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MC LC LI NI U...........................................................................................................................1 DANH MC T VIT TT ...................................................................................................2 PHN A: L THUYT............................................................................................................3 Chng 1: XY DNG C S D LIU BN ...........................................................3 1.1. MT S KHI NIM C BN....................................................................................3 1.1.1.

. Khi nim bn .....................................................................................................3 1.1.2. Bn a chnh c s .............................................................................................3 1.1.3. Bn a chnh.......................................................................................................3 1.1.4. Bn a hnh ........................................................................................................5 1.1.5. Bn hin trng s dng t..................................................................................5 1.2. H QUY CHIU V H TO QUC GIA ...........................................................6 1.2.1. Qu trnh xy dng h quy chiu v h to Quc gia .........................................7 1.2.2. Cc yu cu ca mt h Quy chiu Quc gia...........................................................8 1.2.3. H Quy chiu v h to quc gia VN-2000 ........................................................9 1.3. H THNG NH V TON CU .............................................................................10 1.3.1. Gii thiu................................................................................................................10 1.3.2. Cu trc c bn ca h thng GPS.........................................................................11 1.3.3. Nguyn l nh v GPS ..........................................................................................12 1.3.4. Thnh lp bn bng cng ngh GPS .................................................................13 1.4. C S D LIU BN S ....................................................................................14 1.4.1. Khi nim bn s ...............................................................................................14 1.4.2. Cc loi d liu v m hnh c bn ca bn s .................................................14 1.4.3. c im bn s ................................................................................................15 1.4.4. T chc d liu bn s ......................................................................................16 1.4.5. Xut nhp d liu bn s ...................................................................................16 1.5. CC PHNG PHP THNH LP BN S ....................................................17 1.5.1. Thnh lp bn t s liu o c ........................................................................17 1.5.2. S ho bn .........................................................................................................17 1.5.3. Thnh lp bn t nh vin thm ........................................................................19 CU HI N TP CHNG 1.........................................................................................24 Chng 2: M HNH D LIU BN .........................................................................25 2.1. KHI NIM M HNH D LIU ..............................................................................25 2.2. NI DUNG CA M HNH D LIU ......................................................................25 2.3. M HNH D LIU VECTOR SPAGHETTI.............................................................25 2.3.1. Thng tin v v tr khng gian................................................................................26 2.3.2. Thng tin v quan h khng gian...........................................................................27 2.3.3. Thng tin v thuc tnh ..........................................................................................27 2.4. M HNH D LIU VECTOR TOPOLOGY .............................................................27

2.4.1. Thng tin v v tr khng gian................................................................................27 2.4.2. Thng tin v quan h khng gian..........................................................................28 2.4.3. Thng tin v thuc tnh ..........................................................................................30 2.5. X L THNG TIN BN TRONG C S D LIU BN .......................30 2.5.1. Cc bi ton x l thng tin bn .......................................................................30 2.5.2. Cc thut ton x l thng tin bn ....................................................................30 CU HI N TP CHNG 2.........................................................................................32 Chng 3:CHUN HO D LIU BN .....................................................................33 3.1. CHUN HO BN A CHNH .........................................................................33 3.1.1. Chun ho d liu bn .......................................................................................34 3.1.2. Chun v th hin i tng bn ......................................................................39 3.1.3. Chun v khun dng (Format) d liu (Format Data Standard) ..........................41 3.1.4. Chun ho MetaData..............................................................................................42 3.1.5. Bn a chnh s ................................................................................................43 3.2. CHUN HO BN A HNH............................................................................44 3.2.1. Quy nh chung ......................................................................................................44 3.2.2. Phn lp v ni dung bn a hnh s. ..............................................................44 3.2.3. Quy nh cc chun c s ......................................................................................46 3.2.4. Quy nh v ghi l lch bn . ..............................................................................47 3.2.5. Quy nh v kim tra v nghim thu......................................................................47 3.2.6. Quy nh hon thin v giao np sn phm ...........................................................48 3.3. CHUN HO BN HIN TRNG S DNG T..........................................48 3.3.1. Quy nh chung v Bn hin trng s dng t dng s ...................................48 3.3.2. Ni dung ca Bn hin trng s dng t dng s ............................................50 3.3.3 Quy nh v cc tp chun ......................................................................................50 3.3.4. Quy nh v sai s v chnh xc ca d liu bn HTSD dng s ..............50 3.3.5. Quy nh s ha v bin tp bn hin trng s dng t dng s: ....................51 3.3.6. Quy nh v kim tra, nghim thu bn hin trng s dng t dng s ............53 3.4. K THUT S HO BN A CHNH, BN A HNH.........................54 3.4.1. Quy nh v ti liu dng s ho.......................................................................54 3.4.2. Quy nh v phng php s ho...........................................................................54 3.4.3.Quy nh v sai s v chnh xc ca d liu bn s ho ...............................54 CU HI N TP CHNG 3.........................................................................................56 Chng 4: H THNG PHN MM CHUN LP BN .........................................57 4.1. PHN MM MICROSTATION ..................................................................................57 4.1.1. Gii thiu................................................................................................................57 4.1.2. T chc d liu ca MicroStation..........................................................................57 4.1.3. Giao din trong MicroStation.................................................................................58 4.1.4. S dng chut trong MicroStaton ..........................................................................59 4.1.4. Ca s quan st VIEW ...........................................................................................60 ii

4.1.5. Thanh cun Scroll bar ............................................................................................60 4.1.6. Bng cc thuc tnh hin th ...................................................................................60 4.1.7. Cc ch h tr truy bt im (Snap) .................................................................60 4.1.8. iu khin lp........................................................................................................61 4.1.9. S dng Fence........................................................................................................61 4.1.10. File tham chiu (Reference File)..........................................................................61 4.2. THNH LP BN A CHNH BNG PHN MM FAMIS...........................57 4.2.1. Chc nng lm vic vi c s d liu tr o ..........................................................63 4.2.2. Chc nng lm vic vi c s d liu bn a chnh ........................................65 4.3. H THNG PHN MM MAPPING OFFICE...........................................................67 CU HI N TP CHNG 4.........................................................................................69 PHN B: BI TP THC HNH.......................................................................................70 BI S 1: CC LNH V C BN CA MICROSTATION..............................................71 BI S 2: CC LNH BIN TP BN CA MICROSTATION.................................76 BI S 3: XY DNG BN A CHNH BNG PHN MM FAMIS.....................80 BI S 4: BIN TP BN A CHNH.........................................................................85 BI S 5: S HO BN BNG MICROSTATION V MAPPING OFFICE.............91 BI S 6: BIN TP BN CHUYN ......................................................................97 BI S 7: IN N BN ...................................................................................................102 PHN PH LC ..................................................................................................................105 TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................................127

iii

LI NI U
Ngy nay, cng vi s pht trin ca cc ngnh in t, tin hc, s pht trin ca phn cng ln phn mm my tnh, cc thit b o c, ghi t ng, cc loi my in, my v c cht lng cao khng ngng c hon thin. Cng ngh thng tin thc s thm nhp vo mi lnh vc i sng x hi, c bit l trong lnh vc qun l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin t ai. S ra i ca h thng thng tin a l (GIS), h thng thng tin t ai (LIS), h thng nh v ton cu (GPS) v Vin thm (RS) to mt bc ngot chuyn t phng thc o v, x l, qun l th cng trc y sang mt phng thc mi, qun l, x l d liu trn my tnh. Bi ging mn hc Tin hc ng dng v bn c xy dng nhm truyn ti nhng kin thc c bn v p dng cc cng ngh hin i, c bit l cng ngh thng tin cho sinh vin khoa Ti nguyn v Mi trng, Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni. Bi ging ny c bin son theo cng mn hc Tin hc ng dng v bn ca khoa Ti nguyn v Mi trng, trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni. Bi ging nhm trang b cho sinh vin cc kin thc c bn v bn s, cc phng php thnh lp bn s, t chc d liu, cu trc d liu bn s v chun ha d liu bn s. Trn c s , sinh vin c th vn dng vo cng tc thnh lp bn theo ng quy trnh, quy phm ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng. Trong qu trnh bin son cun bi ging ny, chng ti c nhiu c gng tuy nhin do trnh v thi gian c hn nn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Chng ti rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp t cc ng nghip, sinh vin v bn c. Mi kin ng gp xin gi v: B mn Trc a bn v Thng tin a l, Khoa Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng Trng i hc Nng Nghip H Ni, Tru Qu - Gia Lm H Ni. T/M cc tc gi Trn Quc Vinh

DANH MC T VIT TT
BC CADDB CSDL ESRI EOS ETM FAMIS GIS GPS HRVIR KT-VH-XH LIS MDL NASA RS TM TN&MT UTM WGS ASTER Bn a chnh Cadastral Document Database Management System C s d liu Environmental Systems Research Institute Earth Observing System Enhanced Thematic Mapper Field work And cadastral Mapping Intergrated Software Geographical Information System Global Positioning System High Resolution Visible Imaging System Kinh t - Vn ho X hi Land Information System MicroStation Development Language National Aeronautics and Space Administration Remote Sensing Thematic Mapper Ti nguyn v mi trng Universal Transverse Mercator World Geodetic System Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer

PHN L THUYT
Chng 1

XY DNG C S D LIU BN
Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca khoa hc k thut, ngnh xy dng bn cng pht trin vt bc v c nhiu thnh tu to ln. Bn giy dn c thay th bng bn s cng ngh cao, vi y nhng thng tin cn thit v chnh xc. Ngy nay, bn l cng c khng th thiu trong nhiu lnh vc ca khoa hc v i sng kinh t x hi, c bit l trong qun l ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng. Tuy nhin, qu trnh xy dng h thng c s d liu bn li l mt qu trnh lu di, i hi c s u t ln v kinh t v k thut. gip ngi c hiu r hn v qu trnh ny, chng ny gii thiu khi qut nhng khi nim c bn v mt s loi bn thng dng trong ngnh a chnh nc ta, sau i su vo nhng vn lin quan n xy dng c s d liu bn , bao gm qu trnh xy dng h quy chiu v h to quc gia; p dng h thng nh v ton cu; bn s, t chc d liu bn s v cc phng php xy dng bn s t s liu o, s ho bn , v t nh vin thm. 1.1. MT S KHI NIM C BN 1.1.1. Khi nim bn Bn l l s biu th thu gn ca b mt tri t hay b mt ca thin th khc trn mt mt phng theo nhng quy tc ton hc nht nh. Mi bn c xy dng theo mt quy lut ton hc nht nh, biu th t l, php chiu, b cc... ca bn Ni dung th hin ca bn ph thuc vo mc ch, c im v tr, t l bn . Phn loi bn : C nhiu cch phn bn khc nhau nh phn loi theo i tng th hin (bn a l v bn thin vn), phn loi theo ni dung( bn a l ni chung v bn chuyn ), phn loi theo t l, phn loi theo mc ch s dng, phn loi theo lnh th... 1.1.2. Bn a chnh c s Bn a chnh c s l bn gc c o v bng cc phng php o v trc tip thc a, o v bng phng php s dng nh chp t my bay kt hp vi o v b sung thc a hay c thnh lp trn c s bin tp, bin v t bn a hnh cng t l. Bn a chnh c s c o v kn ranh gii hnh chnh v kn khung, mnh bn . Bn a chnh c s l ti liu c bn bin tp, bin v v o v b sung thnh lp bn a chnh theo n v hnh chnh c s x, phng, th trn th hin hin trng v tr, din tch, hnh th v loi t ca cc tha c tnh n nh lu di. 1.1.3. Bn a chnh Bn a chnh l bn c o v trc tip hoc bin tp, bin v t bn a chnh c s theo tng n v hnh chnh x, phng, th trn (gi chung l cp x). Bn a chnh c o v b sung o v trn vn cc tha t, xc nh cc loi t theo ch tiu thng k ca tng ch s dng t trong mi mnh bn v c hon chnh ph hp vi s liu trong h s a chnh. Bn a chnh l loi bn t l ln v t l trung bnh, c thnh lp theo n v hnh chnh x, phng, th trn. qun l c t ai, chng ta phi c c bn a chnh, h s a chnh, giy chng nhn quyn s dng t. Ton b cc t liu ny phi phn nh tha t vi y 4 yu t: - Yu t t nhin ca tha t nh v tr, hnh dng, kch thc, cht lng t - Yu t x hi ca tha t nh ch s dng t, ch s dng t, qu trnh bin ng t ai 3

- Yu t kinh t tha t nh gi t, thu t, li nhun do kinh t mang li, gi tr cc cng trnh trn t - Yu t php l tha t nh cc vn bn giy t xc nh quyn s dng, xc nhn quy hoch Mt s yu t trn c ghi nhn trong h s a chnh, mt s yu t khc c th hin trn bn a chnh. Bn a chnh l cng c qun l t ai, trn ghi nhn cc yu t t nhin ca tha t v quan h vi cc yu t a l khc trong khu vc. Ngoi ra nhm mc ch lin h vi h s a chnh ngi ta cn th hin tn ch s dng t, loi t v mt s yu t quy hach s dng t. Trc y, ngi ta thnh lp bn a chnh cho tng khu vc nh theo ta a phng. Lc ny trn h thng bn a chnh tng khu vc th hin c mi quan h t ai v mt t nhin cp a phng, vic qun l t ai bng bn bt u c thc hin. Thi gian gn y k thut o c gii quyt c vic lp bn a chnh theo h thng ta thng nht trn ton quc. Loi bn a chnh ny th hin c mi quan h t ai trn tm v m ca c nc, t c th a ra c nhng phng n quy hoch s dng t hp l, hoch nh cc chnh sch t ai, iu chnh php lut t ai p ng cho pht trin t nc. Ni dung ca bn a chnh: Hin nay h thng bn a chnh nc ta c o c theo h thng ta Quc gia thng nht. Ni dung bn a chnh bao gm: - im khng ch to , cao - a gii hnh chnh cc cp - Ranh gii tha t, ranh gii s dng t - Loi t - Cng trnh xy dng trn t - H thng giao thng, H thng thu vn - Cc im a vt quan trng - Mc gii quy hoch - Dng t T l bn a chnh c quy nh nh sau: - Khu vc t sn xut nng nghip, t nui trng thu sn, t lm mui, t nng nghip khc: t l o v c bn l 1:2000 v 1:5000. i vi khu vc t sn xut nng nghip m phn ln cc tha t nh, hp hoc khu vc t nng nghip xen k trong khu vc t th, trong khu vc t chn t l o v bn l 1:1000 hoc 1:500 v phi c quy nh r trong thit k k thut - d ton cng trnh. - Khu vc t phi nng nghip m ch yu l t v t chuyn dng: + Cc thnh ph ln, cc khu vc c cc tha t nh hp, xy dng cha theo quy hoch, khu vc gi tr kinh t s dng t cao t l o v c bn l 1:200 hoc 1:500. + Cc thnh ph, th x, th trn ln, cc khu dn c c ngha kinh t, vn ho quan trng t l o v c bn l 1:500 hoc 1:1000. + Cc khu dn c nng thn t l o v c bn l 1:1000 hoc 1:2000. - Khu vc t lm nghip, t trng cy cng nghip t l o v c bn l 1:5000 hoc 1:10000. - Khu vc t cha s dng: thng nm xen k gia cc loi t trn nn c o v v biu th trn bn a chnh o v cng t l. Khu vc t i, ni, khu duyn hi c din tch t cha s dng ln t l o v c bn l 1:10000. - Khu vc t chuyn dng, t tn gio, tn ngng, t ngha trang, ngha a, t sng, 4

sui, t c mt nc chuyn dng, t phi nng nghip: thng nm xen k gia cc loi t trn nn c o v v biu th trn bn a chnh o v cng t l cho ton khu vc. Trong trng hp thnh lp bn a chnh t l ln hn hoc nh hn dy t l nu trn, phi tnh c th cc ch tiu k thut nhm m bo yu cu v qun l t ai v m bo chnh xc ca cc yu t ni dung bn t l la chn trong thit k k thut - d ton cng trnh ca khu vc. 1.1.4. Bn a hnh Bn a hnh l bn biu th chi tit v chnh xc, phn nh mt cch y n mc c th cn c vo m hnh dung ra s li lm ca a hnh v cc a vt thc a. Bn a hnh bao gm cc t l: 1:2000, 1:5000, 1:10.000, 1:25.000, 1:50.000 1:100.000, 1:250000, 1:500000 v 1:1000000. Bn a hnh l ti liu c bn thnh lp cc loi bn khc. Ni dung c bn ca bn a hnh l: thu h; cc im dn c; cc i tng cng nng nghip v vn ho; mng li ng giao thng; dng t (ng bnh v cao bnh ); cc ng ranh gii; cc vt nh hng; cao... 1.1.5. Bn hin trng s dng t Bn hin trng s dng t l bn th hin s phn b cc loi t theo quy nh v ch tiu kim k theo mc ch s dng t ti thi im kim k t ai v c lp theo n v hnh chnh cc cp, vng a l t nhin - kinh t v c nc. Ni dung ca bn hin trng s dng t phi m bo phn nh trung thc hin trng s dng cc loi t theo mc ch s dng v cc loi t theo thc trng b mt ti thi im thnh lp. Bn hin trng s dng t thng c xy dng cho tng cp hnh chnh x, huyn, tnh v c nc. u tin phi xy dng bn hin trng s dng t cp x sau s dng bn cc x tng hp thnh bn cp huyn, tnh. T l ca bn hin trng s dng t c quy nh da vo cp hnh chnh v quy m din tch ca n v hnh chnh . Theo Quy nh v thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t ca B Ti Nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh ngy 17 thng 12 nm 2007, t l ca bn hin trng s dng t c quy nh c th nh sau: Bng 1-1. Quy nh v t l bn hin trng s dng t n v thnh lp bn Cp x T l bn 1: 1000 1: 2000 1: 5000 1: 10 000 1: 5.000 1: 10.000 1: 25.000 1: 25.000 1: 50.000 1: 100.000 1: 250.000 1: 1.000.000 Quy m din tch t nhin (ha) Di 120 Trn 120 n 500 Trn 500 n 3.000 Trn 3.000 Di 3000 Trn 3000 n 12.000 Trn 12.000 Di 100.000 Trn 100.000 n 350.000 Trn 350.000

Cp huyn

Cp tnh Vng lnh th C nc

1.2. H QUY CHIU V H TO QUC GIA H quy chiu v H to Quc gia l c s ton hc m mi quc gia nht thit phi c th hin chnh xc v thng nht cc d liu o c bn phc v qun l bin gii Quc gia trn t lin v trn bin, qun l Nh nc v a gii hnh chnh lnh th, iu tra c bn v qun l ti nguyn v mi trng, theo di hin trng v quy hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi, m bo an ninh - quc phng, H quy chiu v H to Quc gia cn ng vai tr quan trng trong nghin cu khoa hc v tri t trn phm vi c nc cng nh khu vc v ton cu, d bo bin ng mi trng sinh thi v phng chng thin tai. H quy chiu v h to Quc gia cn cn thit cho vic to lp cc d liu a l phc v o to, nng cao dn tr v cc hot ng dn s ca cng ng. biu din b mt li lm v phc tp ca tri t ban u ngi ta s dng mt Geoid (c nh vt l ngi c Listing xut nm 1873), mt Geoid l mt nc trung bnh, yn tnh ca cc bin v i dng m rng xuyn qua cc lc a, hi o thnh mt mt cong khp kn m tip tuyn vi n ti mt im bt k u vung gc vi hng dy di qua im .

Hnh 1-1: B mt Tri t, mt Geoid v mt Elipsoid Tuy nhin Geoid khng phi l mt trn xoay, v th kh hnh thc ho ton hc. Cc nh ton hc tm ra hnh bu dc trn xoay c tm trng vi tm ca tri t, th tch bng th tch tri t v gi l Elipsoid. Mt Elipsoid c xc nh theo phng php tng bnh phng nh nht (Tng bnh phng chnh cao so vi mt Geoid l nh nht)

Hnh 1-2. Hnh dng Elipsoid 6

Cc thng s ca Elipsoid: Mt Elipsoid c c trng bi cc thng s sau: + a: L bn trc ln + b: L bn trc nh + dt cc cc tri t: ab f = a + S e l lch tm: e2 = 2f f2 hay f = 1 (1 e2)1/2 Hin nay c rt nhiu hnh Ellipsoid trn th gii c dng xp x b mt tri t (khong 15 ellipsoid) v tu thuc vo tng quc gia ngi ta chn mt Elipsoid v phng php nh v Elipsoid ph hp. Bng 1-2: Mt s Elipsoid thng dng qua cc thi k Nm cng b 1830 1841 1866 1880 1924 1940 1980 1984 Tn Elipsoid Everest Bessel Clarke 1860 Clarke 1880 International Krasovsky GRS-80 WGS-84 Chiu di cc trc Trc ln a 6377304 6877397 6878206 6378249 6378388 6378245 6378136 6378137 Trc b b 6356103 6356079 6356584 6356515 6356912 6356863 6356752 6356752 300.80 299.15 299.98 293.46 297 298.3 298.257 298.2572 dt 1/f Nhng ni s dng Myanmar,Malaysia, Vit Nam, n , Nht bn, Triu Tin, Indonesia M, Canada, Philippin, Vit Nam Chu Phi, Trung ng Trung Quc, Chu u, Nam Phi Nga, Vit Nam IUGS GPS

1.2.1. Qu trnh xy dng h quy chiu v h to Quc gia Thi Php thuc: Khi Php t chn n ng Dng quyt nh s dng H quy chiu cho ton ng Dng vi Elipsoid Clarke, im gc t ti thp ct c H Ni, li chiu to phng Bonne v xy dng h to bao gm hng nghn im ph trm ton ng Dng. Nm 1956 khi M ti Min Nam nc ta cng quyt nh s dng h quy chiu ca M cho khu vc Nam vi Elipsoid Everest, im gc to ti n , li chiu to phng UTM. H to c thit lp cho Min Nam nc ta ni vi cc im to ca Campuchia, Thilan, n . T sau gii phng Min Nam cho ti nay chng ta vn cn s dng nhiu t liu o c bn ca M trong h quy chiu v h to ny. H quy chiu v h to HN72: Nm 1959 Chnh Ph thnh lp Cc o c v Bn Nh nc v giao nhim v xy dng li to Quc gia, thnh lp cc loi bn phc v 7

cc mc ch xy dng v bo v t nc. Vi s gip ca cc chuyn gia Trung Quc, t nm 1959 n nm 1966, trn lnh th min Bc nc ta (n v tuyn 17) c ph kn li cc im to Nh nc hng I v hng II. H Quy chiu c la chn l h thng chung cho cc nc x hi ch ngha vi Elipsoid Krasovski (bn trc ln a=6378.425 m v dt f=1/298.3), im gc ti i thin vn Punkovo (ti Lin X c), li chiu to phng Gauu-Kruger. H to c truyn ti Vit Nam thng qua li to Quc gia Trung Quc. Nm 1972, Chnh ph quyt nh cng b H quy chiu v h to Quc gia ni trn gi l h H Ni 72 (HN72) s dng thng nht cho c nc. Sau ngy gii phng min Nam thng nht c nc, cc o c v bn Nh nc tip tc pht trin li to Nh Nc vo cc tnh pha Nam. Vi s gip tng phn ca cc chuyn gia Lin X c, n ht nm 1993 li to Nh Nc c ph kn gn ton b lnh th. Nm 1990 Cc o c v Bn Nh Nc quyt nh s dng cng ngh nh v ton cu GPS hon chnh phn li to cn thiu trn cc a bn kh khn nh Ty Nguyn, Sng B (c), Minh Hi (c), v ph li to trn ton vng bin cho n cc o thuc qun o Trng Sa. Do qu trnh xy dng li to thc hin trong mt thi gian di, phi p ng kp thi to v bn cho nhu cu s dng thc t nn ton mng li b chia ct thnh nhiu khu vc ring bit, hnh thc xy dng li rt a dng bao gm c cng ngh truyn thng v cng ngh hin i nht, ton h thng cha c x l thng nht. Nhng hn ch ca H quy chiu v h to quc gia HN72 - H Quy chiu Quc gia HN-72 thc cht l h quy chiu chung cho cc nc x hi ch ngha trc y, thiu ph hp vi lnh th Vit Nam, c lch gia m hnh vt l v m hnh ton hc ca tri t qu ln, t to bin dng ln lm suy gim chnh xc ca li to v bn . - Hin nay cc nc thuc phe x hi ch ngha c cng thay i H Quy chiu Quc gia ca nc mnh, khng s dng H Quy chiu chung trc y, v vy H Quy chiu Quc gia H Ni 72 cng khng to c bt k mt lin kt khu vc no. - H Quy chiu Quc gia H Ni 72 hon ton khng to iu kin thun li pht trin cng ngh nh v hin i gi l h thng nh v ton cu GPS (Global Positioning System) m hin nay c ph bin trn ton th gii v Vit Nam, s dng H Quy chiu Quc gia H Ni 72 gy hu qu suy gim chnh xc nh v v to mt quy trnh cng ngh qu phc tp khi x l ton hc cc tr o GPS. - H Quy chiu Quc gia H Ni 72 gy kh khn ng k trong vic lin kt t liu vi quc t nhm gii quyt cc vn hoch nh bin gii, dn ng hng khng, hng hi... - H to Quc gia ca nc ta hin nay b chia ct thnh nhiu khu vc nh, thiu tnh thng nht trn a bn c nc, c chnh xc tng th khng p ng c yu cu i hi ca thc t qun l hnh chnh, iu hnh kinh t v m bo an ninh Quc phng. 1.2.2. Cc yu cu ca mt h Quy chiu Quc gia Vic la chn mt H Quy chiu Quc gia ph hp v x l ton hc nng cao tnh thng nht v chnh xc H To Quc gia l mt nhim v bc xc cn thc hin. H Quy chiu Quc gia cn c la chn theo nhng tiu chun sau: - Ph hp nht vi lnh th Vit Nam cc t liu o c - bn c bin dng nh nht.

- To iu kin p dng v pht trin cc cng ngh nh v hin i c chnh xc cao (cng ngh nh v GPS hin l phng tin ph bin v ch yu xy dng li to ti Vit Nam) - H Quy chiu phi ph hp vi tp qun s dng nc ta v c tnh ph dng trn th gii. - Khi cn thit c kh nng lin kt chnh xc vi cc t liu bn khu vc v ton cu nhm gii quyt nhng vn chung. + m bo tnh b mt tuyt i v H to Quc gia. + Chi ph ti thiu cho vic chuyn i h Quy chiu v h to Quc gia. H to Quc gia cn c x l ton hc m bo cc yu cu sau: - Thng nht trn a bn ton quc. - chnh xc cao nht trn c s tp hp tr o hin ti l ch yu, khi cn thit c th o b sung khng ng k. - To iu kin s dng nhng phng php x l ton hc hin i theo nhiu phng n cho kt qu tin cy tuyt i. 1.2.3. H Quy chiu v h to quc gia VN-2000 T nm 1992 n nay, Cc o c bn Nh nc nay l B TN&MT tin hnh cng trnh xy dng H Quy chiu v H to Quc gia mi theo nhng tiu ch ni trn, bao gm nhng ni dung chnh sau y: - nh gi li ton b H quy chiu v H to quc gia H Ni 72 ang s dng. - Xy dng li to cp 0 cnh di, chnh xc cao bng cng ngh nh v ton cu GPS b sung, thng nht v nng cao chnh xc ca li to xy dng; xc nh to im gc to quc gia. - Tnh ton chnh l ton hc ton b h thng to quc gia ph trm c nc. - Nghin cu xut H Quy chiu v H To Quc gia ph hp. - Nghin cu xut gii quyt vn tnh chuyn to v h thng bn xut bn sau khi cng b H quy chiu v h To Quc gia mi. Cng trnh do cc nh khoa hc v chuyn gia hng u ca ngnh o c - bn thc hin, n nay t c nhng mc tiu ra. Cng trnh a ra mt s phng n la chn H quy chiu Quc gia v x l ton hc H to Quc gia phn tch v so snh. Kt lun ca cng trnh nghin cu ny l: H Quy chiu Quc gia hp l bao gm cc yu t: + Elipsoid quy chiu: WGS - 84 ton cu. + im gc To Quc gia: im t trong khun vin Vin Nghin Cu a chnh, ng Hong Quc Vit, H Ni. + Li chiu to phng: Li chiu UTM quc t. + H thng bn c bn: chia mi v phn mnh theo h thng UTM quc t, danh php t bn theo h thng hin hnh c ch thch danh php quc t. H to Quc gia c xc nh thng qua vic x l ton hc cht ch kt hp cc s liu trc a, thin vn, trng lc, v tinh bng 3 chng trnh tnh ton khc nhau: mt ca nc ngoi v hai chng trnh trong nc. Cch la chn H Quy chiu v H To Quc gia nh vy m bo y cc tiu ch t ra trn.

Ngy 12/7/2000, th tng Chnh ph k quyt nh s dng H Quy chiu v H To Quc gia VN- 2000. H quy chiu v h to Quc gia VN2000 c cc yu t chnh sau y: - Elipsoid quy chiu: WGS-84 ton cu c kch thc nh sau: + Bn trc ln a=6378137,000 m + dt =298,257223563 - im gc to quc gia: im N(0,0) t trong khun vin Vin Nghin cu a chnh, ng Hong Quc Vit, H Ni - Li chiu to phng: Li chiu UTM quc t - Chia mi v phn mnh h thng bn c bn: Theo h thng UTM quc t, danh php t bn theo h thng hin hnh c ch thch danh php Quc t. 1.3. H THNG NH V TON CU 1.3.1. Gii thiu H thng nh v Ton cu (Global Positioning System - GPS) l h thng xc nh v tr da trn v tr ca cc v tinh nhn to, do B Quc phng Hoa K thit k, xy dng, vn hnh v qun l t nm 1994, khi ngun ca n l h thng nh v dn ng bng v tinh th h u tin c tn gi l TRANSIT, ra i vo nm 1960. H thng GPS thit lp mt mng li 24 v tinh bay trong 6 qu o trn trong khng gian bao quanh tri t vi chu k 12 gi, cao 20.200 km. Vi cch b tr ny th trong sut 24 gi ti bt k mt im no trn tri t cng s quan st c t nht 4 v tinh. chnh xc nh v bng GPS c nng cao, v khc phc c nhc im v thi gian quan trc so vi h TRANSIT vn ch c tng cng 6 v tinh. Hin nay, theo Gio s Richard B Langley ng trn tp ch GPS World s 11-2009, s v tinh GPS ln n con s 35, tuy vy, ch c 30 v tinh l c ci t kho mnh cho ngi s dng.

