim tra, pht hin v x l kp thi nhng sai phm cc t chc, c nhn c lin quan phi tin hnh nhng hot ng phn loi, thu gom, vn chuyn, x l CTNH. - Quy trnh qun l CTNH c thc hin theo 5 giai on. l: + Giai on 1: Qun l ngun pht sinh CTNH. l vic tin hnh cc bin php qun l CTNH ngay ti chnh ngun pht sinh ra cht thi . Kim sot CTNH ti ngun l mt cng vic kh phc tp. Cch thng thng nht c nhiu quc gia s dng gii quyt nhng vn trn l tin hnh th tc ng k cp giy php i vi cc ch ngun thi CTNH, c bit l trong ngnh cng nghip. + Giai on 2: Phn lp, thu gom v vn chuyn CTN nc. Giai on ny c thc hin bng vic phn loi, thu gom ton b CTNH ti tt c cc ngun pht sinh ra chng. Sau khi tin hnh vic thu gom, cht thi s c vn chuyn n khu x l v thi b hoc n trm trung chuyn ha n ni lu gi tm thi [24, tr. 79]. + Giai on 3: X l trung gian. Giai on n c tin hnh bi nhng phng php x l khc nhau nh: x l c hc, x l ha hc, sinh hc v nhit nhm lm gim khi lng CTNH, gim thiu hoc loi b c tnh ph hp hn vi khu thi b cui cng. + Giai on 4: Chuyn ch CTNH i x l tip. CTNH sau khi x l trung gian s c vn chuyn bng nhng phng tin chuyn dng n ni x l cui cng ca quy trnh. + Giai on 5: Thi b cht thi. Nhng phn cht thi khi khng cn c ti ch v ti s dng s c thi b bng nhng cch thc khc nhau nh:chn lp hoc thiu t. - Vic qun l CTNH c th c thc hin bng nhiu cng c nh: kinh t, php l, k thut trong cng c php l c coi l phng tin hiu qu hng u trong cng tc qun l CTNH, thng qua vic ban hnh cc vn bn quy phm php lut v h thng cc quy chun k thut v mi trng. - T khi nim trn ta thy qun l CTR TT c nhiu im khc so vi hot ng qun l cht thi nguy hi bi: + Hot ng qun l cht thi nguy hi cn phi c ngun u t, tp trung ngun lc, khoa hc k thut v ngun ti chnh ln x l, loi b hon ton cc
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c tnh nguy hi ca cht thi nguy hi nh: D chy, d n, d ly nhim bin n thnh CTR TT. + Qun l CTNH t cc khu phn loi, thu gom, bo qun, vn chuyn, x l, tiu hu u i hi nghim ngt v cng ngh v k thut. CTNH phi c x l tu theo tnh cht v thnh phn ca tng loi CTNH. + i vi qun l cht thi nguy hi i hi cc ch th phi c mt trnh chuyn mn nht nh nhn bit, kim sot v x l. 2.2. Quan nim v vai tr ca php lut v qun l cht thi rn v CTNH 2.2.1. Quan nim php lut v qun l CTR TT v CTNH Cng nh nhiu quc gia khc trn th gii, h thng php lut Bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam hin na iu chnh 2 vn c bn: (1) bo tn v s dng hp l cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. (2) kim sot, ngn nga nhim mi trng. Trong , cc qu nh v qun l CTR v CTNH nm trong mng th hai. Kinh nghim ca nhiu nc chng minh rng, mun qun l cht thi tt th trc tin phi c h thng qun l cht thi r rng v hot ng c hiu qu; th hai l phi c c s php l qun l; th ba l phi c phng tin v iu kin qun l nh thit b o lng, kim tra, kim sot ngun thi; th t l c cng ngh x l cht thi thch hp Nh vy, h thng php l qu nh v qun l CTR v CTNH chim v tr c bit quan trng trong h thng cc cng c c s dng qun l CTNH m cc quc gia trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam ang s dng. Cht thi rn thng thng - So vi cc lnh vc php lut khc, php lut mi trng l mt lnh vc kh mi m trong h thng php lut ca cc quc gia trn th gii. Cc nh lut hc Australia, mt trong nhng quc gia tin phong trong bo v mi trng bng php lut nh gi rng, khng d dng nh ngha chnh xc phm vi ca Lut mi trng nh chng ta c th lm vi Lut hp ng hay lut v cc vi phm ngoi hp ng - Khi nim "qun l cht thi" c hiu l tng th cc hot ng gm phn loi, thu gom, vn chuyn, ti s dng, x l, tiu hu, thi loi cht thi... - Ti iu 3 khon 2 Lut BVMT 2005 v iu 3 khon 1 Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP a ra nh ngha v hot ng qun l cht thi rn. Da vo cc nh ngha nu trn ta c th a ra nh ngha v php lut v qun l cht thi rn thng thng nh sau: Php lut v qun l cht thi rn thng thng l mt h thng cc quy phm php lut iu chnh mi quan h gia cc ch th pht sinh cht thi rn thng thng vi c quan qun l nh nc v vi nhau thc hin lin tc cc hot ng phn loi, thu gom, vn chuyn, gim thiu, ti s dng, ti ch, x l, tiu hy cht thi rn
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thng thng nhm bo v, ti to mi trng v bo m nng cao sc khe cng ng. Cht thi nguy hi - Php lut qun l cht thi nguy hi l mt b phn ca php lut mi trng, bao gm h thng cc quy phm php lut iu chnh mi quan h gia cc ch th tin hnh hot ng lin quan n cht thi nguy hi vi c quan qun l Nh nc v mi trng v gia cc ch th tin hnh hot ng lin quan n cht thi nguy hi vi nhau trong quy trnh qun l cht thi nguy hi nhm bo v mi trng v sc kho cng ng. 2.2.2. Vai tr ca php lut v qun l CTR v CTNH Cht thi rn thng thng - Thc t chng minh, php lut vi t cch l cng c iu chnh cc quan h x hi, lun c tc ng v nh hng rt mnh m ti cc quan h x hi - Php lut v qun l cht thi rn thng thng c vai tr quan trng khi t ra nhng qu nh cho cc ch th pht thi cht thi, qu nh cc loi ph gip cho cc ch th c quyn d thc hin trong vic thu l ph i vi cc ch th x, thi cht thi; qu nh r cch thc thu gom, phn loi, gim thiu, ti ch, x l cht thi. - Php lut v qun l CTRTT khng th thiu trong cuc sng hin i ngy nay, n gp phn khng nh trong vic lm trong sch mi trng, phng nga, khc phc nhim mi trng, s c mi trng. - Php lut v qun l CTRTT c qu nh s dn dn gp phn nng cao thc bo v mi trng ca ngi dn m bo cho h c hng quyn sng trong mi trng khng nhim. - Gp phn nng cao nhn thc ca ton dn theo hng c li cho vic bo v mi trng. Cht thi nguy hi - Php lut qun l CTNH iu chnh mi quan h gia cc ch th tin hnh hot ng c lin quan n CTNH vi c quan qun l Nh nc v mi trng v mi quan h gia cc ch th tin hnh hot ng c lin quan n CTNH vi nhau: Cc quan h pht sinh gia c quan qun l Nh nc v mi trng vi cc t chc, c nhn tin hnh hot ng lin quan n CTNH, bao gm quan h gia ch ngun thi, ch thu gom, vn chuyn, x l CTNH vi cc c quan qun l Nh nc v mi trng. Cc quan h ny chnh l nhng quan h pht sinh trong qu trnh tin hnh cc quan h qun l Nh nc v CTNH (quan h pht sinh t hot ng quy hoch qun l CTNH, hot ng thanh tra, kim tra v x l vi phm hot ng x l CTNH). Mi quan h gia cc ch th tin hnh hot ng lin quan n CTNH vi
HVTH: Nhm 1
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nhau, bao gm cc quan h pht sinh trong qu trnh thu gom, vn chuyn, tiu hy CTNH, bi thng thit hi do CTNH g ra - Mc ch ca php lut qun l CTNH l bo v mi trng v sc khe cng ng thng qua vn t ra cc khung php lut qu nh v trch nhim ca cc c quan Nh nc v mi trng, quyn, ngha v ca cc t chc, c nhn lin quan n CTNH. Php lut qun l CTNH phn nh r rng quyn hn cho cc c quan qun l Nh nc s gip hot ng qun l Nh nc i vi vn n t c hiu qu cao hn; nh hng x s v hnh vi ca cc ch th lin quan n qun l CTNH nhm mc ch ngn nga, hn ch s lng CTNH pht sinh vo mi trng v gim thiu nhng nh hng bt li ca n i vi mi trng v sc khe con ngi. 2.2.3. Cc yu t tc ng ti php lut qun l CTR v CTNH - Th nht, ng li, chnh sch ca ng v Nh nc; - Th hai, thc ca ngi dn; - Th ba li ch kinh t ca doanh nghip; - Th t, trnh khoa hc k thut cng ngh.
HVTH: Nhm 1
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CHNG 3: LCH S PHT TRIN CA PHP LUT V QUN L CTR V CTNH 3.1. Kinh nghim ca mt s nc trn th gii trong qun l cht thi nguy hi 3.1.1. Trung Quc Trung Quc l mt nc c tc pht sinh cht nguy hi rt cao nn hin Trung Quc rt ch trng n cng ngh ti ch tn dng li phn ln CTNH. Phn ln cc c s sn xut c kh nng x l cht thi ti ch, iu n gip cc c s sn xut c th tit kim kh nhiu chi ph trong qu trnh qun l cht thi. Bn cnh Trung Quc cng rt ch trng n vic hon thin h thng php lut quy nh v qun l CTNH. Lut Ngn nga v kim sot nhim cht thi rn (1995) ca Trung Quc c kt cu v iu chnh theo hai tiu ch gm mc nguy hi ca cht thi v ngun pht thi. Trong cht thi thng thng li chia thnh cht thi c bn, cht thi cng nghip v cht thi th. Nm 1995, lut kim sot v phng nga nhim bn do cht thi rn c ban hnh, trong qu nh cc ngnh cng nghip phi ng k vic pht sinh cht thi, nc thi, ng thi phi ng k vic cha ng, x l v tiu hu cht thi, lit k cc cht thi t cc ngnh cng nghip... Do cng nghip in t ca Trung Quc hin ang c nhng bc pht trin mnh, kh nng g nhim ca cc sn phm in t cao v vy php lut Trung Quc qu nh cc sn phm in t sn xut sau ngy 1/3/2007 buc phi dn nhn ch r c ha khng c c cht trong sn phm nhm hn ch nhng tc ng bt li do ngnh cng nghip sn xut in t mang li. 3.1.2. Hn Quc i vi Hn Quc hot ng qun l cht thi v qun l cht nguy him, c hi c tch ring qu nh trong hai o lut khc nhau v c s gn kt cht ch vi qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh. iu ny cho thy, Hn Quc rt coi trng vn ny BVMT trc qu trnh cng nghip ha v pht trin kinh t; ng thi, to c ch gn lin trch nhim BVMT vi cc doanh nghip. 3.1.3. Thi Lan Thi Lan l mt trong nhng quc gia u tin trong khu vc chu ban hnh cc o lut v BVMT. Vo nm 1967, quc gia n ban hnh Lut Vt cht c hi nm 1967 qun l cht thi. n Hin php nm 1974, c qu nh v BVMT c a vo nh ngu n tc bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin. Nm 1975, Thi Lan ban hnh Lut Tng cng v Bo v Cht lng mi trng Quc gia nm 1975 c th ha qu nh ny ca Hin php. l o lut quan trng, qu nh tp trung nhng vn v BVMT nh Thnh lp ra Ban Mi trng Quc gia (NEB) v a ra 3 cng c chnh trong cng tc BVMT bao gm:
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- Cc tiu chun mi trng v phng php quan trc do B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Nng lng ban hnh; - Cng c nh gi tc ng mi trng ca cc d n trc trong khi lp k hoch; - Trao quyn cho Th tng hnh ng trong nhng trng hp khn cp do nhim hoc s c mi trng. Tuy nhin, do h thng vn bn php lut trong giai on ny cn thiu c ch phi hp gia cc b ngnh v s mu thun vi cc li ch kinh t nn vic thc thi gp nhiu kh khn v cha t c kt qu nh mong mun. H qu in hnh l s lng cc d n Thi Lan thc hin lp bo co TM l rt t hoc nu c th cht lng ca bo co n cng rt thp. Chnh v v , vo nm 1992, Thi Lan tin hnh sa i, b sung cc o lut c lin quan nh Lut Tng cng v Bo v Cht lng Mi trng Quc gia v Lut Vt cht c hi nm 1967 (sa thnh Lut Vt cht Nguy hi). Lut Tng cng v Bo v Cht lng Mi trng Quc gia nm 1992 c s tha i ln v quan trng nht l thc hin phn cp mnh cho chnh quyn a phng trong vic t lp k hoch mi trng to s ch ng cho chnh quyn a phng trong vic a ra cc gii php ph hp vi iu kin t nhin, kinh t, x hi ca tng khu vc; ng thi, gim p lc qun l hnh chnh nh nc cho cc c quan BVMT trung ng. Tip , trong ln sa i Hin php nm 1997, nhiu quy nh c lin quan n BVMT c b sung nh qu n ca cng dn trong vic tip cn thng tin, tip cn cng l; quyn tham gia vo cc hot ng chung. V d: iu 59 Hin php qu nh v quyn tip cn thng tin ca ngi dn i vi vic ra cc quyt nh ca chnh quyn lin quan n khai thc ti nguyn. Hot ng qun l vt cht nguy hi c iu chnh bi mt o lut ring l Lut Vt cht c hi nm 1967, sau n c thay th bng Lut Vt cht Nguy hi nm 1992. Lut n a ra qu nh v qun l vt cht nguy hi t khu sn xut, nhp khu, xut khu, phn phi n khu s dng v thi b. Vt cht nguy hi bao gm cc ha cht c hi, vt liu phng x v cc ch phm sinh hc nguy hi cho mi trng. 3.1.4. Cng Ha Lin Bang c Cng ho lin bang c a ra cc bin php chin lc qun l cc cht thi nguy hi nh: ngn nga ngay t ngun thi, gim thiu s lng, x l v ti s dng CTNH. Trong vng 20 nm tr li , Cng ho lin bang c ban hnh nhiu o lut v qun l cht thi. C khong 2000 iu lut, quyt nh, qu nh v hnh chnh... vi ni dung phn loi cc cht c hi trong cht thi kh, rn, nc... v thu thp, vn chuyn, xc nh bin php gii quyt cht thi. Mi ln tha i lut, qu nh mi li kht khe v cht ch hn. l nhng bin php x l bng php
HVTH: Nhm 1 Trang 13