Hnh 1-3. Qu o bay ca cc v tinh GPS trong v tr Mc d thit k ban u ca GPS nhm phc v cho mc ch qun s, nhng ngy nay c ng dng rng ri trong cc hot ng kinh t, x hi v trc a, bn . H thng nh v ton cu mi ra i nhng nhanh chng tr thnh mt cng c quan trng trong cc lnh vc nghin cu khp mi quc gia v trong mi quy m nh cc tnh u vit ca n. Trc ht nhn mt cch tng quan, trong iu kin hin nay mi quc gia v t chc nghin cu khoa hc c th trang b cho mnh loi k thut ny, c phn cng v phn mm. Th hai l vic s dng my GPS rt n gin v tin li, khng i hi mt qu trnh o to ng k no khin cho n d dng ph bin v pht trin. Th ba l GPS o c c ngy ln m, trong mi iu

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kin thi tit. Mt u im ni bt ca GPS na l khng cn tm nhn thng ca cc im o, do khng mt thi gian v cng sc pht cy, thng hng, trnh cht ph rng, bo v ti nguyn, mi trng. nc ta, trong nhng nm u ca thp k 90 ngnh o c v bn nghin cu v ng dng thnh cng h thng nh v ton cu. Ngy nay thit b thu tn hiu GPS c pht trin ngy cng hon thin c v phn cng v phn mm, cng vi s pht trin k thut x l tn hiu GPS em li kt qu nh v chnh xc vi tin cy cao v phm vi ng dng ngy cng m rng. Cng c tnh nng tng t nh h thng GPS ang hot ng cn c h thng GLONASS ca Nga. Hin nay Lin minh Chu u cng ang pht trin h dn ng v tinh ca mnh mang tn Galileo, d kin a vo hot ng nm 2013. Trung Quc th pht trin h thng nh v ton cu ca mnh mang tn Bc u bao gm 35 v tinh. 1.3.2. Cu trc c bn ca h thng GPS GPS l mt h thng nh v khng gian c s ph trm sng trn ton cu, c th xc nh vn tc, thi gian v v tr theo c 3 chiu trn 24 gi ng h. GPS s dng v tinh trong khng gian xc nh mi v tr trn Tri t. Theo s phn b khng gian ngi ta chia h thng GPS thnh 3 thnh phn nh sau:

Hnh 1-4: Cc thnh phn ca h thng GPS - on s dng (User Segment): Bao gm ngi s dng, thit b thu GPS v phn mm x l s liu. Thit b thu GPS l thit b thu sng c bit, c thit k nhn tn hiu sng chuyn t v tinh xung, xc nh v tnh ton v tr cc i tng trong khng gian. My thu GPS c th t c nh trn mt t hoc t trn cc phng tin chuyn ng nh tn la, my bay, t...Cc loi my thu GPS c phn ra lm 3 loi: + Loi dn ng: S dng ch yu dn ng, iu tra ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, lp bn t l nh. Loi ny tng i r tin, d s dng, chnh xc thp (10-15m) v hn ch v lu tr thng tin

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+ Loi kho st: Ch yu dng cho vic xy dng bn v thu thp d liu GIS vi chnh xc cao. Loi ny t tin hn, c nhiu chc nng hn v hot ng phc tp hn, b nh nhiu hn v Download d liu tt. Sai s nh v im t 3 n 5m. + Loi dng o li lp bn t l ln: c s dng o dc li trc a, lp bn t l ln... Loi ny c gi thnh cao v chnh xc cao Thit b thu GPS c th l mt my thu ring bit hot ng c lp (nh v tuyt i), c th l mt nhm my thu hot ng ng thi (nh v tng i), hoc hot ng theo ch mt my thu lm vai tr my ch pht tn hiu cho cc my thu khc (nh v vi phn). - on Khng gian (Space Segment): on khng gian gm 24 v tinh GPS v 3 v tinh d tr, bay trong 6 mt phng qu o nghing 550 so vi mt phng xch o, mi mt phng c 4 hoc 5 v tinh vi cao 20.200 Km. mi v tinh c trang b tn la y iu chnh qu o v c thi hn s dng khong 7,5 nm. - on diu khin (Control Segment): Bao gm Hnh 1-5. My thu GPS chnh 5 trm mt t c phn b u quanh Tri t trong xc cao Hiper Ga c mt trm ch (Master Station) v 4 trm theo di (Monitor Station) c th theo di v iu khin c v tinh. on iu khin c nhim v l iu khin mi hot ng v cc chc nng ca v tinh trn c s theo di chuyn ng qu o ca v tinh 1.3.3. Nguyn l nh v GPS a. nh v tuyt i. Nguyn tc c bn ca GPS l php o c tam gic t v tinh. p dng php o c tam gic ny, b phn thu s o khong cch t my thu n v tinh. My thu GPS c mt ng h bn trong, ng b vi ng h trn v tinh. Khi v tinh gi tn hiu, thi gian c ghi li trn GPS. My thu GPS s so snh thi gian trn v tinh vi thi gian trn ng h ca n, tnh ra s khc nhau v thi gian, kt hp vi vn tc nh sng tm ra khong cch t my thu n v tinh. V mt hnh hc c th m t s nh v ti mt thi im nh sau:

Hnh 1-6. Nguyn l nh v GPS

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- Vi mt v tinh GPS th im cn o s nm trn mt mt cu c tm l v tr v tinh, bn knh bng khong cch t my thu GPS n v tinh - Vi 2 v tinh GPS th im o nm trn mt cu th 2, c tm l v tinh th 2, c bn knh l khong cch t my thu n v tinh th 2. Kt hp tr o n 2 v tinh th v tr im o nm trn 2 mt cu trong khng gian, l mt vng trn - Nu c v tinh th 3, tng t v tr trn im o l giao ca mt cu th 3 vi ng trn trn th kt qu cho ta 2 v tr trong khng gian - Nu c v tinh th 4 th kt qu l tng hp s cho mt nghim duy nht, l v tr chnh xc im. Ngoi ra v tinh th 4 cn c nhim v hiu chnh sai s. Cng thu c tn hiu t nhiu v tinh th chnh xc nh v cng cao. b. nh v tng i. Do nh hng ca sai s v tr cc v tinh trn qu o, do sai s ng h v cc yu t mi trng truyn sng khc dn n chnh xc im n thp, t khong 20-30m. Vi chnh xc ny khng th p dng cho cng tc trc a. V vy ngi ta dng phng php nh v chnh xc hn l nh v tng i. Phng php nh v ny khc vi nh v tuyt i ch l n s dng ti thiu 2 my thu tn hiu v tinh ng thi. Phng php ny c th t chnh xc n cm 1.3.4. Thnh lp bn bng cng ngh GPS a. Cc phng php o GPS - o GPS tuyt i: L k thut xc nh to ca im t my thu tn hiu v tinh trong h to ton cu WGS 84. K thut nh v ny l vic tnh to ca im o nh vic gii bi ton giao hi nghch khng gian da trn c s khong cch o c t cc v tinh n my thu v to ca cc v tinh ti thi im o. Do c nhiu ngun sai s nn chnh xc v tr thp, khng dng c cho vic o c chnh xc, dng ch yu cho vic dn ng hoc cc mc ch o c khc khng cn chnh xc cao. - o GPS tng i: o GPS tng i l cch o t chnh xc cao do loi b c nhiu loi sai s. Phng php ny c dng trong o c, xy dng li khng ch trc a v trong cng tc o c bn cc t l. o GPS tng i c chia thnh o GPS tnh, tnh nhanh v o GPS ng: + o GPS tnh, tnh nhanh da trn c s t hai hay nhiu my thu c nh thu tn hiu GPS ti cc im cn o to trong khong thi gian khong 1 gi. o GPS tnh c chnh xc cao, t khong 1cm, thng c dng thnh lp li khng ch trc a. + o GPS ng c tin hnh vi mt my t ti trm c nh v nhiu trm my khc di ng n cc im o. o GPS ng l gii php nhm gim thiu thi gian o so vi o GPS tnhnhng vn m bo c chnh xc o to n cm b. Thnh lp bn a chnh bng cng ngh GPS Nu khu vc o v bn a chnh c s iu kin p dng cng ngh GPS th c th p dng cng ngh GPS ng thnh lp bn a chnh. C hai phng php s dng cng ngh o GPS ng l phng php o phn sai GPS v phng php GPS ng thi gian thc: + Phng php phn sai GPS (Differential GPS- DGPS): Da trn c s mt trm my t my thu tnh (ti im a chnh c s) v mt s trm my thu ng (t lin tip ti cc im o). S liu ti trm tnh v trm ng c x l chung ci chnh phn sai cho gia s to gia cc trm tnh v trm ng. Tu theo th loi thit b v khong cch gia trm tnh v trm ng, phng php ny c th t chnh xc t m n dm

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+ Phng php GPS ng thi gian thc (GPS Real Time Kinematic- GPS RTK): Phng php ny cng da trn c s mt trm my thu tnh t ti im a chnh c s v mt s trm thu ng t lin tip ti cc im o chi tit. S liu trm o tnh c gi tc thi ti trm ng bng thit b thu pht sng v tuyn (Radio link) x l tnh ton to trm ng theo to trm tnh. Tu theo th loi thit b thu GPS phng php ny c th t chnh xc t 5 cm n 1 cm Vic p dng cng ngh o GPS ng o v bn a chnh c s ch i hi cc im a chnh c s t cc trm tnh, khng cn pht trin tng dy cc im a chnh cp 1 v cc cp thp hn 1.4. C S D LIU BN S 1.4.1. Khi nim bn s Trc y, bn thng c v bng tay trn giy, cc thng tin c th hin nh cc ng nt, mu sc, h thng k hiu v cc ghi ch. Ngy nay, cng vi s pht trin ca cc ngnh in t, tin hc, s pht trin ca phn cng ln phn mm my tnh, cc thit b o c, ghi t ng, cc loi my in, my v c cht lng cao khng ngng c hon thin. Cng ngh thng tin thc s thm nhp vo mi lnh vc i sng x hi, c bit l trong lnh vc qun l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin t ai. S ra i ca h thng thng tin a l (GIS) v h thng thng tin t ai (LIS) to mt bc ngot chuyn t phng thc qun l th cng trc y sang mt phng thc mi, qun l, x l d liu trn my tnh.

Hnh 1-7.Bn m hnh lp th Bn l mt thnh phn quan trng, l mt trong hai dng d liu c bn ca mt h thng thng tin a l. Cc i tng a l c th hin trn bn da trn m hnh ton hc trong khng gian 2 chiu hoc 3 chiu. Bn s c th c hiu nh l mt tp hp c t chc cc d liu bn c lu tr, x l, hin th, th hin hnh nh bn trn my tnh. Bn s c lu tr bng cc File d liu lu trong b nh my tnh, c th th hin hnh nh bn ging nh bn truyn thng trn mn hnh my tnh, c th thng qua cc thit b my in, my v in ra giy nh bn thng thng. 1.4.2. Cc loi d liu v m hnh c bn ca bn s - C s d liu bn c hnh thnh t bn dng d liu c bn: dng im, dng ng, dng vng v dng ch gii, ch thch + S liu dng im (point): l dng s liu n gin nht. Chng l nhng i tng v hng ch c v tr trong khng gian, khng c chiu di. + S liu dng ng (Line, Arc): ng (bao gm c cc cung) l cc i tng hai chiu, chng khng nhng c v tr trong khng gian m cn c c di. 14

+ S liu dng vng (Polygon, area): Vng l cc i tng hai chiu, chng khng nhng c v tr, di trong khng gian m cn c c rng (Ni cch khc, chng c din tch). + S liu dng ch thch, m t (Annotation, Text) - Cc loi d liu trn c lu tr trong hai m hnh d liu khng gian c bn l m hnh vector v m hnh raster. + M hnh Vector: Trong m hnh Vector v tr ca cc im, ng, a gic u c xc nh chnh xc. V tr ca mi i tng c nh ngha bi mt cp ta (X,Y) hoc l mt chui cc cp ta . Mt im c xc nh bng mt cp ta . Mt ng thc cht l tp hp ca cc im c xc nh bng chui cc cp ta . Mt vng thc cht l tp hp ca cc ng v khp kn do c xc nh bng chui cc cp ta nhng cp ta u v cui l trng nhau.

Hnh 1-8. Cc loi d liu im, ng, vng trong m hnh Vector + M hnh Raster: M hnh Raster l phng php n gin nht lu tr cc s liu khng gian. Trong dng m hnh ny, cc s liu khng gian c t chc thnh cc Picel. Mi mt im c m t bng mt Picel. Mi ng c m t bi chui cc picel. Cu trc Raster t ph hp cho vic biu din cc ng v thng lm xut hin s gp khc cho cc ng. Mt a gic c biu din bng mt nhm cc picel.

Hnh 1-9. Cc loi d liu im, ng, vng trong m hnh Raster 1.4.3. c im bn s Bn s c mt s cc c im sau: - Mi bn s c mt c s ton hc bn nht nh nh h quy chiu, h to ... Cc i tng bn c th hin thng nht trong c s ton hc ny. - Ni dung, mc chi tit thng tin, chnh xc ca bn s p ng c hon ton cc yu cu nh bn trn giy thng thng, nhng hnh thc p hn. Bn s khng c t l nh bn thng thng. Kch thc, din tch cc i tng trn bn s ng bng kch thc cc i tng ngoi thc a. - Khi thnh lp bn s, cc cng on thu thp d liu, x l d liu i hi k thut v tay ngh cao, tun theo cc quy nh cht ch v phn lp i tng, cu trc d liu, t chc d liu.... Nu thnh lp bn a chnh s th gi nguyn c chnh xc ca s liu o c, khng chu nh hng ca sai s ho. - Nghin cu nh gi a hnh va khi qut, va t m - Hn ch lu tr bn bng giy. V vy cht lng bn khng b nh hng bi cht liu lu tr. Nu nhn bn nhiu th gi thnh bn s r hn. 15

- Chnh l, ti bn d dng, nhanh chng, tit kim. - Bn s c tnh linh hot hn hn bn giy thng thng, c th d dng thc hin cc cng vic nh: + Cc php o tnh khong cch, din tch, chu vi... + Xy dng cc bn theo yu cu ngi s dng. + Phn tch, x l thng tin to ra cc bn chuyn rt kh thc hin bng tay nh: bn 3 chiu, ni suy ng bnh thnh lp bn dc, chng ghp bn ... + In bn ra nhiu t l khc nhau theo yu cu. + Tm kim thng tin, xem thng tin theo yu cu. + ng dng cng ngh a phng tin, lin kt d liu thng qua h thng mng cc b, din rng, ton cu. + ng dng cng ngh m phng. 1.4.4. T chc d liu bn s Cc i tng ca bn s c t chc phn thnh cc lp thng tin (layer, level, theme, table...). Phn lp thng tin l s phn loi logic cc i tng ca bn s da trn cc tnh cht, thuc tnh ca cc i tng bn . Cc i tng bn c phn loi trong cng mt lp l cc i tng c chung mt s tnh cht no . Cc tnh cht ny l cc tnh cht c tnh c trng cho cc i tng. Vic phn lp thng tin nh hng trc tip n nhn bit cc loi i tng trong bn s. Mi bn c ti a 63 lp khc nhau c nh s t 1 n 63 hoc c t tn ring. Cc lp trong bn c cng mt h to , cng t l, cng h s thu phng. Lp l mt thnh phn ca bn v, c th bt (on) hoc tt (off) trn mn hnh. Khi tt c cc lp c bt, ta c mt bn hon chnh. Trong mt lp thng tin, cc i tng ch thuc vo mt loi i tng hnh hc duy nht: im (point), ng (polyline), vng (polygon), hoc ch gii, ch thch (text). Cc i tng trong bn c cc thuc tnh: v tr (location); lp (level, layer); mu sc (color); kiu ng nt (line style); lc nt (line weight). 1.4.5. Xut nhp d liu bn s Kh nng xut nhp d liu bn s ph thuc vo format d liu (khun dng d liu ca file bn ). Forrmat d liu l yu t c bit quan trng trong vic trao i thng tin gia cc ngi dng khc nhau trong cng h thng v gia cc h thng vi nhau. Format d liu dng trao i, phn phi thng tin cn phi tho mn cc yu cu sau: - Format phi c kh nng biu din y cc loi i tng. - Format c cng b cng khai (c tnh m). Thng thng, d liu bn ca cc phn mm khc nhau giao din vi nhau thng qua mt format trung gian. Hin nay nc ta s dng cc chun format thng dng sau: - Chun format d liu ca Vin Nghin cu cc h thng v mi trng M (Environmental Systems Research Institute ESRI USA). ESRI l hng xy dng phn mm ARC/INFO, ARCVIEW v l mt trong nhng hng dn u v cng ngh GIS. - Chun format d liu ca hng Integraph. Integraph l mt trong nhng hng dn du th gii v cc phn mm nh s v cng ngh GIS. Chun ca Integraph l Standard Interchange Format SIF. Format ny c pht trin trao i d liu gia Intergaph v cc h thng khc. Ngoi chun SIF, format DGN cng tr thnh mt trong nhng chun ph bin trao i d liu hin nay.

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- Chun format d liu ca hng AutoDesk M. AutoDesk l hng xy dng phn mm AutoCAD rt ph dng hin nay. Format d liu DXF ca AutoDesk lun l format trao i ca phn ln cc h thng GIS hin nay trn th gii. - Chun format d liu ca hng MAPINFO, USA. Format Mapinfo Interchange Format ca MAPINFO l file ASCII, m t cc i tng di theo m hnh SPAGHETTI, cho php lu d liu ho (trong file MIF) v d liu thuc tnh (MID). 1.5. CC PHNG PHP THNH LP BN S Cc ngun d liu thnh lp bn s bao gm: - S liu o c mt t (bng cc loi my ton c, ton c in t, GPS ...). Kt qu ca qu trnh o c c ghi trong s o hoc lu tr trong cc b nh (trong hoc ngoi) ca my. S liu o c thng l cc cp to (X,Y,Z) ca cc im o hoc cc gi tr o gc, khong cch t trm my n im o v cao im o. - Cc loi bn trn giy, diamat, phim nh ... c sn (bn c sn). thnh lp, qun l bn s, d liu t cc loi bn c sn l mt ngun d liu quan trng v r tin nht. Tuy nhin, m bo chnh xc cho bn s, cc loi bn ni trn phi m bo mt s yu cu nh: bn phi r rng, khng nhu nt, khng can v hoc Photocopy li nhiu ln... Vi cc loi bn yu cu chnh xc cao nh bn a chnh, bn a hnh th c cc quy nh ring (s cp n sau). - nh hng khng v nh v tinh. Hin nay phng php s dng nh hng khng, v tinh ang c nghin cu, s dng trong cng tc thnh lp bn v phn tch khng gian. S liu t nh hng khng, v tinh phn nh trung thc b mt ca khu vc bay chp ti thi im chp nh. Tuy nhin, t l ca bn thnh lp phi ph hp vi t l chp nh v phn gii nh. Phng php ny rt c hiu qu i vi vic thnh lp bn t l nh. Cn c vo ngun s liu thu thp c, ta c cc phng php thnh lp bn s nh sau: 1.5.1. Thnh lp bn t s liu o c - S liu o c c lu tr trong b nh ca my. Cc s liu ny c truyn vo my tnh thng qua cc phn mm chuyn dng (phn mm SDR, FAMIS, ITR...). Sau , nh cc chc nng ca ca phn mm, cc im o c hin th ln mn hnh my tnh. Cn c vo s ni, chng ta c th thnh lp c bn bng phng php ni bng tay hoc ni t ng. - S liu o c c ghi s theo phng php truyn thng: u tin, s liu o c c nhp vo my tnh bng tay di dng cc file s liu lu tr im o. Cu trc file d liu lu tr im o ph thuc vo phn mm s dng. Sau , phng php thnh lp bn hon ton tng t nh phng php trn. - S liu t GPS. nhn loi d liu ny chng ta s dng cc phn mm chuyn dng nhp d liu t GPS, cc phn mm ny c th l Mapsource, GPS suvey... D liu t GPS sau khi truyn vo my tnh thng l cc cp to . S dng cc phn mm chuyn dng lp bn hoc cc phn mm GIS thnh lp bn s nh: Famis, Arcview... 1.5.2. S ho bn Dng phng php s ho bn xy dng c s d liu bn . Trc khi s ho bn th phi c mt s chuyn i gia ta ca cc i tng trn bn vi ta ca my tnh. S chuyn i ny c thc hin thng qua h thng cc im kim sot. Thng thng chng ta thng dng 5 im, 4 im 4 gc t bn lm 4 im kim sot, im th 5 gia dng kim tra sai s. i vi mi im kim sot ny ta phi xc nh c chnh xc ta 17

ca n, v nhp vo my thng qua bn phm. Bng cch so snh cc ta ny, chng trnh my tnh s tnh ton c ta thc cho tt c cc i tng trn bn v nh vy cho php chng ta lu tr cc ta thc cu chng. Khi s ho bn , ti v tr ca cc ng ct nhau chng ta phi to cho n mt im nt trnh cc li xy ra trong qu trnh s ho. a. S ho bn bng bn s ho Digitizer (Tablet digitizer) S ho bn bng bn s ho Digitizer l mt phng php nhp bn vo my tnh.T bn cn s ho c t p st vo b mt ca bn Digitizer, v con chut dng can (s ho) cc i tng trn bn . Trong bn s thng dng mt li cc dy mn gn cht vo trong bn. Dy thng ng ghi ta X v dy nm ngang s ghi ta Y ca bn s. Mt bn s thng c mt hnh ch nht gia gi l vng hot ng v phn nm ngoi ranh gii hnh ch nht gi l vng lit v cc ta khng c ghi vng ny.Gc thp nht bn tri ca vng hot ng c ta X=0 v Y=0. V vy bn cn phi c t trong vng hot ng ca bn s. Con chut ca bn s thng c 4 nt hoc 16 nt dng iu khin chng trnh ca bn s ho. Khi mt nt ca con chut (thng l nt gc cao tri) c n th mt du hiu in t c truyn n v tr ca ch thp v cm ng xung bn s. V tr ny c c nh bng mt cp dy thng ng v dy nm ngang. Nh vy mt cp ta trong bn s c ghi nhn v gi n my tnh. Vic dng bn s ho yu cu ngi s ho phi c k nng s ho cao, c th trnh cc li khi s ho, em li chnh xc cho bn . Hin nay, phng php ny thng t c s dng v cc l do: chnh xc ca bn khng cao, khng hiu qu v mt thi gian, s kh khn khi s ho cc bn phc tp. Bn sau khi s ho s l mt bn dng Vector.

Hnh 1-10. Bn s ho v chut ca bn s ho b. S ho trn mn hnh (Headup digitizing) Dng my qut Scanner qut bn , phim nh vi phn gii thch hp (thng t 200 300 DPI). Sn phm l mt nh bn dng raster. S dng cc phn mm chuyn dng s ho cc i tng hnh nh bn trn mn hnh my tnh. Phng php ny c s dng rng ri v n c cc u im sau: Tn dng c cc chc nng ho sn c ca phn mm nh phng to, thu nh v mt s chc nng h tr cho qu trnh s ho khc; chnh xc bn cao hn v tit kim ng k thi gian s ho. in hnh ca cc phn mm s ho bn t ng bn l h thng phn mm Mapping Office ca tp on Intergraph.

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Hin nay trn th trng Vit Nam xut hin mt s phn mm t ng Vector ho. Tuy nhin hin nay do gi thnh cn tng i cao v sn phm Vector ho cht lng cha cao, ph thuc nhiu vo cht lng bn gc nn cc phn mm ny cha c s dng rng ri. V th phng php ch yu s ho bn vn l phng php s ho bn t ng.

Hnh 1.11. My qut bn kh A0 1.5.3. Thnh lp bn t nh vin thm a. Khi nim v vin thm Vin thm (Remote Sensing) c nh ngha nh mt khoa hc v cng ngh m nh n cc tnh cht ca vt th quan st c xc nh, o c hoc phn tch m khng cn tip xc trc tip vi chng. D liu vin thm l loi d liu c th thu c v mt din rng hng trm ngn km vung trong mt khong thi gian ngn bng cc thit b k thut ghi nhn cc bc x hay phn x cc vng ph khc nhau ca i tng to ra cc thng tin m kt qu l hnh nh chnh i tng . Cc t liu vin thm c u vit l nhanh, kp thi, tm bao qut rng. Ct li ca vin thm chnh l gi tr ph phn x ca cc i tng trn b mt tri t tng khong bc sng. Cng ngh Vin thm c bit hiu qu i vi nhng i tng m kh nng tip cn nghin cu trc tip ngoi thc a kh khn nh i li trong rng, nhng khu vc ni cao trng ip. Phng php vin thm c u vit hn hn nhng phng php c in khc khi nghin cu din bin mt vn no trong khng gian, thi gian, v kinh ph, ta c th theo di qu trnh din bin t nhin cng nh di tc ng ca con ngi trong vng hng chc nm tr li. c im quan trng ca nh vin thm l c chu k lp li nhanh chng, c im ny cho php phn tch nhanh chng trng thi cy trng nng nghip, cc qu trnh pht trin ca trng thi xi mn t... S tn ti tng i lu ca v tinh trn qu o cng nh kh nng lp li ng bay ca n cho php theo di nhng bin i theo ma, theo chu k nm hoc lu hn, din bin pht trin ca sa mc, nn ph rng nhit i... b. Gii on nh vin thm Gii on nh vin thm l qu trnh tch thng tin nh tnh cng nh nh lng t nh da trn cc tri thc chuyn ngnh hoc kinh nghim ca ngi gii on nh. Vic tch thng tin trong vin thm c th chia thnh 5 loi: - Phn loi a ph: L qu trnh tch gp thng tin da trn cc tnh cht ph,khng gian v thi gian ca i tng. - Pht hin bin ng: L pht hin v tch cc bin ng da trn t liu nh a thi gian (So snh nh cng mt khu vc ti cc thi im khc nhau) 19

- Chit tch cc thng tin t nhin: Chit tch cc thng tin t nhin tng ngvi vic o nhit , trng thi kh quyn, cao ca vt th da trn cc c trng ca ph hoc th sai ca cp nh lp th. - Xc nh cc ch s: L vic tnh ton cc ch s mi, v d ch s thc vt. - Xc nh cc i tng c bit: L xc nh cc c tnh hoc cc hin tng c bit nh thin tai, cc cu trc tuyn tnh, cc biu hin tm kim kho c . Qu trnh tch thng tin t nh c th thc hin theo phng php s hoc gii on nh bng mt. Vic gii on nh bng mt c u im l c th khai thc c cc tri thc chuyn ngnh v kinh nghim ca con ngi. Mt khc vic gii on nh bng mt c th phn tch cc thng tin phn b khng gian. Tuy nhin phng php ny c nhc im l tn km thi gian v kt qu thu c khng ng nht. Vic gii on nh bng s c u im l cho nng sut cao, thi gian x l ngn, c th o c cc ch s c trng t nhin. Tuy nhin, n c nhc im l kh kt hp vi tri thc v kinh nghim con ngi, kt qu phn tch thng tin km. khc phc nhc im ny, nhng nm gn y ngi ta nghin cu cc h chuyn gia, l cc chng trnh my tnh c kh nng m phng tri thc chuyn mn con ngi phc v cho vic gii on nh t ng. Qu trnh gii on nh vin thm thc hin qua cc bc sau: - Hiu chnh nh. - Tng cng cht lng nh. - Gii on nh vin thm. - nh gi chnh xc kt qu. 1.Hiu chnh nh. - Hiu chnh bc x: Tt c cc t liu nh hu nh bao gi cng chu mt mc nhiu x nht nh. Nhm loi tr cc nhiu kiu ny cn phi thc hin mt s php tin x l. Khi thu c cc bc x t mt t trn cc vt mang trong v tr, ngi ta thy chng c mt s s khc bit so vi trng hp quan st cng i tng khong cch gn. iu ny chng t nhng khong cch xa nh vy tn ti mt lng nhiu gy bi nh hng ca gc nghing v cao mt tri, mt s iu kin quang hc kh quyn nh s hp th, tn x, m...chnh v vy, m bo c s tng ng nht nh v mt bc x cn thit phi thc hin vic hiu chnh bc x. - Hiu chnh kh quyn: Bc x mt tri trn ng truyn xung mt t b hp th, tn x mt lng nht nh trc khi n ti c mt t v bc x phn x t vt th cng b hp th hoc tn x trc khi ti c b cm. Do vy bc x m b cm thu c cha ng khng phi ch ring nng lng hu ch m cn nhiu thnh phn nhiu khc. Hiu chnh kh quyn l mt cng on tin x l nhm loi tr nhng thnh phn bc x khng mang thng tin hu ch. - Hiu chnh php chiu bn : Php chiu bn c s dng chiu b mt Elipsoid ln mt mt phng. y l mt php nh x khng hon ho v mt mt cu khng bao gi c th tri thnh mt mt phng. V vy, lun tn ti cc sai s khc nhau. - Hiu chnh hnh hc: Mo hnh hc c hiu nh s sai lch v tr gia to nh thc t (o c) v to nh l tng c to bi mt b cm c thit k hnh hc l tng v trong iu kin thu nhn l tng. Mo hnh hc c chia thnh loi ni sai gy bi tnh cht hnh hc ca b cm v ngoi sai gy bi v tr ca vt mang v hnh dng ca vt th. Nhm a cc to nh thc t v to nh l tng cn thit phi thc hin hiu chnh hnh hc. Bn cht ca hiu chnh hnh hc l xy dng c mi tng quan gia h to nh 20

o v h to quy chiu chun. H to quy chiu chun c th l h to mt t (Vung gc hoc a l) hoc h to nh khc.

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2. Tng cng cht lng nh v chit tch c tnh. - Tng cng cht lng nh Tng cng cht lng l thao tc chuyn i nhm th hin nh vi cng , tng phn ph hp vi thit b hin th nh; nhm tng tnh d c, d hiu ca nh cho ngi gii on. - Chit tch c tnh l mt thao tc nhm phn loi, sp xp cc thng tin c sn trong nh theo cc yu cu hoc ch tiu a ra di dng cc hm s. Nhng php tng cng cht lng c bn thng c s dng l chuyn i cp xm, chuyn i histogram, t hp mu, chuyn i mu gia hai h RGB v HSI... Sau khi tng cng cht lng nh, mt trong nhng u im ca phng php x l nh s l c th chn cc t hp mu tu . T hp mu c ngha l gn 3 mu c bn Red (), Green (Xanh lc), Blue (chm) cho 3 knh ph no . + T hp mu tht (true color): l t hp mu c mu Blue c gn cho knh 1 (knh Blue), mu Green c gn cho knh 2 (knh Green) v mu Red oc gn cho knh 3 (knh Red) + T hp mu gi: l cc t hp mu cn li, c cch gn mu khc vi t hp mu tht + T hp mu gi chun: l t hp mu c mu Blue c gn cho knh knh Green, mu Green c gn cho knh Red v mu Red c gn cho knh Near Infared. Trong t hp mu ny thc vt c mu , t trng thng c mu trng, nc c mu xanh. 3. Gii on nh * Gii on nh bng mt. Trong vic x l thng tin vin thm th gii on bng mt l cng vic u tin, ph bin nht v c th p dng trong mi iu kin c trang b t n gin n phc tp v c th p dng trong nhiu lnh vc nghin cu khc nhau nh a l, a cht, lm nghip, nng nghip, thu vn, mi trng... Gii on nh bng mt l s dng mt thng hoc c s tr gip ca cc dng c quang hc t n gin n phc tp nh my tnh, knh lp, knh lp th, knh phng i, my tng hp mu... C s gii on nh bng mt l da vo kha gii on nh. Khi gii on mt i tng c th, ngi gii on cn nm vng bn cht ph phn x ca cc i tng, s th hin ca chng trn t liu mnh ang x l xy dng kha gii on nh. Kha gii on nh c xy dng thng qua 8 chun gii on nh sau: - Chun kch thc: Kch thc cc i tng t nhin c xc nh bng cch ly kch thc o c trn nh nhn vi mu s l nh. Vic o kch thc tn cy trn nh c li phn bit cc loi cy khc nhau nhng c nh tn cy ging nhau. - Chun en: en ca cc i tng trn nh c th c bin thin t en n trng. Do s phn x, bc x nng lng mt tri ca cc i tng khc nhau vi mc khc nhau, dn n s th hin trn nh c en hoc sc nh s khc nhau. V d: ct kh phn x mnh nn nh c sc nh trng, cn ct t do phn x km hn nn c mu ti hn trn nh en trng. - Chun hnh dng: Trn nh hng khng, nh v tr hnh dng c trng cho mi i tng khi nhn t trn cao xung v c coi l chun on c quan trng - Chun bng: Bng ca cc i tng d dng nhn thy khi ngun sng khng nm chnh xc nh u hoc trng hp chp nh xin. Da vo bng ca cc i tng trn nh c th xc nh c chiu cao ca n. - Chun cu trc: Cu trc l tp hp nhiu hnh mu nh. Cu trc nh ca cnh ng la xanh tt thuc dng cu trc mn, cu trc ca rng thuc dng cu trc sn si. Cu trc ca nh c lin quan n t l nh.

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- Chun phn b: Chun phn b l tp hp ca nhiu hnh dng nh phn b theo mt quy lut nht nh trn ton nh v c mi quan h vi i tng cn tm kim. Rung bc thang thng thy vng i ni, nhng di rung trng la hp chy ven cc thung lng ... - Chun mi quan h tng h: Cc i tng trn mt t c sp xp theo nhng quy lut nht nh v c mi quan h tng h vi nhau. V d cc loi doi ct nm dc theo b sng hoc gia sng ma nc cn, ng ngm li qua sui c lin quan n ng mn hai bn b sui. - Chun mu sc: Mu sc l mt chun quan trng trong vic xc nh cc i tng. Nh chun mu sc ta d dng pht hin ra cc loi thc vt khc nhau, cc i tng khc nhau c mu khc nhau, c bit l khi s dng nh tng hp mu. Nhm tr gip cho cng tc on c nh, ngi ta thnh lp cc mu gii on nh. Mu gii on l tp hp cc chun gii on nh on c cho mt i tng nht nh. Kt qu gii on ph thuc vo mu gii on. Mu gii on c xy dng trn nhng vng nghin cu th nghim c iu tra k lng. Tt c 8 chun gii on nh cng vi cc thng tin v thi gian chp nh, ma chp nh, t l nh u c a vo mu gii on nh. Mt b gii on nh bao gm mu nh v phn m t bng li. Da vo mu gii on, tin hnh khoanh v cc i tng trn nh bng tay (i vi nh tng t) hoc s ho trn mn my tnh (i vi nh s). Qu trnh s ho, khoanh v ph thuc nhiu vo kinh nghim, trnh v cm hng ca ngi gii on. * Gii on nh theo phng php s (phn loi nh) Phn loi nh l qu trnh my tnh x l nh da trn gi tr phn x ph ca cc pixel. Yu cu ca ngi s dng c a vo my, sau my tnh s t ng phn loi v cho kt qu di dng nh (bn dng Raster) c phn loi. Thng thng ngi ta s dng cc d liu a ph phn loi nh. C 2 phng php phn loi c bn l phn loi phi kim nh v phn loi c kim nh: + Phn loi phi kim nh (Unsupervised): Php phn loi ch da trn cc c trng hoc tnh cht trn nh. My tnh yu cu cung cp thng tin v s lng lp cn phn loi, tp trung ca cc lp thng qua lch chun, v tr tng i ca cc lp trong khng gian ph...Sau my tnh s t ng tm v gp cc picel li theo yu cu ca ngi s dng. + Phn loi kim nh (Supervised): Php phn loi c s dng d liu kim tra ngoi thc a. Trong qu trnh phn loi my tnh s yu cu mt s kin thc ca ngi s dng v khu vc cn phn loi. Nhng kin thc ny c c trn c s kho st thc a v cc t liu bn chuyn . Cc nhm phn loi kim nh thng dng l phn loi hnh hp, phn loi theo khong cch ngn nht, phn loi xc sut cc i. Tt c cc phng php phn loi ny u yu cu chun b tp mu (training sites). Tp mu l mt phng php thng tin ca ngi phn tch cung cp cho my tnh v i tng mnh cn phn loi. V vy, vng mu cn c chn sao cho m bo tnh i din theo nguyn tc xc sut thng k cho i tng trn phm vi ton nh. Ngi s dng thng qua ch tng tc trc tip vi my s vch ln nh nhng vng mu i din cho cc i tng cn phn tch. Phn mm my tnh da vo tp mu s phn loi nh. Phng php phn loi nh thng dng l phng php xc sut cc i (Maximum likelihood). 4. nh gi chnh xc bn sau gii on. Phng php nh gi chnh xc ca bn sn phm trong qu trnh gii on nh vin thm l kim tra i sot ngoi thc a. c im ca bn gii on nh l lun c hnh dng kch thc ging nh ngoi thc a do nh vin thm phn nh trung thc b mt tri t 23

ti thi im chp nh. V vy, nh gi chnh xc ca bn sau gii on nh a thi gian l nh gi chnh xc ca cc loi hnh s dng t. Cng vic kim tra i sot cc loi hnh s dng t thng thng c tin hnh vi s tr gip ca cn b a phng v GPS cm tay. Sau khi thu thp cc im mt t ca tt c cc loi hnh s dng t, cn xc nh s im ng ca mi loi hnh s dng t nh gi chnh xc ca tng loi hnh s dng t. Sau tng hp nh gi chnh xc ca ton bn .