lut rt nghim cc trng hp lm pht sinh cc CTNH m cha x l hoc qu gii hn cho php, c th p dng bin php pht tin hoc nh ch hot ng ca cc nh my, x nghip ha c s sn xut vi phm php lut, bt bi thng thit hi gy ra hoc truy t trc php lut. Bn cnh , php lut ca Cng ho lin bang c khuyn khch vic i mi cng ngh v thit b, thc hin gim thu hoc cho vay tin vi li sut thp tr dn nu u t vo cng ngh mi hay thit b x l cht thi nguy hi, y mnh tuyn truyn, gio dc cho nhn dn nhn thc c tc hi nguy him ca loi cht thi ny. S phi hp ca cc c quan qun l nh nc, cc k thut gia, cc nh sinh hc, ho hc trong lnh vc cht thi nguy hi a cng ho lin bang c tr thnh mt trong nhng quc gia ng hng u v cng ngh bo v mi trng ni chung v trong lnh vc qun l cht thi nguy hi ni ring. 3.1.5. n Nm 1989, Chnh ph n ban hnh cc iu l v qun l CTNH. Trong thi gian u ch yu xc nh cc ho cht nguy him v c hi, cc ho cht d chy n v cht n. Bt k t chc no x l cht thi nguy him u phi tin hnh cc bc thch hp nhm m bo thu gom, lu tr v x l thch hp loi cht thi ny trc tip hoc thng qua b phn vn hnh ca c s x l. Hin nay, chnh ph n ang y mnh vic hu ng vn u t t cc thnh phn kinh t thc y vic xy dng thit b x l v chn lp cht thi. i vi Vit Nam, trong iu kin nn kinh t cn gp nhiu kh khn, nhn thc ca cng ng cha c nng cao th chng ta cn phi quan tm, ch ti vic hc tp kinh nghim ca cc nc v p dng ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t ca t nc nhm mc ch t c hiu qu cao nht trong cng tc qun l CTNH. 3.2. S pht trin ca php lut qun l cht thi rn Vit Nam Tnh hnh kinh t x hi ngy cng pht trin, h thng php lut ng cng c hon thin nn cng tc bo v mi trng, trong c lnh vc qun l CTNH ngy cng c quan tm. S quan tm n c nh du bng s ra i ca LBVMT 1993. Trong LBVMT 1993 a ra mt s qu nh chung v qun l cht thi. Qun l CTNH c phn cp theo cc ni dung qun l mi trng ni chung, theo cc B, c quan ngang B, c quan thuc Chnh ph, UBND cc cp theo chc nng, nhim v v quyn hn ca mnh phi c trch nhim trong vic qun l cht thi, c bit l CTNH. Nh vy v mt php l vn qun l CTNH bc u c nh nc ta cp ti. Ngy 28/10/1994 Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh 175/CP v hng dn thi hnh LBVMT 1993 khng nh nhim v, quyn hn ca B khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng v cc S Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng. trong qun l CTNH
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Mt lot cc vn bn khc cp n cc kha cnh khc nhau trong lnh vc qun l CTNH cng ra i nh: Ngh nh s 02/CP ngy 05/01/1995 ca Chnh ph quy nh hng ho cm kinh doanh thng mi v hng ha dch v kinh doanh thng mi c iu kin th trng trong nc; Thng t s 1350/TTKCM ngy 02/08/1995 ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng hng dn vic thc hin ngh nh trn i vi hng ho l ho cht c mnh, cht phng x, ph liu, ph thi kim loi v ph liu, ph thi c ho cht c hi v mt s loi vt t k thut cao cp kinh doanh c iu kin th trng trong nc; Thng t lin b s 2880-KCM/TM ngy 19/12/1996 ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v mi trng, B Thng mi qu nh tm thi v nhp khu cc ph liu Ngy 16/07/1999, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh qu ch qun l CTNH km theo Quyt nh 155/1999/Q-TTg nhm ngn nga v gim thiu ti a vic pht sinh cc tc ng nguy hi i vi mi trng v sc kho con ngi. Cng vi cc vn bn h tr nh: qu t nh s 1970/1999/Q-BKHCNMT v ban hnh quy trnh cng ngh tiu hu thuc BVTV pht pho hu c tn ng v cm s dng, Quyt nh s 1791/ 1999/Q-BKHCNMTv ban hnh quy trnh cng ngh tiu hu v ti s dng X anua Ng 29/11/2005 LBVMT 2005 ra i thay th LBVMT 1993, vi hn mt chng ring qu nh v vic qun l CTNH mc 2 chng VIII to ra mt ngha ln trong cng tc bo v mi trng ni chung v qun l CTNH ni ring, l to ra c s thng nht trong vic qun l CTNH. S ra i ca LBVMT 2005 chng t tm nguy him ca CTNH i vi mi trng v sc kho con ngi cng nh s quan tm ng n ca nh nc ta i vi vn ny. Trong lut ny, vic qun l CTNH c ch trng cc ni dung: Lp h s, ng k, cp php v m s hot ng qun l cht thi nguy hi; Phn loi, thu gom, lu gi tm thi cht thi nguy hi; Vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi; X l cht thi nguy hi Cng vi s ra i ca LBVMT 2005 th mt lot cc vn bn di lut c ra i lm r cho LBVMT 2005 v to iu kin cho vic p dng LBVMT 2005 ca cc c quan, t chc, c nhn c hiu qu nh: Ngh nh ca Chnh Ph s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09/8/2006 v vic qu nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut bo v mi trng 2005. Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 26 thng 12 nm 2006 v vic ban hnh danh mc CTNH. Ngh nh ca Chnh Ph s 81/2006/N-CP ngy 09/8/2006 v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng. Quyt nh ca Th Tng Chnh Ph s 155/1999/Q-TTg ngy 16/7/1999 v vic ban hnh quy ch qun l CTNH. Thng t ca B TN&MT s 12/2006/TT-BTNMT ng 26/12/2006 hng dn iu kin hnh ngh v th tc lp h s, ng k, cp php hnh ngh, m s qun l CTNH.
HVTH: Nhm 1
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C th ni vi h thng php lut ca chng ta hin nay th vn bo v mi trng ni chung v qun l CTNH phn no t c nhng hiu qu nht nh. Tuy nhin do s pht trin ca nn kinh t-x hi cng vi l nhng hn ch trong lnh vc lp php, kinh nghim qun l nn chng ta cn cha t c nhiu kt qu trong vic qun l CTNH trn phm vi c nc. V th vic lm r v hon thin h thng php lut v qun l CTNH lun lun c t ra nh mt yu cu cp bch hin nay. 3.3. Mt s kinh nghim cho Vit Nam Vic thit k h thng php lut v bo v mi trng ca cc quc gia trn th gii rt a dng. C quc gia chia cc qu nh theo cc thnh phn mi trng gm t, nc, khng kh v ting n, rung. C quc gia li phn loi theo cc hot ng kinh t, x hi ca con ngi gm cng nghip, nng nghip, dch v, sinh hot, x l cht thi. Li c quc gia phn chia theo cc bin php bo v mi trng nh ngn nga nhim, khc phc nhim, x l tranh chp. Mi phng php phn loi c nhng u im, nhc im ring v ch ph hp vi nhng iu kin t nhin, kinh t, x hi nht nh. Do , tm ra mt phng n ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam khng phi l iu d dng. Tuy nhin, vi nhng nh gi mc chung nht, nghin cu ny c th ch ra mt s im nhn nh l cc bi hc kinh nghim c gi tr nghin cu tham kho: Mt l, trong bi cnh cc vn mi trng, chnh sch BVMT cha n nh th m hnh mt lut khung v nhiu lut v tinh c nhiu u im hn so vi m hnh mt o lut ln. M hnh lut khung km theo nhiu lut v inh l kinh nghim Trung Quc, c bit l Hn Quc. M hnh n lm tng tnh n nh v tnh iu chnh kp thi ca php lut. o lut khung ny ging nh mt bn hin php trong lnh vc mi trng vi nhng qu nh v mc tiu, nguyn tc v cc cng c, chnh sch c th c p dng BVMT. Cc lut v tinh gii quyt tng vn mi trng c th ty thuc vo thc tin pht sinh. Cc o lut v tinh khng nht thit phi c xy dng theo cc thnh phn mi trng hay bao qut ht tt c cc hot ng ca con ngi, m ch cn gii quyt c tng vn mi trng c th. Trong qu trnh ban hnh cc o lut v tinh, cn c bit lu s thng nht v trnh chng cho vi cc o lut khc. M hnh ny kh ging vi Vit Nam bi h thng php lut bo v mi trng dng nh ang i theo xu hng ny. Tuy nhin, nu nhn vo h thng php lut ca mt s quc gia pht trin nh Th in v c th li cho th iu ngc li. Th in php in ha 15 o lut khc nhau v bo v mi trng ban hnh trc v x dng thnh B lut Mi trng vo nm 1998. Cc ngu n tc ring trong 15 o lut c thay th bi
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cc nguyn tc chung. c l quc gia cng v ang c nhng bc i tng t. l cch thc thit k ca cc quc gia c trnh pht trin cao, cc quan h x hi v chnh sch bo v mi trng rt n nh, t tha i. Xu hng ny cng l mt la chn ng phi suy ngh trong tng lai v c th l mt ch du ca s thay i, pht trin php lut bo v mi trng th gii. Hai l, nghin cu vic tch php lut v nh gi tc ng mi trng ca cc d n u t (TM) ra thnh mt o lut ring. Cn tch ring qu nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng ca cc d n u t (TM) ra thnh mt o lut ring, bi ch nh ny c nhiu c im ring, khng ch l cng c BVMT m cn l mt s th hin ca dn ch x hi thng qua cc quyn nh tip cn thng tin v mi trng, quyn tham gia vo cc cng vic chung ca cng ng. Hn na, ch nh ny lin quan rt nhiu n php lut v u t v kinh doanh v cn phi c qu nh sao cho tng thch vi cc ngnh lut n nh qu nh ca Hn Quc, Lin bang Nga. Ba l, i tng tc ng v hiu lc khng gian ca php lut v BVMT nn c quy nh rng hn nh Trung Quc, Hn Quc v Nga, khng ch bao gm cc hnh vi din ra trn lnh th quc gia m c trn bin. Trn c s ch quyn quc gia v ph hp vi php lut quc t, vic bo v mi trng bin (bao gm c nhng vng bin thuc quyn ti phn quc gia) l ni dung cn c tip tc xem xt t ra mt cch ton din, hn khi m nhu cu v qun l bin o theo hng ng cng tng cng hiu lc, hiu qu, gn vi yu cu pht trin bn vng ang l mi quan tm ln ca Vit Nam. Bn l, cc quy nh v qun l cht thi nn c tch ra khi h thng php lut chung v BVMT. Cn trnh quan nim cho rng cht thi lun lun g tc ng xu n mi trng m cn nhn nhn c kha cnh ti ngu n ca cht thi, coi qun l cht thi ch l mt khu ca qu trnh sn xut, tiu dng. iu ny s gip lm gim tnh trng nhiu ch th sn xut, tiu dng khng quan tm n vic mnh thi ra c nhng vt cht cn kh nng ti ch nh qu nh ca Hn Quc. Nm l, thng nht cng tc qun l vt cht nguy hi, c trong qu trnh s dng ln sau khi thi b. Vic thng nht cng tc qun l vt cht nguy hi, c trong qu trnh s dng ln sau khi thi b l kinh nghim ca Hn Quc. Hin nay, Vit Nam c Lut Ha cht, trong c qu nh vic qun l cc loi ha cht nguy hi t khu sn xut, vn chuyn, s dng. n khi cc ha cht ny b thi b th li c qun l theo cc qu nh v cht thi nguy hi theo Lut Bo v
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mi trng nm 2005. Vic khc nhau v cc qu nh qun l cng vi khc bit v c quan chu trch nhim (B Cng thng v B Ti ngu n v Mi trng) c th gy ra nhiu vng mc v gim hiu qu ca qu trnh p dng thc tin. Lnh vc qun l vt cht nguy hi nn c tch ring v qun l thng nht t khu sn xut cho n khu thi b, khng nn ct on cng tc qun l cht thi nguy hi nh qu nh ca Thi Lan. Su l, nn t ra quy ch c bit nhm BVMT ti nhng khu vc cn c bo v c bit v nhng khu vc chu nhim nghim trng. Vic t ra quy ch c bit nhm BVMT ti nhng khu vc cn c bo v c bit v nhng khu vc chu nhim nghim trng s gip cho cc c quan nh nc ch ng hn khi phi i ph vi cc vn mi trng nghim trng ti mt khu vc xc nh nh qu nh ca Thi Lan. By l, vic bo v mi trng trong cc th v khu dn c ng c lun phi i km vi cng tc bo v sc khe cng ng. Vic bo v mi trng trong cc th v khu dn c ng c lun phi i km vi cng tc sc khe cng ng l kinh nghim ca Singapore. iu n cng l hp l, bi l, ti cc khu th tp trung, cc iu kin t nhin s khng cn nhiu phi lu tm, trong khi , sc khe ca ngi dn l mc tiu quan trng ca cng tc bo v mi trng. Kinh nghim ny c th c nghin cu tham kho, nht l ti cc khu vc th nc ta. Tm l, vic a cc quy nh v ch ti vo ngay trong vn bn lut l im ng ch . Vic a cc qu nh v ch ti vo nga trong vn bn lut l im ng ch theo kinh nghim ca Trung Quc v Hn Quc. Xt mt kha cnh nht nh, vic qu nh theo hng ny c th phn no to iu kin thun li hn cho vic thc thi, p dng php lut mt cch kp thi trong thc tin t trong bi cnh vic ban hnh vn bn qu nh chi tit, hng dn thi hnh cn c khng t trng hp cha bo m tnh kp thi nh hin nay.
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CHNG 4: LUT V CHNH SCH V QUN L CTR V CTNH CA NC TA Vic phn loi CTR c th thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Nu phn chia theo ngun gc pht sinh, c th chia ra CTR sinh hot th, CTR xy dng, CTR nng thn, nng nghip v lng ngh, CTR cng nghip, CTR y t. Mt khc, nu phn chia theo tnh cht c hi ca CTR th chia ra lm 2 loi: CTR nguy hi v CTR thng thng. Vi mi cch phn loi khc nhau, s c nhng c im khc nhau v lng v thnh phn CTR. Qu trnh pht sinh CTR gn lin vi qu trnh sn xut, mi giai on ca qu trnh sn xut u to ra CTR, t khu khai thc, tuyn chn nguyn liu n khi to ra sn phm phc v ngi tiu dng. Bng 1: CTR theo cc ngun pht sinh khc nhau (Ngun: TCMT tng hp)
4.1. Php lut v qun l CTR v CTNH Trong thi gian qua, cc vn bn quy phm php lut v BVMT ni chung v qun l, x l CTR ni ring c ban hnh c cp Trung ng v a phng. Cc qu nh c iu chnh i vi cc vn nh qun l CTR, cht thi nguy hi; quy nh v ti ch; nhp khu ph liu; c s h tng qun l cht thi; quy hoch qun l CTR, quy hoch cc cng trnh x l CTR; ph v l ph qun l CTR, ch ti x pht cc hnh vi vi phm php lut v cc TCVN, QCVN v mi trng.
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Lut v Chnh sch trong Qun l Cht thi rn v Cht thi nguy hi. Bng 2: Danh sch cc vn bn quy phm php lut lin quan n CTR v CTNH
TT 1
Vn bn quy phm php lut Vn bn chung v BVMT Lut Bo v mi trng ng 29/11/2005, c hiu lc t ng 1/7/2006 Lut Thu Bo v mi trng ng 15/11/2010, c hiu lc t ngy 01/1/2012 Qu t nh s 64/2003/Q-TTg ng 22/4/2003 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph du t k hoch qun l cc c s g nhim nghim trng Ngh nh s 179/2013/N-CP ngy 14/11/2013 ca Chnh ph ban hnh Qu nh v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng (c hiu lc t ng 30/12/2013, tha th ngh nh 117/2009/N-CP ngy 31/12/2009) Ngh nh s 67/2011/N-CP ng 08/08/2011 qu nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Thu BVMT Quy nh v CTR v cht thi nguy hi Ch th s 199/TTg ng 3/4/1997 ca Th tng Chnh ph v cc bin php khn cp qun l cht thi rn vng th v khu cng nghip Qu t nh s 152/1999/Q-TTg ng 10/7/1999 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph du t Chin lc quc gia v qun l cht thi rn khu cng nghip v th ti nm 2020 Qu ch 155/1999/Q-TTg ng 16/11/1999 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ban hnh qu ch qun l cht thi ngu hi Qu t nh s 60/2002/Q-BKHCNMT ng 7/8/2002 ca B trng B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng v vic ban hnh Hng dn k thut chn lp cht thi ngu hi Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ng 9/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l cht thi rn Qu t nh s 2149/2009/Q-TTg ng 17/12/2009 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph du t Chin lc quc gia v Qun l cht thi rn n nm 2025, tm nhn ti nm 2050 Thng t s 12/2011/TT-BTNMT ng 14/4/2011 ca B Ti ngu n v Mi trng qu nh v qun l cht thi ngu hi Quy nh v ti ch Qu t nh s 03/2004/Q-BTNMT ng 2/4/2004 ca B Ti ngu n v Mi trng v vic ban hnh Qu nh v bo v mi trng i vi ph liu nhp khu lm ngu n liu sn xut Quy nh v c s h tng qun l cht thi
Thi gian ban hnh 2005 2010 2003
2009
2011
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2002 2007 2009 2011
2004
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Thng t lin tch s 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD ngy 18/1/2001 hng dn cc qu nh v bo v mi trng i vi vic la chn a im, x dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn Qu t nh s 1440/2008/Q-TTg ng 6/10/2008 ca Th tng chnh ph v vic ph du t Qu hoch x dng khu x l cht thi rn 3 vng kinh t trng im Bc B, min Trung v pha Nam n nm 2020 Ph v l ph qun l cht thi rn Thng t s 45/2006/TT-BTC ng 25/5/2006 ca B Ti chnh sa i, b sung Thng t s 63/2002/TT-BTC ngy 24/07/2002 ca B Ti chnh hng dn thc hin cc Qu nh php lut v ph v l ph Ngh nh 174/2007/N-CP ng 29/11/2007 ca Chnh ph v ph bo v mi trng i vi cht thi rn Thng t 39/2008/TT-BTC ng 19/5/2008 ca B Ti chnh hng dn thc hin Ngh nh 174/2007/N-CP ngy 29/11/2007 ca Chnh ph v ph bo v mi trng i vi cht thi rn. Thng t s 121/2008/TT-BTC ng 12/12/2008 ca B Ti chnh hng dn c ch u i v h tr ti chnh cho hot ng u t qun l cht thi rn H thng cc QCVN v TCVN TCVN 6696:2000 Tiu chun Vit Nam v cht thi rn - Bi chn lp hp v sinh TCVN 6705:2000 tiu chun Vit Nam v cht thi khng ngu hi - Phn loi TCVN 6706:2000 Tiu chun Vit Nam v cht thi ngu hi phn loi TCXDVN 261:2001 Tiu chun thit k - Bi chn lp TCXDVN 320:2004 Tiu chun thit k - Bi chn lp cht thi ngu hi TCVN 7629:2007 Tiu chun Vit Nam v ngng cht thi ngu hi TCVN 6707:2009 Tiu chun Vit Nam v cht thi ngu hi Du hiu cnh bo QCVN 02:2008/BTNMT - Qu chun k thut quc gia v kh thi l t cht thi t QCVN 07: 2009/BTNMT - Qu chun k thut quc gia v ngng cht thi ngu hi QCVN 25:2009/BTNMT - Qu chun k thut quc gia v nc thi ca bi chn lp cht thi rn QCVN 07:2010/BXD - Qu chun k thut quc gia v h tng k thut th
2001
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QCVN 31:2010/BTNMT - Qu chun k thut quc gia v mi trng i vi ph liu st, thp nhp khu QCVN 32:2010/BTNMT - Qu chun k thut quc gia v mi trng i vi ph liu nha nhp khu QCVN 33:2010/BTNMT - Qu chun k thut quc gia v mi trng i vi ph liu gi nhp khu 4.1.1. Php lut v qun l CTR Lut Bo v Mi trng 2005
Vn bn x pht
2010 2010 2010
Hng dn
Thc thi
Ngh nh 59/2007/N-CP
Hng dn
Ngh nh 179/2013/N-CP
Ngh nh 142/2007/N-CP
Hng dn
Thng t 13/2007/TTBXD
Hnh 1: C s php qun l CTR
Thng t 39/2008/TTBTC
4.1.1.1. Cc quy nh php lut chung v qun l CTR i vi c nhn, t chc: - iu 66, 68 Lut bo v mi trng 2005 qu nh, cc c nhn, t chc trong hot ng ca mnh m lm pht sinh cht thi th phi c nhng trch nhim sau: + p dng cc bin php lm gim thiu pht sinh cht thi: Cc bin php gim thiu vic pht sinh cht thi rt a dng, t vic p dng cc bin php khoa hc k thut, s dng tit kim nguyn, nhin, vt liu; s dng vt liu bao b ng gi cho ti cc bin php qun l; p dng cc phng php sn xut sch hn, s dng cng nghi sch trong sn xut... Cc bin php gim thiu cht thi c ngha c bit quan trng trong hot ng qun l cht thi bi n loi tr c nguyn nhn lm pht sinh cht thi. + C bin php thu gom n mc ti a lng cht thi m mnh to ra: Trong trng hp khng th loi tr vic pht sinh cht thi, ngi sn sinh cht thi c trch nhim thu gom cht thi, khng c cht thi thot ra ngoi mi trng. Kh nng thc hin bin php thu gom ph thuc vo dng tn ti ca cht thi. Thc hin bin
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php thu gom cht thi l iu kin thc hin cc ngha v tip theo ca ngi sn sinh cht thi. + Phn loi cht thi ngay t ngun: Vic phn loi cht thi t ngun nhm mc ch trnh tnh trng ly nhim cc cht c hi t cht thi ny sang cht thi khc v phc v cho hot ng ti ch, ti s dng cht thi. Phn loi cht thi ngay t ngun p dng ch yu vi cht thi rn. C nhiu tiu ch khc nhau t chc vic phn loi cht thi, phn loi gia cht thi c hi v cht thi khng c hi, phn loi cht thi c th hay khng th ti ch, ti s dng... Qu trnh phn loi cht thi ti ch, ti s dng nhm mc ch gim lng cht thi phi x l tiu hy. + C trch nhim x l cht thi: Trch nhim x l cht thi l trch nhim ca ngi sn sinh ra cht thi. Ngi sn sinh cht thi c th t mnh thc hin cc bin php x l nh chn lp, t... hoc phi chi tr chi ph x l. Trong trng hp ngi sn sinh cht thi khng c thit b x l th phi c hp ng vi mt n v c chc nng qun l cht thi thu gom v x l trit ; v phi tr chi ph qun l v x l cht thi.Vic p dng cc bin php x l phi ph hp vi cc yu cu ca php lut, khng c lm nhim mi trng. - Ngoi ra, php lut cn qu nh cc t chc, c nhn khi thc hin hot ng lu gi, vn chuyn, x l cht thi phi s dng phng tin, cng ngh thch hp nhm phng trnh nhim mi trng. Thng thng, cc doanh nghip thc hin hot ng lu gi, vn chuyn, x l cht thi l loi hnh doanh nghip cng ch, chu s qun l v iu hnh ca y ban nhn dn cc cp. Tuy nhin trong xu th x hi ha cng tc bo v mi trng, Nh nc khuyn khch cc loi hnh doanh nghip, cc t chc t qun tham gia vo hot ng ny. Thc th trong thi gian qua ti cc a phng nh Lng Sn, H Ni v mt s tnh, thnh ph khc chng minh hiu qu r rt v kinh t v mi trng khi a dng ha cc hnh thc hot ng lu gi, vn chuyn v x l cht thi. - Bn cnh , theo iu 67 Lut bo v mi trng 2005 ch cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v cn phi c trch nhim thu hi sn phm ht hn s dng hoc thi b di : + Ngun phng x s dng trong sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v. + Pin, c quy. + Thit b in t, in dn dng v cng nghip. + Du nht, m bi trn, bao b kh phn hy trong t nhin. + Sn phm thuc, ha cht s dng trong cng nghip, nng nghip, thy sn, thuc cha bnh cho ngi. + Phng tin giao thng. + Sm, lp. + Sn phm khc theo quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph.
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i vi cc c quan qun l Nh nc: - Cc c quan qun l Nh nc c trch nhim kim tra, gim st vic thc thi ngha v ca t chc, c nhn. C th l theo iu 69 Lut bo v mi trng 2005, y ban nhn dn cc cp c trch nhim: + Lp quy hoch, b tr mt bng cho vic tp kt cht thi rn sinh hot, xy dng h thng x l nc thi sinh hot tp trung, khu chn lp cht thi. + u t, x dng, vn hnh cc cng trnh cng cng, phc v qun l cht thi thuc phm vi qun l ca mnh. + Kim tra, gim nh cc chng trnh qun l cht thi ca t chc, c nhn trc khi a vo s dng. + Ban hnh v thc hin cc chnh sch u i, h tr cho hot ng qun l cht thi theo qu nh ca php lut. 4.1.1.2. Cc quy nh i vi ch th pht sinh cht thi rn thng thng - a ra nhng qu nh p dng i vi ch th pht sinh CTRTT l iu khng d. Bi cc ch th ny khng ch n thun l cc ch doanh nghip, cc khu cng nghip, m cn c nhng ngi dn; ngi dn li c chia ra theo khu vc nh: Thnh th, nng thn, min ni, hi o, vng cao - Ch ngun thi bao gm: cc t chc, c nhn, h gia nh c hot ng pht sinh cht thi rn (Khon 11 iu 3 Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ca Chnh ph v qun l cht thi rn) - Theo Khon 1 iu 66 Lut BVMT 2005 qu nh: T chc, c nhn c hot ng lm pht sinh cht thi c trch nhim gim thiu, ti ch, ti s dng hn ch n mc thp nht lng cht thi phi tiu hu, thi b. - Ch ngun thi phi chu cc trch nhim sau: + Th nht: Ch ngun thi phi chu trch nhim gim thiu lng cht thi pht sinh vo mi trng; + Th hai: Ch ngun thi c trch nhim phn loi CTRTT ti ngun; + Th ba: Ch ngun thi c trch nhim np ph v sinh v ph bo v mi trng. 4.1.1.3. Cc quy nh v thu gom cht thi rn thng thng - Nhu cu v mt mi trng sch p cng cao hn khi trnh kinh t - x hi, dn tr pht trin ngy mt cao. Nhng nm gn , thu nhp ca ngi dn c nhng tha i theo hng tch cc, nhng mi trng sng vn ang b xung cp. Trong thi gian ti, nn nhim mi trng vn c nng n th chnh sch kim sot mi trng s phi c nhng tha i ng k. - Theo iu 3 Khon 5 Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ng 09 thng 4 nm 2007 ca Chnh Ph v qun l cht thi rn th: Thu gom cht thi rn l hot ng tp
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hp, phn loi, ng gi v lu gi tm thi cht thi rn ti nhiu im thu gom ti a im hoc c s c c quan nh nc c thm quyn chp thun. - Trch nhim ca ch th thu gom CTRTT c qu nh ti iu 26 Ngh nh 59/2007/N-CP. - Trong qu trnh thc hin qu nh ca php lut i vi ch th thu gom cht thi trong c CTRTT trn thc t cn nhiu vn cp bch cn phi a ra gii php hon thin. - Thc t hin nay ch th thu gom cht thi thng thu gom ln cc loi cht thi vi nhau c CTRTT v cht thi nguy hi. 4.1.1.4. Cc quy nh v vn chuyn cht thi rn thng thng - Ti Khon 7 iu 3 Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP v qun l cht thi rn nh ngha: Vn chuyn cht thi rn l qu trnh chuyn ch cht thi rn t ni pht sinh, thu gom, lu gi, trung chuyn n ni x l, ti ch, ti s dng hoc bi chn lp cui cng. - l hot ng c quan tm rt ln bi hot ng n ng vai tr quan trong trong hot ng qun l cht thi. T ni pht sinh, cht thi qua thu gom n c ni x l hoc ti ch phi qua hot ng vn chuyn. Hot ng ny nu c thc hin tt s lm gim ng k s ng cht thi ti ni thu gom. - Cng ging nh vic thu gom, vn chuyn CTRTT cng c thc hin do cc cng ty dch v, hp tc x dch v hay cc h gia nh thng qua hp ng thc hin dch v. - Hp ng dch v vn chuyn cht thi rn c qu nh ti Khon 1 iu 37 Ngh nh 59: Hp ng dch v qun l cht thi rn bao gm cc dng sau: + Hp ng dch v thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cht thi rn; + Hp ng dch v thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi rn. - Theo qu nh ca php lut v vn chuyn cht thi th ch th vn chuyn cht thi phi thc hin cc ngha v. + Khng c lm r r, ri vi cht thi, gy pht tn bi, mi; + Ch th vn chuyn cht thi c trch nhim vn chuyn cht thi t ni thu gom n lu gi hay x l cht thi. 4.1.1.5. Cc quy nh v lu gi cht thi rn thng thng - Lu gi cht thi l giai on trung gian trc khi a cht thi i x l v tiu hu. Ti Khon 6 iu 3 Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP v qun l cht thi rn nh ngha: Lu gi cht thi rn l vic gi cht thi rn trong mt khong thi gian nht nh ni c c quan c thm quyn chp thun trc khi vn chuyn n c s x l