CU HI N TP CHNG 1 1. Khi nim mt s loi bn c bn ca ngnh TN&MT. 2. Trnh by qu trnh xy dng h quy chiu v h to quc gia nc ta. 3. Nu nhng hn ch ca h quy chiu v h to quc gia HN72 4. Trnh by cc yu cu ca mt h quy chiu quc gia. Cc thng s c bn ca h quy chiu v h to VN2000. 5. Cc b phn cu thnh h thng GPS? 6. Trnh by cc phng php o GPS ng dng trong lp bn a chnh. 7. Bn s l g? Cc m hnh v kiu d liu c bn ca bn s? S khc nhau gia m hnh vector v m hnh raster? 8. Cc c im c bn ca bn s? Trnh by nhng u im ca bn s so vi bn giy thng thng? 9. Trnh by cch t chc d liu ca bn s. Cho v d c th vi phn mm MicroStation? 10. Xut nhp d liu bn l g? Nu cc nh dng ph bin ca bn s hin nay? 11. Trnh by quy trnh thnh lp bn s t s liu o c? 12. So snh u, nhc im ca s ho bn trn bn s ho v s ho trn mn hnh? 13. Vin thm l g? u im ca phng php vin thm? 14. Cc chun gii on nh bng mt? Trnh by phng php gii on nh bng mt. 15. Trnh by phng php gii on nh s?

24

Chng 2

M HNH D LIU BN
Khi xy dng bn , cc i tng thc t ngoi thc a u c m t bng nhng k hiu khc nhau trn bn . Vy chng c biu din ra sao v bng nhng quy lut no? gip ngi c hiu r hn v cch thc biu din cc i tng bn dng s cng nh mi quan h ca chng, chng ny gii thiu v cc m hnh d liu c bn c p dng trong xy dng bn s nc ta, c bit l Bn a chnh, bao gm m hnh d liu Vector Topology v m hnh d liu Spaghetti. ng thi, chng ny cng gii thiu mt vi thut ton c bn trong x l thng tin bn da trn nguyn l ca cc m hnh d liu. 2.1. KHI NIM M HNH D LIU M hnh d liu khng gian (Spatial data model) l mt m hnh ton hc m t cch biu din cc i tng bn di dng s. m t cc i tng bn , hin nay tn ti nhiu m hnh d liu khng gian khc nhau. Chun v m hnh d liu khng gian cho bn s c xc nh da trn vic xem xt cc kha cnh sau : - Tnh cht ch v mt ton hc. - Tnh ph bin, c s dng rng ri trong cc c s d liu bn Vit nam v th gii. - Th hin c cc tnh cht mang tnh c th ca bn Vit nam. Hin ti, c mt s m hnh d liu khng gian khc nhau c p dng : - M hnh d liu VECTOR - M hnh d liu RASTER - M hnh d liu QUATREE - M hnh s cao (DEM: Digital Elevation Model) i vi d liu bn dng Vector, hai m hnh d liu c s dng rng ri nht Vit Nam l m hnh d liu Vector topology v Vector Spaghetti. 2.2. NI DUNG CA M HNH D LIU Nghin cu xem xt mt m hnh d liu, chng ta phi xem xt cc thng tin ca cc i tng bn . Thng tin ca cc i tng bn bao gm: Thng tin v v tr khng gian (Spatial data) Thng tin v quan h khng gian (Relational Spatial data) Thng tin thuc tnh, phi khng gian (Attribute data) Trong cc m hnh d liu khng gian, cc i tng bn c quy v 4 kiu i tng hnh hc c bn: im (Point). V d : mc a gii, mc quy hoch ng (Line). V d : ng ranh gii tha, knh 1 nt Vng (Polygon, Area). V d : tha t, sng... Ch thch, m t (Annotation, Text). V d : s hiu tha, tn ph... 2.3. M HNH D LIU VECTOR SPAGHETTI M hnh spaghetti l m hnh n gin v d hiu. Cc i tng c biu din thng qua cc im, ng v vng. Nu c hai vng k nhau th ng ranh gii gia hai vng phi c ghi nhn hai ln, mi ln cho mt vng. Trong cu trc d liu ca File th tt c cc i tng c ghi nhn bi gi tr ca cc cp to . Chnh v vy, tt c cc php phn tch v tnh ton 25

khng gian c lin quan n mi quan h ca cc i tng u thc hin mt cch kh khn. Tuy vy m hnh d liu ny vn c s dng rng ri thnh lp cc bn di dng s v l d liu u vo cho cc chng trnh in, v. Bi v cc d liu ny d trnh by, bin tp, sa cha... Thng tin ca cc i tng bn trong m hnh d liu ny c m t nh sau: 2.3.1. Thng tin v v tr khng gian i tng kiu im: Cc i tng thuc kiu im c m t nh sau :

{ Id , (x , y ) }

(Id: Identifier: Ch s lin kt)

i tng kiu ng : Cc i tng thuc kiu ng c m t nh sau : { Id , [ (xi , yi ) ; i = 1, n ; n 2 ] } Id: ch s ca i tng ( ch s lin kt )

i tng kiu vng : Cc i tng thuc kiu ng c m t nh sau :

Id ,

[ (xi , yi )

; i = 1, n ; n 3 ; ( x1 , y1 ) ( xn , yn )

]}

Id: ch s ca i tng ( ch s lin kt )

26

2.3.2. Thng tin v quan h khng gian Cu trc m t thng tin v quan h khng gian khng c m t mt cch tng minh trong m hnh d liu vector Spaghetti. Cc mi quan h ny c suy ra t v tr to ca cc i tng. iu ny c ngha l chng ta cn phi c cc thut ton v xy dng cc cng c phn mm c c cc quan h khng gian gia cc i tng. y chnh l nhc im ln nht ca m hnh vector spaghetti. 2.3.3. Thng tin v thuc tnh Thng tin v thuc tnh c th hin bng mt bn ghi tng ng trong cc bng d liu thuc tnh ca i tng. Cc bng thuc tnh c cu trc l cc bng c s d liu quan h. Mi lin h ca cc bng c thng qua trng kho (ch s). 2.4. M HNH D LIU VECTOR TOPOLOGY M hnh d liu Vector topology l mt m hnh phc tp, cc i tng c qun l khng ch bi to m cn bng c mi quan h khng gian gia cc i tng. M hnh d liu ny m t trn vn cc thng tin ca cc i tng khng gian bao gm: - Thng tin v v tr khng gian (Spatial data): Thng tin c th hin theo m hnh vector, bng cc ta m t v tr, hnh dng, ng bin ca cc i tng. - Thng tin v quan h khng gian (Relational Spatial data Topology). M hnh d liu Topology th hin quan h khng gian di 3 kiu quan h l: + Lin thng vi nhau: th hin di dng file ng - im ni (ARC _ NODE) + K nhau: th hin di dng file m t ng bao (ARC_POLYGON) + Nm trong nhau, ph nhau. S lin h gia thng tin khng gian v thng tin thuc tnh c thc hin qua ch s xc nh (Identifier)

2.4.1. Thng tin v v tr khng gian i tng kiu im ( Point)

Cc i tng a l ch c mt v tr n, c lp s c phn nh nh i tng kiu im D liu khng gian: nh ngha bi mt cp to ( x,y). i tng kiu ng ( Line) Cc i tng a l c dng tuyn, hoc mng s c phn nh nh i tng kiu ng. 27

D liu khng gian: c m t di dng 1 dy cc cp to . Mt ng bt u v kt thc bi im giao (Node). di ng c nh ngha bng to . Quan h khng gian ca cc i tng kiu ng c th hin qua quan h lin thng vi nhau. Quan h lin thng c m t cu trc ARC_NODE. i tng kiu vng ( Area, Polygon) Cc i tng a l l mt vng lin tc c xc nh bi mt ng bao c phn nh nh mt i tng kiu vng.

D liu khng gian: d liu khng gian ca cc i tng vng c nh ngha l mt tp cc i tng ng nh ngha ng bao v mt im nhn. Mt im nhn nm trong mt i tng vng v c ngha xc nh cho vng ny. 2.4.2. Thng tin v quan h khng gian Quan h khng gian ca cc i tng kiu vng c th hin qua quan h k nhau. Quan h ny c m t theo m hnh ARC_POLYGON. M hnh Topology dng cc quan h khng gian nh ngha cc c tnh khng gian ca cc i tng.

28

Cc quan h khng gian

Cc c tnh khng gian

Mi mt ng (arc) c im bt u v kt thc ti di ca ng. im nt (node). Hng ng (Directionality). Cc ng (arc) ni vi nhau ti cc im nt (node). Tnh ni nhau (Connectivity) Cc ng (arc) ni vi nhau to thnh ng bao Din tch vng, chu vi vng ca vng (polygon). Cc ng tham gia nh ngha vng c hai bn: Tnh k nhau hoc tnh lin tc. phi v tri. (Adjacency or contiguity) M hnh ng-im nt (Arc-node topology) M t quan h khng gian v tnh lin thng (Connectivity) (bng nt, bng cung)

M hnh ng-im nt (Arc-node topology) nh ngha mi quan h gia cc i tng ng v im nt. Cu trc ca mi quan h ny cho php ngi s dng xc nh c c tnh quan trng l hng v tnh ni nhau. Phn ln cc php phn tch a l u cn nhng c tnh ny. Hng : Hng c nh ngha t im nt u (from-node) v im nt ti (to-node). Tnh ni nhau (Connectivity) Cc ng c ni nu s hiu ca im nt u hoc cui ca ng ny trng vi s hiu u hoc cui ca ng khc. M hnh Vng-ng (Polygon-arc topology) M t quan h khng gian v tnh k nhau hoc lin tc (Adjacency or contiguity) M hnh Vng-ng (Polygon-arc topology) nh ngha mi quan h gia cc i tng ng vi i tng vng m cc ng ny to nn ng bao ca vng. Cu trc ca mi quan h ny cho php ngi s dng xc nh c c tnh quan trng ca vic nh ngha vng v tnh k nhau (adjacency). Hu ht cc php phn tch a l u i hi nhng c tnh ny. Tnh k nhau (Adjacency) Cc ng to nn ng bao vng c s dng chung bi 2 vng k nhau ( vng phi v vng tri ng).

29

Vng phi v tri (Left and right polygons) Vng phi v tri ca ng c xc nh theo di chuyn t im nt u n im nt ti. Vng phi ca ng l ch s ca vng bn pha phi di chuyn, vng tri l ch s vng pha bn tri di chuyn. (Bng vng)

nh ngha vng (Area definition) Mt tp cc ng ni nhau theo vng s nh ngha ng bao ca mt vng. Trong ng bao ca mt vng, cho php tn ti cc vng nm trn trong gi l o (island). 2.4.3. Thng tin v thuc tnh i tng dng im: c th hin bng mt bn ghi tng ng trong bng quan h thuc tnh ca im. i tng dng ng: c th hin bng mt bn ghi tng ng trong bng quan h thuc tnh ca ng. i tng dng vng: c th hin bng mt bn ghi trong cc bng thuc tnh tng ng ca vng. Cc bng thuc tnh c cu trc l cc bng c s d liu quan h. Mi lin h ca cc bng c thng qua trng kho (ch s). 2.5. X L THNG TIN BN TRONG C S D LIU BN 2.5.1. Cc bi ton x l thng tin bn phc v ngay trong c s d liu cng nh phc v sn xut bn cho nhu cu x hi, cn phi gii quyt mt s x l thng tin trong lnh vc bn . Cc bi ton c th nh sau: - Cp nht cc lp thng tin bn trn c s d liu t liu nh mi. - Chuyn i to v h quy chiu. - Bin v, tng hp bn t bn t l ln hn. - Bin tp cc bn chuyn theo nhng ch nht nh. - Tnh ton cc s liu thng k, chng ghp bn . - Phn tch, bin i cc yu t theo thi gian. - Phn tch cc quy lut t nhin, kinh t, x hi ca cc i tng a l. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu loi bi ton phc v cho cc chuyn ngnh khc. 2.5.2. Cc thut ton x l thng tin bn a. Thit lp topology Thit lp, m ho cc quan h gia cc im, cc cung v cc vng to nn cc thc th. Trong qu trnh thit lp topology mt s bng mi c thit lp lu cc im nt, cc cung v cc vng. Cc bc chnh s phi tin hnh khi thit lp topology bao gm: 30

- Sp li d liu trong tp lu to bn sao cho trc y tng dn. - Loi b bt cc im v cc ng d tha. - Kin to bng nt. - Kin to bng cung. - Kin to bng vng. b. Loi b im d tha Tt c cc phng php s ho bn u pht sinh ra nhiu im, on thng hn s lng cn thit. S liu m my tnh nhn c t bn s ho l cc to im ca mt lp (layer). Cc lp a l c to ra nh mt dy lin tc ca cc im ni vi nhau tng i mt. E={(X1,Y1), (X2,Y2),..., (Xn,Yn)} Cc to ny c pht sinh do ngi s dng nhn bn phm mt cch ngu nhin. V vy hai im lin tip c pht sinh c th trng nhau, c th cng nm trn mt ng thng hoc c th gn nhau n mc khng cn thit. Phng php ny c s dng sau khi to topology cho bn , c ngha l chng ta c bng nt (node) v bng cung (arc) t tp d liu s khai.

Coi to th nht ca cung l im cht v to cui l im di ng. Hai im ny to thnh mt on thng. Trn hnh v l on thng d: (x1,y1),(x6,y6). Tnh tt c cc khong cch t cc im nm gia im cht v im di ng ti on thng d ta c cc gi tr t1, t2, t3, t4. Nu tt c cc khong cch u nh hn gi tr T cho php th d l mt phn ca lp (Layer) bn ang xt. Cc im nm gia im cht v im di ng c loi b. im c nh mi l im di ng hin hnh, v im di ng s c gn li. Nu iu kin khng tho mn, c ngha l c im phi c gi li. im c khong cch t>T v xa im cht nht tr thnh im di ng mi. Trn hnh v im (x5,y5) c chn. Cng vic c tip tc vi on thng ni t im cht ti im di ng mi. Kt qu l tt c cc im ng vai tr im c nh s c gi li cho lp bn . c.Ph v vng m Ph l chc nng c bn tr gip quyt nh ca h thng thng tin bn . Chng cho php suy din lp d liu mi t lp d liu c trong CSDL. Ct li ca qu trnh xy dng ph v vng m l tnh din tch ca phn i tng a l b a gic hay hnh trn ph. Ta xem xt hai loi ph thng dng nht trong h thng bn s: - Ph a gic: Xt phn giao ca 2 a gic: a gic ph v a gic i tng bn . 1. Tm cc im giao nhau (cc im 1,2,3,4) ca cc cnh; 2. Thit lp cc a gic mi (P1, P2, P3...) theo thut 31

ton thit lp topology; 3. Tnh din tch ca vng trn bn . - Ph ng trn: Xt phn giao ca ng trn vi a gic. 1. Tm cc im giao A, B, C, D ca hnh trn vi a gic. 2. T cc a gic mi AFB, CDE... Tm cc a gic con l giao ca hnh trn v a gic ln, tnh din tch ca chng. 3. Tm cc hnh vin phn l mt phn giao gia ng trn v a gic ln. 4. Tnh din tch hnh vin phn. 5. S=R2arccos(x/R)-xy d. Xc nh v tr t nhn trn bn Bn l tp hp cc d liu a l. Trong qu trnh khai thc, h thng c kh nng np chng cc lp khc nhau. Khi s dng h thng vo vic nghin cu, nh gi, h thng c kh nng hin th nhiu loi im khc nhau theo nhu cu nh hin th tn, din tch... Thut ton gip hin th tn cc tin ch vo bn mt cch hp l nht. Theo hnh v bn, cc hnh trn l v tr ca cc biu tng chim trn bn , cc hnh ch nht bao quanh v tr cc xu k t (12 xu k t). V tr t tn cho im c u tin t 1-12. Yu cu t ra l: tn ca tin ch khng c: ln tn ca tin ch khc; ln biu tng ca tin ch; ln mp bn . Thut ton c nghin cu nhm nng cao tc xc nh v tr c th cho tn tin ch trn bn . 1. Sp xp li cc ta hin th tn tin ch theo th t tng dn ca y, nu tn ti cc ta c cng gi tr y th sp xp theo th t tng dn ca x; 2. Gn i=1 l gi tr ca v tr ban u (hnh v) c mc u tin cao nht cho tt c cc tin ch s c hin th; 3. Nu yu cu c tha mn th sang bc 6, nu yu cu khng tha mn v i=12 th sang bc 5; 4. Chn v tr mi i+1 (khi tn ang xt ln tn tin ch khc hay ln biu tng hay ln mp bn ). Tr li bc 3. 5. Gim ln ca cc k t, tr li bc 3 hay chnh bng tay; 6. Kt thc. Ngoi ra cn mt s thut ton x l thng tin bn nh: thut ton lp bn chuyn ; Thnh lp bn mt ; Tm kim i tng trn bn ; Tm ng i ngn nht; Cc bi ton v tnh ton trn bn (tnh din tch, chu vi, di). CU HI N TP CHNG 2 1. M hnh d liu l g? Ni dung ca m hnh d liu? 2. Trnh by ni dung m hnh d liu Spaghetti? 3. Trnh by ni dung m hnh d liu Topology? 4. So snh hai m hnh Spaghetti v Topology? 5. Trnh by mt s thut ton x l thng tin bn .

32

Chng 3

CHUN HO D LIU BN
thun tin trong qun l v s dng cc loi bn chuyn ngnh, d liu bn cn c xy dng thng nht v ng b. Qu trnh thng nht v ng b d liu theo cc chun nh trc c gi l chun ho d liu bn . Chng ny gii thiu nhng quy nh hin hnh, c p dng trong qu trnh xy dng cc loi bn c bn nht ca ngnh Ti nguyn v Mi trng l Bn a chnh, Bn a hnh, Bn hin trng, quy hoch s dng t nc ta. T gip ngi c nm vng v p dng hiu qu nhng quy nh gip cho qu trnh xy dng bn c tin hnh nhanh chng v chnh xc. Trong x hi hin i, cng ngh thng tin c mt vai tr quan trng trong vic thu thp v qun l thng tin. qun l cc d liu c tnh khng gian (c v tr a l), ngi ta s dng H thng Thng tin a l (Geographical Information System - GIS) qun l. Mt trong nhng vn ln khi qun l, trao i thng tin l thng tin cn phi c chun ha. Chun ho l cng vic l cn thit khi ngi dng GIS mun tch hp h thng ca mnh vi cc phn cng khc, vi cc phn mm GIS khc nhau v cc ngun d liu khc nhau. Chun l cn thit khi trao i d liu trn mng, to kh nng truy nhp d liu s c phn b cc v tr a l khc nhau, chia s d liu gia cc c quan, cng ty, gia cc Quc gia vi nhau. Mc tiu ca B TN&MT l dng mt H thng thng tin t ai thng nht ton quc. c th c mt CSDL a chnh thng nht tch hp t cc CSDL a chnh con ti cc S TN&MT, B TN&MT phi c cc quy nh chung, c th. Trong bt k mt CSDL c a vo s dng chung u phi tin hnh chun ho d liu. C nh vy vic khai thc d liu mi c th chia s cho nhiu i tng s dng, vic hin chnh d liu t nhiu ngun mi m bo tnh thng nht. CSDL ti nguyn t ai c thit lp trn c s tp hp d liu thu thp t cc n v thuc B TN&MT v cc S TN&MT. Ngoi ra cn thm mt s d liu t cc ngun cc c quan iu tra c bn khc. Ngi s dng rt a dng t ngnh a chnh c trung ng v cc cp a phng, t cc c quan qun l Nh nc, t cc b ngnh khc, t cc t chc trong nc v ngoi nc, t cc i tng l c dn c nhu cu. Trong khung cnh nh vy vic chun ho d liu, h thng thit b, t chc qun l phi rt thng nht. Hin nay tp hp d liu ca ngnh a chnh kh ln. Mt phn dng truyn thng trn giy, mt phn dng s nh trong nhiu nh dng (format) khc nhau, mt phn dng thng nht theo nh hng ca B TN&MT. Vn t ra l phi xem xt bin php nh chun v chun ho d liu nh th no thu c mt CSDL thng nht. Cc vn cn gii quyt nh sau: - Xc nh chun d liu thng nht . - Xy dng quy trnh thng nht chuyn cc d liu c v dng chun nh; - Xy dng quy trnh thng nht v thu thp d liu c c cc d liu chun. 3.1. CHUN HO BN A CHNH Ni dung chun ho bn a chnh bao gm nhiu thnh phn. Mi thnh phn chun ho th hin cho mt lnh vc lin quan n bn a chnh. C th chun ho bn a chnh bao gm cc thnh phn sau: - Chun v d liu bn (Cartography Data Standard) - Chun v th hin bn (Cartographic Represetation Standard) - Chun v khun dng file (Data format and data exchange standard ). - Chun ho v d liu m t CSDL (metadata) cho bn a chnh (Metadata Standard). 33

3.1.1. Chun ho d liu bn a. La chn m hnh d liu Cc i tng ca bn a chnh c m t bng cc m hnh d liu khng gian. M hnh d liu khng gian (spatial data model) l mt m hnh ton hc m t cch biu din cc i tng bn di dng s. m t cc i tng bn , hin nay tn ti nhiu m hnh d liu khng gian khc nhau. Chun v m hnh d liu khng gian cho bn a chnh c xc nh da trn vic xem xt cc kha cnh sau : - Tnh cht ch v mt ton hc. - Tnh ph bin, c s dng rng ri trong cc c s d liu bn Vit nam v th gii. - Th hin c cc tnh cht mang tnh c th ca bn a chnh Vit nam. c im ca bn a chnh l cu trc ca cc i tng n gin. i tng quan trng nht cho lu tr cng nh tra cu, x l sau ny l tha t. Nguyn tc la chn m hnh d liu cho c s d liu bn a chnh l m hnh ny phi phn nh c i tng tha t vi y c im v tnh cht ca n. Cc yu cu v qun l vi cc i tng ca bn a chnh : ng ranh gii tha cn c qun l nh mt i tng thc s v c d liu thuc tnh. Tha t l mt i tng kiu vng c nh ngha bi cc ng ranh gii tha khp kn. Thuc tnh quan trng nht ca tha t l din tch tha. Din tch tha s b sai lch khi ng ranh gii tha th hin bng i tng ng khng c din tch mt d trong thc t, ng b ny c chiu rng v c din tch. Nh vy ng ranh gii tha tha khi cn thit cn c gn thuc tnh l rng b tha m bo khi tnh din tch tha c chnh xc. ng ranh gii tha c th l tham gia vo ng bao ca tha t vi cc i tng khc nh ng giao thng, thu vn. M hnh d liu phi m t c quan h khng gian gia cc i tng tha t. Quan h khng gian gia cc tha t rt quan trng c bit l quan h k nhau, tip gip nhau. Quan h k nhau th hin khng ch trong CSDL Bn a chnh m cn th hin trong CSDL H s a chnh di dng cc ch s dng k cn. Quan h k nhau cn l cn c php l xc nh quyn s dng t ca ch s dng. Tha t l i tng bn chnh tham gia vo qu trnh bin ng t ai. Tha t c th bin ng v mt hnh hc : bin dng, chia tha, tch tha hay bin ng v mt thuc tnh nh thay i v loi t, mc ch s dng, ch s dng.v.v. Khi bin ng, nhng thay i trn mt tha s nh hng n cc tha ln cn. CSDL bn a chnh c c im l khi lng d liu rt ln, m hnh d liu c kh nng ti u ho v lu tr. Xut pht t nhng yu cu trn ca bn a chnh, m hnh d liu Vector Topology (Vector Topology Data Model) l m hnh ph hp nht m t cc i tng bn a chnh trong c s d liu. i vi cc i tng a hnh : im cao, ng bnh , khng cn thit phi dng m hnh s cao DEM m t m ch coi chng nh nhng i tng im v ng c gn gi tr cao. 34

Tuy nhin chng ta xem xt n 2 c im na ca CSDL bn a chnh : CSDL bn a chnh l CSDL c cc dng ngi s dng rng ri v a dng: t nhng c quan trong B TN&MT n cc B ngnh khc thm ch n c nhng ngi dn bnh thng. Phn ln cc ngi dng u ch cn hoc ch c quyn tra cu nhng thng tin c sn trong CSDL ch khng lin quan n x l thng tin. CSDL bn a chnh c tnh phn tn. Cc CSDL a chnh cho tng tnh c hnh thnh v tp trung ti cc tnh. Trn trung ng ch qun l cc thng tin c tnh v m. Cch t chc thng tin nh vy dn n phng thc truy nhp thng tin s qua mng cc b ti a phng, trn mng din rng ca ngnh (INTRANET) hoc trn mng din rng cng cng (INTERNET). Giao din truy cp thng tin ch yu s l WEB. Vi 2 c im trn, m hnh d liu Topology khng thc s thch hp v trong m hnh ny cc i tng vng ( tha t , ng, sng .v.v.) khng c m t tng minh. i vi cng vic tra cu, thng tin cng tng minh cng tt v i vi d liu khi trao i trn mng, i tng cn trao i cng t thng tin ph cng tt. gii quyt vn ny, M hnh d liu vector Spaghetti (Spaghetti Data Model) t ra thch hp hn c. T nhng phn tch trn, chun v m hnh d liu bn a chnh c la chn nh sau: - p dng c 2 m hnh d liu TOPOLOGY v SPAGHETTI cho c s d liu bn a chnh. - D liu trong c s d liu chnh c m t bng m hnh VectorTopology. D liu m t bng m hnh Spaghetii l d liu dn xut, c to ra t d liu m t bng m hnh Topology. - Cc i tng c m t bng m hnh Topology c s dng cho cc ng dng cc b thuc v chuyn ngnh a chnh ca S a chnh nh cp nht bn , x l bin ng t ai. - Cc i tng m t bng m hnh Spaghetti c s dng cho cc ng dng v tra cu thng tin v cc ng dng phn phi thng tin trn INTRANET, INTERNET. Ngnh a chnh
Bo tr, cp nht v x l d liu

Ngi dng cui


Tra cu d liu Phn phi d liu

CSDL BC M hnh Topology

Chuyn i m hnh

CSDL BC M hnh Spaghetti

Hnh 3-1. M hnh d liu cho bn a chnh b.p dng chun m hnh d liu D liu lu trong c s d liu phi m bo tnh Topology ca chng. Yu cu ny c xem xt n khi s ho hay khi chnh sa bn a chnh s. S liu bn s phi c kim tra v sa li theo yu cu ca m hnh topology.

35

- ng ranh gii tha to thnh ng bao tha lun m bo tnh khp kn tuyt i v to .

Sai

Sai

ng

- Cc ng ranh gii tha khng c php giao nhau, phi lun ct nhau ti u hoc cui ng ( ti im nt NODE)

Sai

ng

- ng ranh gii tha cn phi c qun l nh mt i tng c lp v c th gn rng tha. Khi mt ng ranh gii c nhiu on c rng khc nhau cn thit phi tch ra thnh cc ng i tng khc nhau.
0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3

5
Sai

ng

- Cc i tng vng khp kn ( tha t) phi c m t theo m hnh d liu Topology (m hnh c cu trc), khng m t cc cc i tng hnh hc dng vng (m hnh khng c cu trc). Tha t c xc nh bng danh sch cc ng ranh gii tha to nn ng bao khp kn v mt im nhn tha c trng cho tha t. - C s d liu chnh ca bn a chnh phc v phn tch v x l s liu ( thc hin qu trnh bin ng ) phi c lu tr v qun l bng cc phn mm m t d liu bng m hnh Topology nh v d nh FAMIS, ARCINFO, MGE. Sau khi file bn a chnh sa li xong, phi chy BUILD to Topology cho cc tha t v gn d liu thuc tnh cho ng ranh gii tha t, tha t. - m t d liu bn , ngoi file ho th hin ng nt bn cn phi c file m t topology ca cc i tng bn . V d nh file DGN v file POL trong phn mm FAMIS. - Qu trnh chnh l bin ng cho bn a chnh c thc hin trn c s d liu ca m hnh Topology. c. Chun v ni dung c s d liu bn a chnh Chun v ni dung CSDL bn a chnh xc nh ni dung ca CSDL. Chun ny xc nh v m t nhng i tng bn lu tr trong c s d liu, s phn loi, cch nhn dng,

36

ni dung ngha ca tng loi i tng ny ng thi cng m t c th v quan h khng gian vi cc i tng khc v d liu thuc tnh ca chng Chun v ni dung CSDL bn a chnh bao gm : - Chun phn lp thng tin cc i tng bn - Chun m t k thut ca cc i tng. Trong m t k thut, tng i tng trong CSDL c m t rt chi tit, c th nh m, lp (level), chnh xc, cc quan h khng gian v cc d liu thuc tnh. M t k thut cc i tng c s dng nh mt tp tra cu hng dn y nht cho cc dng ngi s dng t ngi vo s liu cho n ngi tra cu, s dng d liu. * Chun v phn lp thng tin Nguyn tc nh chun ni dung c s d liu Trc khi i vo m t mt bng phn lp thng tin ca bn a chnh c th, cn a ra mt s nguyn tc nht nh trong qu trnh xy dng chun ho cc lp thng tin. Sau y l mt s nguyn tc chung khi nh chun v phn lp thng tin ca bn a chnh: - Phn lp thng tin c k tha theo bng phn loi cc i tng bn trn bn a chnh trong quy phm ca B TN&MT ban hnh. - Cc i tng trong mt lp thng tin thuc vo mt loi i tng hnh hc duy nht: im (point), ng (polyline), hoc vng (polygon). - Mi lp thng tin ch th hin mt loi i tng (Object). Cc i tng c cng chung mt s c im tnh cht nht nh c gp thnh lp i tng (Object Class). Cc lp i tng c gp li thnh cc nhm i tng (Category). Mi mt i tng c gn mt m s thng nht. M ca kiu i tng gm <M nhm><M lp><M kiu>. - Mi mt lp thng tin c mt m duy nht. - Trong mt nhm lp thng tin, m ca cc lp c nh s lin tc. - Tn ca lp thng tin c t theo kiu vit tt sao cho d dng nhn bit c l lp thng tin no. Ni dung bng phn loi cc i tng trong CSDL bn a chnh Sau y l bng phn loi cc i tng bn a chnh trong c s d liu. Cu trc bng gm cc ct: - Phn nhm chnh - Lp i tng - i tng - M a hnh: c nh s, ph thuc vo loi i tng, v d ng bnh c bn c m l 301, im thin vn c m l 112. mt s i tng khng c m ny - M: M c th hin bng k hiu ch theo tng nhm i tng. V d cc i tng trong phn nhm chnh a hnh c m l DH ( DH1, DH2,) - Ch s lp trong Microstation: Ch s level trong phn mm Microstation c gn cho mi loi i tng. - D liu thuc tnh: m t cc d liu thuc tnh ca i tng lu trong c s d liu. - Quan h gia cc i tng: m t quan h v khng gian, thuc tnh vi cc i tng khc.

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p dng chun bng phn lp thng tin - Xc nh ng cc i tng trn bn a chnh giy tng ng bn a chnh s. Trong bng phn loi cc i tng trn, ct s th t trong quy phm l tham chiu gia cc i tng ca bn a chnh giy v bn a chnh s. - Cc i tng ng ch tham gia vo mt lp thng tin. Nh vy i vi cc ng nt tham gia vo nhiu hn mt loi i tng, i hi phi c tch ra thnh cc lp khc nhau tng ng vi lp thng tin m n m t. iu ny thng xy ra i vi cc i tng nh : + ng a gii hnh chnh chy theo a vt. + Cc ng gii hn h thng giao thng ng thi l ranh gii tha. + Cc ng gii hn h thng thu vn, ng thi l ranh gii tha. - Cc ng nt khi tham gia vo 2 i tng phi c sao chp thnh 2 ng trng kht nhau v mt to , mi mt ng tham gia vo 1 loi i tng khc nhau, lu cc level khc nhau, mu sc, k hiu c th khc nhau. - Cc i tng trong bn a chnh s c lu theo ng quy nh trong bng phn lp. Cc i tng bn trong c s d liu phi tun th : + Nm ng level hoc layer theo quy nh. + Tun theo cc k hiu v kiu ng v mu sc c quy nh + Gn d liu thuc tnh cho cc i tng c thuc tnh. - Cn xy dng b cng c trn cc phn mm s ho hin i nh MicroStation cho ngi s dng, trnh cc sai st, lm ln. Ni dung ca bn a chnh c quy nh trong Quy phm thnh lp bn a chnh v tp K hiu bn a chnh. Chun v ni dung CSDL bn a chnh xc nh ni dung ca CSDL. Chun ny m t nhng i tng no c lu tr trong c s d liu, s phn loi, cch nhn dng, ni dung ngha ca tng loi i tng ny ng thi cng m t c th v quan h gia cc i tng v d liu thuc tnh ca chng. * Chun v chi tit k thut Phn chi tit k thut ca c s d liu m t rt chi tit tng i tng trong c s d liu bn a chnh. Mi mt i tng c m t trn mt trang. Phn ny l ti liu chnh ngi dng c s d liu bn a chnh c mt cch hiu su sc, r rng v ton din v cc i tng trong c s d liu. Cu trc ca trang m t i tng c th hin bng 3-1

38

BN A CHNH TRN GIY Rnh Rnh Ng Tha

Knh ng i Tha Ph

Rnh Tha

38
Tha
THA T

Ng

Rnh

Knh ng i Ph

GIAO THNG

BN A CHNH S LU TRONG C S D LIU

THU VN

Hnh 3-2. Phn lp thng tin trn bn a chnh s

Bng 3-1. Cu trc ca trang m t i tng Danh mc cc i tng Ngy thnh lp ti liu Nhm i tng Lp i tng M nhm M lp Tn phn nhm chnh Tn lp i tng nh ngha nh ngha tn ca i tng c m t M i tng M i tng M t M t c im, tnh cht v cc c tnh v k thut ca i tng. Phn nh trong c s d liu Phn nh tnh y ca i tng trong ton b c s d liu. i tng c th c phn nh y hoc ch c phn nh ti mt vng hay trong nhng mt iu kin c bit no . Phn nh hnh hc Kiu i tng hnh hc dng phn nh i tng (im, ng, vng, m t) cao C/khng c gi tr cao chnh xc chnh xc ca s liu cm, dm, m Level Level lu tr i tng trong file DGN Phin bn S hiu phin bn C gi tr t ngy Ngy bt u chun c gi tr

chnh xc hnh hc Ch ra chnh xc ca i tng v mt hnh hc, chnh xc ph thuc vo d liu ban u v cc phng php dng s ho i tng M t cu trc M t m hnh d liu p dng m t v lu tr i tng trong c s d liu. Trong trng hp mt i tng c m t bng nhiu m hnh d liu khc nhau, phn ny cng nu r trng hp no th s dng m hnh d liu no v l do. Phn ny cng M t cc mi quan h khng gian ca i tng vi cc i tng khc. Phng php thu thp M t cc phng php c th c s dng thu thp d liu ca i tng vo c s d liu. 3.1.2. Chun v th hin i tng bn Chun ho v th hin bn (Cartographic Represetation Standard) nhm chun ho cch trnh by cc i tng bn s trn cc thit b dng s hoc cc vt liu lu tr dng analog nh giy, phim. Trong c s d liu, bn s khng ch thun tu l mt s sao chp li ca bn giy. Trn bn giy, cc i tng bn c th hin bng ngn ng c bit, gi l ngn ng bn v c xem xt nh mt h thng k hiu c trng ring. Khi chuyn sang di dng bn s, ngn ng bn vn ng mt vai tr quan trng cho vic th hin cc i tng bn analog qua cc thit b ra nh my in, my v. Chun v th 39

hin bn cn phi c da trn cc quy nh v k hiu v cch th hin bn trong quy phm. a. Chun ho th hin cc i tng bn di dng s Ni dung chun ho th hin bn di dng s bao gm : - Chun ho v th vin k hiu (Symbol Library): Mi mt i tng kiu im tng ng vi mt kiu k hiu nht nh trong th vin. Hnh dng k hiu c thit k da theo quy phm quy nh. File k hiu dng im do B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh km theo phn mm Famis l file KIHIEUDC.CELL - Chun ho v th vin kiu ng (Line Style Library): mi mt i tng kiu ng tng ng vi mt kiu ng nht nh trong th vin. Hnh dng kiu ng c thit k da theo quy phm quy nh. File k hiu dng ng do B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh km theo phn mm Famis l File DUONGDC.RSC - Chun ho v th vin mu t (Pattern Library): mi mt i tng kiu vng tng ng vi mt mu t nht nh trong th vin. Hnh dng mu t c thit k da theo quy phm quy nh. - Chun ho v th vin kiu font ch (Font Library): mi mt i tng kiu ch tng ng vi mt font ch v kch thc ch nht nh trong th vin. Cc font trong th vin dng b font chun ABC ca Ban cng ngh thng tin quc gia. i vi mt s font ch cn phi to thm, cc font ny vn tun theo m chun ca b ABC. File th vin phng ch do B TN&MT ban hnh km theo phn mm Famis l File VNFONT.RSC - Chun ho v cc lp thng tin i vi tng ni dung bn chuyn khc nhau c th hin trong chc nng chn lp thng tin ca phn mm Famis b. Chun ho th hin cc i tng bn di dng analog Ni dung chun ho th hin bn di dng analog bao gm : - Chun v ni dung cc lp thng tin c hin th theo mi chuyn . V d bn a hnh, bn a chnh, bn hin trng s dng t. - Chun v th t in ra cc lp thng tin (mc u tin khi in ra ). V d : th t in trong bn a chnh l : thu vn, giao thng, ranh gii tha. - Chun v cch hin th cc lp thng tin. V d : Khi in bn a chnh, nu ranh gii tha trng vi ng mp nc th khng in ra. Khi in bn a hnh, nu ng ranh gii hnh chnh trng vi a vt, hin th ranh gii theo tng on v 2 pha ca a vt. * Chun v ni dung cc loi bn chuyn V nguyn tc, ngi s dng c th ly bt c mt tp hp cc lp thng tin bt k t c s d liu to thnh bn chuyn cho ring mnh. Tuy nhin lm c iu ny, ngi s dng phi hiu rt r ni dung ca c s d liu v c ton quyn v truy nhp d liu. Khng phi ngi s dng cng c c hiu bit nh vy v tnh bo mt d liu khng cao. V vy, chun v cc loi bn chuyn nhm a ra mt s bn chuyn chung nht c ni dung c xc nh. Chun ny s c hon thin dn qua qu trnh khai thc thng tin. Sau y l mt s bn chuyn ly ra t c s d liu bn a chnh : - Bn a chnh. - Bn hin trng s dng t. - Bn quy hoch th. - Cc s , h s tha t.

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* Chun v th t in ra cc lp thng tin (mc u tin khi in ra ) Trong trng hp c nhiu i tng trng lp, chun s quy nh lp thng tin no c in trc, lp no c in sau hay khng in ra. * Chun v cch hin th cc lp thng tin Cc lp thng tin khi in ra cc vt liu lu tr lu di nh phim, giy, diamat hon ton tun th theo cch th hin m quy phm quy nh, bao gm cc chun v k hiu, mu sc, knh thc, dy ca ng nt, font ch. X l cc i tng trc khi in ra (ch bn). * p dng chun v th hin bn p dng chun trnh by bn bao gm : - Ban hnh chnh thc cc file th vin chun v k hiu, kiu ng ca bn a chnh. - Xy dng v ban hnh cc cng c tr gip chun ho v trnh by : - Cng c truy nhp thng tin cho cc bn chuyn t CSDL bn a chnh. - Cng c to cc hnh thc hin th c bit: vut ui chut, hin th khi trng nhau. - Xy dng cc file cu hnh in chun i vi tng loi phn mm khc nhau : Microstation, AutoCad, IPLOT .v.v. 3.1.3. Chun v khun dng (Format) d liu (Format Data Standard) Chun v khun dng d liu bao gm hai thnh phn chun: - Chun khun dng d liu lu tr trong c s d liu. - Chun khun dng d liu khi trao i phn phi thng tin. - Chun khun dng d liu phc v tra cu, hin th trn mng. a. Chun format d liu lu tr trong c s d liu Yu cu ca format d liu lu trong c s d liu l phi th hin cc i tng bn theo m hnh topology. Da trn yu cu ny, chun khun dng d liu lu tr trong c s d liu l: - File ho DGN v file topology POL ca phn mm FAMIS. - File ho DGN v file topology SIF ca phn mm GIS Office (Intergraph) - Coverage ca phn mm Arc/Info (ESRI) b. Chun format d liu phc v cho trao i, phn phi d liu. Chun khun dng format d liu phc v cho trao i, phn phi d liu c th trc tip l cc khun dng file c nu trong chun cho lu tr nhng c bn vn l cc chun trao i c s dng rng ri nh DGN (Famis), DXF (AutoCad), SHAPE (ArcView), SIF (Integraph) c. Chun format d liu phc v cho tra cu, hin th trn mng Chun format d liu phc v tra cu, hin th d liu trn my n hoc trn cc mng cc b LAN, mng din rng INTRANET hoc mng cng cng INTERNET l cc khun dng tng thch vi cc h thng c ng dng qun l v phn phi d liu trn mng nh : Geomedia Web Map (Intergraph), ArcIMS, SDE (ESRI), SDO (Oracle) File thuc tnh ca cc i tng bn a chnh c m t di dng m hnh d liu quan h. Format file m t d liu thuc tnh ca cc i tng bn a chnh l MDB ca ACCESS v Database ca ORACLE. 41

d. p dng chun v Format d liu p dng chun v Format d liu bao gm : - Xc nh chun lu tr c s d liu chnh thc ca bn a chnh DGN v POL ca FAMIS, SDO ca ORACLE, SIF ca Intergraph - Xy dng v ban hnh cc cng c cho php chuyn i t format d liu lu trong CSDL chnh thc sang cc dng format khc nh DXF, SHAPE .v.v. 3.1.4. Chun ho MetaData a. Khi nim Meta Data Meta Data l D liu ca D liu, iu ny c th hiu Meta Data l mt d liu ch dn cho bit phn d liu a l ang c trong c s d liu: do ai lm, lm bng cng ngh no, ai kim tra cht lng, lm thi gian no, nm trong h to no, v.v. Trong cc c s d liu truyn thng cc d liu kiu Meta Data khng cn thit bng nhu cu i vi cc CSDL a l. i vi cc d liu a l, ngoi d liu c m t bng v tr a l ngi ta cn phi bit tng tn v cc yu t sau: chnh xc cc v tr a l trong CSDL c th hin qua cc thng tin: c quan thc hin, cng ngh thc hin, chnh xc thit b (loi thit b thc hin), thi gian thc hin, tham s h quy chiu. C s php l ca d liu a l c th hin qua cc thng tin: c quan thc hin, bin gii - a gii chnh thc hay tm thi, d liu c xc nhn cht lng cp no, mc c th tip cn cc d liu chi tit hn. Ngoi ra ngi s dng cn c th mun bit thm mt s thng tin chi tit khc c lin quan: - Tn khu vc a l ca d liu, gii hn to ; - M t chung v cc iu kin a l ca khu vc; - Ni lu tr s liu ngun v kh nng tip cn s liu ngun; - Cc d liu khc c lin quan. - Thi gian thit lp cc Meta Data v chnh xc v c s php l; b. Ni dung Meta Data Ni dung ch yu ca Meta Data bao gm cc thnh phn sau: M t chung tp hp d liu ia l: - Tm tt ni dung; - Mc tiu ca vic u t lm d liu; - Cc c quan s dng d liu; - Ngn ng trong d liu; - H quy chiu ca d liu; - Cc d liu a l khc c lin quan; - C quan qun l d liu ngun. chnh xc d liu: - Mc tiu phc v ca d liu ngun; - Cng ngh, thit b thnh lp d liu; - chnh xc c tnh cho cc yu t a hnh, a vt; H quy chiu, h to ca d liu: - Ellipsoid quy chiu; 42

- im gc to ; - Li chiu phng; - H thng to c s; - H thng cao c s; - Mi lin h to cao vi cc h thng gp; - Thi gian thc hin d liu; C s php l ca d liu: - C quan thc hin d liu; - Qu trnh kim tra - nghim thu d liu; - C quan thc hin xc nhn cht lng sn phm; - Tnh php l ca a gii quc gia; - Mc c th tip cn cc d liu chi tit. Cc s liu c lin quan: - Tn khu vc a l; - To gc ca khu vc (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax); - cao khu vc (Hmin, Hmax); - Cc n v hnh chnh thuc khu vc a l; - M t iu kin a l chung ca khu vc; - Cc d liu khc c lin quan; Ni dung bn : - M t cc thng tin thuc tnh c th tra cu c; - M t h phn lp thng tin bn ; - Cc k hiu bn . c. Chun ho Meta data Vi ni dung Meta Data nh nu trn vic chun ho Meta Data l cn thit ngi dng c th tra cu c cc thng tin hu ch. Hin nay ngi ta vn dng 2 loi cng c thit lp cc Meta Data: mt l t chc di dng mt CSDL n gin gm mt s bng khng c quan h, v hai l t chc di dng mt trang Web tra cu. Vn chun ho t ra y khng phi l cu trc d liu, khun dng d liu m l ni dung d liu phi c nhng g. Chun ho Meta Data th hin di dng cc form chun m t cc thng tin lin quan n d liu trong c s d liu m nhng thng tin ny cn phi c in vo mt cch y khi vo hoc cp nht s liu. Chun meta c thc hin bng cch : - Xc nh cc form chun cn phi in y khi giao np sn phm v ban hnh - Xy dng chng trinh qun l Metadata di dng CSDL ca ACCESS cho php: nhp s liu, tra cu s liu v Metadata. Cc sn phm c giao np di dng s u phi c file Metadata km theo. 3.1.5. Bn a chnh s - Bn a chnh s phi l bn c s ho t bn a chnh c hoc c thnh lp bng phn mm FAMIS, phi tun theo quy nh v chun CSDL bn a chnh s. - CSDL bn a chnh s phi c lu tr theo m hnh quan h khng gian, c th hin bng im, ng thng, ng nhiu cnh hoc vng khp kn. 43

- Phn mm dng s ho bn a chnh ph thuc vo cc n v sn xut nhng khuyn co s dng phn mm MicroStation, I/Geovec, WinGis, CADMap. Sn phnm cui cng ca bn a chnh phi c chuyn v file ho *.DGN ca MicroStation. Thng nht s dng phn mm Famis bin tp bn a chnh s. - Ni dung, chnh xc bn a chnh s phi m bo nh yu cu i vi bn giy. - Khi bin tp bn a chnh s phi s dng b k hiu bn a chnh s t l tng ng v b Font ch ting Vit do B TN&MT ban hnh km theo phn mm Famis. - Phn lp ni dung bn a chnh c quy nh ti bng phn loi cc i tng bn a chnh (Ph lc s 01). - Cc k hiu c lp trn bn phi s dng th vin k hiu thit k sn dng Cell, cc i tng ng phi c v bng cng c Line, Line String, Chain hoc Complex Chain. Phi c im nt giao nhau gia cc ng cng loi. 3.2. CHUN HO BN A HNH 3.2.1. Quy nh chung 1. CSDL bn a hnh c lu tr theo m hnh d liu khng gian (Spatial Model) v c biu th bng im, ng n, ng nhiu cnh hoc vng. 2. Bn a hnh phi tun th ng cc yu cu th hin ni dung c quy nh trong quy phm v h thng k hiu hin hnh ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng. 3. m bo chun d liu thng nht th d liu ho cui cng ca bn a hnh s phi c chuyn v khung dng file *.DGN ca phn mm MicroStation 4. V hnh thc trnh by, bn a hnh s phi tun th ng theo yu cu th hin ni dung c quy nh trong quy phm v h thng k hiu hin hnh ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng. Do vy, khi bin tp bn a hnh s phi s dng ng b k hiu ca bn a hnh s t l tng ng v b phng ch Vit ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng 5. Cc k hiu c lp trn bn phi th hin bng cc k hiu dng Cell c thit k sn, khng c dng cng c v hnh (Shape) hay vng trn (Cirle) v. 6. Cc i tng dng ng khng dng B-sline v m phi dng Line string, cc ng c th l polyline, linestring, chain hoc complex chain. im u v im cui ca mi ng phi l mt ng lion khng t on v phi c im nt ch giao nhau gia cc ng cng loi. 7. Nhng i tng dng vng (polygon) ca cng mt loi i tng c dng kiu k hiu l pattern, shape hoc fill color phi l cc vng ng kn, kiu i tng l shape hoc complex shape. 3.2.2. Phn lp v ni dung bn a hnh s. Cc yu t ni dung ca bn a hnh c chia lm 7 nhm lp theo 7 chuyn l: C s ton hc, thu h, a hnh, dn c, giao thng, ranh gii v thc vt. Cc yu t thuc mt nhm lp c qun l bng mt tp tin ring. Trong mt nhm lp, cc yu t ni dung li c sp xp theo tng lp. C s ca vic phn chia nhm lp v lp l cc quy nh v ni dung bn a hnh trong quyn K hiu bn a hnh t l 1:10000, 1:25000 ban hnh nm 1995 v K hiu bn a hnh t l 1:50000, 1:100000 ban hnh nm 1998 v k hiu bn a hnh t l 1:250000, 1:500000, 1:1000000 ban hnh nm 2006. a. Ni dung ca cc nhm lp v quy tc t tn. Ni dung ca cc nhm lp v quy tc t tn cc tp tin quy nh nh sau:

44

1. Nhm lp C s ton hc bao gm khung bn , li km, li kinh v ; cc im khng ch trc a; bng gii thch k hiu v cc ni dung trnh by ngoi khung. 2. Nhm lp Dn c bao gm ni dung dn c v cc i tng KT-VH-XH. 3. Nhm lp a hnh bao gm cc yu t dng t, cht t, cc im cao 4. Nhm lp Thu h bao gm cc yu t thu vn v cc i tng c lin quan. 5. Nhm lp Giao thng bao gm cc yu t giao thng v cc thit b ph thuc. 6. Nhm lp Ranh gii bao gm ng bin gii, mc bin gii, a gii hnh chnh cc cp, ranh gii khu cm, ranh gii s dng t. 7.Nhm lp Thc vt bao gm ranh gii thc vt v cc yu t thc vt. thun tin cho vic lu tr v khai thc d liu, cc tp tin cha cc i tng ca tng nhm lp phi c t tn theo mt quy tc thng nht - i vi bn a hnh t l ln, quy nh nh sau: Cc k t u l k hiu mnh, hai k t cui l cc ch vit tt dng phn bit cc nhm lp khc nhau. Tuy nhin trnh tn tp khng di qu 8 k t, quy nh dng ch A thay cho mi 48, ch B thay cho mi 49. Tn tp c th b qua s ai v s mi nhng tn th mc cha n th phi t theo phin hiu y ca mnh . V d: C:\>FA118Cb\118Cb1CS.dgn. Cc tp tin c t tn c th nh sau: 1. Tp tin ca nhm C s ton hc c t tn (phin hiu mnh) l CS.dgn. V d: 117ACS.dgn 2. Tp tin ca nhm Dn c c t tn (phin hiu mnh) l DC.dgn. V d: 117ADC.dgn 3. Tp tin ca nhm a hnh c t tn (phin hiu mnh) l DH.dgn. V d: 117ADH.dgn 4.Tp tin ca nhm Thu h c t tn (phin hiu mnh) l TH.dgn. V d: 117ATH.dgn 5. Tp tin ca nhm Giao thng c t tn (phin hiu mnh) l GT.dgn. V d 117AGT.dgn 6. Tp tin ca nhm Ranh gii c t tn (phin hiu mnh) l RG.dgn. V d: 117ARG.dgn 7. Tp tin ca nhm Thc vt c t tn (phin hiu mnh) l TV.dgn. V d: 117ATV - i vi bn a hnh t l 1:250000, 1:500000 v 1:1000000: Cc k t u l phin hiu mnh, 2 k t cui l cc ch vit tt dng phn bit cc nhm lp khc nhau. Cc tp tin c t tn c th nh sau: Tp tin ca nhm C s ton hc: Tp tin ca nhm Dn c: Tp tin ca nhm a hnh: Tp tin ca nhm Thy h: Tp tin ca nhm Giao thng: Tp tin ca nhm Ranh gii: Tp tin ca nhm Thc vt: 45 (phin hiu mnh)_CS.dgn. (phin hiu mnh)_DC.dgn. (phin hiu mnh)_DH.dgn. (phin hiu mnh)_TH.dgn. (phin hiu mnh)_GT.dgn. (phin hiu mnh)_RG.dgn. (phin hiu mnh)_TV.dgn.

Cc tp tin ca vng mt mnh phi c lu tr vo cng mt th mc vi tn c t trng vi phin hiu ca mnh nhng khng c du cch gia. V d: mnh Thnh ph Hu, c phin hiu l E-48-4 khi s ha, cc tp tin c t tn ln lt l E484_CS.dgn, E484_DC.dgn, E484_DH.dgn, E484_TH.dgn, E484_GT.dgn, E484_RG.dgn, E484_TV.dgn. Cc tp tin trn y c lu trong th mc E484. b. Lp (level) v m i tng (code) Trong mi tp tin, yu t ni dung c chia thnh cc lp i tng. Mi lp c th gm mt hoc mt vi loi i tng c chung mt s tnh cht hoc c lin quan n nhau. Mi loi i tng c gn mt m (code) ring. M ny thng nht p dng cho ton h thng bn a hnh. Quy tc t m thng nht nh i vi bn a hnh t l trung bnh v t l ln 3.2.3. Quy nh cc chun c s a. Cc tp tin chun c s ton hc (Seedfile) - i vi cc bn a hnh t l ln (t 1:100000): vn2d.dgn - i vi bn a hnh t l 1: 250 000 v 1: 500 000 + Mi 48: vn20002dA.dgn cho d liu khng gian 2 chiu, vn2003dA.dgn cho d liu khng gian 3 chiu, li chiu UTM, elipxoit WGS84, kinh tuyn trung ng 105o, h s ko = 0,9996 + Mi 49: vn2002dB.dgn cho d liu khng gian 2 chiu, vn2003dB.dgn cho d liu khng gian 3 chiu, li chiu UTM, elipxoit WGS84, kinh tuyn trung ng 111o, h s ko = 0,9996 - i vi bn a hnh t l 1: 1 000 000: vnNon2d.dgn cho d liu khng gian 2 chiu, vnNon3d.dgn cho d liu khng gian 3 chiu, li chiu hnh nn ng gc 2 v tuyn chun 11o v 21o, kinh tuyn trung ng 108o, v tuyn gc 4o. b. Tp tin chun phng ch ting Vit: vnfont.rsc. c. Tp tin th vin k hiu cho cc i tng dng im: - dh10_25.cell dng cho t l 1:10000 v 1:25000 - dh50_100.cel dng cho t l 1:50000 v 1:100000. - dh250.cel dng cho t l 1: 250 000; - dh500.cel dng cho t l 1: 500 000; - dh1tr.cel dng cho t l 1: 1 000 000. d. Tp tin th vin k hiu cho cc i tng dng ng: - dh10_25.rsc dng cho t l 1:10000 v 1:25000; - dh50_100.rsc dng cho t l 1:50000 v 1:100000. - dh250.rsc dng cho t l 1: 250 000; - dh500.rsc dng cho t l 1: 500 000; - dh1tr.rsc dng cho t l 1: 1 000 000.

e. Bng chun m ho (future table): dh10_25.tbl dng cho t l 1:10000 v 1:25000; dh50_100.tbl dng cho t l 1:50000 v 1:100000. f. bng sp xp th t in n - Bng sp xp th t in n (pen table):dh.pen (dng trong trng hp in bn trn my in phun bng phn mm Iplot).
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- Bng sp xp th t in in bn bng chng trnh CADScript: - dh250.ord dng cho t l 1: 250 000; - dh500.ord dng cho t l 1: 500 000; - dh1tr.ord dng cho t l 1: 1 000 000. g. Chun mu i vi cc bn t l ln (1:100000 hoc ln hn): Dng mu mu quy nh ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng c thit k sn trong bng chun ho Future table tng ng vi t l nh nu trn. i vi cc bn t l nh 1: 250 000, 1: 500 000 v 1: 1 000 000 dng mu sc thng nht nh quy nh trong quy phm thnh lp bn cng t l v c th hin qua bng mu chun l dh_tln_mau.tbl trong mi trng Microstation. S liu cho tng mu c th c quy nh trong bng di y: Bng 3-2. Quy nh v mu sc th hin trn bn a hnh S hiu mu Thnh phn mu in trn plotter Thnh phn mu in offset trong C M Y Microstation 5 0 100 100 100% 6 0 20 15 20% 7 0 30 20 30% 8 65 65 65 Tro (en 65%) 10 100 100 100 en 100% 11 0 0 0 Trng 12 100 0 0 L 100% 13 15 0 0 L 15% 14 10 50 100 Nu 100% 16 70 0 100 Ve 100% 17 25 0 35 Ve 25% 18 12 0 25 Ve 15% 19 5 10 10 Nu 10% 20 7 0 0 L 7% 23 0 0 20 Vng 20% 24 0 100 0 Tm 100% 25 10 15 0 Tm 15% (Ghi ch: Ty thuc vo loi my in phun (plotter) m thnh phn mu c th thay i, nhng s liu mu phi gi nguyn). h. Chun lc nt: Dng lc nt quy nh ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng c thit k sn trong bng chun ho future table. 3.2.4. Quy nh v ghi l lch bn . Mi mnh bn s phi km theo mt tp tin ghi l lch bn , trong ghi r nhng thng tin c bn v ti liu, phng php lp bn , cc c im v k thut, phn mm lp bn , nhng ghi ch v ti liu, cc gii quyt v k thut khc theo mu chun ca B TN&MT. 3.2.5. Quy nh v kim tra v nghim thu 1. Bn sau khi bin tp phi c kim tra ti thiu 1 ln trn my tnh v 2 ln trn bn in phun. Cc li nu pht hin ra phi c sa cha trit . 47

2. Cng tc kim tra nghim thu cht lng bn c t chc thc hin theo Quy ch qun l cht lng cng trnh-sn phm o c bn v Hng dn kim tra k thut, nghim thu cng trnh- sn phm o c bn ban hnh km theo quyt nh s 657 Q/C v 658 Q/C ngy 4/11/1997 ca Tng cc trng Tng cc a chnh (Nay l B TN&MT). 3. Ni dung kim tra bn s v bn giy nh sau: - Ni dung kim tra bn s: + Kim tra gi tr to , cao ca cc im khng ch trc a. + Kim tra tun t theo phn lp ni dung bn xem phn lp c chnh xc, y v ng quy nh khng, kim tra cc yu t dng vng c khp kn khng, cc mu k hiu c tri y v ng loi khng, cc yu t ng c lin tc khng. + Kim tra tip bin cc yu t ni dung. + Kim tra vic ghi chp l lch bn c y v ng quy nh khng. - Ni dung kim tra bn giy:... 3.2.6. Quy nh hon thin v giao np sn phm Sau khi hon thnh kim tra nghim thu phi ghi bn vo a CD lu tr v giao np cho c quan qun l, lu tr s liu. Mt ngoi v CD phi nh s th t a, ghi r t l bn , tn mnh v phin hiu mnh bn , n v thnh lp, thi gian thnh lp, ngy ghi a CD, tn tp l lch bn *.doc km theo. Ngoi ra trn a CD phi c mt th mc c tn l \NGUON lu tr tt c cc tp chun c s c s dng trong qu trnh lp bn nh vn2d.dgn, vnfont.rsc... a CD phi m bo cht lng lu tr lu di. a CD sau khi ghi phi c kim tra v nghim thu trn my tnh 100% v giao np sn phm theo quy nh hin hnh 3.3. CHUN HO BN HIN TRNG, QUY HOCH S DNG T p ng kp thi nhu cu thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t nhm phc v cho cng tc qun l Nh nc v t ai cng nh nhu cu s dng bn hin trng s dng t ca cc ngnh, cc lnh vc, ng thi thng nht qun l v mt k thut thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t trong phm vi c nc, ngy 31/12/2004, B trng B TN&MT ra quyt nh s 39/2004/Q-BTNMT v vic ban hnh Quy phm thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t v quyt nh s 40/2004/Q-BTNMT v vic ban hnh tp K hiu bn hin trng s dng t v bn quy hoch s dng t p dng thng nht trong c nc. Cc ti liu ny sau c thay th vo nm 2007 bng Quy nh v thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t v K hiu bn hin trng s dng t v bn quy hoch s dng t theo cc quyt nh 22/2007/Q-BTNMT v 23/2007/QBTNMT ngy 17/12/2007. Vic ra i ca cc ti liu ni trn gip cho nhng ngi lm cng tc lp bn c mt cng c chun thng nht ngun d liu bn hin trng s dng t dng s trn c nc. 3.3.1. Quy nh chung v Bn hin trng, quy hoch s dng t dng s Cc quy nh v bn hin trng s dng t dng s c quy nh nhm m bo s thng nht cc d liu bn hin trng s dng t, phc v cho mc ch khai thc, s dng, cp nht v lu tr. Cc quy nh c th nh sau: 1. Bn hin trng s dng t dng s phi m bo y , chnh xc cc yu t ni dung v khng c lm thay i hnh dng ca i tng so vi bn ti liu dng s ho. D liu bn hin trng s dng t dng s phi c lm sch, lc b cc i tng chng , cc im nt tha. 48

2. chnh xc v c s ton hc, v tr cc yu t ni dung bn khng c vt qu hn sai cho php nh sau: - chnh xc chuyn v cc yu t ni dung c s a l t cc bn ti liu sang bn nn phi bo m: + Sai s tng h chuyn v cc yu t ni dung bn khng vt qu 0,3 mm tnh theo t l bn nn; + Sai s chuyn v v tr cc yu t ni dung bn khng c vt qu 0,2 mm tnh theo t l bn nn. - chnh xc chuyn v cc yu t ni dung hin trng s dng t t cc ti liu dng thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t sang bn nn phi bo m: + Sai s tng h chuyn v cc yu t ni dung hin trng s dng t khng vt qu 0,7 mm tnh theo t l bn nn; + Sai s chuyn v v tr cc yu t ni dung hin trng s dng t khng c vt qu 0,5 mm tnh theo t l bn nn. 3. Trnh by bn dng s phi tun th theo ng cc yu cu biu th ni dung c quy nh trong Quy nh v thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t v K hiu bn hin trng s dng t v bn quy hoch s dng t do B TN&MT ban hnh nm 2007. 4. Cc k hiu dng im trn bn hin trng s dng t dng s phi biu th bng cc k hiu dng cell c thit k sn trong th vin k hiu, m khng c dng cng c ha v. 5. Cc i tng dng ng ch c v dng line string, polyline chain hoc complex chain. Cc i tng dng ng phi c v lin tc khng t on v ch c dng ti cc im nt ch giao nhau gia cc ng cng loi. 6. Nhng i tng dng vng (polygon) phi c v l ng khp kn, c tri pattern, shape hoc complex shape, hoc fill color. 7. Quy trnh cng ngh thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t dng s gm cc bc sau: Bc 1. Thu thp, nh gi v chun b bn s ho; Bc 2. Thit k th mc lu tr bn ; Bc 3. Phn lp cc i tng ni dung v xy dng th vin k hiu bn ; Bc 4. Xc nh c s ton hc cho bn ; Bc 5. Qut bn v nn nh qut (nu dng phng n qut), hoc nh v bn ti liu dng thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t ln bn s ho; Bc 6. S ho v lm sch cc d liu; Bc 7. Trnh by, bin tp bn ; Bc 8. In bn , kim tra, chnh sa; Bc 9. Nghim thu bn trn my tnh; Bc 10. In bn ra giy; Bc 11. Ghi d liu bn vo a CD; Bc 12. Nghim thu bn trn a CD v bn giy; Bc 13. Vit thuyt minh bn ; Bc 14. ng gi v giao np sn phm.