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- Ti Ngh nh 59/2007/N-CP c a ra cc qu nh i vi ch th ny. Khon 3, iu 24 Ngh nh 59/2007/N-CP qu nh: Trn cc trc ph chnh, cc khu thng mi, cc cng vin, qung trng, cc im tp trung dn c, cc u mi giao thng v cc khu vc cng cng khc phi b tr cc phng tin lu gi cht thi rn. iu ny l rt cn thit bi n va to iu kin cho ch th pht sinh, ch th thu gom, vn chuyn va to iu kin cho ch th lu gi CTRTT. - Khon 4 iu 24 N: Dung tch cc thng lu gi cht thi bn trong cng trnh phi c bo m kch c ph hp vi thi gian lu gi. Cc thng lu gi ti cc khu vc cng cng phi ph hp vi tiu chun k thut v bo m tnh m quan. V Khon 5: Thi gian lu gi cht thi rn khng c qu 02 ng . 4.1.1.6. Cc quy nh v x l cht thi rn thng thng - X l cht thi rn l mt bi ton hc ba i vi cc nh nghin cu bi l giai on cui ca qu trnh qun l cht thi, l giai on m bo cho cht thi c a vo mi trng m khng gy nh hng n mi trng v sc kho ca con ngi. - X l cht thi, bao gm cc hot ng ti s dng, ti ch, tiu hu. X l, tiu hu cht thi l khu rt quan trng c tnh quyt nh i vi vic to lp mt h thng qun l cht thi hiu qu, gim thiu cc ri ro i vi mi trng v sc kho con ngi. - Ti Khon 9 iu 3 Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP a ra nh ngha v x l cht thi rn nh sau: X l cht thi rn l qu trnh s dng cc gii php cng ngh, k thut lm gim, loi b, tiu hy cc thnh phn c hi hoc khng c ch trong cht thi rn; thu hi, ti ch, ti s dng li cc thnh phn c ch trong cht thi rn. - T thc trng qu nh ca php lut i vi hot ng x l cht CTRTT ta thy cc ch th x l CTRTT phi c trch nhim la chn cng ngh v chu trnh x l sao cho ph hp vi tng loi cht thi c phn loi. - Khi thc hin vic x l CTRTT cn tun th cc giai on qu trnh x l. X l cht thi hin na thng c p dng cc cng ngh: Phn loi v x l c hc; cng ngh thiu t; cng ngh x l ho l; trich l ; chng ct; kt ta- trung ho; xy ho kh; cng ngh chn lp hp v sinh. 4.1.1.7. Cc quy nh v c quan qun l nh nc trong hot ng qun l cht thi rn thng thng - Qun l CTRTT l mt trong nhng ni dung quan trng ca hot ng bo v mi trng. V vy, c th hiu trch nhim qun l CTRTT ni ring nm trong trch nhim BVMT ni chung ca cc c nhn, t chc. iu 29 Hin php 1992 qu nh:
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Mi c quan nh nc, n v v trang, t chc kinh t, t chc x hi; mi cng dn u phi c trch nhim BVMT. - Theo qu nh ca php lut hin hnh mi hot ng lin quan n qun l cht thi u chu s qun l nh nc v BVMT thng nht t trung ng n a phng. - Theo Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP v hng dn Lut BVMT 2005 c a ra qu nh v trch nhim ca cc c quan qun l Nh nc trong hot ng qun l cht thi rn nguy hi trong qu nh c th trch nhim cho hai c quan l B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v y ban nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng - Ti Ngh nh 59/2007/N-CP v qun l cht thi rn a ra nhng qu nh i vi c quan qun l nh nc trong hot ng qun l cht thi rn ni chung, cht thi rn nguy hi ni ring. - Khon 1, Khon 2 iu 10 Ngh nh 59/2007/N-CP qu nh trch nhim ca chnh quyn trong vic thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi rn - iu 28 Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP: y ban nhn dn cp tnh, cp huyn c trch nhim t chc hot ng qun l cht thi rn trn a bn a phng; cng b, cng khai quy hoch qun l cht thi rn; t chc thanh tra, kim tra v x l vi phm php lut trong lnh vc thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi rn. - Nh vy, t qu nh trong cc vn bn nu trn ta th cc vn bn u a ra nhng qui nh v c quan nh nc trong qun l cht thi rn ni chung, cht thi rn nguy hi ni ring cn qu nh v qun l CTRTT hu nh khng c. V vy, iu n thng gy ra nhiu kh khn cho cc c quan qun l. Do thiu nhng ch ti x l nn cc vi phm trong lnh vc n ng cng ra tng. 4.1.2. Php lut v qun l CTNH Php lut qun l CTNH Vit Nam ra i mun hn so vi hu ht cc nc khc trn th gii. Trc nm 1993, Vit Nam cha c mt vn bn php lut no cp n hot ng qun l CTNH. Ch t khi Lut Bo v mi trng c thng qua ngy 27/12/1993 th nhng qu nh u tin v CTNH mi c cp. Tuy nhin, o lut ny mi ch dng li nhng qu nh chung chung v qun l CTNH cc iu 11, 19, 22, 24, 26, 29, 47 Vi quy ch qun l CTNH ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 155/1999/QTTg, ln u tin vn qun l CTNH c cp mt cch chnh thc trong vn bn php lut ring. Tip , mt s vn bn php lut cng c ra i h tr cng tc qun l CTNH nh: Qu t nh s 1970/1999/Q BKHCNMT v vic ban hnh quy trnh cng ngh tiu hy thuc BVTV pht pho hu c tn ng v cm s dng; Quyt nh s 1971/1999/QBKHCNMT v vic ban hnh quy trnh cng ngh tiu hy v ti s dng X anua Ng 29/11/2005, Lut Bo v mi trng thay th cho Lut Bo v mi trng 1993 c Quc Hi thng qua c nhng qu nh rt c th v thng nht v cng tc qun l CTNH ti mc
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2 chng 8. c th ha nhng qu nh trn, B Ti ngu n v Mi trng (BTN & MT) ban hnh mt s vn bn php lut nh: Qu t nh s 23/2006/Q BTNMT v vic ban hnh danh mc CTNH, Thng t s 12/2006/TT-BTNMT hng dn iu kin hnh ngh v th tc lp h s, ng k, cp php hnh ngh, m s qun l CTNH. Gn nht, iu chnh vn qun l cht thi rn, Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s 59/2007/NCP v qun l cht thi rn, trong c rt nhiu qu nh v cht thi rn nguy hi. Cng thi gian ny, B Y t k Qu t nh s 43/2007/Q-BYT v vic ban hnh quy ch qun l cht thi y t Cc vn bn quy phm php lut lin quan n qun l cht thi nguy hi Vit Nam: - Lut bo v mi trng s 52/2005/QH11 ngy 29/11/2005. - Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ng 09 thng 8 nm 2006 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng. - Ngh nh s 59/2007/ND-CP ng 09 thng 4 nm 2007 ca chnh ph ban hnh qu nh v hot ng qun l cht thi rn, quyn hn v trch nhim ca cc c nhn, t chc lin quan n qun l cht thi rn. - Ngh nh s 174/2007/N-CP ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2007 ca Chnh ph v ph bo v mi trng i vi cht thi rn. - Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP ng 28 thng 02 nm 2008 ca Chnh ph v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/ N-CP. - Ngh nh s 117/2009/N-CP ng 31 thng 12 nm 2009 do chnh ph ban hnh qu nh quy ch x pht vi phm hnh chnh v bo v mi trng. - Ngh nh s s 29/2011/N-CP ng 18 thng 4 nm 2011 ca Chnh ph quy nh v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng, cam kt bo v mi trng. - Quyt nh s 152/1999/Q-TTg ng 10 thng 7 nm 2009 ca Th tng chnh ph ph duyt chin lc quc gia v qun l cht thi rn ti cc khu cng nghip v khu th n nm 2020. - Quyt nh s 328/2005/Q-TTg ng 12 thng 12 nm 2005 ca Th tng chnh ph ph duyt K hoch quc gia kim sot nhim mi trng n nm 2010. - Quyt nh s 2149/2009/QD-TTg ng 17 thng 12 nm 2009 ca Th tng chnh ph ph duyt Chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp cht thi rn n nm 2015, tm nhn n nm 2050. - Quyt nh s 170/Q-TTg ng 08 thng 2 nm 2012 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt Quy hoch tng th h thng x l cht thi rn y t nguy hi n nm 2025. - Ch th s 23/2005/CT-TTg ng 21 thng 6 nm 2005 ca Th tng Chnh ph v y mnh cng tc qun l cht thi rn ti cc khu th v cng nghip.
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- Thng t s 1817/1999/TT-BKHCNMT ng 21 thng 10 nm 1999 ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng v hng dn xc nhn cc d n c bit khuyn khch u t qu nh ti khon 7 danh mc I ph lc I Ngh nh s 10/1998N-CP ng 23 thng 01 nm 1998 ca Chnh ph v v mt s bin php khuyn khch v bo m hot ng u t trc tip nc ngoi ti Vit Nam lin quan n x l cht thi v bo v mi trng. - Thng t lin b s 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD ng 18 thng 1 nm 2001 hng dn cc qu nh v bo v mi trng i vi vic chn la a im, xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn. - Thng t s 39/2008/TT-BTC ngy 19 thng 5 nm 2008 ca B Ti chnh hng dn vic thi thnh Ngh nh s 174/2007/ND-CP ng 29 thng 11 nm 2008 ca Chnh ph v ph bo v mi trng i vi cht thi rn. - Thng t s 121/2008/TT-BTC ng 12 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B Ti chnh hng dn c ch u i v h tr ti chnh i vi hot ng u t cho qun l cht thi rn. - Thng t s 12/2011/TT-BTNMT ng 14 thng 4 nm 2011 ca B trng B Ti ngu n v Mi trng qu nh v qun l CTNH - Thng t s 26/2011/TT-BTNMT ngy 18 thng 7 nm 2011 ca B trng B Ti ngu n v Mi trng qu nh chi tit mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 29/2011/N-CP ng 18 thng 4 nm 2011 ca Chnh ph qu nh v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng, cam kt bo v mi trng. - Thng t s 01/2012/TT-BTNMT ng 16 thng 3 nm 2012 ca B trng B Ti ngu n v Mi trng qu nh v lp, thm nh, ph duyt v kim tra, xc nhn vic thc hin n bo v mi trng chi tit; lp v ng k n bo v mi trng n gin. - Quyt nh 60/2002/QD-BKHCNMT ng 7 thng 8 nm 2002 ca B trng B Khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng v vic ban hnh hng dn k thut chn lp cht thi nguy hi. - Quyt nh s 43/2007/Q-BYT ngy 30/11/2007 ca B Y t ban hnh quy ch qun l cht thi y t. - TCVN 6696-2000 qu nh v bo v mi trng cho cc bi chn lp hp v sinh. - TCVN 6705:2009 qu nh v phn loi cht thi rn thng thng. - TCVN 6706:2009 qu nh v phn loi cht thi nguy hi. - TCVN 6707:2009 du hiu cnh bo, phng nga cht thi nguy hi. - TCVN 7380:2004: L t cht thi rn y t - Yu cu k thut. - TCVN 7381:2004: L t cht thi rn y t - Phng php nh gi v thm nh.
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- TCXDVN 261:2001 Bi chn lp Tiu chun thit k. - TCXDVN 320:2004 Bi chn lp cht thi nguy hi Tiu chun thit k. - QCVN 02:2008 v kh thi l t cht thi rn y t. - QCVN 07:2009 Quy chun k thut quc gia v ngng cht thi nguy hi. - QCVN 25:2009 Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi ca bi chn lp cht thi rn th. - QCVN 07:2010/BXD Quy chun k thut quc gia cc cng trnh h tng k thut th, Chng 9 H thng thu gom, phn loi, vn chuyn, x l cht thi rn v nh v sinh cng cng. - QCVN 30:2010/BTNMT Quy chun k thut quc gia v kh thi l t cht thi cng nghip. - QCVN 41:2011/BTNMT Quy chun k thut quc gia v ng x l CTNH trong l nung xi mng. 4.1.2.1. Trch nhim ca Nh nc trong lnh vc qun l CTNH Ban hnh cc vn bn php lut v qun l CTNH thc hin tt cng tc qun l CTNH, vic u tin m cc c quan Nh nc s tin hnh l ban hnh mt h thng vn bn php lut v vn n . Trong qu nh r nhim v, quyn hn ca cc c quan Nh nc; trch nhim ca cc c nhn, t chc tin hnh hot ng lin quan n qun l CTNH v cc ch ti x l vi phm. Thng t 12 dnh c phn V qu nh v vn t chc thc hin. Trong , vai tr ca cc c quan Nh nc v qun l CTNH c th hin rt c th. Ngoi ra, nhng qu nh trn cng c cp kh r nt trong Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ng 09/08/2006. Theo , BTNMT chu trch nhim chnh trong vic t chc, ch o cc hot ng qun l CTNH trn phm vi ton quc, ban hnh hoc xy dng trnh Chnh ph ban hnh vn bn php lut v qun l CTNH. im a, b Khon 1 iu 20 ca Ngh nh trn c qu nh: BTNMT c trch nhim ban hnh danh mc CTNH v hng dn quy trnh gim thiu, thng k, khai bo v qun l CTNH; hng dn vic vn chuyn CTNH ra nc ngoi x l theo Cng c quc t m Vit Nam l thnh vin trong trng hp trong nc khng c cng ngh, thit b x l ph hp. Vic ban hnh vn bn php lut v qun l CTNH c ngha rt quan trng. chnh l c s nh hng cho cc hot ng lin quan n qun l CTNH. Trn thc t, BTNMT ban hnh kh nhiu vn bn php lut iu chnh lnh vc ny nh: Qu t nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT v vic ban hnh danh mc CTNH; Thng t s 12/2006/TT-BTNMT hng dn iu kin hnh ngh v th tc lp h s, ng k, cp php hnh ngh, m s qun l CTNH
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Cp s ng k ch ngun thi v giy php qun l CTNH Cp S ng k ch ngun thi: - S ng k ch ngun thi CTNH l h s cp cho ch ngun thi CTNH, trong lit k thng tin v chng loi, s lng CTNH ng k pht sinh v qu nh trch nhim v bo v mi trng ca ch ngun thi i vi CTNH c ng k, to iu kin thun li cho cc c quan Nh nc c thm quyn qun l CTNH tin hnh kim tra, gim st v kp thi nm bt tnh hnh hot ng ca cc ch ngun thi. - Thng t 12/2011/TT-BTNMT iu chnh thng t 12/2006/TT-BTNMT gip cho Ch ngun thi linh hot trong qu trnh thc hin. C th nh : cho php Ch ngun thi CTNH c lp chung h s ng k ch ngun thi CTNH cho cc c s pht sinh CTNH do mnh s hu hoc iu hnh trong phm vi mt tnh. Hoc trng hp c s pht sinh CTNH di dng ngun thi di ng hoc ngun thi c dng tuyn tri di trn phm vi mt tnh, ch ngun thi CTNH c la chn mt c s u mi i din lp h s ng k ch ngun thi CTNH. ng thi cho php Ch ngun thi CTNH ng k cp li S ng k ch ngun thi CTNH khi c pPht hin vic k khai khng chnh xc khi ng k ch ngun thi CTNH so vi thc t hot ng. - Theo qu nh ca php lut, S Ti ngu n v Mi trng c thm quyn cp, iu chnh S ng k ch ngun thi CTNH cho cc ch ngun thi trong tnh theo mu do Thng t 12 qu nh. Cng qu trnh cp S ng k ch ngun thi cho cc ch th nu trn, S Ti ngu n v Mi trng cn c trch nhim cp m s qun l CTNH v ng du xc nhn vo S ng k ch ngun thi km theo b h s v hp l. Cp giy php qun l CTNH cho ch vn chuyn v ch x l, tiu hu CTNH: Giy php qun l CTNH l tn gi chung cho giy php hnh ngh qun l CTNH do c quan cp php (Cc Bo v mi trng, UBND cp tnh v S Ti ngu n v Mi trng) cp cho ch vn chuyn hoc ch x l, tiu hu, trong qu nh c th v a bn hot ng, cc phng tin, thit b chuyn dng c php vn hnh, cc loi CTNH c php qun l cng nh trch nhim bo v mi trng ca ch vn chuyn hoc ch x l, tiu hu CTNH. C th nh sau: i) i vi giy php hnh ngh vn chuyn CTNH: Giy php ny s c cp khi ch vn chuyn p ng c cc iu kin lut nh. Ngoi gi ng k hnh ngh vn chuyn hng ha trong giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh, ch vn chuyn CTNH cn phi tho mn nhng iu kin khc nh: - Phi c Bn cam kt bo v mi trng, hoc Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng, hoc Bn ng k t tiu chun mi trng c c quan c thm quyn ph duyt hoc xc nhn.
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- C phng tin, thit b chuyn dng cho vic thu gom, vn chuyn, ng gi, bo qun v lu giu tm thi CTNH p ng yu cu. - C h thng, thit b, bin php k thut kim sot nhim v bo v mi trng ti c s, c bit l khu vc v sinh phng tin, bi tp kt phng tin, khu vc trung chuyn, lu gi tm thi hoc phn loi CTNH (nu c). - C t nht mt cn b k thut c trnh t trung cp k thut tr ln thuc chuyn ngnh ha hc, mi trng hoc tng ng m nhim vic qun l, iu hnh, tp hun v chuyn mn, k thut; c i ng li xe v nhn vin vn hnh c tp hun m bo vn hnh an ton cc thit b, phng tin. - x dng cc chng trnh, k hoch sau: Quy trnh vn hnh an ton cc phng tin, thit b chuyn dng; K hoch kim sot nhim v bo v mi trng; K hoch phng nga v ng ph s c - C hp ng nguyn tc v vic vn chuyn CTNH vi cc ch x l, tiu hy c Giy php hnh ngh x l, tiu h CTNH do c quan cp php c thm quyn cp theo lut nh. (Th tc cp, iu chnh, gia hn giy php qun l CTNH cho ch vn chuyn c qu nh chi tit ti mc 2 phn III ca Thng t s 12/2006/TTBTNMT ngy 26/12/2006) ii) i vi giy php hnh ngh x l, tiu hu CTNH T chc, c nhn hnh ngh x l, tiu hu CTNH s c cp php hnh ngh khi tho mn cc yu cu c bn sau: - Phi c Bn bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng cho d n x l, tiu hy CTNH c c quan c thm quyn ph duyt, hoc Bn ng k t tiu chun mi trng c c quan c thm quyn xc nhn. - C s x l CTNH phi p ng cc yu cu v bo v mi trng theo qu nh ti iu 74 Lut Bo v mi trng (2005): Ph hp vi quy hoch v thu gom, x l, chn lp CTNH c ph duyt; ng k danh mc CTNH c x l; - Trng hp c khu chn lp CTNH th phi m bo c cc tiu chun quy nh ti iu 75 Lut Bo v mi trng 2005, c th nh sau: Khu chn lp phi c b tr ng qu hoch, thit k theo yu cu k thut; c khong cch an ton v mi trng i vi khu dn c, khu bo tn thin nhin, nc mt, nc ngm; Bo m cc iu kin v v sinh mi trng, trnh pht tn kh c ra mi trng xung quanh, c k hoch v trang thit b phng nga, ng ph s c mi trng - Phng tin, thit b chuyn dng cho vic lu gi tm thi, chuyn ch trong ni b phi p ng yu cu. - Su l: Ngoi vic phi p ng nhng yu cu v thit b, phng tin, ch th ng k hnh ngh x l, tiu hy CTNH phi c t nht 02 cn b k thut c trnh t cao ng tr ln thuc chuyn ngnh ha hc, mi trng hoc tng ng; c i
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ng nhn vin vn hnh c tp hun m bo vn hnh an ton cc phng tin v thit b . - X l, tiu hy CTNH l mt hot ng rt phc tp v cha ng nhiu kh nng g ri ro nn php lut bt buc cc ch th tin hnh hot ng ny phi xy dng mt s quy trnh, Ngoi ra, c s x l, tiu hy CTNH phi lp k hoch o to nh k hng nm cho cn b, nhn vin v: vn hnh an ton cng ngh, phng tin, thit b chuyn dng; Quy hoch qun l CTNH - iu 76 Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) c qu nh: B Xy dng ch tr phi hp vi BTNMT v UBND cp tnh lp quy hoc tng th quc gia v thu gom, x l, chn lp CTNH trnh Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt. Bn quy hoch ny bao gm nhng ni dung chnh: + iu tra, nh gi, d bo ngun pht sinh CTNH, loi v khi lng CTNH; + Xc nh a im,c s x l, khu chn lp CTNH; + Xc lp phng thc thu gom, tuyn ng vn chuyn CTNH, v tr, quy m, loi hnh, phng thc lu gi; xc nh cng ngh x l, ti ch, tiu hy, chn lp CTNH; + Xc nh k hoch v ngun lc thc hin bo m tt c cc loi CTNH phi c thng k v c x l trit . - Php lut cn qu nh UBND cp tnh c trch nhim b tr mt bng xy dng khu chn lp CTNH theo quy hoch c ph duyt. 4.1.2.2. Trch nhim ca cc t chc, c nhn trong hot ng qun l CTNH Trch nhim ca ch ngun thi CTNH - Theo Thng t s 12/2006/TTBTNMT, ch ngun thi CTNH l t chc, c nhn s hu hoc iu hnh c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v c pht sinh CTNH. L ngi c hng li t qu trnh sn xut, kinh doanh, ch ngun thi cng chnh l ngi phi chu trch nhim i vi nhng vn mi trng pht sinh t qu trnh . So vi quy ch qun l CTNH th Thng t 12 qu nh c th v chi tit hn rt nhiu v trch nhim ca ch ngun thi CTNH. Ngoi vic phi lm th tc c cp s ng k ch ngun thi CTNH, ch ngun thi cn phi thc hin cc ngha v sau: - Mt l: Thc hin ng cc ni dung ca Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c ph duyt hoc bn cam kt bo v mi trng hay Bn ng k t tiu chun mi trng c xc nhn (nu c). + Hai l: p dng cc bin php phng nga, gim thiu pht sinh CTNH, chu trch nhim i vi CTNH cho n khi chng c x l, tiu hy an ton.
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+ Ba l: Phn loi CTNH, khng ln CTNH khc loi vi nhau hoc vi cht thi khc; b tr ni lu gi tm thi CTNH an ton; ng gi, bo qun CTNH theo chng loi trong cc bn, thng cha, bao b chuyn dng p ng cc yu cu v an ton k thut, bo m khng r r, ri vi hoc pht tn ra mi trng, c dn nhn. + Bn l: Xy dng v thc hin k hoch hoc cc bin php phng nga, ng ph s c do CTNH gy ra. + Nm l: Khi khng c kh nng t vn chuyn, x l, tiu hy CTNH ca mnh th ch ngun thi phi k hp ng vi ch vn chuyn v ch x l, tiu hy CTNH c cp Giy php qun l CTNH c a bn hot ng ph hp. + Su l: Ch chuyn giao cho ch vn chuyn s lng, chng loi CTNH theo ng ni dung S ng k ch ngun thi CTNH, hp ng vn chuyn, hp ng x l, tiu hy v chng t khai. - B tr khu vc lu gi tm thi CTNH p ng yu cu k thut tng t nh qu nh t im 3.1 n 3.6 Ph lc 7 v ng gi, bo qun CTNH trong cc bao b chuyn dng hoc thit b lu cha CTNH p ng yu cu k thut tng t nh qu nh ti Mc 1, 2 Ph lc 7 km theo Thng t n . - Thng t 12 cng qu nh v trch nhim ca ch ngun thi khi c nhu cu xut khu CTNH x l, tiu hy nc ngoi. Theo qu nh ti mc 1.12 phn IV ca Thng t, ch ngun thi phi phi hp vi ch vn chuyn, ch x l v tiu hy ( nc ngoi) tun th cc qu nh ca cng c Basel v kim sot vn chuyn xuyn bin gii cc CTNH v vic tiu hy chng trong vic ng k xut khu CTNH x l, tiu hy. Ngoi ra, ch ngun thi ch c php xut khu CTNH khi c s ng bng vn bn ca Cc Bo v mi trng theo hng dn ca Thng t. Trch nhim ca ch vn chuyn CTNH - Theo qu nh ca Thng t s 12, ch vn chuyn l t chc, cc nhn s hu hoc iu hnh c s c cp php hnh ngh, m s qun l CTNH thc hin vic thu gom, vn chuyn v lu gi tm thi CTNH. - t chng ch H thng qun l mi trng - ISO 14001 hoc H thng qun l cht lng ISO 9001 hoc tng ng ph hp vi vic vn chuyn CTNH trong thi hn 03 (ba) nm k t ng Thng t n c hiu lc k c sau khi chuyn i sang Giy php hnh ngh QLCTNH theo qu nh ti Thng t n . - Thng t c hn mt mc ring qu nh v iu kin hnh ngh vn chuyn CTNH. Theo , cc ch th phi p ng cc iu kin theo qu nh th mi c php tin hnh vn chuyn CTNH. - Ngoi vic lm th tc c cp giy php hnh ngh vn chuyn CTNH, ch vn chuyn phi thc hin cc ngha v sau:
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+ Th nht: Thc hin ng cc ni dung ca Bn cam kt bo v mi trng c xc nhn hoc cc h s giy t tng ng theo lut nh; thc hin ng qu trnh k khai v s dng chng t CTNH. + Th hai: Ch thu gom, vn chuyn s lng, chng loi CTNH t ch ngun thi hoc ch vn chuyn th nht (nu l ch vn chuyn th 2) v chuyn giao cho ch vn chuyn th 2 (nu l ch vn chuyn th nht) hoc ch x l, tiu hy theo ng ni dung khai trong chng t bng cc phng tin, thit b chuyn dng v trn a bn hot ng c qu nh trong giy php qun l CTNH. + Th ba: Ch vn chuyn theo l trnh ti u v tuyn ng, qung ng, thi gian, bo m an ton giao thng v phng nga s c, ph hp vi qu nh ca c quan c thm quyn v phn lung giao thng. - Ngoi nhng trch nhim c bn trn, trong trng hp vn chuyn xuyn bin gii CTNH, ch vn chuyn phi: Phi hp vi ch ngun thi v ch x l, tiu hy ( nc ngoi) tun th qu nh ca cng c Basel. Trch nhim ca ch x l, tiu hu CTNH - Theo qu nh ca Thng t 12, ch x l, tiu hy CTNH l t chc, c nhn s hu hoc iu hnh c s c cp php hnh ngh, m s qun l CTNH thc hin vic lu gi tm thi, x l (k c ti ch, thu hi), tiu hy CTNH. Ngoi vic phi lm th tc c cp giy php qun l CTNH, ch x l, tiu hy CTNH cn phi thc hin nhng ngha v sau: + Mt l: Thc hin ng ni dung ca Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c ph duyt v thc hin ng qu trnh k khai v s dng chng t CTNH. + Hai l: Ch c php k hp ng x l, tiu hy CTNH vi cc ch ngun thi trn a bn hot ng c php theo qu nh trong giy php qun l CTNH v ch tip nhn x l, tiu hy s lng, chng loi CTNH bng cc cng ngh, phng tin, thit b chuyn dng c php theo ng ni dung hp ng, chng t thng nht khai v cc qu nh trong giy php qun l CTNH. + Ba l: Trng hp ch x l, tiu h ng thi l ch ngun thi v/hoc c nhu cu hnh ngh vn chuyn th phi c iu kin hnh ngh vn chuyn theo qu nh php lut v phi lm th tc ng k ch ngun thi v/hoc giy php hnh ngh vn chuyn. - thc hin vic thng nht qun l Nh nc trong lnh vc qun l CTNH, php lut cn qu nh ch x l v tiu hy chu s thanh tra, kim tra ca c quan Nh nc v bo v mi trng Trung ng, a phng. - i vi cc loi CTNH c th nh cht thi rn nguy hi, cht thi y t nguy hi, ngoi vic tun th nhng qu nh chung trn, cc ch th c lin quan phi tun th s hng dn ca nhng vn bn php lut chuyn ngnh v vn . V d: Ngh nh s 59/2007/NCP ngy 09/04/2007 v qun l cht thi rn v Quy
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ch qun l cht thi y t ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 43/2007/QBYT ngy 30/11/2007. 4.1.2.3. X l vi phm php lut v qun l CTNH cc qu nh php lut v qun l CTNH c a vo p dng trit trn thc t v thc hin ton din trn phm vi c nc rt cn n nhng yu t: S qun l Nh nc, thc trch nhim ca cc ch th lin quan trc tip n qun l CTNH v nhng yu t khc. V vy, bn cnh vic y mnh cc cng tc x hi nh tu n truyn, vn ng, Nh nc cn t ra mt h thng cc ch ti x l nhng hnh vi vi phm trn nhm mc ch a hot ng qun l CTNH vo khun kh nht nh, bao gm cc ch ti dn s, hnh s, hnh chnh. Theo , bt c ch th no vi phm qu nh php lut v qun l CTNH s phi chu trch nhim tng ng. Trch nhim hnh chnh - Hin nay, nhng qu nh v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng c qu nh ti Ngh nh s 117/2009/N-CP ca Chnh ph ban hnh ng 31/12/2009. Theo , trch nhim i vi hnh vi vi phm php lut qun l CTNH c qu nh trong nhiu iu nh sau: + iu 16. Vi phm cc qu nh v vn chuyn, chn lp, thi cht thi rn thng thng; vn chuyn nguyn liu, vt liu, hng ha gy nhim mi trng Pht tin t 400.000.000 ng n 500.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi vi phm qu nh ti khon 1 v khon 3 iu n trong trng hp cht thi c cha cht phng x vt tiu chun, quy chun k thut cho php. + iu 17. Vi phm cc qu nh v bo v mi trng i vi ch ngun thi cht thi nguy hi: Pht tin t 100.000.000 ng n 150.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc trng hp sau : a) Khng phn loi cht thi nguy hi, ln cht thi nguy hi khc loi vi nhau hoc vi cht thi khc; khng b tr ni an ton lu gi tm thi cht thi nguy hi; khng ng gi, bo qun cht thi nguy hi theo chng loi trong cc bn, thng cha, bao b chuyn dng p ng cc yu cu v an ton, k thut, bo m khng r r, ri vi hoc pht tn ra mi trng; khng dn nhn theo qu nh; b) Chuyn giao, cho, bn cht thi nguy hi cho t chc, c nhn khng c iu kin v qun l, vn chuyn, x l, tiu hy cht thi nguy hi theo qu nh; c) Xut khu cht thi nguy hi khi cha c vn bn cho php ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn. + iu 18. Vi phm cc qu nh v vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi: Pht tin t 70.000.000 n 100.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi chuyn giao cht thi nguy hi cho t chc, c nhn khc hoc bn, cho cht thi nguy hi cho t chc, c nhn khng c iu kin v qun l, x l, tiu hy cht thi nguy hi.
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+ iu 19. Vi phm cc qu nh v bo v mi trng i vi c s x l, tiu hu, chn lp cht thi nguy hi: Pht tin t 100.000.000 ng n 150.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi vi phm sau : a) Chuyn giao, cho, bn cht thi nguy hi cho t chc, c nhn khng c iu kin v qun l, vn chuyn, x l, tiu hy cht thi nguy hi theo qu nh; b) Khu x l, tiu hy, chn lp cht thi nguy hi khng c xy dng bo m an ton k thut, khng c bin php ngn cch ho cht c hi ngm vo ngun nc di t; c) Khng c trang thit b phng nga v ng ph s c mi trng; d) Khng c cc bin php bo m cc iu kin v v sinh mi trng, trnh pht tn kh c ra mi trng xung quanh; ) Khng c khong cch an ton v mi trng i vi khu dn c, khu bo tn thin nhin, ngun nc mt, nc di t. + iu 30. Vi phm qu nh v thu hi, x l sn phm ht hn s dng hoc thi b 1. Pht tin t 20.000.000 ng n 30.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi khng thu hi, x l sn phm ht hn s dng hoc thi b theo qu nh. 2. Pht tin t 50.000.000 ng n 70.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi vi phm qu nh ti khon 1 iu ny gy nhim mi trng. Ngoi ra cn x pht cc hnh vi nh x nc thi, kh thi, bi c cha cht thi nguy hi. - Ngh nh 179/2013/N-CP c hiu lc k t ng 30/12/2013 th qu nh khung x pht khc nhau tng hnh vi d rt nh, mc pht cng cao hn nhiu so vi mc pht ngh nh 117/2009/N-CP. - Ngoi ch ti pht tin, trong cc iu lut trn cn km theo hnh thc pht b sung v bin php khc phc hu qu nh: tc gi php mi trng, tm thi nh ch hot ng, buc khc phc hu qu do hnh vi vi phm g ra Trch nhim hnh s - B Lut Hnh s nm 1999 tu khng c nhng qu nh ring bit v trch nhim hnh s i vi cc hnh vi vi phm php lut qun l CTNH, nhng dnh hn chng XVII qu nh trch nhim i vi hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng. Vi 10 iu lut qu nh t iu 182 n iu 191, B Lut Hnh s lit k ra hng lot ti danh c lin quan n qun l CTNH nh: Ti gy nhim ngun nc, gy nhim t, ti lm ly lan dch bnh nguy him cho ngi, ti gy nhim khng kh trong qu nh nhiu khung hnh pht khc nhau tng ng vi mc nghim trng ca hnh vi vi phm.