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3.3.2. Ni dung ca Bn hin trng, quy hoch s dng t dng s Ni dung bn hin trng s dng t dng s c th hin bng h thng k hiu c thit k trong "K hiu bn hin trng s dng t v bn quy hoch s dng t" do B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh ngy 17 thng 12 nm 2007. Ni dung bn hin trng s dng t dng s c chia thnh 7 nhm lp: 1. Nhm lp c s ton hc gm: khung bn , li kilmt, li kinh v tuyn, ch dn, trnh by ngoi khung v cc ni dung c lin quan; 2. Nhm lp a hnh gm: dng t, cc im cao; 3. Nhm lp thy h gm: thy h v cc i tng c lin quan; 4. Nhm lp giao thng gm: cc yu t giao thng v cc i tng c lin quan; 5. Nhm lp a gii hnh chnh gm: ng bin gii, a gii hnh chnh cc cp; 6. Nhm lp ranh gii v cc k hiu loi t gm: ranh gii cc khoanh t; ranh gii cc khu t khu dn c nng thn, khu cng ngh cao, khu kinh t; ranh gii cc nng trng, lm trng, cc n v quc phng, an ninh; ranh gii cc khu vc quy hoch c cp c thm quyn ph duyt v trin khai cm mc trn thc a; cc k hiu loi t; 7. Nhm lp cc yu t kinh t, x hi. Mi nhm lp c chia thnh cc lp i tng. Mi lp c th gm mt hoc vi i tng c cng tnh cht, mi i tng c gn mt m (code) ring v thng nht trn bn . 3.3.3 Cc tp chun s dng trong bn hin trng quy hoch s dng t. m bo cho cc d liu bn c thng nht, khi xy dng v bin tp bn hin trng s dng t trong mi trng Microstation v cc modul khc chy trn phn mm ny, cc tp chun c quy nh gm: 1. Seedfile: file vn2d.dgn, l tp chun h ta VN2000, c s ton hc ph hp vi n v hnh chnh xy dng bn , theo quy nh ti Quy nh v thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t. 2. Fonts ch ting Vit: dng b phng ch vnfont.rsc 3. Th vin cc k hiu c lp cho cc dy t l tng ng: ht1-5.cell; ht10-25.cell; ht50-100.cell; ht250-1tr.cell. 4. Th vin cc k hiu hnh tuyn theo dy t l tng ng: ht1-5.rsc; ht10-25.rsc; ht50-100.rsc; ht250-1tr.rsc. 5. Bng mu: ht_qh.tbl Tt c cc tp ny c to sn trong th mc HT_QH c B Ti nguyn v Mi trng cung cp cho xy dng bn dng s. 3.3.4. Sai s v chnh xc ca d liu bn hin trng, quy hoch s dng t dng s 1. Khung trong, li kilmt, li kinh v tuyn ca bn hin trng s dng t dng s xy dng bng cc chng trnh chuyn dng cho thnh lp li chiu bn , cc im gc khung, cc mt li khng c sai s (trn my tnh) so vi to l thuyt. Khng dng cc cng c v ng thng hoc ng cong v li li kilmt, li kinh v tuyn v khung trong bn theo nh qut. Khi trnh by cc yu t ni dung ca khung trong v khung ngoi bn khng c lm x dch v tr ca cc ng li kilmt, li kinh v tuyn v khung trong ca bn ; 2. Sai s kch thc ca hnh nh bn sau khi nn so vi kch thc l thuyt phi bo m: cc cnh khung trong khng vt qu 0,2 mm v ng cho khng vt qu 0,3 mm tnh theo t l bn ; 50

3. Cc i tng c s ha phi m bo ng cc ch s lp v m i tng ca chng. Ch s lp c th hin bng s lp (level) trong tp (file) *.dgn. Trong qu trnh s ha, cc i tng c gn m (code) theo quy nh. 4. Cc d liu s phi m bo tnh ng n, chnh xc: - Cc i tng kiu ng phi bo m tnh lin tc, ch ct v ni vi nhau ti cc im giao nhau ca ng; - ng bnh , im cao c gn ng gi tr cao; - Gi ng mi quan h khng gian gia cc yu t ni dung bn : - Cc sng, sui, knh mng v mt nt phi bt lin vo h thng sng ngi 2 nt; - ng bnh khng c ct nhau, phi lin tc v ph hp dng vi thy h; - ng giao thng khng ln h thng thy vn, khi cc i tng ny chy st v song song nhau th vn phi m bo tng quan v v tr a l; - ng bao ca cc i tng kiu vng phi m bo khp kn; - Kiu, c ch, s ghi ch trn bn phi tng ng vi kiu, c ch quy nh trong tp "K hiu bn hin trng s dng t v bn quy hoch s dng t, 2007". a danh theo tuyn cn ghi ch theo cong ca tuyn v thun theo chiu c; 5. Tip bin bn phi c tin hnh trn my tnh, cc yu t ni dung ti mp bin phi c tip khp vi nhau tuyt i; 6. Cc yu t ni dung bn cng t l sau khi tip bin phi khp vi nhau c v nh tnh v nh lng (ni dung, lc nt, mu sc v thuc tnh). i vi cc bn khc t l phi ly ni dung bn t l ln lm chun, sai s tip bin khng vt 0,3 mm cng vi sai s cho php khi tng qut ha ni dung bn v t l nh hn. 3.3.5. S ha v bin tp bn hin trng s dng t dng s 1. Ti liu dng s ho bn hin trng s dng t bao gm - Cc vn bn php l dng lm cn c thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t do cc c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn ban hnh v cn hiu lc. - S liu dng cho vic thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t phi c c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn xc nhn v ph hp vi thc trng s dng t. - Ti liu bn dng thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t phi bo m chnh xc theo quy nh ca loi bn , phi xc nh c thi im, phng php thnh lp v c c quan c thm quyn ph duyt. - Cc ti liu bn dng thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t cp x: + Bn nn; + H s a gii hnh chnh, bn v cc trch lc km theo quyt nh iu chnh a gii hnh chnh ca cc c quan c thm quyn; + Bn a chnh; + Bn a chnh c s; + Bn hin trng s dng t chu k trc; + Cc trch lc bin ng s dng t; + Bn , trch lc km theo cc quyt nh giao t, thu hi t, cho thu t, chuyn mc ch s dng ca cc c quan c thm quyn; + nh chp t my bay hoc nh chp t v tinh c phn gii cao c nn chnh thnh sn phm nh trc giao v thi im nh c chp cch thi im thnh lp bn hin 51

trng s dng t khng vt qu 1 nm; + Cc bn chuyn c lin quan. - Ti liu bn dng thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t cp huyn, cp tnh, vng a l t nhin - kinh t v c nc: + Bn nn; + H s a gii hnh chnh, bn v cc trch lc km theo quyt nh iu chnh a gii hnh chnh ca cc c quan c thm quyn; + Bn hin trng s dng t ca cc n v hnh chnh trc thuc (bao gm c bn giy v bn dng s); + Bn hin trng s dng t chu k trc; + Bn , trch lc km theo cc quyt nh giao t, thu hi t, cho thu t ca cc c quan c thm quyn; + nh chp t my bay hoc nh chp t v tinh c phn gii cao c nn chnh thnh sn phm nh trc giao v phi c thi im chp cch thi im thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t khng qu 1 nm; + Cc bn chuyn c lin quan. 2. Ti liu dng s ho thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t dng s phi bo m yu cu: - Sch s, r rng, khng nhu nt, khng rch; - Chnh xc v c s ton hc; - cc im mc nh v hnh nh ca bn . 3. Bn hin trng s dng t c s ha theo cc phng php sau: - S ha bng bn s ha (Digitizing table); - Qut hnh nh bn sau nn v vector ha bn t ng (Scanning and vectorizing); - Qut hnh nh bn sau nn v vector ha t ng. 4. phn gii khi qut bn quy nh trong khong t 150 dpi n 400 dpi ph thuc vo cht lng ca ti liu bn . nh bn sau khi qut (raster) phi y , r nt, khng b co dn cc b; 5. nh v bn trn bn s ho hoc nn nh qut (raster) da vo cc im chun l cc gc khung trong, cc giao im li kilmt, cc im khng ch to trc a c trn bn . Sai s cho php sau khi nh v hoc nn nh qut theo quy nh ti mc 3.3.4 6. Bn ch c s ha sau khi nn nh qut t cc hn sai theo quy nh. Cc yu t c s ton hc ca bn phi c xy dng t ng theo cc chng trnh chuyn dng. Cc yu t ni dung khc ca bn c s ha theo trnh t sau: - Thy h v cc i tng lin quan; - Dng t; - Giao thng, cc i tng lin quan; - a gii hnh chnh; - Ranh gii khoanh t; - Ranh gii cc khu dn c nng thn, khu cng ngh cao, khu kinh t, ranh gii cc nng trng, lm trng, ranh gii cc n v quc phng - an ninh, ranh gii cc khu vc quy hoch c cp c thm quyn ph duyt v trin khai cm mc trn thc a. 52

7. Khi thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t cp x trn c s t bn a chnh, hoc bn a chnh c s phi phi lu li ton b c s d liu ban u (d liu khng gian, d liu thuc tnh), trc khi x l, tng hp v bin tp; 8. Bn sau khi s ha phi c bin tp theo cc quy nh sau: - Cc yu t ni dung bn c bin tp theo ng quy nh v phn nhm lp v lp. - Mu sc, kch thc v hnh dng ca cc k hiu dng biu th ni dung bn phi tun th theo cc quy nh i vi bn in ra giy; - Vic trnh by cc ni dung trong khung v ngoi khung bn phi tun theo "K hiu bn hin trng s dng t v bn quy hoch s dng t" do B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh. 9. Bn hin trng s dng t dng s phi km theo mt tp tin v l lch bn , trong ghi r cc thng tin c bn v ti liu, phng php s ha, cc c im k thut khi s ha, phn mm s ha. 3.3.6. Quy nh v kim tra, nghim thu bn hin trng s dng t dng s 1. Cng tc kim tra, nghim thu bn hin trng s dng t dng s tin hnh theo quy nh ti Mc VIII ca Quy nh v thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t do B TN&MT ban hnh ngy 17 thng 12 nm 2007. 2. Bn hin trng s dng t dng s phi kim tra t nht 01 (mt) ln trn my tnh, 02 (hai) ln trn bn in ra giy. Cc li pht hin qua kim tra phi c sa cha trit . 3. Ni dung kim tra bn hin trng s dng t dng s thc hin trn my tnh v trn bn in ra giy nh sau: - Ni dung kim tra trn my tnh: + Kim tra chnh xc nn chnh cc tp tin nh nn cui cng; + Kim tra ta gc khung, kch thc khung v ng cho, gi tr cc im cao; + Kim tra vic phn lp ca cc yu t ni dung bn ; + Kim tra tnh nht qun ca vic s dng k hiu quy nh th hin ni dung im, ng, vng ca bn ; + Kim tra tip bin bn ; + Kim tra vic loi b, lm sch d liu; + Kim tra lc nt, mu sc ca cc i tng; + Kim tra vic ghi chp l lch bn . - Ni dung kim tra bn in ra giy: + Kim tra s y , ph hp v chnh xc ca cc yu t ni dung bn theo quy nh i vi bn hin trng s dng t; + Kim tra vic trnh by bn . 4. Khi hon thnh kim tra, nghim thu d liu bn phi ghi vo a CD. a CD sau khi ghi phi c kim tra 100% trn my tnh v giao np theo quy nh ti khon 8 Mc VIII ca Quy nh v thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t do B TN&MT ban hnh ngy 17 thng 12 nm 2007. Mt ngoi a phi ghi tn bn , t l bn , tn n v thc hin, thi gian, ngy ghi a CD. a CD dng ghi d liu bn phi c cht lng cao v bo m yu cu lu tr trong iu kin k thut nh lu tr phim nh.

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3.4. K THUT S HO BN A CHNH, BN A HNH 3.4.1. Quy nh v ti liu dng s ho. 1. Ti liu dng s ho bn phi l bn gc o v, gc bin v hoc thanh v, phim gc ch in. Trng hp c bit khi khng c cc loi ti liu trn (cc loi bn gc) c th dng bn mu hoc lu en s ho. Tuy nhin khi phi o, kim tra kch thc, khng c dng phng php can v li ti liu s ho. 2. Kch thc cc ti liu g dng s ho so vi kch thc l thuyt khng c vt qu cc hn sai sau y: - Sai s kch thc 4 cnh khung trong khng vt qu 0,5mm trn bn gc. - Sai s kch thc ng cho khng vt qu 0,7mm trn bn gc. - Ti liu dng s ho phi m bo chnh xc v c s ton hc, tnh hin thi v cht lng ni dung, im mc nh v hnh nh ca bn v ph hp vi h quy chiu theo quy nh ca B TN&MT. 3.4.2. Quy nh v phng php s ho Trn thc t ang tn ti mt s phng php s ho sau y: - S ho bng bn s ho Digitizer. - Qut hnh nh ca bn , sau nn v vector ho (hoc vector ho bn t ng). - Qut hnh nh ca bn , sau nn v vector ho t ng. Trong cc phng php s ho ni trn, phng php s ho bn bng bn s ho Digitizer cho chnh xc khng cao, khu kim tra chnh xc kt qu s ho cng kh khn, ng thi nng sut lao ng cng thp do vy khng nn dng s ho bn a chnh v bn a hnh. Phng php vector ho t ng cho oo chnh xc cao v nng sut lao ng cng cao. Song phng php ny i hi phi c thit b c phn gii cao, nh qut phi sch, r rng, iu ny ph thuc nhiu vo cht lng ti liu s ho v kinh nghim qut. Thng thng phi lm sch nh qut trc khi s ho. Nn dng phng php qut hnh nh bn , sau nn v vector ho (Vector ho bn t ng) v phng php ny cho chnh xc cao hn, thi gian nhanh v ng tc s ho n gin hn, khu kim tra nghim thu trn my tnh cng thun li hn. 3.4.3.Quy nh v sai s v chnh xc ca d liu bn s ho a. Quy nh v sai s nh v v nn bn T liu dng qut chnh l cc ti liu dng s ho bn . Ngoi cc t liu chun k thut mc 3.4.1, cc t liu ny phi sch, r nt v phi c im mc nn, c th l 4 mc trng vi 4 gc khung trong t bn v 36 n 50 im khc (im tam gic v giao im ca cc mt li Km). Trong trng hp s im khng nn, phi tin hnh cc bin php tng dy im nn nh trong cng ngh truyn thng. phn gii khi qut cc t liu en trng ti thiu l 300dpi v ti a l 500dpi, t liu mu t 200 n 300dpi tu theo cht lng bn gc dng qut. Tu theo phn mm dng s ho m nh qut c ghi li nh dng (format) ph hp. nh sau khi qut phi y , r rng, r nt, sch s, khng c li v qut (hnh nh khng b co gin cc b) m bo cht lng cho khu nn v vector ho. Tu thuc vo c s ton hc ca ti liu c s dng, cng nh s im i c chn nn m phng php nn c th l Affine hoc Projective.

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Sai s nh v 4 gc khung bn v nn hnh nh theo cc im khng ch to trc a khng c vt qu 0,1mm trn bn , theo cc im i khc nhau nh mt li km, im tng dy cng khng vt qu 0.15mm. Sai s khong cch t cc im mt li km n im khng ch to trc a gn nht khng c vt qu 0,15mm. Sai s kch thc ca hnh nh bn sau khi nn so vi kch thc l thuyt quy nh: Cc cnh gc khung (khung trong) khng c vt qu 0,2mm; ng cho khng c vt qu 0,3mm . b. Quy nh v chnh xc s ho cc yu t ni dung bn - Sai s d liu v v tr ca cc a vt c lp trn bn sau khi s ho khng c vt qu hn sai ca cc sai s thanh v bn bng cng ngh truyn thng l 0,2mm so vi gc bin v hoc g thanh v ch in ( c th kim tra bng i chiu bn vector ho vi file nh raster nn chnh xc cui cng trc khi vector ho, hoc bng xc nh to , khong cch ca cc a vt trn my tnh) - Cc i tng c s ho phi m bo ng ch s lp v m i tng ca chng theo quy nh ca B TN&MT. Ch s lp c th hin bng s lp (level) trong tp (file) *.dgn. Trong qu trnh s ho cc i tng c gn m (code) theo quy nh ca B TN&MT. Tu theo cc chng trnh c s dng s ho m vic m ho c th c thc hin bng cc chng trnh khc nhau. v d: cc bn a hnh c s ho bng cc chng trnh IRASB, IRASC v GEOVEC trn nn MICROSTATION th dng bng chun m ho (feature table) dh10_25.tbl, dh50_100.tbl v dh_tln_mau.tbl c bin tp bng MSFC ca hng Intergraph. - Cc d liu s phi m bo tnh ng n v chun xc. c. Quy nh v sai s khi tip bin. - Vi cc bn t l ln (t 1:100000) Sau khi s ho v bin tp phi tin hnh tip bin cho bn . c thun tin v cng vic khng b chng cho, thng nht quy nh tip bin cho 2 cnh ng v Nam ca mnh bn . i vi bn cng t l, cc bin phi tip khp vi tuyt i vi nhau khi nm trong hn sai ca sai s tip bin ( 0,2 mm). Nu sai s tip bin 0,2 mm ngi tip bin c t ng dch chuyn i tng trn phn mp bin bn lm trng khp. i vi bn s, ngoi sai s k trn cn c cc sai s gy ra do qu trnh nn, qu trnh s ho bn , nn lch ca cc yu t mp bin ca cc t bn cng t l cho php c lch ti a l 0,3 mm tnh trn bn gc. Nu sai s 0,2mm v 0,3 mm phi chia i khong sai tin hnh chnh sa c hai mnh bn . Trng hp vt hn sai phi tm nguyn nhn x l. - Vi cc bn t l nh (1:250000, 1:500000, 1:1000000): Khi tip bin vi mnh bn cng t l, lch v tr ca cc a vt cng tn khng c vt qu 0,3 mm; v tr ca cc ng bnh cng gi tr khng lch qu 1/2 khong cao u i vi vng ng bng v 1 khong cao u i vi vng i, ni. Cc yu t ni dung ti mp bin bn s trong cng mt mi chiu phi tip khp nhau. i vi nhng mnh nm trn hai mi chiu lin k nhau, lch ny cng khng c vt qu 0,3 mm trn bn .

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CU HI N TP CHNG 3 1. Chun ho d liu bn l g? Ti sao phi chun ho d liu bn ? 2. V sao la chn c hai m hnh Topology v Spaghetti cho c s d liu bn a chnh? 3. Trnh by nhng yu cu khi p dng chun m hnh d liu i vi bn a chnh 4. Bn a chnh c phn lp thng tin nh th no? 5. Trnh by chun ho th hin cc i tng bn a chnh di dng s? 6. Trnh by chun ho th hin cc i tng bn a chnh di analog? 7. Trnh by chun ho v khun dng d liu i vi bn a chnh s? 8. Metadata l g? V sao cn c metadata? 9. Ni dung ca metadata? Lm th no chun ho metadata? 10. Trnh by nhng quy nh c bn i vi chun ho bn a hnh? 11. Cch phn lp v t tn lp, tn tp tin (file) i vi bn a hnh s? 12. Quy nh v cc tp chun dng xy dng v bin tp bn a hnh s? 13. Ni dung ca bn hin trng s dng t dng s? 14. Quy nh v cc tp chun dng s ho bn hin trng s dng t? 15. Quy nh v sai s v chnh xc ca d liu bn hin trng s dng t dng s? 16. Quy nh v ti liu dng s ho bn hin trng s dng t? 17. Quy nh v nh qut, phng php s ho v qu trnh s ho bn hin trng s dng t? 18. Trnh by nhng quy nh v k thut s ho bn a chnh, bn a hnh?

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Chng 4 H THNG PHN MM CHUN LP BN


Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh thng tin, c bit l cng ngh phn mm, ngnh a chnh nc ta t c nhng thnh tu ng k trong vic p dng cc phn mm chuyn dng vo cng tc xy dng bn , qun l c s d liu t ai, ng thi pht trin cc phn mm ring ph hp vi iu kin nc ta. Chng ny gii thiu khi qut v cc phn mm MicroStation, Famis v h thng phn mm Mapping Office, l nhng phn mm c p dng thnh cng trong ngnh a chnh nc ta t vi chc nm tr li y, t gip ngi c nm bt c cng dng ca tng phn mm c nh hng s dng hiu qu trong thc t. 4.1. PHN MM MICROSTATION 4.1.1. Gii thiu. MicroStation l phn mm tr gip thit k (Computer Aided Design - CAD) c pht trin bi Bentley Systems cho tp on Intergraph ca M vo nhng nm 1980. Ti thi im phn mm c tn l PseudoStation. Qua gn 30 nm pht trin, MicroStation cho ra i nhiu phin bn khc nhau vi nhng tnh nng ngy cng ci tin. Vo nm 1987, MicroStation 2.0 ra i v l phin bn u tin ca MicroStation c v to file *.DGN. Phin bn c s dng ph bin nht hin nay l MicroStation SE c ra i vo cui 1997, l phin bn c bit ca MicroStation (SE l vit tt ca Special Edition) v l phin bn u tin m cc nt cng c c th hin bi mu sc khc nhau, ngoi ra MicroStation SE cn cung cp mt s cng c lm vic qua Internet. Phin bn mi nht ca MicroStation l V8i (V8.11) ra i nm 2008, phin bn ny cho php lm vic vi nh dng file *.DWG mi nht, ng thi bao gm c Modul lm vic vi d liu GPS Vi MicroStation, ngi s dng c cung cp cc cng c s ho cc i tng trn nn nh, sa cha, bin tp, xut, nhp d liu v trnh by bn . ng thi, MicroStation cng l mi trng ho cao cp lm nn cho cc ng dng khc nh: Irasb, Irasc, Geovec, MSFC, MRFClean, MRFFlag, Famis chy trn . Hin nay nh dng file *.DGN ca MicroStation l nh dng file chun ca ngnh Ti nguyn v Mi trng i vi Bn hin trng s dng t, Bn quy hoch s dng t, Bn a hnh, Bn a chnh... dng s nc ta. 4.1.2. T chc d liu ca MicroStation Cc bn v trong MicroStation c ghi di dng File *.DGN. Mi file bn v u c nh v trong mt h thng to nht nh vi cc tham s v li to , n v o to , phm vi lm vic, s chiu ca khng gian lm vic... Nu khng gian lm vic l hai chiu th ta c file 2D. Nu khng gian lm vic l ba chiu th ta c file 3D. cho nhanh chng khi to file, cc tham s ny thng c xc nh sn trong mt s file chun gi l seed file v khi to file mi ngi s dng ch vic chn Seed File ph hp sao chp cc tham s ny t seed file sang file cn to. D liu trong file DGN c tch ring thnh tng lp d liu. Mi mt lp d liu c gi l mt level. Mt file DGN nhiu nht c 63 level. Cc level ny c qun l theo m s t 1 n 63 hoc theo tn ca level do ngi s dng t. Cc level d liu c th hin th (bt) hoc khng hin th (tt) trn mn hnh. Khi tt c cc level cha d liu c bt mn hnh s hin th y ni dung ca bn v. Ta cng c th tt tt c cc level tr level ang hot ng gi l Active level. Active level l level cc i tng s c v trn . 57

Mi mt i tng ho xy dng ln Design file c gi l mt element. Element c th l mt im, ng, vng hoc mt ch ch thch. Mi mt element c nh ngha bi cc thuc tnh ho sau: - To : X,Y vi file 2D (To X,Y, Z vi 3D) - Tn lp (level): c tt c 63 lp, nh s t 1 - 63. - Mu sc (color): Bng mu c 255 mu, nh s t 0- 254. - Kiu nt (line style): c 8 loi nt c bn, nh s t 0-7. - Lc nt (weight): c 16 loi lc nt c bn, nh s t 0-15. - Mu t (Fill color): Cc i tng ng vng c t mu t 0-254. 4.1.3. Cc kiu i tng (element type) s dng cho cc bn s. 1. Kiu Element th hin cc i tng dng im: - L 1 Point = Line (on thng) c di bng 0. - L 1 cell (mt k hiu nh) c v trong MicroStation. Mi mt cell c nh ngha bi mt tn ring v c lu tr trong mt th vin cell (Cell library). 2. Kiu Element th hin cc i tng dng ng: - Line: on thng ni gia hai im. - LineString: ng gm mt chui cc on thng ni lin vi nhau. (s on thng nh hn 100) - Chain: l mt ng to bi 100 on thng ni lin nhau. - Complex String: s on thng to nn ng > 100. Ch : cc element c kiu l Chain v Complex String, MicroStation khng cho php chn thm im vo ng. 3. Kiu Element th hin cc i tng dng vng: - Shape: l mt vng c s on thng to ln ng bao ca vng ln nht bng 100. - Complex Shape: l mt vng c s on thng to nn ng bao ca vng ln hn 100 hoc l mt vng c to t nhng line hoc linestring ri nhau. - Share cell header: l vng phc tp bao gm c cc vng thng (hole) trong n. 4. Kiu Element th hin cc i tng dng ch vit: - Text: i tng ho dng ch vit. - Text Node: nhiu i tng text c nhm li thnh mt Element. 4.1.4. Giao din trong MicroStation MicroStation cho php giao din vi ngi dng thng qua ca s lnh Command Window, cc ca s quan st, cc menu, cc hp hi thoi v cc thanh cng c. - Ca s lnh Command Window: Trn ca s lnh hin th mt s thng tin trong qu trnh thnh lp bn nh: trng thi ca yu t c chn, cc thuc tnh cc i tng, tn ca lnh ang c thc hin, thao tc tip theo cn thc hin, cc thng bo li, kt qu o c v l ni nhp lnh t bn phm.

Hnh 4-1. Ca s lnh ca MicroStation Mi mt cng vic no trong MicroStation thng c th thc hin bng nhiu phng php: t biu tng ca cng c, t menu, t ca s lnh... tu thuc s la chn ca ngi s dng. Nhng d s dng phng php no th thng tin v lnh va thc hin cng c th hin trn ca s lnh Command Window. S dng cc lnh trong MicroStation ni chung thng gm hai bc. Bc th nht nhm xc nh yu t cn thao tc, bc th hai 58

khng nh (hoc hu b) lnh cn thc hin. Vic quan st ca s lnh thng xuyn trong qu trnh thc hin cc lnh s gip ta thao tc nhanh chng v khng mc phi sai st. - Menu chnh ca MicroStation c t trn ca s lnh. T menu chnh c th m ra nhiu menu dc trong cha rt nhiu chc nng ca MicroStation. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu menu c t cc ca s hi thoi xut hin khi ta thc hin mt chc nng no ca MicroStation . - Ca s quan st Window l ni cha ni dung bn v ta quan st v thc hin cc thao tc ho cn thit. C th m cng mt lc ti a 8 ca s. C th di chuyn v tr hoc thay i kch thc ca cc ca s Windows nh i vi cc ca s Window thng thng - Thanh cng c l tp hp ca cc chc nng ta thng s dng trong qu trnh thnh lp bn , bn v. Thanh cng c chnh (Main) thng c t ng m khi ta khi ng MicroStation. Trong trng hp thanh cng c chnh khng xut hin trn mn hnh th ta c th m li n bng cch: t Menu chnh chn Tools/Main/Main.

Hnh 4-2. Thanh cng c Main ca MicroStation Nu biu tng no trn thanh Main c mt hnh tam gic nh gc phi th tng ng vi biu tng s mt thanh ph, trong mi thanh ph c mt s chc nng. Mun s dng thanh ph no th ta n phm tri (phm data) ca chut vo biu tng tng ng ng thi ko hn ra pha ngoi ri th phm data ra. Cc thanh cng c khc ca MicroStation cng c m t chc nng Tools ca menu chnh. 4.1.5. S dng chut trong MicroStaton Bn chut chun s dng trong MicroStation l bn chut ba phm vi cc chc nng nh sau: Phm bn tri l phm Data dng xc nhn mt lnh hay mt yu t no . Phm bn phi l phm Reset dng hu s xc nhn mt lnh hay mt yu t no . Phm gia l phm Tentative dng t chut vo ng mt v tr no . Nu bn chut ang s dng l bn chut hai phm th phm Data v phm Reset gi nguyn v tr nh trn cn phm Tentative c s dng bng cch n ng thi hai phm Datav Reset. Mun t li ch cc phm ca chut th m Workspace t menu chnh, sau chn Button Assignments.

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4.1.6. Ca s quan st VIEW Nh ta bit, MicroStation c tt c 8 ca s View, c nh s t 1-8. Cng mt lc ta c th tt hoc m mt hay nhiu ca s. ng m cc ca s ta thc hin theo cc bc sau: + Chn Windows/open-close/dialog, nh du vo ca s cn m, ng + Chn Windows/open-close, chn ca s cn m 4.1.7. Thanh cun Scroll bar Thanh cun Scroll bars dng thay i tm nhn cc i tng, bao gm phng to, thu nh, quay tm nhn (v tr, kch thc cc i tng vn khng thay i). T menu chn Windows/Scroll bar.

Hnh 4-3. Cc cng c iu khin mn hnh 4.1.8. Bng cc thuc tnh hin th T menu dc chn Settings/View Atributes (CTRL+ B) xut hin bng thuc tnh hin th trn mn hnh cho php ngi s dng t cc thuc tnh hin th cho tng ca s. Mun chn thuc tnh no th nh du chn tng ng, sau n Apply xc nhn. - Fill: Cho php hin th ch t mu i vi nhng vng kn c t mu. Nu ch Fill khng c chn th tt c cc vng c t mu (k c nhng vng c fill mu t trc) s khng c hin th mu fill trn mn hnh cng nh khi in ra. Hnh 4-4. Bng thuc tnh hin th - Line Styles: Cho php s dng kiu ng do ngi s dng t thit k Nu ch Line Styles khng c chn th MicroStation ch cho php hin th 8 kiu ng c bn t 0 n 7. - Line Weights: Cho php hin th cc yu t vi lc nt thc t m ngi s dng chn. Nu khng chn ch ny, lc nt ngm nh bng 0. - Patterns: Cho php hin th ch tri patterns ca cc i tng. - Text: Cho php/khng cho php hin th ch trn mn hnh... 4.1.9. Cc ch h tr truy bt im (Snap) hn ch cc li xy ra trong qu trnh thnh lp bn , ta s dng cc ch h tr truy bt m. Chn Settings/Snap, c cc kiu truy bt sau: - Nearest : Truy bt vo im gn con tr nht - Keypoint: Truy bt vo im cui gn nht ca i tng. - Midpoint: Truy bt vo im gia ca i tng. - Center: Truy bt vo tm ca cc cc i tng c tm im. - Intersection: Truy bt vo im giao nhau ca hai i tng. 60

Ngoi ra cn mt s phng thc truy bt khc. Ch truy bt ngm nh ca Microstation l Keypoint v Midpoint. 4.1.10. iu khin lp thay level hot ng hay thay i ch bt tt cc level c th s dng bng iu khin View levels. T menu chn Settings/level/display (Hoc n ng thi 2 phm CTRL+E) Mi s vit trn cc (t 1-63) tng ng vi mt level. Nu c mu sm th level c chn hin th (ch ON). Nu c mu xm nht th level tng ng b tt hin th (ch OFF level 27,28,29). no c mt hnh trn bao quanh s th l level hot ng (Active level level 10). i ch hin th ca level no lm level (t on sang off hay ngc li) th ch cn n phm data trn tng ng. Sau khi chn xong ch hin th cho cc level, n Apply p dng cho View hoc n All p dng cho tt c cc ca s bn . 4.1.11. S dng Fence

Hnh 4-5. Bng iu khin lp

Fence l mt hnh khp kn do ngi s dng t xc nh lm vic vi cc yu t hin th trn bn v. Mi quan h gia cc yu t trn bn v v Fence ph thuc vo hai yu t: - Tng quan v tr gia yu t v Fence. - Ch lm vic ca Fence. Khi c mt lnh no c s dng Fence c thc hin th tu thuc vo gia yu t mi quan h v Fence m lnh c c p dng vi yu t hay khng. s dng Fence, t bng cng c Main, chn biu tng Fence. Cc ch lm vic ca Fence (Fence Mode) bao gm: - Inside: Tc dng i vi cc i tng nm hon ton trong Fence. - Overlap: Tc dng i vi nhng i tng nm trong Fence v nhng i tng ct Fence, tip xc trong vi Fence. - Clip: Tc dng i vi nhng i tng nm hon ton trong Fence v phn nm trong Fence ca nhng i tng ct Fence. - Void: Tc dng i vi nhng i tng nm hon ton ngoi Fence. - Void-Overlap: Tc dng i vi nhng i tng nm hon ton ngoi Fence v nhng i tng ct Fence, tip xc ngoi vi Fence. - Void-Clip: Tc dng i vi nhng i tng nm hon ton ngoi Fence v phn nm ngoi Fence ca nhng i tng ct Fence. Cc kiu Fence (Fence Type) bao gm: - Block: V fence hnh ch nht. - Shape: V fence c hnh dng a gic bt k... 4.1.12. File tham chiu (Reference File) Trong MicroStation khi ta m mt file lm vic th file l Active File. Cn Reference files l cc file c m tham kho sau khi m active file. Cc yu t trn Reference Files c hin th theo ng to ca chng. Ta khng th to v sa i cc 61

yu t trn mt file khi file ang ch reference nhng MicroStation cho php Snap vo cc yu t trn Reference File, copy cc yu t t Reference File cng vi cc yu t ca Active File. Ti mi thi im, mi Active File c th c nhiu Reference File. S lng Reference File ti a m MicroStation cho php m cng mt lc l 16, 23 hoc 255 file tu thuc kch thc RAM. Mi khi mt file no c m ra th cc Reference File ca n (nu c) cng s c m ra. Trn menu chnh, chn File/Reference th trn mn hnh s xut hin ca s Reference Files. T ca s ny, ta c th m Reference File (Attach Reference File), t cc thuc tnh cho Reference File, ng Reference File (Detach Reference File) C th bt hoc tt hin th cc level ca Reference File tng t nh vi Active file. Trn ca s Reference File, trong danh sch cc file c reference, n phm data vo tn file cn thay i level hin th, sau chn Settings/Levels. Trn mn hnh s xut hin ca s Reference Level. Vic bt, tt cc levels trn ca s Reference Level tng t nh vi ca s Views ca Active file. Cch m mt Design file di dng mt Reference File. - T thanh Menu chn File chn Reference xut hin hp hi thoi Reference Files.