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Trch nhim dn s - Cng ging nh nhng qu nh trong B Lut Hnh s 1999, B Lut Dn s 2005 khng c nhng qu nh c th v trch nhim dn s i vi hnh vi vi phm qun l CTNH. Tuy nhin, b lut dnh ra mt s iu qu nh v ch ti dn s i vi hnh vi vi phm mi trng. V d: iu 270 qu nh v ngha v ca ch s hu trong vic thot nc thi; iu 624 qu nh v bi thng thit hi do lm nhim mi trng. Theo , cc c nhn, php nhn v cc ch th khc lm nhim mi trng gy thit hi th phi bi thng theo qu nh ca php lut, k c trng hp ngi gy nhim khng c li. Nh vy, khng ph thuc vo vic ngi gy nhim mi trng c li hay khng, trong mi trng hp ch th u phi c ngha v bi thng thit hi. Tm li, qun l CTNH l mt lnh vc kh mi m Vit Nam v mi ch c ch trng trong nhng nm gn , nhng chng ta khng th ph nhn c s n lc ht mnh v vai tr to ln ca Nh nc i vi hot ng n . iu c th hin hng lot cc vn bn lut, di lut c ban hnh p ng nhu cu ca thc tin qun l CTNH. Khng ch dng li , cc vn bn ny tng bc c sa i, b sung ph hp vi tnh hnh mi. Tuy cn nhiu bt cp, song s ra i ca cc vn bn php lut p ng c phn no nguyn vng ca cng ng, gp phn vo qu trnh gii quyt nhng p lc nng n t mi trng. 4.2. Chnh sch qun l CTR v CTNH Trong nhiu nm qua, cng tc qun l CTR nhn c rt nhiu s quan tm ca ng v Nh nc, th hin bng cc chnh sch, php lut qun l CTR c qu nh trong Lut BVMT 1994, Lut BVMT 2005. Mt s chnh sch trng tm trong giai on hin nay: 4.2.1. Chnh sch p dng c ch qun l 3R (Gim thiu, Ti s dng, ti ch) - Chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp CTR n nm 2025, tm nhn n nm 2050, xc nh r nhng mc tiu, nhim v v cc gii php t na cho n nm 2020 ng thi nu r trch nhim ca cc b, ngnh v a phng trong vic trin khai phn loi CTR ti ngun, gim thiu, ti s dng v ti ch CTR. - n nm 2025: + 100% cc th c cng trnh ti ch cht thi rn thc hin phn loi ti h gia nh. + 100% tng lng cht thi rn sinh hot th pht sinh c thu gom v x l m bo mi trng, trong 90% c ti ch, ti s dng, thu hi nng lng hoc sn xut phn hu c. + 90% tng lng cht thi rn xy dng pht sinh ti cc th c thu gom x l, trong 60% c thu hi ti s dng hoc ti ch.
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+ (Quyt nh 2149/Q-TTg ngy 17 thng 12 nm 2009 Ph duyt Chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp cht thi rn n nm 2025, tm nhn n nm 2050.) - Hot ng ti ch ph liu c ngha rt to ln v kinh t - x hi v mi trng. Nhng hot ng ny khng nhng em li hiu qu kinh t trong th trng ti ch cht thi m cn em li nhiu vic lm cho ngi lao ng, to ra sn phm hu ch phc v i sng, hn na cn gim lng CTR phi a i chn lp, tit kim ti ngu n thin nhin, c bit l din tch s dng t quy hoch xy dng bi chn lp. 4.2.2. Chnh sch v x hi ha qun l cht thi rn sinh hot - Cn c theo Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP v Ngh nh s 69/2008/N-CP4 ngy 30/5/2008 ca Th tng Chnh ph v chnh sch khuyn khch x hi ha i vi cc hot ng trong lnh vc gio dc, dy ngh, y t, vn ha, th thao v mi trng; Chnh sch v x hi ha cng tc qun l CTR sinh hot cng c u tin pht trin c cp trung ng v a phng. Trong , Chnh ph khuyn khch khu vc t nhn tham gia mnh m vo cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn v x l CTR. Nhng kt qu t c trong thi gian qua cho th l mt trong nhng chnh sch rt ph hp vi iu kin thc t nc ta hin nay. - Theo Ngh nh 59/2007/N-CP ngy 09/4/2007 ca Th tng Chnh ph v qun l cht thi rn: + Nh nc khuyn khch x hi ha cng tc thu gom, phn loi, vn chuyn v x l cht thi rn. + Nh nc khuyn khch x hi ha hot ng u t cho cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn, xy dng c s qun l cht thi rn. + T chc, c nhn c th u t thnh lp hp tc x, h kinh doanh hoc cc hnh thc khc theo qu nh ca php lut thc hin vic thu gom, vn chuyn, x l cht thi rn ti khu vc im dn c nng thn, lng ngh cha c dch v thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi rn. + Nh nc khuyn khch mi t chc, c nhn trong v ngoi nc tham gia u t, x dng c s x l cht thi rn, cc cng trnh ph tr thng qua cc chnh sch u i, h tr u t... + X hi ha trong cng tc qun l CTR ti cc tnh/thnh ph bt u c a vo trong cc vn bn a phng v cng tc qun l CTR. 4.2.3. Chnh sch pht trin cng nghip v cng ngh x l CTR - Chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp CTR xc nh cng ngh x l CTR ti Vit Nam s c pht trin theo hng gim thiu ti a lng rc thi chn lp v tng cng t l ti ch, ti s dng. Quan im t ra l s dng cng ngh x l cht
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thi ph hp vi iu kin c th ca tng a phng. Trong , u tin p dng cng ngh ti ch, ti s dng CTR, hn ch chn lp nhm x l trit nhim mi trng v tng hiu qu s dng t. i vi CTR sinh hot, t iu kin c th m cc a phng c th p dng cc cng ngh nh chn lp hp v sinh, ch bin phn compost, ti ch hoc t. i vi CTR cng nghip v y t, cn tp trung kt hp nhiu quy trnh cng ngh khc nhau nh cc cng ngh ph tr x l CTR cng nghip nguy hi (phn loi v x l c hc, x l ha - l), cng ngh kh khun x l CTR y t b nhim khun,... Chnh ph cng c chnh sch min thu nhp khu i vi trang thit b, nguyn vt liu phc v cho cc d n u t c s x l CTR, min gim thu thu nhp cho cc doanh nghip theo qu nh, ng thi u tin la chn cc cng ngh hon chnh trong nc c kh nng x l trit CTR v c hiu qu cao v kinh t, k thut. c bit, u tin s dng cc cng ngh x l CTR kh phn hy. - Ngy 25/05/2011, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Qu t nh s 798/Q-TTg ph duyt chng trnh u t x l CTR giai on 2011 - 2020 dnh cho cc d n u t x dng khu lin hp, c s x l CTR ti cc a phng trn c nc do cc doanh nghip, t chc kinh t trong nc thc hin vi cc mc tiu c th t ra i vi cng tc thu gom, x l, ti ch v ti s dng CTR sinh hot th, nng thn, CTR cng nghip v y t. cng l c s Vit Nam tng bc ci thin nng lc thu gom v x l CTR cc a phng. 4.2.4. Chnh sch v thu v ph BVMT i vi CTR - Cc chnh sch v thu v ph BVMT i vi CTR cng c ban hnh thng qua cc vn bn nh Ngh nh s 67/2011/N-CP5 ngy 08/8/2011 ca Chnh ph qu nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Thu bo v mi trng. v Ngh nh s 174/2007/N-CP6 ngy 29/11/2007 ca Chnh ph v ph bo v mi trng i vi CTR. - Theo Ngh nh s 67/2011/N-CP, ti nilon thuc din chu thu (ti nha) quy nh ti Khon 4 iu 3 ca Lut Thu bo v mi trng, tr bao b ng gi sn hng ha v ti nilon p ng tiu ch thn thin vi mi trng theo qu nh ca B TN&MT. tha i hnh vi ca ngi s dng, gp phn nhanh chng gim nhim mi trng t nhng hnh vi x thi ti nilon qua s dng, B Ti chnh ngh mc thu Thu BVMT vi mt hng ti nilon l 40.000 ng/kg. - Vic qu nh mc thu cao nhm lm tng gi bn, hn ch vic pht min ph ti nilon, t gim dn vic s dng, gp phn tha i hnh vi, thi quen s dng ti nilon ca ngi tiu dng, dn dn chuyn sang s dng sn phm thay th m khng nh hng n thu nhp v chi tiu ca h gia nh. - Theo Ngh nh s 174/2007/N-CP ng 29/11/2007, CTR thng thng v CTR nguy hi pht sinh t hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, dch v... (tr CTR sinh
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hot t cc h gia nh) s phi chu ph BVMT, phn ln ngun thu t ph BVMT i vi CTR s c chi cho cc hot ng qun l CTR ti a phng.
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CHNG 5: NH GI HIN TRNG THC THI PHP LUT V CHNH SCH QUN L CTR V CTNH CA NC TA 5.1. Hin trng lut v chnh sch qun l CTR - Cng tc qun l cht thi rn c th hin bng chnh sch, php lut qun l CTR c qu nh trong Lut BVMT 1994, Lut BVMT 2005, trong Chin lc Bo v mi trng quc gia n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020. C th l trong Chin lc qun l CTR ti cc th v KCN Vit Nam nm 1999, na c thay th bng Chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp CTR ti nm 2025 v tm nhn ti nm 2050.Chin lc Bo v mi trng quc gia n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020. - Cc chin lc n t ra cc mc tiu c th c ngha nh hng cho cc cng tc qun l CTR hin nay. Tuy nhin, kt qu t c trn thc t vn cn hn ch so vi yu cu ca Chin lc ra, cc mc tiu qun l CTR t ra cn gp rt nhiu kh khn trong vic trin khai thc hin cng nh hon thnh mc tiu.Theo nh gi ca Bo co mi trng quc gia hng nm, hu ht cc ch tiu bo v mi trng v CTR c xc nh trong Chin lc v trong Ngh nh s 59/2007/NCP u khng t. - V cng tc phn loi, thu gom v vn chu n CTR. Cc thnh ph p dng th nghim phn loi rc ti ngun nh TP. HCM, H Ni, Nng... thu c nhng kt qu nht nh. Tu nhin, chng trnh n vn cha c trin khai rng ri v nhiu l do nh: Cha ngun lc ti chnh mua sm trang thit b, u t c s h tng cng nh ngun nhn lc thc hin; CTR sau khi c ngi dn tin hnh phn loi ti ngun li b thu gom v ln ln vo xe vn chuyn mang n bi chn lp chung; T l ngi dn t nguyn tham gia phn loi rc ch chim khong 70%, mt s ngi tham gia cng thc hin cha tt. - Cng tc thu gom CTR th mc d ng cng c chnh quyn cc cp quan tm, t l thu gom vn cha t yu cu. Tuy t l thu gom cc th tng t 72% nm 2004 ln 80% - 82% nm 2008 v t khong 83 - 85% nm 2010 nhng vn cn khong 15 - 17% CTR th b thi b ba bi gy nhim mi trng. - Quyt nh 04/2008/Q-BXD ca B Xy dng v quy hoch xy dng a ra quy chun v t l thu gom: th c bit v loi I l 100%, th loi II> 95%, th loi III - IV > 90%, th loi V > 85%. Tnh n nay, t l thu gom ca phn ln cc th vn cha t c Quy chun ny.
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Lut v Chnh sch trong Qun l Cht thi rn v Cht thi nguy hi. Bng 3: So snh mc thc hin cc ch tiu v qun l CTR t ra n nm 2010 trong Chin lc bo v mi trng quc gia
TT
Mc tiu
Mc tiu t ra nm 2010
Mc thc hin n nm 2009 (%) Theo bo co cn b ngnh 80 82 Theo kho st mt s a phng 73,8
T l thu gom CTR sinh hot, CN v dch v cc khu th, cc KCN, KCX T l phn loi rc ti ngun: - H gia nh - Doanh nghip T l khu dn c c thng ng rc tp trung T l khu vc cng cng c thng gom rc thi CTR ti cc khu th, KCN, KCX c x l ng k thut MT T l cht thi y t cc bnh vin c x l ng k thut MT T l CSSX xy dng mi c cng ngh sch hoc thit b gim thiu nhim, x l cht thi t tiu chun MT T l cc CSSXKD c cp Giy chng nhn t tiu chun mi trng hoc Chng ch ISO 14001
90
30 70 80 80
7,3 56,19 54 64,8
3 4
60
33,17
100
90,9
100
75,24
50
6,65
(Ngun: Bo co nh gi tnh hnh thc hin Chin lc BVMT quc gia n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020. Vin Chin lc v Chnh sch TN&MT, 2011.)
- Trong thi gian qua, cc vn bn quy phm php lut v BVMT ni chung v qun l, x l CTR ni ring c ban hnh c cp Trung ng v a phng. Cc qu nh c iu chnh i vi cc vn nh qun l CTR, cht thi nguy hi;
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qu nh v ti ch; nhp khu ph liu; c s h tng qun l cht thi; quy hoch qun l CTR, quy hoch cc cng trnh x l CTR; ph v l ph qun l CTR, ch ti x pht cc hnh vi vi phm php lut v cc TCVN, QCVN v mi trng. - Th ch, chnh sch v h thng vn bn quy phm php lut trong qun l CTR nc ta d c nhng bc tin b ng ghi nhn, nhng cn cha , ng b hoc cn chng cho; cha c mt qu nh thng nht, ton din cho cng tc quy hoch qun l CTR quc gia. - Mt s chnh sch c ban hnh nhng c ch trin khai, cc vn bn hng dn vn cn thiu dn n vic trin khai khng hiu qu hoc khng th i vo thc t. Vn trin khai thc hin cha thc s pht huy hiu qu, th hin vic cha t cc ch tiu mi trng t ra. Hin na cc vn bn quy phm php lut quy nh v mt s vn c tnh then cht i vi cng tc qun l CTR (bao gm cc vn nh nhn lc, b my t chc, trnh , cc hng dn k thut...) vn cn thiu, dn n cc hot ng qun l CTR kh trin khai trong thc t, c bit i vi cng tc qun l CTNH. - Do khng c mt t chc u mi chung v qun l CTR nn cc vn bn, quy chun quy phm, qu nh v qun l CTR do nhiu B ban hnh. Hng lot cc vn cha c cc vn bn qu nh c th nh: cha c cc qu nh v danh mc CTR thng thng; qu nh v iu kin nng lc cho php cc t chc, c nhn thu gom, vn chuyn, ti ch, ti s dng, x l, tiu h CTR thng thng; qu nh thm nh cng ngh x l CTR sinh hot do nc ngoi u t. Ngoi ra, hin na cng cha c c quan chu trch nhim tp trung qun l thng tin, d liu v qun l CTR cp trung ng, cng nh cp a phng. - Thm vo , cng tc kim tra, thanh tra thc thi php lut cn nhiu hn ch, cc ch ti qu nh v x pht i vi cc hnh vi vi phm v BVMT i vi CTR cn cha sc rn e, mc thi hnh cng ch c hiu lc cha cao dn n hiu qu qun l cha p ng c yu cu t ra. - Chng cho trong h thng qun l CTR dn n chng cho khi trin khai thc hin cc chng trnh. - Trong danh mc cc chng trnh thc hin Chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp CTR, cn c theo chc nng nhim v c phn cng v CTR, cc b, ngnh u c giao ch tr thc hin cc chng trnh tng ng, c th: + Chng trnh thc y phng nga, gim thiu, ti ch, ti s dng cht thi rn v Thc y phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun do B Ti ngu n v Mi trng ch tr; + Chng trnh u t x dng cc cng trnh x l cht thi rn cp vng v X l cht thi rn sinh hot th giai on 2009 - 2020 do B Xy dng ch tr;
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+ Chng trnh tng cng qun l cht thi rn nng thn, lng ngh do B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn ch tr. + Chng trnh x l cht thi rn y t trong giai on 2009 - 2025 do B Y t ch tr.
(Ngun: Tng cc Mi trng tng hp, trch t Chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp CTR n nm 2025, tm nhn n 2050, 2011.)
5.2. Cht thi rn sinh hot - Theo Bo co mi trng quc gia 2011 Cht thi rn, Tng khi lng CTR th pht sinh vo khong 8.700 - 8.900 tn/ng , trong : + CTR xy dng (x bn) chim khong 1.200 - 1.500 tn/ngy + CTR sinh hot trung bnh t 6.200 - 6.700 tn/ngy. - c tnh t l gia tng khong 8 - 10%/nm. Trong , lng CTR th pht sinh ch yu tp trung hai th c bit l H Ni v TP.HCM: lng cht thi rn sinh hot TP.HCM khong 7.081 tn/ngy, H Ni khong 6.500 tn/ngy (TCMT, 2011). T l thu gom trung bnh cc th t 72% nm 2004 tng ln khong 80 82% nm 2008 v t khong 83 - 85% cho nm 2010. Mc d t l thu gom c tng nhng vn cn khong 15 - 17% CTR th b thi ra mi trng vt vo bi t, h t, ao h, hoc t l thin gy nhim mi trng. - Phng php x l CTR sinh hot ti cc th t loi IV tr ln trong 6 vng kinh t nc ta ang s dng ch yu l phng php chn lp. Hu ht mi th u c mt bi chn lp CTR sinh hot, ti cc th c bit l H Ni v TP.HCM u c 2 5 bi chn lp/khu x l CTR. Cc phng thc chn lp CTR hin nay ch yu l chn lp khng hp v sinh 82/98, ch c 16 bi chn lp hp v sinh (tp trung cc thnh ph ln). Cc bi thi cn li, CTR phn ln c chn lp rt s si. Bn cnh l vic s dng cc cng ngh khc ch c 9 th l thnh ph H Ch Minh; TP. H Ni; TP. Nam nh; TP. Thi Bnh; TP. Vinh; TP. Hu; TP. Phan Rang; TP. Vng Tu. Nhng nhn chung cc phng php n vn cha em li hiu qu v mt kinh t v mi trng cao nh mt s nh my ch bin phn vi sinh vi cng ngh n s nn hot ng khng c hiu qu. 5.2.1. Qun l CTR Nng - T nm 2009, thnh ph Nng cp php cho Cng t CP Mi trng Vit Nam u t d n Nh my X l CTR ti bi rc Khnh Sn. Giai on 1 u t d chuyn thit b tn thu ti ch nilon sn xut du t cng nghip PO&RO v hon thnh. Mi , Cng t CP Mi trng Vit Nam trin khai giai on 2, lp t my phn loi rc. Vi loi my ny, sau khi phn loi, nilon t dy chuyn tch lc s c ti ch thnh du, rc hu c c lm vin t cng nghip, cn li x
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bn lm gch v than hot tnh. Nu dy chuyn hot ng tt, rc thi hng ngy s c thu gom v ti ch ht v vn v qun l CTR s tr nn d dng hn. - Hin na , m hnh Thu gom rc theo gi cng ang c thnh ph p dng v pht huy hiu qu. Trc mt, m hnh n to tin hng n gii php quan trng trong chin lc qun l CTR, l phn loi rc thi ti ngun. Qua , nng cao thc bo v mi trng ca ngi dn, hu ng s tham gia ca cng ng gp phn x hi ha cng tc qun l CTR. - Ngoi u t d n Nh my X l CTR ti bi rc Khnh Sn, thnh ph cng ang phi hp vi cc t chc nc ngoi nghin cu kh thi mt s d n nh: D n X l ton din CTR nhm x l ton din CTR bng cng ngh ti ch, ti to nng lng, gim thiu chn lp vi k hoch x l di hn tm nhn n 2050; d n X l phn bn b pht nhm hng ti thu gom v x l phn bn b pht hiu qu, gim thiu chn lp v tng cng ti s dng cht thi; d n x l rc c chn lp ti bi rc Khnh Sn nhm thu hi, ti to ngun nng lng t rc thi chn lp ti bi rc Khnh Sn mi v bi rc Khnh Sn c Va qua, thng qua Trung tm Hp tc mi trng hi ngoi Nht Bn (OECC) v B Mi trng Nht Bn, thnh ph Nng c chn thc hin d n C ch tn ch chung-JCM trong lnh vc cht thi. 5.2.2. Qun l CTR Bnh Dng - CTR SH t h gia nh, khu hnh chnh, thng mi, dch v, cng cng: l cc ngun pht sinh nh ch yu trong khu dn c vi khi lng khong 1.334 tn/ngy, trong c 3% t cc khu thng mi, du lch. CTRSH t cc ngun ny sau khi thu gom c tp trung ti cc im hn, TTC hoc bi tp kt rc, sau c chuyn sang xe vn chuyn a n Khu lin hp x l CTR Nam Bnh Dng (gi l KLH). mt s a phng (hu n Bn Ct, Du Ting), CTRSH ch c cc bi rc ca huyn do on ng vn chuyn qu xa. S hin trng h thng k thut qun l CTRSH t cc ngun n c m t trong Hnh . T l thu gom cc huyn cn kh thp (< 60%), c bit, huyn Ph Gio (ch t 16%). TP. Th Du Mt v th x D An t t l thu gom cao nht (ln lt 95% v 86%).
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Hnh 2: S hin trng h thng k thut qun l CTR SH
- Ton tnh hin c 2 TTC (Tn Bnh v Thun Giao) v mt bi tp kt rc ti x Tn Hip, huyn Tn Uyn. Hnh thc x l tp trung ch yu l a CTRSH v KLH (din tch 77 ha, cng sut hin ti 500 - 580 tn/ng ) chn lp. Lng CTRSH khng chuyn v KLH c ti 4 bi rc ( p Ni t, x nh Thnh; p Bn Tranh, x Thanh An v x Thanh Tuyn, huyn Du Ting v x Long Nguyn, huyn Bn Ct). Nhng noi xa trc ng chnh, cc h dn c t vn rng thng chn hoc t CTRSH cng vi rc vn. - CTRSH t c s sn xut (CSSX): n nm 2012, ton tnh c 29 KCN v 2 CCN c cp php, trong , 26 KCN v i CCN hot ng. Kt qu kho st cho th , lng CTRSH pht sinh t 11 KCN/CCN l 130 tn/ngy. Cc cssx trong KCN/CCN t la chn v k hp ng vi cc n v thu gom. CTRSH t cc cssx ngoi KCN/CCN c X nghip/i Cng trnh Cng cng (CTCC) cc huyn thu gom nhng cha c s liu thng k. - CTRSH t c s t: Ton tnh c 123 c s y t (CS YT) cng lp, 405 CST ngoi cng lp v 2 CSYT ngnh. Tng lng CTRSH t cc CSYT khong 3,73 tn/ngy. Theo kt qu kho st 15 bnh vin v 3 trung tm y t, cng tc thu gom v vn chuyn CTRSH do 5 n v t nhn, Cng t CTT Bnh Dng, X nghip CTCC thc hin. - Nhn chung, h thng k thut qun l CTRSH trn a bn tnh hin nay c nhng nhc im chnh sau : CTRSH cha c phn loi ti ngun nn lm lng ph ngun nguyn liu ti ch, ch yu l cht hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc "sch"; Cha bo m thu gom 100% lng cht thi pht sinh; Cha c b tr TTC, dn n tnh trng khng chuyn CTRSH sau khi thu gom v KLH; Cng ngh x l ch tp trung vo chn lp nn tn t, lng ph ngun nguyn liu hu c v tng chi ph x l. Cng ngh ch bin compost, ti ch nilon, nha v cao su thnh du t cng nghip ang trong giai on chun b hot ng.
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5.2.3. Qun l cht thi rn TP.HCM Theo s liu ca S Ti nguyn - Mi trng, mi ng trn a bn TP.H Ch Minh ra khong 5.800 - 6.200 tn rc thi sinh hot, 500 - 700 tn cht thi rn cng nghip, 150 - 200 tn cht thi nguy hi, 9 - 12 tn cht thi rn y t. Ngun cht thi rn sinh hot chim t trng cao nht, ch yu pht sinh t cc ngun: h gia nh, trng hc, ch, nh hng, khch sn (Hong Th Kim Chi, 2009).
--------: Quan h gin tip : Quan h trc tip

Hnh 3: H thng qun l nh nc v CTR th ti Tp. H Ch Minh
- M hnh t chc qun l CTR th ti Tp. H Ch Minh cho thy nhng hiu qu tt. Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin Mi trng th (gi tt l URENCO) trc thuc UBND Thnh ph. Hin nay, UBND Thnh ph thc hin vic ch o trc tip v iu phi hot ng cng nh s phi hp gia URENCO, S TN&MT (Phng Qun l CTR) v cc Cng t cng ch. Nh vy, c th thy cng tc v sinh mi trng th ni chung v qun l CTR th ni ring c a v tp trung vo mt u mi. V v , cng tc iu phi v qun l CTR c thng nht v hiu qu. iu n c th hin qua t l thu gom v x l CTR th ca Tp. H Ch Minh trong nhng nm qua lun t 95%. l mt trong s t a phng c t l thu gom v x l CTR hp v sinh cao nht trong c nc.(Ngun: S TN&MT Tp. H Ch Minh, 2011.) 5.2.4. Qun l cht thi rn th ng Bng sng Hng - Tng lng cht thi rn ton khu vc khong 14.500 tn/ng m, trong lng cht thi rn sinh hot ti th chim khong 58%, cht thi rn nng thn
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chim 42%. Hin vic x l cht thi rn ch yu da vo chn lp. Tuy nhin ch c mt s t bi chn lp trong vng l BCL hp v sinh. - Vng ng bng Sng Hng c iu kin a hnh t nhin thp, ma ma thng c ngu c ngp ng, l lt. Vn mi trng do rc thi l rt nghim trng. 5.3. Cht thi rn cng nghip - Theo V qun l cc Khu kinh t thuc B KH&T, mi ng cc KCN thi ra tng ng khong gn 3 triu tn mi nm, trong 3 vng Kinh t trng im chim khong 80% tng lng CTR cng nghip, cao nht l Khu kinh t trng im pha Nam, 3.437 tn/ng (2009). 5.3.1. Pht thi cht thi rn cng nghip - Tnh n cui nm 2008 c nc c 167 khu cng nghip. Theo V Qun l cc Khu kinh t thuc B KH&T, mi ngy cc KCN Vit Nam hin nay thi ra khong 8.000 tn CTR, tng ng khong gn 3 triu tn CTR mi nm. Tu nhin, lng CTR ang tng ln cng vi vic gia tng t l lp y cc KCN. - Theo kt qu tnh d bo, tng pht thi CTR t cc KCN nm 2015 s vo khong 6-7,5 triu tn/nm, v t 9,0-13,5 triu tn nm vo nm 2020. Theo nh gi ca cc chuyn gia, thnh phn cht thi rn KCN c th tha i theo hng gia tng cht thi nguy hi. Kt qu ca qu trnh gia tng mc cng nghip ha v s dng ha cht ngy cng cao.
Bng 4: c tnh v d bo CTR cc KCN ca Vit Nam n 2020
5.3.2. Cng tc x l - i vi CTR t cc KCN: C nhiu hnh thc ti ch cht thi, phn ln CTR ca KCN c phn loi, lm sch ch bin thnh nguyn liu cho sn xut ti ch. Mt s hnh thc khc l ch bin CTR thnh phn hu c thnh phn bn vi sinh, sn xut nhin liu v t pht in... - Trong ngnh cng nghip giy, phn ln s dng cng ngh tun hon nc thu hi bt giy, gim lng thi v ti s dng nc tun hon. Trong cng nghip
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luyn kim, phn ln cc CTR di dng x c tn thu, ti ch thu hi kim loi, lm vt liu xy dng. Vit Nam cha pht trin cc cng ngh ch bin cc cht thi vn phng, nh m in, cc hp mc, cc loi pin nng lng... - Sn phm ti ch CTR cng nghip c nhiu loi. Phn ln trong s l ngu n liu u vo ca sn xut cng nghip nh giy, ht nha, kim loi (nh ch, ng, vng, bc,...), cc ha cht, nguyn liu t (cc vin nng lng, nhin liu sinh hc). Mt s CTR c quay vng ti s dng nga nh chai thy tinh, chi tit in t. S khc c ch bin thnh sn phm mi nh phn vi sinh, du thi thnh du t, cc sn phm t nha, cc dung mi. CTR cn c s dng lm ngun cung cp kh mtan, t pht in.i vi CTR trong khai thc khong sn ni chung: Chin lc Bo v mi trng quc gia ph du t chng trnh hon ngu n mi trng cc vng khai thc khong sn. - ThS. Dng Xun ip: Mc d c cp trong nhiu ni dung chin lc v cc qu nh php lut lin quan, song hot ng qun l cht thi rn cng nghip vn tn ti khng t bt cp do mt s nguyn nhn. - Ngu n nhn trc tin thuc v vn qun l. l mt trong nhng lnh vc c s tham gia qun l ca nhiu B, ngnh, trc tip l B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, B Cng thng, B Xy dng. iu ny dn ti phn tn, chng cho, lm gim hiu qu qun l. c bit, cp a phng, theo Ngh nh 81/2007/N-CP, chc nng qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng ni chung (bao gm qun l cht thi) c giao cho S Ti ngu n v Mi trng, tuy nhin theo Ngh nh s 13/2008/N-CP, chc nng qun l nh nc v cht thi rn li c chuyn sang S Xy dng. V vy, mi a phng, chc nng qun l cht thi rn c giao cho nhng n v khc nhau. - Vn th hai nm hn ch v mt ti chnh. Mc d ngun vn u t cho hot ng n kh a dng (c trch t ngun ngn sch nh nc hng nm, ngun thu t ph bo v mi trng v ph v sinh mi trng), song mc chi cho hot ng li tng i nh. - V cng tc thanh, kim tra, do lc lng mng, thiu trang thit b nn hiu qu cng cha t nh mong mun. Mc d hng nm, cc c qun qun l v bo v mi trng t cp Trung ng n a phng u t chc thanh, kim tra tnh hnh tun th qu nh php lut bo v mi trng ni chung v cng tc qun l cht thi rn ni ring, nhng khng nhiu vi phm ln lin quan n hot ng ny b pht hin. - Ngoi cc vn nu trn, vic nhiu doanh nghip cha c thc trong vic tun th cc qu nh v bo v mi trng cng l mt trong nhng nhn t lm gia tng bt cp trong cng tc qun l cht thi rn cng nghip.
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5.4. Cht thi rn y t Theo iu tra ca B Y t nm 2009 2010, tng lng pht thi CTR Y t ca c nc khong 100 140 tn/ng , trong c 16 30 tn l CTR Y t ngu hi. Khi lng CTR t ngu hi c x l t tiu chun ch chim 68%, CTR t x l khng t tiu chun (32%) l ngu n nhn g nhim mi trng v nh hng sc khe cng ng. Ti TP.HCM, khi lng thu gom, x l CTR t trong nm 2012 l 5.809.637 kg/nm. T l thu gom, x l cht thi y t pht sinh ti cc bnh vin, cc trung tm ln c thu gom 100%; Ring cc phng khm nh l thu gom trc tip ng tu n t 85-90%, cn 10-15% thi b chung vi cht thi rn sinh hot. Cng ngh x l cht thi rn y t hin nay Tp. HCM ch u l cng ngh t tiu hy. Trong nm 2012, thnh ph tng cng sut tip nhn x l cht thi rn y t ln 32 tn/ngy bao gm: l t 4 tn/ng (ang i tu) v 7 tn/ngy hot ng ti Bnh Hng Ho (Bnh Tn) v 21 tn/ngy ti cng trng ng Thnh (Hc Mn).
Bng 5: Lng CTR y t mt s th Vit Nam
(Ngun: bo co hin trng mi trng cc a phng 2006-2010, s TNMT cc a phng.)
5.4.1. Thng k mc phn loi, thu gom cht thi trong cc bnh vin - C 95,6% bnh vin thc hin phn loi cht thi trong 91,1% s dng dng c tch ring vt sc nhn. Theo bo co kim tra ca cc tnh v nhn xt ca on kim tra lin B, cn c hin tng phn loi nhm cht thi, mt s loi cht thi thng thng c a vo cht thi y t nguy hi g tn km trong vic x l.