Hnh 4-6. Ca s tham chiu file - T thanh menu ca hp hi thoi Reference file chn Tools chn Attach... xut hin hp hi thoi Attach Reference File. - Chn th mc cha file bng cch nhp i vo cc hp th mc bn hp danh sch cc th mc; chn tn file. - Bm phm OK xo hp hi thoi Attach Reference files. Khi chn hp hi thoi Reference Files s xut hin tn file va chn. + Phm Display c nh du khi mun hin th file. + Phm Snap c nh du khi mun s dng ch bt im i vi Reference file. + Phm Locate c nh du khi mun xem thng tin ca i tng hoc copy i tng trong Reference file. Cch ng mt Reference file Trong hp hi thoi Reference file chn tn file cn ng chn Tools chn Detach. 4.1.13 Nn file, sao lu d liu - Cch nn file (Compress Design file) Khi xo i tng trong Dessign file, i tng khng b xo hn m ch c nh du l xo i tng. Ch sau khi nn file th cc i tng c xo mi c loi b hn khi b nh. Qu trnh nn file s lm cho b nh ca file b gim xung. 62

T thanh menu ca MicroStation chn File chn Compress Design. - Cch lu tr di dng mt file d phng (save as, back up). MicroStation t ng ghi li d liu sau mi ln thay i file active. V vy ngi s dng khng cn ghi li d liu sau mi ln ng file active hoc thot khi MicroStation. Tuy nhin phng cc trng hp bt trc, ngi s dng nn ghi li file d liu di dng mt File d phng bng cch thay i tn file hoc phn m rng ca file. Cch 1: T thanh Menu ca MicroStation chn File chn Save as. 1. Ghi li file bng cch thay i tn file nhng gi nguyn phn m rng l DGN. 2. Chn th mc cha file (c th ct trong th mc c) bng cch nhp i vo cc hp th mc bn hp danh sch cc th mc. Cch 2: T ca s lnh ca MicroStation nh lnh Backup sau bm Enter trn bn phm. MicroStation s ghi li file active thnh mt file c phn m rng l (.bak), Tn file v th mc cha file gi nguyn. Mun m file ny, i ui *.bak thnh file *.dgn. 4.2. THNH LP BN A CHNH BNG PHN MM FAMIS Hin nay cng tc thnh lp bn a chnh l nhu cu cp bch khng ch ring ca ngnh a chnh m ca c cc cp chnh quyn cng nh ton x hi, bi bn a chnh l sn phm o c bn c tnh php l cao, n l ti liu quan trng trong qu trnh cp giy chng nhn quyn s dng t, lp quy hoch, k hoch s dng t v cc ni dung khc trong qun l Nh nc v t ai. Cng ngh thnh lp bn a chnh nc ta hin nay ph bin hai phng php sau: - Cng ngh o v mt t: c p dng trong nhng vng dn c th hoc nng thn thnh lp bn a chnh t l 1/500 hoc 1/1000. Hin nay cng ngh ny c p dng da trn cc tin b khoa hc k thut kt hp gia cng ngh t ng ho thnh lp bn s ton c in t v cc phn mm tin hc ng dng nh MicroStation, Famis, AutoCAD... - Cng ngh thnh lp bn a chnh t nh my bay: S dng t liu nh my bay kt hp cc phn mm chuyn dng thnh lp bn , y l phng php lm gim ng k v thi gian lp bn , cc khon chi ph v c bit hiu qu i vi nhng vng rng ln v nhng vng i li kh khn. FAMIS (Field work And cadastral Mapping Intergrated Software Phn mm tch hp cho o v bn a chnh) l cng c phn mm dng x l s liu ngoi nghip, sau xy dng v qun l bn a chnh do B TN&MT ban hnh. FAMIS c kh nng x l cc s liu o ngoi nghip, xy dng x l v qun l bn a chnh s. Phn mm m nhn cng vic t sau khi o v ngoi nghip cho n khi hon chnh Bn a chnh s. C s d liu bn a chnh kt hp vi c s d liu h s a chnh thnh lp mt c s d liu v Bn v h s a chnh thng nht. Cc chc nng ca phn mm FAMIS c chia thnh hai nhm ln: 4.2.1. Chc nng lm vic vi c s d liu tr o - Qun l khu o: FAMIS qun l s liu theo khu o. Mt n v hnh chnh c th chia thnh mt hoc nhiu khu o, s liu o ca khu o c th lu trong mt hoc nhiu file s liu. File lu tr cc thng tin tr o l file dng m ASCII, tn l KHUDO.TBL trong th mc tr o. - Thu nhn s liu tr o: Tr o c thu thp t nhng ngun d liu ph bin nht Vit Nam hin nay nh: 63

+ T s o in t (Electronic field book) ca hng SOKKIA hoc TOPPCON. + T cc CARD nh . + T cc s liu o th cng c ghi trong s o. + T cc my ton c in t . Cu trc chc nng ca c s d liu tr o:
c s d liu tr o qun l khu o m c s d liu tr o kt ni c s d liu m 1 khu o a c to mi khu o ra khi

hin th

hin th tr o hin th bng code to m t tr o

nhp s liu

nhp IMPORT xut export sa cha tr o bng s liu tr o xa tr o in n

x l tnh ton

x l code giao hi thun giao hi nghch chia tha v hnh bnh hnh v hnh ch nht

ra khi

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Hnh 4-7. Menu ca c s d liu tr o -X l hng i tng: Chc nng ny cho php ngi s dng bt tt cc thng tin tr o trn mn hnh. Xy dng b m chun bao gm hai loi m: + M nh ngha + M iu khin Phn mm c kh nng t to bn t tr o qua qu trnh x l m. - Sa cha tr o: FAMIS cung cp hai phng php hin th v tra cu tr o. Phng php 1: Qua giao din tng tc ho trn mn hnh. ngi dng chn trc tip i tng cn sa cha ca n trn mn hnh. Phng php 2: Qua bng danh sch cc tr o, mi mt tr o tng ng vi mt bn ghi trong bng ny. - Tnh ton: FAMIS cung cp y , phong ph cc cng c tnh ton nh: Giao hi (thun, nghch), v theo hng vung gc cc im giao, dng hng, ct cnh tha... Thao tc thc hin n gin, kt qu chnh xc. Cc cng c tnh ton rt ph hp vi cc quy trnh o v mang tnh c th Vit Nam. 4.2.2. Chc nng lm vic vi c s d liu bn a chnh - Nhp d liu: Famis c th nhn d liu t nhiu ngun khc nhau + T c s d liu tr o, cc i tng bn bn tr o c a thng vo bn a chnh. + T cc h thng GIS: FAMIS giao tip vi h thng GIS qua cc file d liu. ARC ca phn mm ARC/INFO, MIF ca phn mm MAPINFO, DXF v DWG ca phn mm AUTOCAD, DGN ca phn mm GISOFFICE + T cc cng ngh nh: FAMIS c th giao tip vi bn sn phm ca mt s cng ngh thnh lp bn t nh hin ang c s dng B TN&MT nh: IMAGE STATION, IRASC, MGE-PC, GEOVE, IRASB, GISOFFICE - Qun l cc i tng bn . FAMIS cung cp bng phn loi cc lp thng tin ca Bn a chnh qun l bn theo bng phn lp chun. Vic phn lp v hin th cc lp thng tin theo quy phm ca B TN&MT. - To vng, tnh din tch. FAMIS cung cp chc nng t ng sa li, t ng pht hin li v cho php ngi dng t sa, to vng, t ng tnh din tch. Chc nng thc hin nhanh, mm do, cho php ngi dng t to vng trn mt phm vi bt k. Cu trc file d liu tun theo ng m hnh topology ca bn s vect.

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Cu trc chc nng ca c s d liu bn :


c s d liu bn qun l bn kt ni c s d liu m mt bn to mi mt bn hin th bn chn lp thng tin

nhp s liu

chuyn t tr o vo bn import export

to topology

t ng tm, sa li sa li Xa topology to vng

ng k s b

qui ch t nhn sa nhn sa bng nhn

bn a chnh

to h s k thut tha to bn a chnh to khung bn nh s tha t ng in bn a chnh

x l bn

nn bn to bn ch v nhn tha

lin kt HSC

chuyn sang HSC NHP T HSC

Ra khi

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Hnh 4-8. Menu ca c s d liu bn - Quy ch s b. y l nhm chc nng phc v cho cng tc quy ch tm thi. Gn, hin th, sa cha cc thng tin thuc tnh c gn vi tha. - Bin tp bn a chnh. Bao gm cc chc nng to bn a chnh t bn gc, t ng v khung bn a chnh v nh s tha t ng, v nhn tha. - To h s k thut tha t. FAMIS cho php to cc loi h s thng dng v tha t bao gm; H s k thut tha t, trch lc tha t, giy chng nhn. D liu thuc tnh ca tha t c th ly qua qu trnh quy ch tm thi hoc mc ni nhn d liu t c s d liu h s a chnh. - Lin kt d liu h s a chnh. Nhm chc nng thc hin giao tip v kt ni vi c s d liu v h qun tr d liu h s a chnh. Cc chc nng ny m bo cho hai phn mm FAMIS v CADDB to thnh mt h thng thng nht. Cc chc nng cho php trao i d liu hai chiu gia hai c s d liu Bn a chnh v c s d liu h s a chnh (gia hai h thng phn mm FAMIS v CADDB). H qun tr c s d liu H s a chnh (Cadastral Document Database Management System CADDB) l phn mm thnh lp v qun l cc thng tin v h s a chnh. H thng cung cp cc thng tin cn thit thnh lp b H s a chnh. H tr cng tc tra cu, thanh tra, qun l s dng t. Cp giy chng nhn s dng t, thng k tnh hnh s dng t. Phn mm FAMIS & CADDB to thnh mt phn thng nht trong cng tc thnh lp bn a chnh v qun l H s a chnh. Hin nay, c rt nhiu phn mm mi c xy dng nhm phc v cho qun l thng tin t ai v c th tng tc vi FAMIS, bao gm VILIS, CILIS, VIREG...Phn mm FAMIS cng c nng cp thng xuyn ph hp vi s thay i ca chnh sch t ai, phin bn mi nht hin nay l phin bn 2010 vi mt s ci tin mi nhm ph hp vi ngh nh 88/N-CP ca chnh ph v thng t 17/ TT-BTNMT quy nh v cp giy chng nhn quyn s dng t, quyn s hu nh v ti sn khc gn lin vi t. 4.3. H THNG PHN MM MAPPING OFFICE Cng vi cc ngun cung cp d liu ang ph bin hin nay xy dng cc c s d liu bn s nh my ton c in t, h thng nh v v tinh - GPS, my o v nh gii tch ... S ho bn cng l ngun cung cp d liu quan trng, gip chuyn i cc bn c, c lm trn cc cht liu truyn thng nh giy, phim, diamat ... hoc t cc nh hng khng, nh vin thm sang dng s. Cc bn c s ho theo mt trong hai phng php sau: + S ho trn bn s (Tablet Digitizer). + S ho trn mn hnh (Head-up Digitizing). Thng thng nc ta t trc ti nay vic s ho thng c tin hnh trn bn s. S ho trn mn hnh t c bit ti bi nhiu l do khc nhau, do phn cng my tnh yu, 67

phn mm x l d liu song song (raster, vector) khng c, thiu thit b ngoi vi (my qut...). Thi gian gn y vi s pht trin rt nhanh ca cc h phn mm ng dng CAD, GIS, LIS c kh nng x l song song c d liu raster v vector, cc h phn cng nhanh mnh c kh nng truy cp, x l nhng khi lng d liu ln, v s xut hin ca chng th trng Vit Nam. S ho trn mn hnh ang ngy cng c ng dng rng ri trong lnh vc ho ni chung, v c bit trong lnh vc bn , khi phi xy dng cc c s d liu bn ln v phc tp i hi phi kt hp nhiu phng php chuyn i d liu. Tp on INTERGRAPH l mt trong cc hng hng u th gii chuyn cung cp cc gii php cho H thng tin a l - GIS v bn , hng c cc gii php rt tt trong lnh vc kt hp, x l song song d liu raster v vector trong cng mt mi trng ho thng nht. INTERGRAPH c mt th trng Vit Nam nhiu nm trc y, cung cp cc trm lm vic v gii php cho mt s c quan nh B TN&MT, Cc Bn Qun i, Trung tm o c nh a hnh ...Cui nm 1996 hng lot cc trm lm vic v phn mm ng dng ca INTERGRAPH c lp t a vo s dng ti cc n v thuc Tng cc i chnh, cng ngh ca INTERGRAPH s l cng ngh ch o trong s pht trin ca ngnh bn v a chnh c nc. Vic nghin cu khai thc cc ng dng v a ra cc quy trnh cng ngh khi lm vic trn cc h thng lp t l vn quan trng ang rt cn gii quyt trong thi gian ti. MAPPING OFFICE l mt b phn mm ca tp on INTERGRAPH, bao gm cc phn mm cng c phc v cho vic xy dng v duy tr ton b cc i tng a l thuc mt trong hai dng d liu, ho v phi ho s dng trong cc h thng tin a l GIS v bn , chy trn h iu hnh DOS / Windows. Trong MAPPING OFFICE vic thu thp cc i tng a l c tin hnh mt cch n gin trn c s cc bn c thnh lp trc y (trn giy, diamat...), nh hng khng, nh v tinh, thng qua thit b qut v cc phn mm cng c to v chuyn i cc ti liu trn vo c s d liu s. MAPPING OFFICE gm by phn mm ng dng c tch hp trong mt mi trng thng nht MicroStation, phc v cho vic thu thp v duy tr d liu. I/RAS C cung cp y cc chc nng phc v cho vic hin th v x l nh hng khng, nh vin thm thng qua my qut nh hoc c trc tip nu l nh s. I/RAS C cho php ngi s dng cng mt lc c th kt hp iu khin v thao tc vi c hai dng d liu raster v vector. Kh nng ny rt tt khi ngi s dng tin hnh s ho trn mn hnh. I/rasb: L phn mm hin th v bin tp d liu raster (di dng nh en trng-Black and white image) v chy trn mi trng MicroStation. Cc cng c trong Irasb c s dng lm sch cc nh qut, nn file nh raster t to hng ct ca cc picel v to thc ca bn ... I/Geovec: Cung cp cc cng c s ho bn t ng cc i tng trn nn nh en trng (Dng Binary) sang dng vector vi cng ngh dt ng bn t ng cao cp, Geovec c bit hiu qu trong vic s ho cc i tng dng ng, lm gim ng k thi gian trong vic chuyn i d liu c sang dng s. MSFC (MicroStation Feature Collection) l Modul cho php ngi dng khai bo v t cc thuc tnh ha cho cc lp bn phc v cho qu trnh s ho, MSFC c s dng trong cc trng hp sau: - Dng to bng phn lp v nh ngha thuc tnh ho cho i tng - Qun l cc i tng trong qu trnh s ho - Lc im, lm trn ung... 68

Mrfclean: c vit bng MDL - MicroStation Development Language v chy trn nn ca MicroStation, Mrfclean c dng trong cc trng hp sau: - Kim tra li t ng, nhn din v nh du cc im cui t do bng mt k hiu (tc l 1 flag- l mt trong 3 ch ci D,X,S) - Xo nhng ng, nhng im trng nhau - Tch mt ng thnh 2 ng ti im giao vi ng khc - T ng xo cc on tha (C gi tr nh hn Dangle-factor nhn vi Tolerance) Mrfflag: Sau khi thc hin sa li vi Mrfclean, cc li cn li s c nh du bi cc text (flag) v c lu trong mt level. Mrfflag gip chng ta nh v nhanh cc li ny khi tin hnh sa li bng cc cng c ca MicroStation Iplot: l b phn mm chuyn dng cho vic in n cc tp tin *.DGN ca MicroStation. B phn mm ny bao gm 2 phn mm chnh l Iplot Client v Iplot Server. Iplot Client nhn cc yu cu in trc tip ti cc trm lm vic cn Iplot Server nhn cc yu cu in qua mng, do vy thc hin vic in n trn my tnh t nht phi ci t Iplot Client. Iplot cho php t cc thng s in nh lc nt, th t in cc i tng... thng qua tp tin iu khin Pen-table. CU HI N TP CHNG 4 1. Lch s pht trin ca MicroStation? 2. Trnh by cch t chc d liu ca MicroStation? 3. Nhng chc nng c bn trong c s d liu tr o ca phn mm Famis? 4. Nhng chc nng c bn trong c s d liu bn ca phn mm Famis? 5. Nhng chc nng c bn ca cc phn mm trong h thng phn mm Mapping Office?

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PHN THC HNH


Phn bi tp thc hnh ca cun bi ging ny ny tp trung vo hai vn chnh sau: - Xy dng Bn a chnh bng phn mm Famis - S ho v bin tp bn s s dng phn mm MicroStation v h thng phn mm Mapping Office s vic thc hnh c tin hnh hiu qu, ngi c cn c cc kin thc c bn v bn hc, tin hc, cng nh phi nm vng cc quy nh trong thit k, xy dng bn , c bit l Bn a chnh, Bn hin trng s dng t. ng thi, ngi c cng phi chun b y h thng phn mm cn thit, lu rng cc phn mm ny c th c nhiu phin bn (version) khc nhau, s khc nhau v phin bn c th dn ti s khc nhau v giao din, c s ph hp cn thit gia cun bi ging ny v cc thao tc thc hnh trn my tnh, c bit l phn bi tp, ngi c cn c cc phn mm sau: MICROSTATION SE, I/RASB 6.0, I/GEOVEC 6.0, MRFCLEAN V8.0.1, MRFFLAG V8.0.1, FAMIS (Cc phin bn t 2003), B k hiu bn hin trng v quy hoch s dng t dng s. Ngoi ra, ngi c cn c mt s ti liu sau h tr cho qu trnh thc hnh: - Quy phm thnh lp bn a chnh t l 1:200, 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:5000 v 1:10000 do B Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng ban hnh nm 2008 - K hiu bn a chnh t l 1:200, 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:5000 v 1:10000 do B Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng ban hnh nm 2009 - Quy nh v thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t, do B Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng ban hnh nm 2007 - K hiu Bn hin trng s dng t v Bn quy hoch s dng t, do B Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng ban hnh nm 2007

70

Bi 1

CC LNH V C BN CA MICROSTATION
Bi ny s cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc c bn nht v phn mm MicroStation bao gm: Cch to mt file *.DGN, giao din ca MicroStation, Cc cng c v c bn trong MicroStation, lm nn tng s dng phn mm ny v h thng phn mm Mapping Office trong vic s ho v thnh lp bn cc bi tip theo. Thi gian thc hnh cho bi ny l 3 tit. 1/ Khi ng phn mm MicroStation: S dng mt trong cc cch sau: - Nhy p (Double click) vo biu tng ca MicroStation trn mn hnh . Hoc: - Bm chut vo biu tng ca MicroStation, n Enter. Hoc : - Chn Start/All Programs/MicroStation SE/MicroStation SE. Xut hin hp thoi MicroStation Manager. 2/ To File mi (M File c) T ca s MicroStation Manager: - Nhy p vo a D:\ tr v th mc gc. - To th mc mi: Chn Directory/New

Xut hin hp thoi Make Directory, g tn th mc cn to, chn OK. (hoc chn th mc nu th mc c)

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- Nhy p chut vo th mc va to. - To File mi: Chn File/New, xut hin hp thoi Create Design File:

+ Chn Seed File: Bm chut vo Select, xut hin hp thoi Select Seed File,

Chn Seed file l file: C:\WIN32APP\ustation\wsmod\default\seed\vn2d.dgn, hoc C:\Famis\system\seed-bd.dgn, chn OK (vn2d.dgn l Seed File chun do B Ti nguyn Mi trng cung cp cho vic xy dng Bn hin trng s dng t v Bn quy hoch s dng t cn seed-bd.dgn dnh cho xy dng Bn a chnh). + G tn File mi cn to, chn OK, OK (Nu File c, chn File cn m, chn OK) Xut hin mn hnh ca MicroStation.

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3/ Mn hnh chnh ca MicroStation nh sau: - Pha trn cng l thanh Menu Bar, cha cc lnh c bn ca MicroStation. (File, Edit, Element, Settings, Tools, Utilities,Window, Help...) - Tip theo l ca s lnh (Command Windows): L ni g lnh t bn phm v hin th cc thng bo trong qu trnh lm vic vi phn mm. Nu ca s lnh khng hin th trn mn hnh, cn phi ng mn hnh ca MicroStation bng cch chn File/Close, tr v mn hnh MicroStation Manage, mc Style (pha y hp thoi) chn Command Windows. Mt s lnh hay dng vi Command Windows: xy=<ta x>,<ta y>: To 1 im c to x,y MDL L <ng dng>: Gi mt ng dng chy trn nn MicroStation, v d Irasb Back: Backup d liu, lu d liu ti thi im di dng file c ui *.bak, mun phc hi d liu ti thi im backup ch cn i ui file thnh dgn. dx=<delta x>,<delta y> :Dch chuyn i tng mt khong theo gi tr delta theo trc ta Com: Nn file d liu, c tc dng lm gim dung lng ca file Fence change lock: Kho mt vng trn bn s dng fence Fence change unlock: M kho mt vng trn bn s dng fence. - Thanh cng c Primary Tools cha cc thuc tnh c bn ca cc i tng bn (mu sc, lp, kiu ng, lc nt). Bt/tt thanh cng c ny bng cch chn Tools/Primary. - Thanh cng c chnh Main cha cc lnh v c bn ca MicroStation. Bt/tt thanh cng c ny bng cch chn Tools/Main/Main. - Ca s Windows, ni cha ni dung bn v. MicroStation cho php m ti a ng thi 8 ca s. bt tt cc ca s chn Window>Open/Close, Chn ca s t 1 n 8. Hoc chn Window>Open/Close>dialog, nh du vo ca s cn m hoc ng. - Thanh cun Scroll bar, cha cc lnh iu khin mn hnh, thay i tm nhn bn v (Nhng khng thay i hnh dng, kch thc v cc thuc tnh khc ca i tng). Bt/tt thanh cun ny bng cch chn Window/Scroll bar. Cc lnh trong thanh cun ny gm: 1: Update View: V li ni dung ca ca s mn hnh. 2: Zoom In: Phng to tm nhn bn v, nhp h s phng Zoom Ratio. 3: Zoom Out: Thu nh tm nhn bn v, nhp h s thu Zoom Ratio. 4: Windows Area: Phng to tm nhn bn v theo ca s. 5: Fit View: Thu ton b ni dung ca bn v vo trong mn hnh vi kch thc ln nht (Nhn bn v mt cch bao qut). 6: Rotate View: Quay tm nhn bn v (chn phng php quay-Method) . 7: Pan View: Dch chuyn tm nhn bn v theo mt hng nht nh. 8: View Previous: Tr v tm nhn trc . 73

9: View Next: Tr v tm nhn trc khi thc hin lnh View Previous Ch : 1. S dng cc lnh iu khin mn hnh khng lm gin on cc lnh ang s dng trc . Tip tc lnh trc bng cch n chut phi. 2. Ngoi thanh cun Scroll bar, c th s dng thanh cng c 2D View Control (Chn Tools/View Control) vi cc lnh tng t nh ca thanh cun Scroll bar) 4/ Bng thuc tnh hin th (View Attributes) T menu ca MicroStation chn Settings/ViewAttributes (hoc n Ctrl + B) Xut hin bng thuc tnh hin th trn mn hnh cho php ngi s dng t cc thuc tnh hin th cho tng ca s. Mun chn thuc tnh no th nh du chn tng ng, sau n Apply xc nhn. - Fill: Cho php hin th ch t mu i vi nhng vng kn c t mu. Nu ch Fill khng c chn th tt c cc vng c t mu (k c nhng vng c fill mu t trc) s khng c hin th mu fill trn mn hnh cng nh khi in ra. - Line Styles: Cho php s dng kiu ng do ngi s dng t thit k, Nu ch Line Styles khng c chn th MicroStation ch cho php hin th 8 kiu ng c bn t 0 - 7. - Line Weights: Cho php hin th cc yu t vi lc nt thc t m ngi s dng chn. Nu khng chn ch ny, lc nt ngm nh bng 0. - Patterns: Cho php hin th ch tri Patterns ca cc i tng. - Text: Cho php/khng cho php hin th ch trn mn hnh. 5/Bng iu khin lp (View Levels) Mi yu t trong MicroStation c gn vi mt lp (level), ti mi thi im ch c mt level hot ng gi l Active level (lp hin hnh). Mi yu t c v ra u nm trn level hot ng ca thi im . Ti mi thi im, Microstation cho php hin th hoc tt hin th mt s level ca n trn mn hnh. thay i level hot ng hay thay i ch bt tt cc level c th s dng cc cch sau: - Cch 1: bng iu khin View levels. T menu chn Settings/level/display (Hoc n ng thi 2 phm Ctrl+E) Mi s vit trn cc (t 1- 63) tng ng vi mt level. Nu c mu en th level c chn hin th (Ch ON). Nu c mu xm nht th level tng ng b tt hin th (Ch OFF: level 27, 28, 29). no c mt hnh trn bao quanh s th l level hot ng

74

(level 10). i ch hin th ca level t on sang off (hay ngc li) th ch cn n phm data trn level tng ng. Ti mi thi im phi c t nht mt Level c bt. Sau khi chn xong ch hin th cho cc level, n Apply p dng cho View hoc n All p dng cho tt c cc ca s windows. - Cch 2: iu khin lp bng ca s lnh Command window. T ca s lnh ca MicroStation nhp lnh lnh lv= <m s hoc tn level> ri nhn ENTER bt mt lp thnh lp hot ng (active level). hin thin mt lp trn mn hnh, nhp lnh on=<m s hoc tn level> , bm ENTER.Trong trng hp mun bt nhiu level mt lc th t du "," vo gia m s hoc tn cc level Tng t nh trn, khi mun tt mt level, nhp lnh of=<m s hoc tn level>, bm ENTER tt level ny Trng hp mun bt/tt nhiu level c m s k tip nhau mt cch lin tc th nhp lnh on/of=m s level u tin - m s level cui. v d: of=1-30 l tt cc level t 1 n 30. Ngoi ra, ta c th bt mt lp thnh lp hot ng (active level) bng cch chn m s level t phm level trn thanh Primary tool v ko chut n level cn chn trong mc Active level

Cn lu rng cc level c th c t tn. t tn ta lm nh sau: - T thanh menu ca MicroStation chn Settings chn Level chn Name xut hin hp hi thoi Level Names.

- Bm vo nt Add xut hin hp hi thoi Level name.

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- Number: m s level - Name: tn level (khng qu 6 k t) - Comment: gii thch thm v tn, c th c hoc khng (khng qa 32 k t). - Bm nt OK. 6/ Thc hnh cc lnh v c bn trong thanh cng c chnh Main. 6.1. Nhm lnh v i tng dng tuyn( Linear Elements):

1: Place Smartline: V ng thng dng tuyn 2: Place Line : v ng thng n. Lnh ny cho php v on thng vi chiu di v gc quay cho trc. - Nhp di (length) - Nhp gc quay (angle) 3: Place Multi Line: V ng Multi Line 4: Place Tream Line String: V ng cong dng chui 5: Place Point or Tream Curve: V ng c im un 6: Construct Angle Bisector: V ng thng chia i mt gc (Khi dng lnh ny phi Snap vo 2 ng thng to gc cn chia) 7: Construct Minimum Distance Line: V on thng ni 2 i tng ti im gn nhau nht gia 2 i tng 8: Construct Line at Active Angle: V ng thng to vi mt i tng cho trc mt gc nghing nht nh 6.2. Nhm lnh v vng (Polygons): 1: Place Block: V hnh ch nht 2: Place Shape: V a gic t do 3: Place Orthogonal Shape: V a gic c cc gc u vung. 4: Place Regular Polygon: V a gic u. Khi thc hin cc lnh v vng cn ch cc thng s sau: + Chn kiu t mu: Fill Type - None: Khng t mu - Opaque: T mu khng c vin. - Outlined: T mu c mu vin (mu vin l mu trn thanh cng c Primary tools). + Chn mu t: Fill Color (t 0 254, mu 255 l mu nn ca ca s)

76

Ch : Nu mu t khng hin th ln mn hnh, n ng thi 2 phm Ctrl + B, xut hin hp thoi View Attributes, chn Fill, Apply. 6.3. Nhm lnh v vng trn, elp( Ellipses). - Chn phng php: Method - Chn kiu t mu: Fill type. - Chn mu t: Fill color 6.4. Nhm lnh v ch ( Text)

1: Place text: Lnh v ch. Chn Font ch, ch canh l (Justification), gc quay ch (Active angle), phng php vit ch (Method). Nhp dng ch vo hp thoi Text Editor.

Cc phng php vit ch (Method) bao gm: - By Origin: Ti gc hin thi (active angle) v cc thng s hin thi (font, height, width,...). - Fitted: Text c t gia hai im bm chut. - View Independent: Ti gc hin thi (active angle) v cc thng s hin thi (font, height, whith,...). Khi t, text tn ti mt hng khng ph thuc vo gc quay ca mn hnh. - Fitted V(iew) I(ndependent): Kt hp gia hai ch Fitted v View Independent. - Above Element: t pha trn ca mt ng thng. - Below Element: t pha trn ca mt ng thng. - On Element: t trn mt line, line string, shape, B-spline curve, hoc multi-line vi cc thng s hin thi. - Along Element: Dc theo - trn hoc di - mt i tng (curve, B-spline curve, arc, ellipse, line, line string, hoc shape). Mi k t c t nh mt text c lp to thnh mt nhm i tng. 2: Place node: V ch (c mi tn ch ch thch cho mt i tng) 3: Edit Text: Sa cha, thay i dng ch. Nhy kp chut vo dng ch cn sa cha ==> xut hin trong hp thoi Text Editor. Tin hnh sa ch. Sa xong chn Apply. 4: Display Text Attributes: Xem thuc tnh dng ch (thuc tnh ca dng ch s c hin th trn Command window). 77

5: Match Text Attributes: Sao chp thuc tnh dng ch. 6: Change Text Attributes: Thay i thuc tnh dng ch.

Mun thay i thuc tnh no th nh du vo tng ng. Cc thuc tnh bao gm: - Font: font ch, nhp s font, hoc chn font trong danh sch c lit k bn cnh - Height: cao ch - Weight: rng ch. - Line Spacing: thay i khong cch gia cc dng (dn dng). - Interchar.Spacing: Thay i gin cch gia cc k t - Slant: thay i nghing (Slant) ca text - Underline: t v thay i ch gch chn Enable (c) hoc Disable (khng). - Vertical: t v thay i ch ch ng (vertical text) chn Enable (c) hoc Disable (khng). - View: Xc nh nh hng ca text vi ch quay mn hnh (rotating the view) Dependent: Quay text khi quay mn hnh Independent: Khng quay text khi quay mn hnh - Justification: Chn kiu canh l (t bn tri, t bn phi, t gia) - Fence: Lin kt vi fence thay i thng s cho cc i tng ch (xem thm cch s dng fence) 7: Plate text node: nh s cc im ghi ch. 8: Copy and Increment Text: Sao chp v tng dng ch dng s. Nhp h s tng (Tag Increment), chn ch khi u. 6.5. Nhm lnh v im(Points)

1: Place Active Point:To im 2:Construct Points Between Data Points: To mt s nht nh cc im lin tip vi khong cch u nhau 3: Project Points Onto Element : t im trn mt i tng c chn. 78

4: Construct Point at Intersection: t mt im ti ch giao nhau ca 2 i tng. 5: Construct Point Along Element: t mt s nht nh cc im trn i tng gia hai ln bm chut. 6: Construct Point @ Distance Along Element: To mt im nm trn i tng v cch im bm chut mt khong cch cho trc. 6.6. Nhm lnh v cung (Arcs)

1: Place Arc: V cung trn 2: Place Half Ellipse: V mt cung ca hnh Elp 3: Place Quarter Ellipse: Dng mt na ca Place Half Ellipse 4: Modify Arc Radius: Thay i cung trn (2 u mt ca cung c nh) 5: Modify Arc Angle: Thay i ln ca cung (Ko di hoc thu ngn cung) 6: Modify Arc Axis: Thay i cung theo mt trc nht nh. 6.7. Nhm lnh tri mu v (Pattern).

1: Hatch Area: Tri vng bng cc ng thng song song nhau 2: Crosshatch Area: Tri vng bng cc ng Cross 3:Pattern Area: Tri vng bng cc patten cell 4:Linear Pattern: Tri dc theo mt i tng tuyn tnh 5:Show Pattern Attributes: Chn hin th gc v t l ca mt i tng c pattern 6:Match Pattern Attributes: t cc thng s hin thi ging vi cc thng s ca mt i tng ng pattern t trc 7: Delete Pattern: Xa pattern 6.8. Nhm lnh o (Measure)

1: Measure Distance: o khong cch trn mt i tng, gia hai im, gia im v i tng, khong cch ngn nht gia hai i tng. 2: Measure Radius: o bn knh ca ng trn hoc cung trn 3: Measure Angle: o gc to bi hai ng thng 4: Measure Length: o chiu di ca on thng 5: Measure Area: o din tch ca ca i tng dng vng 6: Measure Volume: o th tch (ch dng c cho cc i tng dng 3D)

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Bi 2

CC LNH BIN TP BN CA MICROSTATION


Bi ny s gii thiu cho sinh vin cc lnh bin tp bn trong phn mm MicroStation. Thi gian thc tp bi ny l 3 tit 1/ Nhm lnh sao chp, dch chuyn i tng 1: Copy Element: Sao chp i tng 2: Move Element: Dch chuyn i tng. nh du / khng vo Make Copy chuyn i gia 2 lnh Copy v Move. 3: Move Paralell: Sao chp/dch chuyn i tng vi mt khong cch cho trc. Nhp gi tr khong cch vo Distance. 4: Scale Element: Thay i t l i tng. Nhp t l thu, phng i tng vo X scale v Y scale. Nu gi tr t l trong khong t 0-1 (v d, 0.25), kch thc theo chiu ny s gim xung; nu gi tr t l ln hn 1, kch thc theo chiu s c tng ln 5: Rotate: Quay i tng. Chn phng php quay Method - Active Angle: i tng s c quay theo gc hin thi, gi tr ny c nhp trong trng pha di - 2 Points: Gc quay c xc nh bi hai im bm chut - 3 points: Gc quay c xc nh bi ba im bm chut 6: Mirror: Ly i xng vi i tng. 7: Construct Array: To mng. + Array Type: Kiu mng: Rectangular: Mng hnh ch nht, Polar: Mng hnh trn. + Rows: S hng ca mng. + Columns: S ct ca mng. + Rows Spacing: Khong cch gia cc hng. + Column Spacing: Khong cch gia cc ct. 2/ Nhm lnh sa cha i tng. 1:Modify Element: Thay i 2 u mt i tng. 2:Delete Part Of Element: Xa mt phn i tng. 3:Extend Line: Ko di/thu ngn i tng (hng khng i) 4:Extend 2 Element to Intersection: Ko di/thu ngn 2 i tng n giao im ca hai i tng . 5:Extend Element to Intersection: Ko di i tng n giao vi mt i tng khc. 6:Trim Element: Xa phn on thng tha.

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3/ Nhm lnh thay i thuc tnh ca i tng.

Change Element Attributes: Thay i thuc tnh i tng + Level: Thay i lp. + Color: Thay i mu sc i tng. + Style: Thay i kiu ng nt. + Weight: Thay i lc nt i tng. Change Element to Active Fill Type: Thay i thuc tnh ca cc i tng dng vng. + Fill Type: Kiu t mu. + Fill Color: Mu t. 4/. Lnh xa i tng: 5/ Nhm lnh lm vic vi Fence 1: Place Fence: To Fence. 2: Modify Fence: Sa cha Fence. 3: Manipulate Fence Contents: Sao chp, dch chuyn, quay cc i tng s dng Fence. 4: Delete Fence Contents: Xa cc i tng s dng Fence. 5: Drop Fence Contents: Ph v lin kt (Drop) gia cc i tng khi lm vic vi Fence Ch : Khi thc hin cc lnh c s dng Fence, cc lnh s c tc dng khc nhau tu thuc vo ni dung ca Fence:

1: Inside: Tc dng i vi cc i tng nm hon ton trong Fence. 2: Overlap: Tc dng i vi nhng i tng nm trong Fence v nhng i tng ct Fence, tip xc trong vi Fence. 3: Clip: Tc dng i vi nhng i tng nm hon ton trong Fence v phn nm trong Fence ca nhng i tng ct Fence. 4: Void: Tc dng i vi nhng i tng nm hon ton ngoi Fence. 5: Void Overlap: Tc dng i vi nhng i tng nm hon ton ngoi Fence v nhng i tng ct Fence, tip xc ngoi vi Fence. 6: Void Clip: Tc dng i vi nhng i tng nm hon ton ngoi Fence v phn nm ngoi Fence ca nhng i tng ct Fence. 6/ Nhm lnh to lin kt/ph v lin kit cc i tng 1: Drop Element: Dng chia nh i tng thnh cc phn nh hn. Khi dung lnh ny ta phi xc cc kiu 81

i tng s c chia nh. V d nu ta chn complex th cc i tng phc hp (cell, complex chain, complex shape, text node, surface, hoc solid) c chia ra thnh cc phn ca chng. 2: Create Complex Change: Dng to complex chain - mt i tng c to ra t nhiu i tng khc (line, line string, arc, curve, v B-spline curve) c th dng c nh mt i tng bnh thng. i tng c to ra c cc thuc tnh hin thi mc d cc i tng thnh phn c cc thuc tnh khc nhau. C th to complex chain bng tay hoc t ng. to complex chain bng tay - Chn cng c Create Complex Chain - t Method l Manual. - Chn i tng u tin - Tip tc chn cc i tng khc thm vo - Bm Reset to complex chain. to complex chain t ng - Chn cng c Create Complex Chain - t Method l Automatic - Chn i tng u tin - Bm Accept thm cc i tng c im sng hoc Reset chn i tng bn cnh - i tng s c t ng to ra nu ht cc i tng. Nu khng, bm Reset to complex chain. 3: Create Complex Shape: Dng to complex shape (i tng ng kn) t nhiu i tng nh hn(line, line string, arc, curve, v B-spline curve). i tng c to ra c cc thuc tnh hin thi mc d cc i tng thnh phn c cc thuc tnh khc nhau. C hai cch to complex shape: + Manual: To vng bng cch chn ln lt cc i tng ca vng. Nu cc i tng khng khp kn, chng trnh t ng khp kn vng. + Automatic: Bm chut vo 1 ng bao ca vng, chng trnh t ng d tm ng bao ca vng. Nu chn sai ng bao, n phm phi chut, chng trnh s d tm theo hng khc. 4: Create Region: Lnh t mu cho i tng khp kn. Xut hin ca s Create Region, cn thc hin cc bc sau:

- Chn phng php to vng (Method) + Intersection: Ly vng l giao ca 2 vng. + Union: Cng vng (vng kt hp bi hai vng) + Deffrence: Tr vng (Vng khng nm trong phn giao nhau gia hai i tng). 82

+ Flood: To vng (Vng c ng bi cc i tng khc nhau ) - Chn phng php to vng l Flood. - Chn kiu t mu (Fill Type) + None: Khng t mu. + Opaque: T mu khng c ng vin. (Chn kiu ny) + Outlined: T mu c mu vin vng (mu vin quanh vng l mu trn thanh cng c Primary Tools) - Chn mu t: Fill Color. - nh du vo Keep Original gi cc vng xung quanh. Sau , bm chut vo 1 im trong tha t, con chut s t ng d tm ng bao ca tha t, n tip phm Data kt thc t mu. 5:Add to Graphic Group: To mt nhm i tng/Thm i tng vo nhm/Nhp hai nhm i tng thnh mt 6: Drop from Graphic Group: Loi b (drop) cc i tng khi nhm hoc phn chia mt nhm thnh cc i tng thnh phn 7:Group Holes: To vng c cc l thng (hole) khng fill mu bn trong. thc hin lnh ny ta lm nh sau: - Chn cng c Group Holes - Bm chut xc nh i tng cn c thng - Bm chut chn cc i tng bn trong - Bm Data chp nhn i tng cui cng - Bm Reset

83

Bi 3 THNH LP BN A CHNH BNG PHN MM FAMIS


Hin nay, cng tc o c lp bn a chnh l vn ang t ra hng u trong cng tc qun l nh nc v t ai nhm hon thin h s a chnh, cp giy chng nhn quyn s dng t. S liu o c thng c lu tr cc dng sau: - Trong b nh ca my o (B nh trong hoc ngoi). - Ghi s theo phng php truyn thng. S liu o c lu tr trong b nh ca my c nhp trc tip vo my tnh (thng qua cp truyn v cc phn mm ng dng) v c lu tr di dng mt File trong my tnh( File *.obs ca Sokkia, File *.fc4 ca Topcon...), Vi dng s liu o c c ghi s theo phng php truyn thng phi c nhp vo my tnh bng tay v lu tr di dng mt File tr o. Sau khi c File s liu tr o, chng ta mi s dng cc phn mm chuyn dng thnh lp bn . Trong bi thc tp ny s cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc c bn thnh lp bn a chnh t s liu o c ngoi thc a c ghi trong s o chi tit bng phn mm FAMIS. Thi gian thc tp cho bi ny l 6 tit. 1/ Nhp s liu tr o t s o chi tit vo my tnh. S liu o c c nhp vo my tnh thng qua mt phn mm son tho vn bn (NC, Notepad...) v ghi li thnh file c phn m rng l *.ASC Ni dung File s liu tr o c nhp vo my tnh nh sau: 1.1. Nhp ta cc trm my v im nh hng (Ta ca cc im ca li o v) TR <s hiu trm 1> <x> <y> { cao trm} { cao my} TR <s hiu trm 2> <x> <y> { cao trm} { cao my} ............................... TR <s hiu trm n> <x> <y> { cao trm} { cao my} (Trong TR l quy c khai bo ta cc im ca li o v; i l tn trm my; i=1 n n, n l s im ca li o v; Xi,Yi l ta tng ng) 1.2. Khai bo im t my v im nh hng TR i DKD J (Trong TR i l s hiu trm my t ti im i; DKD J l s hiu trm nh hng t ti im J). 1.3.Khai bo cc im o chi tit Gi tr o c c nhp vo theo th t sau y: <Sh im o 1> <gc> <cnh> {gc thin nh} { cao gng} ......................... <Sh im o n> <gc> <cnh> {gc thin nh} { cao gng} Trong , gc o c nhp lin tc v quy nh: 2 s cui cng l giy, 2 s tip theo l pht, cc s u cn li l . VD: 35 , 15 pht, 20 giy ta nhp l: 351520 120 , 15 pht, 7 giy ta nhp l: 1201507 315 , 7 pht, 8 giy ta nhp l 3150708 84

Sau khi nhp xong cho trm my i, tip tc lp li bc 1.2, 1.3 cho n khi ht tt c cc trm my. thc hin nhp s liu o c vo my tnh theo ni dung trn bng phn mm Notepad, ta lm nh sau: T mn hnh ca Windows XP, chn Start/All Programs/ Accesseories/ Notepad, xut hin ca s mn hnh Untitled-Notepad. Tin hnh nhp s liu o c nh hng dn trn. Nhp xong chn File/Save As, xut hin hp thoi Save as

Chn th mc lu s liu ca sinh vin (V d: D\QL53A\ nguyen van nam) g tn file lu tr s liu tr o vi phn m rng l ASC vo File name. V d: trido1.ASC. Ti mc Save as type ca hp thoi ny chn All files. Kt qu cui cng ta thu c file d liu tr o. 2/ To file mi Khi ng phn mm MicroStation, tin hnh to file mi (chn Seed file l file C:\WIN32APP\ustation\wsmod\default\seed\seed-bd.dgn) 3/ Khi ng phn mm Famis T ca s lnh ca MicroStation g dng lnh: MDL LOAD C:\FAMIS\FAMIS . Trn mn hnh xut hin menu ca phn mm Famis

85

Nhp tn x, huyn, tnh, chn Chp nhn 4/ Lm vic vi Modul C s d liu tr o 4.1. Chn Np phn x l tr o 4.2. Chn Nhp s liu/Import Xut hin mn hnh nhp s liu t s liu o gc.

- Tm n th mc lu s liu tr o D:\THUCTAP_VBD - List file of types chn kiu S o chi tit [*.asc] - Chn file TRIDO.ASC, chn OK. - Trn mn hnh xut hin cc im o chi tit. n Ctrl+B, xut hin hp thoi View Attributes, b nh du trong Grid b h thng cc im li ca MicroStation trn mn hnh. 4.3. Hin th m im o Chn Hin th/To m t tr o. Xut hin hp thoi To nhn tr o. Nhp kch thc nhn (t l 1/500, kch thc bng 1). Nhp khong cch t nhn n v tr im o Dx, Dy. Chn Chp nhn. Trn mn hnh xut hin m im o.

86

4.4. Kim tra bng s liu tr o y l chc nng c Famis cung cp ngi dng c th kim tra v sa cha c s d liu tr o. Thng tin ca tr o c hin ra di dng bng. Mt bn ghi tng ng vi 1 tr o c th. y l mt hnh thc giao din rt thun tin cho sa cha cc tr o. Chn Nhp s liu/ Bng s liu tr o. Xut hin hp thoi Danh sch trm o - thm mt tr o: chn v tr trong danh sch cn thm vo: u danh sch, cui danh sch, trc/sau mt tr o no . Con tr en s xc nh v tr c chn hin ti. + n < Thm trc > chn mt tr o vo trc tr o ang c chn. + n < Thm sau > chn mt tr o vo sau tr o ang c chn. Ty thuc tr o c chn l trm hay im o chi tit m xut hin ca s giao din nhp d liu cho tr mi. - xa mt tr o: chn tr o cn xa. n < Xa >. Ch nu xa mt trm o, ton b cc im o tri tit ca trm ny cng b xa theo.

- sa mt tr o: chn mt tr o sau n < Sa > hoc nhy kp ( double click ) vo dng m t tr o cn sa. n < ng > ng li ca s giao din v ra khi chc nng. 4.5. Ni im theo s Cc i tng trong bn a chnh cn c phn lp theo ng quy phm. phn lp thng tin t ng, vo Qun l bn /Kt ni vi c s d liu, Qun l bn / Chn lp thng tin. Xut hin hp thoi Chn i tng

87

Chn i tng cn v, sau chn Chp nhn - Dng lnh v on thng Place Line ni cc im o theo s ni. Trong qu trnh ni, phi s dng ch bt im (Snap), bt chnh xc vo cc im o. - Hoc chn X l, tnh ton/Ni im theo s hiu. Trn mn hnh xut hin hp thoi Ni im o. Nhp Ds im ni.

Nguyn tc ni : Ni theo th t cc im c lit k t tri sang phi. Cc s hiu im cch nhau bng du phy. Nu im ni lin tc theo th tng dn th c lit k s hiu im u v im cui cch nhau bng du - (du gch ngang) . Sau khi lit k xong, n phm <Ni> chng trnh t ng ni. Danh sch im ni c th c son trc v lu trong mt file dng text (S dng phn mm NC hoc Notepad son file ny). Chn file ny bng cch n phm <File>. Sau khi chn xong, n phm <Ni> chng trnh t ng ni. n phm <Ra khi> ra khi chc nng ny. - Hoc chn C s d liu tr o/ X l, tnh ton/ V ng t tr o Cui cng ta thu c bn ng nt cc tha t. Yu cu: C th c nhiu cch ni im khc nhau , tuy nhin chng ti yu cu sinh vin phi thc hnh ni im thnh tho bng tay vi cng c Place line.

88

Bi 4

BIN TP BN A CHNH
Bi ny s hng dn sinh vin s dng kt qu ca bi thc hnh s 3 bin tp mt t bn a chnh hon chnh. Thi gian thc tp bi ny l 3 tit Lm vic vi Modul c s d liu bn : 1/ Chn Qun l bn /Kt ni vi c s d liu 2/ Sa li cho bn 2.1. Sa li t ng. Chc nng t ng sa li thng dng trong bn s nh l: - Bt qu (Overshoot) - Bt cha ti (Undershoot) - Trng nhau (Dupplicate) Chn To topology/T ng tm, sa li [Clean], xut hin mn hnh MRFClean.

nh tn file v ng dn trong mc Out File, khng cn nu mun ghi ln file gc. Chn Parameter xut hin mn hnh MRFClean Parameters

1. t ch Remove_duplicates: - By attribute: t ng xo cc i tng b trng nhau v v tr v c cng mt thuc tnh ho (cc thng s v lv, co, ln, wt ging nhau). - By geometry: t ng xo cc i tng b trng nhau v v tr k c khc nhau v thuc tnh ho (cc thng s v lv, co, ln, wt c th khng ging nhau). 2. t ch s dng cell. - Node: cell c coi nw mt im nt (node) trong nhng trng hp Mrfclean x l nhng li l cc im cui t do 89

- Non-node: cell s khng c tnh n trong qu trnh x l 3. t ch lm vic vi level s c x l trong c nh du x: ch c cc ng trn cng mt level s b ct ti cc im giao gia cc ng khi s dng ch Intersection Khng c nh du x: cc ng trn tt c cc level c chn s b ct ti cc im giao gia cc ng khi s dng ch Intersection. 4. t ch i cc i tng c kiu l arc thnh linestring tch (X) vo Stroke_arcs 5. t ch to im giao - Ty chn Fuzzy Intersection c chn to cc im cn giao v sa cc li bt im cha ti. Khi im cui ca ng a nm trong vng sai s ca b th a s chp vo b v ct b thnh 2 on - Ty chn True Intersection c chn to cc im giao gia hai ng ct nhau - Ty chn Del_sub_tol_ele c chn nu mun xa b tt c cc ng c di nh hn hoc bng h s sai s (sa cc li bt qu ng) Level cha cc flag nh du nhng li cha x l c thng l level 63. 6. t ch xo im cui t do: Dangle l phn t c t nht l mt im cui t do, MRF clean s xo cc dangle nu di ca n nh hn "dangle_factor x tolerance". Gi tr nh nht ca dangle factor l 0.0 7. MRF clean cho php ta lc s im tha trn ng vi h s "Filter_factorx tolerance". Gi tr nh nht l 0.0 8. Nhp h s x l cho mi level trong phn Tolerances (0.1 mm x M, M l mu s t l bn ). Chn MRFClean, ti v tr c li xut hin c (Flag) ngm nh l ch D. 2.2. Sa li bng tay: Sa li cc v tr b nh du bng c (Flag). Chn To topology/Sa li [Flag], xut hin mn hnh MRF Flag Editor. - Khai bo loi c (D, X, S)trong mc Flag_type - Khai bo level cha c trong hp Flag_level - nh h s zoom vo hp text Zoom_factor - Trong thanh Edit Status s bo s lng li. V d hnh trn cho bit bn c 4 li, v ngi dng ang hin th li th nht. - Bm chut vo Next tm n v tr li u tin. - Dng cc chc nng sa li ca MicroStation sa li. - Bm chut vo Next tip tc sa li, khi no ch Next b m i ngha l sa ht li. Sau khi bn sa ht li, chn C s d liu tr o/Ra khi tr o trn mn hnh c dng nhc File b thay i, c ghi li khng, chn Cancel. 3/ Thit lp m hnh Vector Topology cho tha t

90

Topology l mt m hnh lu tr d liu bn c chun ha trn ton th gii. M hnh khng ch lu tr cc thng tin a l m t v v tr, kch thc, hnh dng ca tng i tng bn ring l m cn m t c quan h v mt khng gian gia cc i tng bn nh ni nhau, k nhau. Nhm chc nng to Topology l nhm chc nng quan trng nht ca phn xy dng bn . N bao gm cc chc nng thc hin v m bo thc hin ng cng vic ng vng cc tha t cc cnh tha c. Topology l m hnh m bo vic t ng tnh din tch, l u vo cho cc chc nng to bn a chnh, to h s tha, to bn ch , v nhn tha .v.v. sau ny. - Chn To topology/To vng. Xut hin hp thoi To vng, trong : Level to: L lp bn cn to vng (lp bn cha ng ranh gii tha t) Loi t: Nhp loi t nhiu nht ca khu vc lp bn . (V d: 06, 53 theo m t c hoc nhp m t mi theo lut t ai 2003 vo MDSD2003 l LUC, ONT) Chn To vng. To vng thnh cng ti mi tha t s xut hin mt tm tha. Trn mn hnh xut hin thng bo, lm theo thng bo hng dn. Nu c mt s tha t khng xut hin tm tha th lp li t bc 2. 4/ To bn a chnh y l chc nng t ng to mt file mi lu bn a chnh t bn nn. Bn a chnh c xc nh theo 1 khung cho trc. V tr khung c xc nh theo phng php chia mnh v t l bn . Cc tha c chuyn sang bn a chnh theo nguyn tc din tch ln nht: tha c chuyn sang l nhng tha nm gn trong khung bn v nhng tha c phn din tch ln nht so vi nhng phn cn li b ct ti cnh khung. Cc i tng bn cn li khng phi l tha nh : sng, ng giao thng .v.v. b ct chnh xc ti cnh khung. Bn c to ra s ghi vo file c tn l DC<s hiu mnh bn a chnh>. V d file c tn l DC9.DGN l file bn a chnh ca mnh 9. Chn Bn a chnh/ To bn a chnh, xut hin hp thoi To mnh bn

- nh s hiu ca mnh bn a chnh s to vo S hiu BC. - Chn phng php chia mnh. Quy phm chia mnh bn a chnh gm 2 phng php: phng php I chia mnh bn 1/5.000 thnh 6 t 1/2.000. Phng php II chia mnh bn 1/5.000 thnh 4 t 1/2.000. Chn phng php I - Chn loi bn c to ra. Trong qui phm qui inh c 2 loi bn : bn a chnh gc v bn a chnh. Nhng khi lm vi phng php s, bn a chnh gc khng cn thit na. Tuy nhin, ph hp vi hin ti, chc nng cng cho php to ra bn 91

a chnh gc. Trong bn a chnh gc, cc cnh tha u b cht ti ng mp khung. Chn Bn a chnh - Chn t l bn : Chn 1/500 - n phm <Chn v tr mnh> v chn 1 v tr bt k trn bn v. xut hin hp thoi Tao moi BDDC, Chn a v th mc lu mnh bn ang to, n phm OK. Chc nng s t xc nh c ta khung da vo nguyn tc chia mnh qui nh trong qui phm.

Sau cn thit lp li topology cho t bn mi (xem mc 3). 5/ nh s tha cho t bn . - Chn Bn a chnh/nh s tha t ng.

Famis nh s tha t tri sang phi, t trn xung di theo tng di c rng ngm nh l 20m. Chn nh s tha, trn ca s lnh xut hin thng bo nh s tha t ng kt thc. 6/ Nhp cc thng tin cho tha t - Chn Gn thng tin a chnh ban u/sa bng nhn tha, Cc thng tin ca tha s hin ln mn hnh di dng mt bng (Browse Table). Mi mt hng tng ng vi thng tin ca mt tha. Nhp cc thng tin cho tha t (Din tch php l, x ng, ch s dng, a ch). Sau n Ghi lu li thng tin nhp. 92

- Hoc chn Gn thng tin a chnh ban u/Sa nhn tha, sau bm chut 2 ln vo tm tng tha t nhp thng tin cho tha t . n <Chp nhn > ghi li cc thng tin va sa. n <Hu b> nu mun xo cc thng tin va sa xong v ra khi.

Lu rng nhp c cc thng tin ny bng ting Vit c du, my tnh phi c ci trc cc phn mm font ting Vit nh Vietkey, Unikey v cc phn mm ny phi c kch hot. Bng m s dng g ting Vit cho cc ni dung trn phn mm FAMIS l TCVN3. 7/ V nhn cho t bn Chn X l bn /V nhn tha. Xut hin ca s Bn chuyn (TMAP-2002). C cc chn la sau: - Trng: Chn S tha. - T l bn . - Kch thc ch (2mm * M, sau quy i ra mt, vi M l mu s t l bn . V d vi t l 1/500, kch thc nhn l 1). - khong cch t tm tha - Kiu: Cell - Kiu ch: Famis - Sh tha l: S tha chnh quy - Dt tha l: Din tch chnh quy - Gii hn din tch ca tha t nh: Nhp gii hn din tch ca tha t nh

93

nh du vo Mdsd2003 v nhn theo lut t ai 2003, n phm V nhn, trn mn hnh xut hin nhn bn , v nhn xong chn Ra khi. 8/ To khung bn a chnh. Chn Bn a chnh/To khung bn . - Chn loi khung bn - T l bn - Mnh bn s (1, 2, 3...) - Tn a danh - Tn x, huyn, tnh - Khung bn c th c to theo mt trong 3 cch: + To khung theo to mc nh: n chn bn , sau click chut tri vo vng c bn , chn V khung. + To khung theo to tu chn: Nhp to cc gc khung bn vo To gc khung, chn V khung. + To khung theo Fence: V fence bao quanhvng cn to khung bn , sau chn click chut vo Fence, chn V khung. Trn mn hnh xut hin khung bn . 9/ To cc h s tha t Chn Bn a chnh/To h s k thut tha. - Chn Loi h s cn to. - Chn T l - Bm chut vo Chn tha. - Bm chut 2 ln vo tm tha t Xut hin h s tha t cn to. C th in ra my in hoc ghi thnh File khc. - Tip tc thc hin cho cc tha t khc v loi h s khc.

94

Bi 5

S HO BN CHUYN BNG PHN MM MICROSTATION V H THNG PHN MM MAPPING OFFICE


Hin nay, nc ta cng tc thnh lp bn s vn ch yu l p dng cng ngh s ho v bin tp bn s t cc bn c c lu tr trn giy, phim hoc Diamat da trn cc phn mm tin hc chuyn dng. c bit, i vi ngnh a chnh cng vi vic ng dng h thng phn mm MicroStation v Mapping Office th y l mt phng php ph cp nhm hon thin h thng d liu bn s thng nht trong c nc theo Quy nh ca B ti nguyn v Mi trng. V vy vic trang b cho Sinh vin cc kin thc v k nng v s ho bn l ht sc cn thit. Trong phm vi bi thc tp ny do thi gian c hn, sinh vin thc hnh s ha mt t bn hin trng s dng t n gin. T bn s ha (Bn hnh hin trng s dng t x a Tn) c qut (Scan) v lu trong th mc: D:\THUCTAP_VBD\ v c tn l SOHOA.TIF Thi gian thc tp cho bi ny l 6 tit. 1/ To File bn mi (File s ha bn file nn) - Khi ng phn mm MicroStation, xut hin ca s MicroStation Manager. - Tin hnh to th mc, to file bn mi. i vi bn ca tng cp v theo tng t l u c nhng tp chun ring bit xc nh mi trng s ha nhm trnh nhm ln v cch s dng cc k hiu, cch t cc ghi ch ng lp quy nh. V vy khi s ha, bin tp bn hin trng s dng t, quy hoch s dng t ca cp hnh chnh no cn chn ng Workspace tng ng vi cp trn hp thoi Microstation Manager.

Quy phm thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t ca B ti nguyn v Mi trng (2007) quy nh nh sau:

95

Workspace HT_QH1 HT_QH2 HT_QH5 HT_QH10 HT_QH25 HT_QH50 HT_QH100 HT_QH250 HT_QH1TR

T l bn 1/ 1000 1/ 2000 1/ 5000 1/ 10 000 1/ 25 000 1/ 50 000 1/ 100 000 1/ 250 000 1/ 1000 000

- Khi to File mi chn Seed File theo quy phm l file vn2d.dgn (C:WIN32APP\ustation\wsmod\default\seed\vn2d.dgn) 2/ Nhp cc im kim sot ( nn nh) - Xc nh to t nht 4 im trn t bn (4 im ny c th l 4 gc khung ca t bn , cc giao im ca li Kilmt hoc cc im khng ch to trc a...). T bn s ho c to 4 gc khung nh sau: + Gc Ty Bc c ta X,Y l: 442000, 2484500 + Gc ng Bc c ta X,Y l: 443000, 2484500 + Gc Ty Nam c ta X,Y l: 442000, 2483000 + Gc ng Nam c ta X,Y l: 443000,2483000 - To khung trong ca bn : Trn thanh cng c chnh (Main) ca MSFC chn chc nng FC Select Feature

+ mc Category Name chn Trnh by, mc Feature Name (tn i tng) chn Khung trong + Bm chut vo biu tng v im 96

+ T ca s lnh ca MicroStation nhp cc to ca 4 gc khung ca t bn vi cc lnh nh sau: xy=442000,2484500 xy=443000,2484500 xy=442000,2483000 xy=443000,2483000

+ Bm chut vo biu tng Fit View, trn mn hnh xut hin 4 im kim sot va nhp. + Dng cng c Place Line ni 4 im kim sot to thnh khung trong ca t bn 2/ To khung ngoi v h thng li vung cho bn . - To h thng li vung: S dng cng c Move Parallel copy khung trong ca bn (Khong cch Distance = 10cm x M tnh quy i ra mt, M l mu s t l bn ). Sau s dng cng c Change Element Attributes thay i thuc tnh cho li.

- To h thng khung ngoi ca bn : S dng cng c Move Parallel copy khung trong ca bn to cc khung ngoi (Khong cch gia cc khung xem trong quyn K hiu BHTSD v BQHSD 2007). Sau tin hnh bin tp, s dng cng c Change Element Attributes thay i thuc tnh cho tng khung.

(Thuc tnh ca cc khung ngoi ch khc nhau mc Style) 3/ Khi ng phn mm IRASB T ca s lnh ca MicroStation nhp lnh: MDL LOAD IRASB (rt gn mdl l irasb). 4/ M nh bn cn s ho T Menu chnh ca Irasb, chn File/Open, xut hin mn hnh IrasB Load. 97

G ng dn n file nh bn cn s ho (D:\THUCTAP_VBD\sohoa.TIF),hoc bm chut vo Browse, chn ng dn, tn file bn cn m.

- Color: Chn mu ca nh. - Chn kiu m nh: + Use raster file header transformation: S dng trong trng hp t bn s ha c ng k ta ( nn v h ta thc dng). + Interactive placement by rectang: S dng trong trng hp t bn s ha cha c ng k ta . (Chn ch th 2) - Chn Open, xut hin dng nhc: Place corner of rectang:Bm chut tri vo mt im trn tri ca khung bn . Xut hin dng nhc: Place other corner of rectang: Bm chut tri vo mt im di phi khung bn . Kt qu t bn s ha c m trn khung bn . 5/ Nn nh Raster ca t bn - Bm chut vo biu tng Warp trn thanh cng c ca Irasb. Trn ca s lnh xut hin dng nhc: Enter source point #1: Bm chut tri vo im kim sot th nht trn bn Raster. - Xut hin dng nhc: Enter destination point #1: Bm chut tri (Snap) vo im kim sot tng ng trn khung bn . - Lm tung t cho 3 im cn li. - Bm phm phi ca chut, xut hin mn hnh Irasb warp

98

- Chn m hnh chuyn i bng cch click chut vo Transformation model, cc m hnh bao gm: + M hnh Helmert: l qu trnh quay v thay i t l ca d liu raster. Trong m hnh ny s im khng ch ti thiu l hai. + M hnh Affine: Affine l qu trnh dn d liu theo mt hoc nhiu hng ph thuc vo s bc ca a thc trong m hnh ton hc (bc affine). a thc bc 1 ch n gin l dn ng, a thc bc hai c mt ch un cong ging nh parabol, a thc bc 3 c hai ch un cong v d nh nhng mt hnh ch S, ... .Bc affine cng cao th s im khng ch ti thiu cng nhiu. Affine 1: 3 im Affine 2: 6 im Affine 3: 10 im Affine 4: 15 im Affine 5: 21 im + M hnh Project: p dng cho cc d liu b vn xon hoc b mo, trch. S im khng ch ti thiu dng cho m hnh ny l 4. Chn m hnh chuyn i l affine 1, sau click vo Warp Area, chn Drawing - Kim tra sai s: Trong qu trnh nn nh ngi s dng buc phi theo di v nh gi sai s chnh xc ca m hnh chuyn i hin thi v cc im sai s di chuyn n quyt nh c chn m hnh chuyn i khng. Khi sai s gia im khng ch trn file Raster v file dgn vt qu mc ti thiu, thng kh c th gn cc cp im khng ch vo nhau mt cch chnh xc. Cc gi tr sai s c th hin bng n v o chnh Master Unit. + Sai s chun Stardard Error phi nh hn hoc bng hn sai cho php ca bn nhn vi mu s t l bn . V d bn t l 1/10000, v sai s cho php l 0.2mm th Stardard Error khng c vt qu 2m ( khi s dng Master Unit l mt) + Sai s tng bnh phng SSE (Sum Squared Error - l khong cch tht gia cc cp im khng ch). Sai s i vi tng im khng ch ny phi nh hn hoc bng hn sai cho php ca bn nhn vi mu s t l bn . Nu im c sai s ln hn gi tr cho php nn xo im i v chn li bng cch: Chn im cn xo bm nt Delete point trong hp IRASB WARP. Hon thnh lnh nn nh: Sau khi chn m hnh nn chuyn v chp nhn sai s cho qu trnh nn, bm chut vo Perform warp. nh ca t bn c nn v to thc dng 6/ Ghi li nh nn T menu ca IrasB chn File/Save/Active Layer As, Nhp ng dn, tn File mi ca nh (v d: Daton_danan). Chn nh dng (Format) mi cho nh ca t bn . Lu rng trong cc ln thc tp tip theo, khi m nh bn , chn ch m l Use raster file header transformation v s dng file nh ny s ho. 7/ Thit lp ch iu khin mn hnh - Khi ng GEOVEC: T ca s lnh ca MicroStation g dng lnh: MDL LOAD GEOVEC - T menu chn Application/Geovec/Preferences/Views, xut hin hp thoi View preferences 99

+ Bm chut vo Auto move, Define, Show + Bm chut vo Auto zoom, Apply - Chn Layout/Save as, g tn bt k, chn OK. - ng mn hnh View preferences. 8/ S ho bn s ho, trc ht cn nhn bit i tng cn s ho l i tng no (ranh gii tha t, ranh gii x, ranh gii huyn, ng lin x, ng huyn). Sau s dng cng c FC Select Feature ca MSFC t thuc tnh ho cho cc i tng .

S dng lnh v on thng Place Smart Line ng (bao gm c ng bao ca vng). 100

s ha cc i tng dng

Bi 6

BIN TP BN CHUYN
Bin tp bn l mt cng on ht sc quan trng trong qu trnh xy dng mt t bn hon chnh. Cc i tng bn khi c th hin bng mu sc v k hiu phi m bo c tnh tng quan v v tr a l cng nh tnh thm m ca bn . Cc i tng dng ng, cc d liu sau khi s ho phi c chnh sa, lm p, thay i k hiu, kiu ng nt. Cc i tng dng vng cn c t mu hoc tri k hiu. Tt c cc qu trnh gi l Bin tp bn Bi ny s hng dn sinh vin bin tp t bn c s ho t kt qu ca bi thc tp s 5. Thi gian thc tp bi ny l 8 tit. 1/ Sa li cho t bn . S dng cc chc nng sa li ca MRFCLEAN v MRFFLAG sa li cho bn (xem thm phn sa li cho bn bi thc tp s 4). 1.1. Sa li t ng : T ca s lnh ca MicroStation g dng lnh: MDL L MRFCLEAN. Xut hin mn hnh MRF Clean v8.0.1 - Chn Parameter xut hin mn hnh MRFClean Parameters. - Chn Tolerances, xut hin mn hnh MRF Clean Setup Tolerances. Nhp h s cho lp bn cn sa li vo Tolerances (0.1 mm x M, quy i ra mt, M l mu s t l bn ) - Tt ht cc ca s lnh, quay v ca s MRF Clean v8.0.1, Click p chut vo Clean , xut hin ca s Alert, chn OK 1.2. Sa li bng tay : T ca s lnh ca MicroStation g dng lnh MDL L MRFFLAG Xut hin mn hnh MRF Flag Editor V8.0.1. Trong dng Edit Status ch cho ta s li (Nh hnh bn cho ta bit bn c 7 li, ta ang li th nht trong 7 li ). - Bm chut vo NEXT tm n v tr li u tin. - Dng cc chc nng sa li ca MicroStation sa li. - Bm chut vo NEXT tip tc sa li, khi no ch NEXT b m i ngha l sa ht li. 2/ Vit ch cho bn vit ch cho bn , trc ht cn s dng cng c FC Select Feature ca MSFC chn loi ch ph hp (ghi ch tn ring, tn bin, tn thn xm p bn, m loi t...), khi thuc tnh ca cc loi ch (phn lp, font ch, cao, rng) s c t ng theo quy phm.

101

Chn xong, s dng cng c Place text vit ch cho bn . Lm tng t cho cc loi ch khc ca bn . 3/ To cc k hiu dng im (cell) cho bn to k hiu im cho bn , trc ht cn s dng cng c FC Select Feature ca MSFC chn loi k hiu ph hp (sn bay; nh, cha, miu, n; nh th...), khi thuc tnh ca cc loi k hiu im s c t ng theo quy phm .