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C 63,6% s dng ti nha lm bng nha PE, PP. Ch c 29,3% s dng ti c thnh d theo ng qu ch. - Cht thi y t c cha trong cc thng ng cht thi. Tu nhin, cc bnh vin c cc mc p ng yu cu khc nhau, ch c mt s t bnh vin c thng ng cht thi theo ng qu ch (bnh vin trung ng v bnh vin tnh).Hu ht cc bnh vin (90,9%) CTR c thu gom hng ng , mt s bnh vin c din tch cht hp nn gp kh khn trong vic thit k li i ring vn chuyn cht thi. Ch c 53% s bnh vin cht thi c vn chuyn trong xe c np . C 53,4% bnh vin c ni lu gi cht thi c mi che, trong c 45,3% t yu cu theo quy ch qun l cht thi y t. (Ngun: t qu ho st 834 bnh vin ca Vin hc Lao ng v V sinh Mi trng nm 2006 v bo co ca cc t t cc a phng t 2007-2009)
Hnh 4: Biu pht sinh cht thi rn y t nguy hi theo cc vng kinh t (Ngun: Cc hm ch a bnh, B t; Vin in tr c, uy hoch th v nng thn, B X y dng, 2010)
5.4.2. Cng tc x l cht thi rn y t nguy hi - Cng tc x l CTR t nguy hi ti 7 vng trong c ncVng ng bng sng Hng c 244 c s khm cha bnh cp a phng trong 98 c s c trang b l t CTR t (chim 40%), s l t cn hot ng tt l 63 (chim 64%). i vi cc c s y t cha c trang b l t, hoc l t khng hot ng, CTR y t nguy hi x l tp trung ti khu x l CTR chung. C 8/11 tnh ca vng b tr x l CTR t ti khu x l CTR chung, s c s y t cp a phng x l ti khu x l tp trung chim 65%. Ti 3 tnh Bc Ninh, H Nam v Vnh Phc 100% CTR t x l phn tn ti cc bnh vin.
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- Vng ng Bc v T Bc Bc B c 209 c s khm cha bnh cp a phng 93 c s c trang b l t CTR t (chim hn 44%), s l t cn hot ng tt l 42 (chim trn 45%). C 9/15 tnh ca vng b tr x l CTR t ti khu x l CTR chung ca tnh v thnh ph. Ch c 31 c s y t x l ti cc khu x l CTR chung, tng ng gn 15%. Mt s tnh c khu vc x l CTR t chung nhng rt t c s vn chuyn n nh Cao Bng, Bc Kn Phn ln CTR y t cc tnh nh Bc Kn, in Bin, Lai Chu, Sn La... c x l ti ch, khng t yu cu. - Vng Bc Trung B v Du n hi min Trung c 236 c s khm cha bnh cp a phng trong 168 c s c trang b l t CTR t (chim 50%), s l t cn hot ng tt l 79 (chim 47%). C 12/14 tnh b tr x l CTR t ti khu x l CTR chung ca tnh; 47% s c s y t x l ti khu x l ti khu x l CTR tp trung. i vi bnh vin tu n Trung ng tp trung ti Nng th 100% CTR t nguy hi c a v l t CTR ti khu x l Khnh Sn. - Vng T Ngu n c 32/74 c s khm cha bnh cp a phng trang b l t CTR t (43 %), trong 23 l cn hot ng tt (chim 72%). Vi 4/5 tnh b tr x l CTR t ti khu x l CTR chung ca tnh v thnh ph. 38 c s (51%) x l ti khu x l CTR tp trung.Vng ng Nam B c 34/100 c s khm cha bnhcp a phng c trang b l t CTR t (chim 34%), trong c 7 l t hot ng tt (20%). - Ti Tp. H Ch Minh 100% CTR y t nguy hi c a v l t CTR ca thnh ph. Vng ng bng sng Cu Long c 110/164 c s khm bnh cp a phng (chim 67%), s l t hot ng tt l 64 l (58%). C 10/13 tnh b tr x l CTR y t ti khu x l CTR chung ca tnh v thnh ph. Vi 74 c s (45%) s c s x l ti khu x l CTR tp trung. (Ngun: Quy hoch tng th h thng l CTR y t nguy hi n nm 2025 - B Xy dng, 2010.) 5.4. Nhn xt, nh gi Tu c nhiu bc chuyn bin, nhng hin nay cng tc qun l cht thi rn nc ta vn cn nhiu vn bt cp, theo Dng Xun Dip cc vn cn tn ti: - Th ch, chnh sch cha han thin, cha thc thi - Phn cng, phn nhim cn phn tn, chng cho v nhiu l hng - Quy hoch qun l cht thi kh thc hin - Cc doanh nghip ca nh nc cha c h tr, u t - Cng nghx l, ti ch, ti s dng CTR cn lc hu, cha ph hp vi iu kin VN - Thanh tra, kim tra, x l vi phm cha ngn chn c tnh hnh vi phm php lut v qun l CTR
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- u t ti chnh cn thiu, cha cn i - Nhn thc ca cng ng cn thp - Hp tc quc t cha pht hu c vai tr, hiu qu;
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CHNG 6: KT LUN V KIN NGH 6.1. Kt lun 6.1.1. H thng php lut - Trong thi gian qua, cc vn bn lut v chnh sch trong qun l CTR c ban hnh c cp Trung ng v a phng. Cc qu nh c iu chnh i vi cc vn nh qun l CTR, cht thi nguy hi; qu nh v ti ch; nhp khu ph liu; c s h tng qun l cht thi; quy hoch qun l CTR, quy hoch cc cng trnh x l CTR; ph v l ph qun l CTR, ch ti x pht cc hnh vi vi phm php lut v cc TCVN, QCVN v mi trng. - Ngh nh s 59/2007/NCP ng 09/04/2007 qu nh v qun l cht thi rn. - Thng t 12/2011/TT-BTNMT (thay th Thng t 12/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006) qu nh v qun l CTNH qu nh r trch nhim ca t chc, c nhn torng hot ng qun l CTNH (ch ngun thi, ch hnh ngh qun l CTNH, ch ti s dng, c quan nh nc); v iu kin hnh ngh qun l CTNH (sau vit tt l QLCTNH); th tc lp h s, ng k ch ngun thi CTNH, cp php hnh ngh, m s QLCTNH; vn chuyn xuyn bin gii CTNH. Thng t n hng dn chi tit cc iu khon, l thng t theo hng m gip t chc v c nhn d dng thc hin. - Ngh nh 117/2009/N-CP v x l vi phm trong lnh vc mi trng, vi mc pht kh cao nhng khung hnh pht cn chung chung, cha bao qut ht tt c cc i tng trong x hi. Ngh nh 179/2013/N-CP c hiu lc t ngy 30/12/2013 qu nh chi tit v a dng v khung hnh pht v mc pht cng cao hn nhiu. - Trong nhiu nm qua, ng v nh nc ta c nhiu chnh sch u t, pht trin trong cng tc qun l CTR, c th nh: + Chnh sch p dng c ch qun l 3R (Gim thiu, Ti s dng, ti ch), u tin khuyn khch hot ng ti ch ph liu nhm gim lng CTR phi a i chn lp, tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin, c bit l din tch s dng t quy hoch xy dng bi chn lp. Tu nhin chnh sch n cha c coi l thnh cng, n mi ch trin khai bc u v th im mt s a phng. + Chnh sch v x hi ha qun l cht thi rn sinh hot: X hi ha trong cng tc qun l CTR ti cc tnh/thnh ph bt u c a vo trong cc vn bn a phng v cng tc qun l CTR. Khuyn khch x hi ha i vi cc hot ng trong lnh vc bo v mi trng; khuyn khch mi t chc, c nhn trong v ngoi nc tham gia u t, x dng h thng thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cht thi rn, cc cng trnh ph tr thng qua cc chnh sch u i, h tr u t...
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+ Chnh sch pht trin cng nghip v cng ngh x l CTR: Min thu nhp khu i vi trang thit b, nguyn vt liu phc v cho cc d n u t c s x l CTR, la chn cng ngh x l CTR ti Vit Nam s c pht trin theo hng gim thiu ti a lng rc thi chn lp v tng cng t l ti ch, ti s dng. + Chnh sch v thu v ph BVMT i vi CTR: Ngh nh s 67/2011/N-CP5 ngy 08/8/2011 ca Chnh ph qu nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Thu bo v mi trng (mc thu Thu BVMT vi mt hng ti nilon l 40.000 ng/kg). v Ngh nh s 174/2007/N-CP6 ngy 29/11/2007 ca Chnh ph v ph bo v mi trng i vi CTR. 6.1.2. Cng tc qun l CTR - nh gi hin trng cng tc qun l CTR mt s thnh ph ln nc ta, cho thy t l thu gom cht thi th cao nht; cng tc phn loi CTR cn hn ch tt c cc a phng, Tp H Ch Minh, t l thu gom trung bnh khu vc th nm 2010 t khong 83-85%, trong t l cht thi chn lp 76-82% (50% chn lp hp v sinh) cn t l ti ch t t 10- 12%. - Theo nh gi ca Bo co mi trng quc gia hng nm, hu ht cc ch tiu bo v mi trng v CTR c xc nh trong Chin lc v trong Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP u khng t. 6.1.2. Hn ch trong h thng lut v chnh sch v cng tc qun l CTR - Gia cc B, ngnh, cha c s phn cng, phn nhim c th, chng cho v cha c 1 u mi kt ni gia cc B ngnh khc nhau. - Quy hoch qun l cht thi cha st thc t, cn mang tnh l thuyt, kh thc hin. Nh nc c chnh sch khuyn khch cc doanh nghip tham gia u t cng ngh x l theo hnh thc, cha thc s c hiu qu, DN tip cn vi chnh sch cn gp nhiu kh khn, cc th tc hnh chnh phin phc, mt s DN li dng chnh sch la chn cng ngh x l, ti ch, ti s dng CTR lc hu, khng ph hp vi iu kin nc ta. - Cng tc x hi ha ton dn bo v mi trng cn mang tnh phong tro mt s a phng. - Hot ng thanh tra, kim tra, x l vi phm cha ngn chn c tnh hnh vi phm php lut v hot ng qun l CTR. 6.2. Kin ngh - Hon thin php lut qun l cht thi rn thng thng da trn quan im ca ng v Nh nc v BVMT. Nhm gi cho mi trng trong lnh, sch p, ci thin mi trng, m bo cn bng sinh thi, ngn chn, khc phc cc hu qu xu
HVTH: Nhm 1
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do con ngi v thin nhin g ra cho mi trng; khai thc, s dng hp l v tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin. - Hon thin php lut qun l cht thi rn thng thng da trn c s cc iu kin v kinh t - x hi Vit Nam. - Xy dng php lut v qun l CTRTT phi ph hp vi c ch qun l kinh t, x hi ca tng a phng; trn c s thc trng php lut v thc trng p dng php lut qun l cht thi rn Vit Nam. Cc vn bn php lut cn phi xc nh r quyn v trch nhim ca cc t chc, c nhn c lin quan trong vic qun l CTR. C mi lin h rng buc gia c quan nh nc, ch ngun thi v ch hnh ngh qun l CTNH. - Nh nc cn tng cng u t c s vt cht, trang thit b, p dng cng ngh, k thut hin i trong hot ng thu gom, vn chuyn, x l cht thi, nng cao cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn, x l, tiu hu , tng bc hin i ho cng ngh k thut tuy nhin cn phi xem xt kha cnh cng ngh k thut c ph hp vi kinh t ca nc ta hay khng? - p dng cng c kinh t, ch ti x pht hp l, c tnh rn e cao di vi t chc, c nhn c hnh vi vi phm trong lnh vc qun l cht thi. - Tng cng h thng thanh tra mi trng c v nhn lc v trnh chuyn mn, t chc o to chuyn su v nghip v cng nh php lut i ng cn b thanh tra mi trng c nng lc, trnh thc thi hiu qu cng tc kim sot vic thc hin cc qu nh php lut v qun l cht thi. Kin ton t chc v to iu kin Cnh st Mi trng cc cp hot ng c hiu qu. - Thc hin x hi ha tn dn BVMT bng hnh thc tuyn truyn, vn ng, gio dc php lut cho cng ng dn c. Trc ht: Phi tng cng s lnh o ca ng v chnh quyn cc cp; kin ton, cng c v n nh b my cn b lm cng tc bo v mi trng t tnh n c s nng cao hiu lc v hiu qu trong cng tc bo v mi trng ca a phng. Th hai: Tng cng v i mi cng tc tuyn truyn, gio dc to s chuyn bin v nhn thc v hnh ng ca cp ng, chnh quyn, Mt trn T quc, cc on th, cn b, ng vin v cc tng lp nhn dn v cng tc bo v mi trng trong c hot ng qun l CTR. Th ba: y mnh x hi ha cng tc bo v mi trng; tng u t v s dng ng mc ch, hiu qu cc ngun chi cho cng tc bo v mi trng ca a phng. - Tng cng hp tc quc t, thu ht ngun vn, cng ngh hin i ph hp vi tnh hnh nc ta.
HVTH: Nhm 1
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TI LIU THAM KHO 1. B Ti ngu n v Mi trng, 2011. Thng t s 12/2011/TT-BTNMT ngy 14/4/2011 uy nh v qun l cht thi nguy hi. 2. B Ti ngu n v Mi trng, 2011. Bo co Mi trng Quc gia 2011 Cht thi rn. H Ni. 3. B Xy dng, 2010. Quy hoch tng th h thng l CTR y t nguy hi n nm 2025. 4. Chnh Ph, 2007. Nghi nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 09 thng 4 nm 2007 Ngh nh v qun l cht thi rn. 5. Chnh Ph, 2013. Ngh nh s 179/2013/N-CP ngy 14/11/2013 v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng. 6. Trn Th M Diu, Hunh Ngc Phng Mai, V Th Kim Dip v To Mnh Qun. Nghin cu n ng cao hiu qu qun l cht thi rn sinh hot trn a bn tnh Bnh Dng. Chi cc BVMT Bnh Dng, Trung tm Cng ngh v Qun l mi trng ETM Center. 7. Dng Xun ip, 2012. Qun l Cht thi rn Vit Nam: Thc trng, bt cp chnh sch v mt s nh hng cho Lut BVMT sa i. Vin Khoa hc Qun l Mi trng. 8. Lu Vit Hng, 2009. Php lut v qun l cht thi rn thng thng ti Vit Nam. Trng i hc Lut Tp. HCM. 9. Trn Nht Minh, 2009. Php lut qun l cht thi rn trong thi k hi nhp. Trng i hc Lut Tp. HCM. 10. Nguyn Minh Phng, 2012. nh gi hin trng v xut cc nh hng qun l cht thi rn ti thnh ph Nng. Trung tm nghin cu ti nguyn v mi trng. 11. L Th Bch Thy, 2012. nh gi tnh hnh qun l cht thi nguy hi Vit Nam v xut gii php ph hp hon thin v th ch chnh sch qun l cht thi nguy hi Vit Nam. Trung tm nghin cu ti ngu n v mi trng. 12. Tng cc Mi trng, 2011. Chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp CTR n nm 2025, tm nhn n 2050. 13. Vin Nghin cu lp php, 2013. Kinh nghim mt s nc trn th gii trong xy dng php lut v bo v mi trng. NXB H Ni. 14. L Hong Vit, Nguyn V Chu Ngn, Nguyn Xun Hong v Nguyn Phc Thanh, 2011. Qun l tng hp Cht thi rn Cch tip cn mi cho cng tc Bo v mi trng. Tp ch Khoa hc 2011:20a 39-50.
HVTH: Nhm 1
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Luật và chính sách trong chính sách quản lý CTR

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Thi gian ban hnh 2005 2010 2003

2002 2007 2009 2011

2010 2010 2010

7,3 56,19 54 64,8

Hnh 2: S hin trng h thng k thut qun l CTR SH

--------: Quan h gin tip : Quan h trc tip

(Ngun: bo co hin trng mi trng cc a phng 2006-2010, s TNMT cc a phng.)

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