Chn xong, s dng cng c Place Active Cell to k hiu im cho bn . Lm tng t cho cc loi k hiu dng im khc ca bn . 4/ Tri k hiu (Pattern) Trn bn , mt s loi t cn c tri Pattern ( BCS, DCS, RPT, RSM...). tri pattern, chn chc nng FC Select Future trn thanh MSFC, mc Category Name chn Loi t, mc Feature Name (tn i tng) chn Pattern loi t hin trng, chn OK. 102

Chn chc nng Pattern Area Pattern Area:

trn thanh cng c Main, xut hin hp thoi

- Pattern Cell: nh m loi t c pattern. - Scale : c quy nh tu theo t l bn v cp n v hnh chnh (Xem trong quyn K hiu BHTSD v BQHSD). - Row Spacing v Column Spacing l khong cch theo hng v theo ct ca k hiu ( Xem thng s R/C theo t l bn trong quyn K hiu BHTSD v BQHSD). - Method: Chn phng php tri Pattern (thng thng l Flood). Kt thc cc qu trnh trn, ta c mt t bn nn (Bn ng nt - cha t mu). 5/ To File bn mi (File dng t mu cho bn File mu) T Menu, chn Applications/MicroStation => Vo File/ New, tin hnh to File mi (V d: mau_Sohoa). 6/ Tham chiu n file bn nn. - T menu ca MicroStation chn File/Reference, xut hin mn hnh Reference File.

- Chn Tools/Attach chn file bn nn va s ha, chn OK,OK,OK. t cc lp ca file tham chiu cn hin th bng cch vo Settings/ Levels, Tt cc lp khng cn hin th ( v d lp cha li vung...), chn Apply. - ng hp thoi Reference File, Bm chut vo biu tng Fit view. Trn mn hnh xut hin hnh nh t bn va s ha (Ch rng File bn nn (File c tham chiu) l File ch c (Read Only), file ny cho php copy, bt im nhng khng cho php sa cha bt k i tng no trn ). 7/ T mu cho bn . S dng lnh Create Region ca MicroStation tin hnh t mu cho bn . 103

8/ Bin tp d liu dng ng (cho File nn) Dng cng c Change Element Attributes cc i tng tng ng nu cn sai st.

thay i kiu ng nt cho

Trong hp thoi Change Element Attributes, nh du vo Style, chn Custom, xut hin hp thoi Line Styles. Bm chut vo Show Details, chn t l Scale factor, nhy p chut vo kiu ng nt cn chn, trn thanh cng c Primary Tools, xut hin tn kiu ng cn thay i. Bm chut 2 ln vo ng cn thay i kiu ng nt.

9/ Thay i thuc tnh cho mt nhm i tng Trong qu trnh bin tp bn nhiu khi chng ta mun thay i thuc tnh cho mt nhm i tng c cng mt hay mt vi thuc tnh chung ( V d: mu sc, lc nt) cng vic c nhanh chng, ta dung chc nng Select By Attributes bng cch vo Edit/ Select By Attributes

104

Ti hp thoi Select By Attributes, chn cc i tng theo nhng tnh cht chung: Levels: Chn cc i tng thuc mt s lp no Types: Chn kiu cc i tng Color: Chn mu i tng Style: Chn kiu ng ca i tng Weight: Chn lc nt ca i tng V d nh hnh trn, ta chn cc i tng kiu line v line string thuc lp 18,19,20 c mu l 0, style l 0 v Weight l 1. Sau n Execute, OK. Cc i tng c cng cc tnh cht nh trn c chn. thay i thuc tnh ca chng, ta chn cng c Change Element Attributes v tch vo nhng thuc tnh cn thay i, n chut ra gia mn hnh. Kt qu cui cng ta thu c bn hon chnh gm 2 file: File nn (file bn ng nt, ch...) v file mu (file mu t). Th hin kt qu cui cng ln mn hnh v in n bng cch m file bn vng (file mu), tham chiu bn nn (file nn) ln trn hoc c th in sau trn file bn . 10. Trn file bn Nu nh vic s ho v bin tp bn trn MicroStation cn thit phi to 2 file tch bit lu tr ng nt bn (file nn) v mu t ca bn (file mu) th vic trn file c ngha gp 2 file thnh mt file m vn m bo th t hin th ca cc i tng bn ging nh khi tham chiu file nn ln file mu.

trn file ta lm nh sau: Khi ng MicroStation, xut hin hp thoi MicroStation Manager, Chn File/ Merge, xut hin hp thoi Merge, ti mc Files to Merge, chn Select, tm ng dn n file nn, n Done. Ti mc Merge into, chn Select, tm ng dn n file mu, n Done. trn file, n Merge. Kt qu l file nn c trn vo file mu.

105

Bi 7

IN N BN
Kt qu ca qu trnh s ho v bin tp bn c th c lu tr di hai dng l lu tr trn a v in ra giy. in n bn trong MicroStation chng ta c th s dng phn mm chuyn dng in n cc tp tin *.DGN l Iplot hoc s dng chc nng in n sn c ca MicroStation. Bi ny s gii thiu c hai cch in n ni trn. Tuy nhin sinh vin s ch thc tp chc nng in n Pint/Plot c sn trong MicroStation. Thi gian thc tp bi ny l 1 tit. 1. In bn bng IPLOT (tham kho) 1.1. Cch t th t i tng khi in bng file Pentable Thc cht Pentable ch l mt file ASCII bnh thng v c vit bng bt k chng trnh Text Editor no (v d nh NotePad). Cc i tng ha c phn bit v chn theo mt thuc tnh ha c bit no ca i tng v d nh s mu (Color number) hoc s level. Th t trn di ca cc i tng c chn sp xp theo mt gi tr gi l Priority (gi tr ny l tu chn). Cc i tng c gi tr Priority cao s c in trn, cc i tng c gi tr Priority thp hn s c in di. V d: if (color .eq. 0) then priority=75 else if (color .eq. 1) then priority=70 endif Gii thch: Tt c cc i tng c s mu = 0 (if (color .eq. 0)) c (then) priority=75 s in trn cc i tng c s mu = 1 (else if (color .eq. 1)) c (then) priority=70. Cch vit: S dng 2 loi cu lnh sau IF-THEN-ELSE, IF-THEN-ELSE-IF. C php: 1. IF-THEN-ELSE If (iu kin) then Priority=gi tr ln Else Priority=gi tr nh Endif 2. IF-THEN-ELSE-IF. If (iu kin) then Priority=gi tr ln Else If (iu kin) then Priority=gi tr nh hn Else If (iu kin) then Priority=gi tr nh hn ... Endif 1.2. In bn 106

1. Hin th cc level cha cc i tng cn in. 2. Kim tra cc ch hin th mn hnh bng cch: Bm lin hai phm Ctr+B trn bn phm xut hin hp hi thoi View Attributes. V d: nu ch Fill c chn ( vung bn cnh nh du x) cc i tng c mu nn s c in c mu. Ngc li, nu ch Fill khng c chn ( vung bn cnh trng) cc i tng c mu nn s khng in mu nn. 3. Dng cng c fence bao quanh vng cn in. Mode s dng fence l Inside. 4. T thanh Menu ca MicroStation chn File chn IPLOT xut hin hp hi thoi IPLOT-Main.

5. t cc thng s cho bn v trong hp hi thoi IPLOT-Main. - Bm vo phm Units chn n v tnh chuyn - t t l bn theo n v tnh chuyn trong hp text Scale. - t hng quay ca bn theo chiu giy trong hp text Rotation. - t v tr ca bn khi in (so vi kh giy) trong hp text Origin (X: l chiu ngang, Y: l chiu dc). 6. Chn cc file thng s v d color table, pen table. T thanh Menu ca IPLOT-Main chn File chn Select Plotting Files ... xut hin hp hi thoi IPLOT- Select Plotting Files.

Chn Color Table v Pen table bng cch bm vo nt ... bn cnh chn ng dn v tn file. 7. Bm PLOT in bn 2. In bn bng chc nng in n c sn ca Microstation - M bn chuyn cn in ln mn hnh. - To Fence bao quanh bn cn in. - T Menu ca MicroStation, chn chc nng File/Print - Plot, xut hin chc nng in n:

107

- n Entity, chn Fence - n Setup/Page chn kiu my in, kh giy. - n Setup/Layout chn t l in. - n File/Preview xem t bn trc khi in. - n File/Plot hoc n vo biu tng my in in n. Ch : i vi nhng t bn ln, khi cn in ng t l m khng th in ton b bn vo mt trang giy, cn to Fence chia bn lm hai vng (Inside-trong Fence v Void-ngoi Fence), tin hnh in vng trong Fence (Inside), sau bao mt Fence khc vng cn li v in vng c mnh bn th 2. Ghp 2 mnh bn va in c bn hon chnh.

108

PHN PH LC
Ph lc s 01: Bng phn lp cc i tng ni dung bn a chnh (Trch: Quy phm thnh lp bn a chnh, B TN&MT-2008)
Phn nhm chnh Lp i tng i tng ng bnh c bn ng bnh ci ng bnh na khong cao u Ghi ch cao Ghi ch bnh T su, t cao im thin vn im to Nh nc im cao Nh nc im c ao k thut im to a chnh I. II im khng ch o v, im trm o Ghi ch s hiu im, cao ng ranh gii tha t im nhn tha (tm tha) K hiu v tr ni c rng hoc rng thay i, ghi ch rng Ghi ch v tha Tng nh Nh khi nh N Ranh gii tha t TD im nhn nh K hiu tng chung, ring, nh tng Ghi ch v nh M a hnh 301 302 303 181 306 308 112 113 114 114-5 115 114-6 M DH1 DH2 DH3 DH4 DH5 DH6 KN1 KN2 KN3 KT1 KT2 KT3 KT4 TD1 TD2 TD3 TD4 NH1 NH2 NH3 NH4 Level MicroStation 1 2 1 3 4 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 Vt liu, s tng, to nhn, kiu nh (*1) D liu thuc tnh cao cao cao cao Tn, cao S hiu im, cao cao cao S hiu im, cao rng b tha S tha. Loi t, Din tch, to nhn tha Quan h gia cc i tng

a hnh

Yu t a hnh

im khng ch trc a K

im Nh nc KN im khng ch do v KT

72 105
Tha t T

Nm trong ng bao tha Bt im u hoc cui ca cnh tha, song song vi cnh tha Cng vi ranh gii tha to thnh nh khp kn. Nm trong ng bao nh

Ranh gii tha t TD

72

Cc i tng im quan trng Q Giao thng G

ng st GS ng t, ph GB

i tng im c tnh kinh t (*2) i tng im c tnh vn ho (*2) i tng im c tnh x hi (*2) ng ray Ch gii ng Phn tri mt, lng ng, ch thay i cht liu ri mt Ch gii ng Ch gii ng nm trong tha ng theo na t l (1 nt) K hiu v tr ni c rng hoc rng thay i, ghi ch rng Cu Tn ng, tn ph, tnh cht ng ng mp nc ng b Knh, mng, rnh thot nc ng gii hn cc i tng thu vn nm trong tha Sui, knh, mng na t l (1 nt) K hiu v tr ni c rng hoc rng thay i, ghi ch rng, hng dng chy Cng, p

516 514 513 401 415

QA1 QA2 QA3 GS1 GS2 GB1 GB2 GB3 GB4 GB5 GB6 GB7 TV1 TV2 TV3 TV4 TV5 TV6 TV7 TD1 TD2 TG1 DQ1 DQ2 DQ3

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41

rng ng L ranh gii tha L ranh gii tha Khng l ranh gii tha Ni vi l ng Bt im u hoc cui ca l ng, song song vi l ng Ni vi l ng C nh hoc khng c nh L ranh gii tha L ranh gii tha Khng tham gia vo to tha Ni vi ng b, knh, mng

423 429 435 456 211 203 239 201 218 243 244 245 601 602 603

10673
ng nc TV Thu h T TD a gii D Ghi ch thu h TG a gii Quc gia DQ

rng

Nm nang qua knh mng L ranh gii tha

ng mt ng gii hn chn Tn sng, h, ao, sui, knh, mng Bin gii Quc gia xc nh Bin gii quc gia cha xc nh Mc bin gii quc gia, s hiu mc

Tn mc

Lin quan n ng B.G

73

a gii tnh xc nh a gii tnh DT a gii tnh cha xc nh Mc gi gii tnh, s hiu a gii huyn xc nh a gii huyn DH a gii x DX Ghi ch a danh DG a gii huyn cha xc nh Mc a gii huyn, s hiu a gii x xc nh a gii x cha xc nh Mc a gii x, s hiu Tn a danh, cm dn c Ch gii ng quy hoch, hnh lang giao thng Mc gii quy hoch Phn vng a danh Phn vng cht lng Phn mnh bn Mng li in Mng thot nc thi Mng vin thng, lin lc Mng cung cp nc Ranh gii hnh lang li in Tn mnh bn , phin hiu mnh Khung trong, li km Khung ngoi Bng chp Ghi ch ngoi khung

604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 549

DT1 DT2 DT4 DH1 DH2 DH3 DX1 DX2 DX3 DG1 QH1 QH2 VQ1 VQ2 VQ3 CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 CS5

42 42 43 44 44 45 46 46 47 48 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 63 63 63 63 63 Tn mc Tn mc Tn mc

C th ly t G Quc gia -ntLin quan vi ng G tnh C th ly t GQG, tnh -ntLin quan vi ng a gii huyn C th ly t ng a gii QG, tnh, huyn. -ntLin quan vi ng G x

74 107

Quy hoch Q S phn vng v C s h tng (Tu chn) C

H to , t l, s hiu mnh

Trnh by khung

101 105 107 109

74

Ghi ch, gii thch ph lc 01 : (*1) Bng cc kiu, loi nh (s dng trong trng Kiu nh trong bng thuc tnh ca i tng kiu Nh)
i tng Phn loi Nh t NH1 Nh c tnh kinh t NH2 Nh cng cng NH3 Nh x hi NH4 Tn kiu nh Nh t Ch Ngn hng Trng hc Bnh vin Nh UBND Doanh tri b i M kiu nh NH11 NH11 NH22 NH31 NH32 NH41 NH42

Nh, khi nh N

(*2) Bng phn loi kiu i tng im. Mi mt i tng im tng ng vi mt k hiu (cell) trong MicroStation.
I TNG im kinh t QA1 TN ng khi nh my Trm bin th Ch, doanh nghip kinh doanh Cc i tng khc n, miu Thp c Tng i Bia m, m c Cc i tng khc Ngha a Trm x, bnh vin Trng hc Cc i tng khc TN K HIU QA1NM QA1BT QA1PN QA1KH QA2DM QA2TC QA2TD QA2MC QA2KH QA3ND QA3TX QA3TH QA3KH

im vn ho QA2

im x hi QA3

108

Ph lc s 02: Bng phn loi t theo mc ch s dng ghi trn BC v trn GCNQSD (Trch: Quy phm thnh lp bn a chnh, B TN&MT-2008)
STT Loi t ghi trn BC Loi t I t nng nghip t sn xut nng nghip t trng cy hng nm t trng la 1 2 3 4 t chuyn trng la nc t trng la nc cn li t trng la nng t c dng vo chn nui t trng cy hng nm khc 5 6 t bng trng cy hng nm khc t nng ry trng cy hng nm khc t trng cy lu nm 7 8 9 t trng cy cng nghip lu nm t trng cy n qu lu nm t trng cy lu nm khc t lm nghip t rng sn xut 10 11 12 13 t c rng t nhin sn xut t c rng trng sn xut t khoanh nui phc hi rng sn xut t trng rng sn xut t rng phng h 14 15 16 17 t c rng t nhin phng h t c rng trng phng h t khoanh nui phc hi rng phng h t trng rng phng h t rng c dng 18 19 t c rng t nhin c dng t c rng trng c dng M NNP SXN CHN LUA LUC LUK LUN COC HNK BHK NHK CLN LNC LNQ LNK LNP RSX RSN RST RSK RSM RPH RPN RPT RPK RPM RDD RDN RDT t rng c dng RDD t rng phng h RPH t rng sn xut RSX t trng cy lu nm CLN t trng cy hng nm khc HNK t c dng vo chn nui COC t trng la LUA Loi t ghi trn GCNQSD Loi t M

109

STT

Loi t ghi trn BC Loi t M RDK RDM NTS

Loi t ghi trn GCNQSD Loi t M

20 21

t khoanh nui phc hi rng c dng t trng rng c dng t nui trng thu sn

22 23

t nui trng thu sn nc l, mn t nui trng thu sn nc ngt

TSL t nui trng thu sn TSN LMU t lm mui NKH t nng nghip khc PNN OTC ONT ODT CDG CTS TSC TSK CQP CAN CSK SKK SKC SKS SKX CCC DGT DTL DNL DBV DVH DYT DGD DTT t giao thng t thu li t cng trnh nng lng t cng trnh bu chnh vin thng t c s vn ho t c s y t t c s gio dc - o to t c s th dc - th thao t khu cng nghip t c s sn xut, kinh doanh t cho hot ng khong sn t sn xut vt liu xy dng, gm s t tr s c quan, cng trnh s nghip nh nc t tr s khc t quc phng t an ninh t ti nng thn t ti th

NTS

24 t lm mui 25 t nng nghip khc t phi nng nghip t 26 27 II t ti nng thn t ti th t chuyn dng t tr s c quan, cng trnh s nghip t tr s c quan, cng trnh s nghip nh 28 nc 29 30 31 t tr s khc t quc phng t an ninh t sn xut, kinh doanh phi nng nghip 32 33 34 35 t khu cng nghip t c s sn xut, kinh doanh t cho hot ng khong sn t sn xut vt liu xy dng, gm s t c mc ch cng cng 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 t giao thng t thu li t cng trnh nng lng t cng trnh bu chnh vin thng t c s vn ho t c s y t t c s gio dc - o to t c s th dc - th thao

LMU NKH

ONT ODT

TSC TSK CQP CAN

SKK SKC SKS SKX

DGT DTL DNL DBV DVH DYT DGD DTT

110

STT

Loi t ghi trn BC Loi t M DKH DXH DCH DDT DRA TTN TON TIN

Loi t ghi trn GCNQSD Loi t t c s nghin cu khoa hc t c s dch v v x hi t ch t c di tch, danh thng t bi thi, x l cht thi M DKH DXH DCH DDT DRA

44 45 46 47 48

t c s nghin cu khoa hc t c s dch v v x hi t ch t c di tch, danh thng t bi thi, x l cht thi t tn gio, tn ngng

49 50

t tn gio t tn ngng

t tn gio t tn ngsng

TON TIN NTD

50 t ngha trang, ngha a t sng sui v mt nc chuyn dng 51 52 t sng ngi, knh, rch, sui t c mt nc chuyn dng

NTD t ngha trang, ngha a SMN SON MNC t sng ngi, knh, rch, sui t c mt nc chuyn dng

SON MNC PNK

53 t phi nng nghip khc t cha s dng 54 t bng cha s dng 55 t i ni cha s dng 56 Ni khng c rng cy III t c mt nc ven bin 57 t mt nc ven bin nui trng thu sn 58 t mt nc ven bin c rng 58 t mt nc ven bin c mc ch khc

PNK t phi nng nghip khc CSD BCS t bng cha s dng DCS t i ni cha s dng NCS Ni khng c rng cy MVB t mt nc ven bin nui trng MVT thu sn MVR t mt nc ven bin c rng t mt nc ven bin c mc ch MVK khc

BCS DCS NCS

MVT MVR MVK

111

Ph lc s 03: Kinh tuyn trc cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng (Trch: Quy nh v thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t - B TN&MT, 2007).
TT Tnh, thnh ph Kinh tuyn trc 1030 00 1030 00 1040 00 1040 30 1040 30 1040 45 1040 45 1040 45 1040 45 1040 45 1050 00 1050 00 1050 00 1050 00 1050 00 1050 00 1050 00 1050 00 1050 00 1050 00 1050 30 1050 30 1050 30 1050 30 1050 30 1050 30 1050 30 1050 30 1050 30 1050 30 1050 30 1050 45 TT 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Tnh, thnh ph Long An Tin Giang Bn Tre Hi Phng TP.H Ch Minh Bnh Dng Tuyn Quang Ho Bnh Qung Bnh Qung Tr Bnh Phc Bc Kn Thi Nguyn Bc Giang Tha Thin - Hu Lng Sn Kon Tum Qung Ninh ng Nai B Ra - Vng Tu Qung Nam Lm ng Nng Qung Ngi Ninh Thun Khnh Ho Bnh nh c Lc c Nng Ph Yn Gia Lai Bnh Thun Kinh tuyn trc 1050 45 1050 45 1050 45 1050 45 1050 45 1050 45 1060 00 1060 00 1060 00 1060 15 1060 15 1060 30 1060 30 1070 00 1070 00 1070 15 1070 30 1070 45 1070 45 1070 45 1070 45 1070 45 1070 45 1080 00 1080 15 1080 15 1080 15 1080 30 1080 30 1080 30 1080 30 1080 30

1 Lai Chu 2 in Bin 3 Sn La 4 Kin Giang 5 C Mau 6 Lo Cai 7 Yn Bi 8 Ngh An 9 Ph Th 10 An Giang 11 Thanh Ho 12 Vnh Phc 13 H Ty 14 ng Thp 15 Cn Th 16 Hu Giang 17 Bc Liu 18 H Ni 19 Ninh Bnh 20 H Nam 21 H Giang 22 Hi Dng 23 H Tnh 24 Bc Ninh 25 Hng Yn 26 Thi Bnh 27 Nam nh 28 Ty Ninh 29 Vnh Long 30 Sc Trng 31 Tr Vinh 32 Cao Bng

112

Ph lc s 04: Quy nh phn lp cc yu t ni dung trn bn hin trng s dng t v bn quy hoch s dng t (Trch: K hiu Bn hin trng s dng t v bn quy hoch s dng t- B TN&MT, 2007)
HNG DN S DNG K HIU TRONG PHN MM MICROSTATION
Tn, kiu k hiu

TT

Tn i tng

Lp Level

Mu Color

Text Linestyle cell Tn Fonts S Fon ts

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

a gii, ranh gii Bin gii quc gia xc nh Bin gii quc gia cha xc nh a gii hnh chnh cp tnh xc nh a gii hnh chnh cp tnh cha xc nh a gii hnh chnh cp huyn xc nh a gii hnh chnh cp huyn cha xc nh a gii hnh chnh cp x xc nh a gii hnh chnh cp x cha xc nh Ranh gii khoanh t hin trng Ranh gii khoanh t quy hoch Ranh gii cc n v s dng t hin trng Ranh gii cc n v s dng t quy hoch i tng kinh t, vn ha, x hi UBND cp tnh hin trng UBND cp tnh quy hoch UBND cp huyn hin trng UBND cp huyn quy hoch UBND cp x hin trng UBND cp x quy hoch Sn bay hin trng Sn bay quy hoch nh, cha, miu, n... hin trng nh, cha, miu, n... quy hoch Nh th hin trng Nh th quy hoch i pht thanh, truyn hnh hin trng 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 203 0 203 0 203 0 203 0 203 0 203 0 UB.T UB.T UB.H UB.H UB.X UB.X SB SB CHUA CHUA NT NT PTTH 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 0 215 0 215 0 215 0 215 0 203 0 203 BgQGxd BgQGcxd RgTxd RgTcxd RgHxd RgHcxd RgXxd RgXcxd RgLdat RgLdat RgSD RgSD

113

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

i pht thanh, truyn hnh quy hoch Sn vn ng hin trng Sn vn ng quy hoch Trng hc hin trng Trng hc quy hoch Bnh vin, trm y t hin trng Bnh vin, trm y t quy hoch Bu in hin trng Bu in quy hoch ng giao thng v i tng lin quan ng st hin trng ng st quy hoch Quc l na theo t l hin trng Quc l na theo t l quy hoch ng tnh na theo t l hin trng ng tnh na theo t l quy hoch ng hm hin trng ng hm quy hoch ng huyn na theo t l hin trng ng huyn na theo t l quy hoch ng lin x na theo t l hin trng ng lin x na theo t l quy hoch ng t nh na theo t l ht ng t nh na theo t l qh ng mn Cu st hin trng Cu st quy hoch Cu b tng hin trng Cu b tng quy hoch Cu phao hin trng Cu phao quy hoch Cu treo hin trng Cu treo quy hoch Cu tre, g dn sinh Ghi ch ng giao thng Thu h v cc i tng lin quan Thy vn v theo t l

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 13 13 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21

203 0 203 0 203 0 203 0 203 0 203 0, 214 203,214 0,254 203,254 0 203 0 203 0 203 0 203 0 0 203 0 203 0 203 0 203 0 0 207 Tv2nt DgSat DgSat DgQlo DgQlo DgT DgT DgHam DgHam DgH DgH DgLxa DgLxa DgXa DgXa DgMon CauSat CauSat CauBT CauBT CauPhao CauPhao CauTreo CauTreo CauTam

PTTH SVD SVD TH TH BVTX BVTX BD BD

Theo mu

114

65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101

Thy vn v na theo t l Tn bin Tn vnh Tn ca bin, ca sng Tn h, ao, sng, sui, knh, mng Ghi ch tn qun o, bn o Ghi ch tn o Ghi ch hn o Ghi ch tn mi t v na theo t l hin trng v na theo t l quy hoch p hin trng p quy hoch Cng hin trng Cng quy hoch a hnh Bnh v cao bnh ci Bnh c bn im cao, ghi ch im cao Ghi ch di ni, dy ni Ghi ch tn ni Trnh by Tn Th Tn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng Tn thnh ph trc thuc tnh Tn tnh Tn th x Tn tnh l Tn qun, huyn Tn huyn l Tn x, phng, th trn Tn thn xm, p, bn, mng Ghi ch tn ring Khung bn Li kinh, v tuyn v li kilmt Gi tr li kinh, v tuyn v li kilmt Tn bn

22 23 23 23 23 43 43 43 43 22 22 24 24 24 24 26 27 29 29 29 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 38 39 61 62 62 59

207 207 207 207 207 0 0 0 0 0 203 0 203 0 203 206 206 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 207 0 0

Tv1nt VHtimebi Theo mu Theo mu Theo mu VHariali Theo mu Vncenti Vncenti DeNTL DeNTL Dap Dap Cong Cong BdCai BdCoBan CDDC Vncouri VHariali Vnariali VHtimeb Vhtimeb Vhtimeb VHarial Vhtimeb Vhtimeb Vharialb Vhtimeb Theo mu Theo mu Vnariali 182 196 186 182 193 193 193 184 193 193 203 193 Vntimei 190 208 208 186 195

univcd VHtimeb

214 193

115

102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

T l bn Tn quc gia gip ranh Tn tnh gip ranh Tn huyn gip ranh Tn x gip ranh Ngun ti liu s dng Ti liu s dng n v xy dng Tn n v xy dng Ghi ch trong bn ch dn, biu Ghi ch k duyt Loi t Mu loi t Pattern loi t hin trng Pattern loi t quy hoch M s dng t hin trng M s dng t quy hoch

59 58 58 58 58 57 57 57 57 56 56 30 31 32 33 34

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

VHtimeb VHtimeb VHarialb VHaial VHaial VHaial Vntime VHaial Vntimeb Theo mu Theo mu

193 193 185 184 184 184 188 184 189

0 203 0 203 VHvan VHvan 202 202

116

Ph lc s 05: Loi t th hin trn bn hin trng s dng t (Trch : Quy nh v thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t - B TN&MT, 2007). Ghi ch: Du nhn (x) loi t phi th hin trn bn . Du sao (*) loi t khuyn khch th hin trn bn khi din tch khoanh t ln.
Cp hnh chnh Th t 1 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.1.1 1.1.1.1.1 1.1.1.1.2 1.1.1.1.3 1.1.1.2 1.1.1.3 1.1.1.3.1 1.1.1.3.2 1.1.2 1.1.2.1 1.1.2.2 1.1.2.3 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.1.1 1.2.1.2 1.2.1.3 1.2.1.4 1.2.2 1.2.2.1 1.2.2.2 1.2.2.3 1.2.2.4 1.2.3 1.2.3.1 1.2.3.2 t nng nghip t sn xut nng nghip t trng cy hng nm t trng la t chuyn trng la nc t trng la nc cn li t trng la nng t c dng vo chn nui t trng cy hng nm khc t bng trng cy hng nm khc t nng ry trng cy hng nm khc t trng cy lu nm t trng cy cng nghip lu nm t trng cy n qu lu nm t trng cy lu nm khc t lm nghip t rng sn xut t c rng t nhin sn xut t c rng trng sn xut t khoanh nui phc hi rng sn xut t trng rng sn xut t rng phng h t c rng t nhin phng h t c rng trng phng h t khoanh nui phc hi rng phng h t trng rng phng h t rng c dng t c rng t nhin c dng t c rng trng c dng Loi t M NNP SXN CHN LUA LUC LUK LUN COC HNK BHK NHK CLN LNC LNQ LNK LNP RSX RSN RST RSK RSM RPH RPN RPT RPK RPM RDD RDN RDT x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x * * x * * * x x * * * * x * * * * x * * x x x x x x x x x * * * * * x x * X Huyn Tnh Vng v c nc

117

1.2.3.3 1.2.3.4 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.4 1.5 2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.1.1 2.2.1.2 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.4.1 2.2.4.2 2.2.4.3 2.2.4.4 2.2.5 2.2.5.1 2.2.5.2 2.2.5.3 2.2.5.4 2.2.5.5 2.2.5.6 2.2.5.7 2.2.5.8 2.2.5.9 2.2.5.10 2.2.5.11 2.2.5.12 2.2.5.13

t khoanh nui phc hi rng c dng t trng rng c dng t nui trng thu sn t nui trng thu sn nc l, mn t chuyn nui trng thu sn nc ngt t lm mui t nng nghip khc t phi nng nghip t t ti nng thn t ti th t chuyn dng t tr s c quan, cng trnh s nghip t tr s CQ, cng trnh s nghip ca NN t tr s khc t quc phng t an ninh t sn xut, kinh doanh phi nng nghip t khu cng nghip t c s sn xut, kinh doanh t cho hot ng khong sn t sn xut vt liu xy dng, gm s t c mc ch cng cng t giao thng t thu li t cng trnh nng lng t cng trnh bu chnh vin thng t c s vn ho t c s y t t c s gio dc - o to t c s th dc - th thao t c s nghin cu khoa hc t c s dch v v x hi t ch t c di tch, danh thng t bi thi, x l cht thi

RDK RDM NTS TSL TSN LMU NKH PNN OTC ONT ODT CDG CTS TSC TSK CQP CAN CSK SKK SKC SKS SKX CCC DGT DTL DNL DBV DVH DYT DGD DTT DKH DXH DCH DDT DRA

x x x x x x

x x x x x *

* * x * * * x

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x * * x x x * * * x x x * * x x x x x x x x x * * * * * * * * * x x x x x x * * x *

* * x

x x x

118

2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.4 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.6 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3

t tn gio, tn ngng t tn gio t tn ngng t ngha trang, ngha a t sng sui v mt nc chuyn dng t sng ngi, knh, rch, sui t c mt nc chuyn dng t phi nng nghip khc Nhm t cha s dng t bng cha s dng t i ni cha s dng Ni khng c rng cy t c mt nc ven bin t mt nc ven bin nui trng thu sn t mt nc ven bin c rng ngp mn t mt nc ven bin c mc ch khc

TTN TON TIN NTD SMN SON MNC PNK CSD BCS DCS NCS MVB MVT MVR MVK x x x x x x x x x x x x

x * * x x x x x x x x x x x

x x * * * x x x x x * * * x * * * x x

119

Ph lc s 06: Quy nh v loi t v mu loi t th hin trn bn hin trng s dng t (Trch: Quy nh v thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t - B TN&MT, 2007)
Thng s mu loi t S mu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Red 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 230 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 170 180 180 180 180 180 190 190 190 190 190 110 110 110 Green 255 252 252 252 252 252 252 230 240 240 240 210 215 215 215 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 Blue 100 110 120 130 140 150 180 130 180 180 180 160 170 170 170 50 180 180 180 180 180 30 30 30 30 30 100 100 100

LOI T 1. t nng nghip 1.1. t sn xut nng nghip 1.1.1. t trng cy hng nm 1.1.1.1. t trng la 1.1.1.1.1. t chuyn trng la nc 1.1.1.1.2. t trng la nc cn li 1.1.1.1.3. t trng la nng 1.1.1.2. t c dng vo chn nui 1.1.1.3. t trng cy hng nm khc 1.1.1.3.1. t bng trng cy hng nm khc 1.1.1.3.2. t nng ry trng cy hng nm khc 1.1.2. t trng cy lu nm 1.1.2.1. t trng cy cng nghip lu nm 1.1.2.2. t trng cy n qu lu nm 1.1.2.3. t trng cy lu nm khc 1.2. t lm nghip 1.2.1. t rng sn xut 1.2.1.1. t c rng t nhin sn xut 1.2.1.2. t c rng trng sn xut 1.2.1.3. t khoanh nui phc hi rng sn xut 1.2.1.4. t trng rng sn xut 1.2.2. t rng phng h 1.2.2.1. t c rng t nhin phng h 1.2.2.2. t c rng trng phng h 1.2.2.3. t khoanh nui phc hi rng phng h 1.2.2.4. t trng rng phng h 1.2.3. t rng c dng 1.2.3.1. t c rng t nhin c dng 1.2.3.2. t c rng trng c dng

M SD NNP SXN CHN LUA LUC LUK LUN COC HNK BHK NHK CLN LNC LNQ LNK LNP RSX RSN RST RSK RSM RPH RPN RPT RPK RPM RDD RDN RDT

120

1.2.3.3. t khoanh nui phc hi rng c dng 1.2.3.4. t trng rng c dng 1.3. t nui trng thy sn 1.3.1. t nui trng thu sn nc l, mn 1.3.2. t chuyn nui trng thu sn nc ngt 1.4. t lm mui 1.5. t nng nghip khc 2. t phi nng nghip 2.1. t 2.1.1. t ti nng thn 2.1.2. t ti th 2.2. t chuyn dng 2.2.1. t tr s c quan, cng trnh s nghip

RDK RDM NTS TSL TSN LMU NKH PNN OTC ONT ODT CDG CTS

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 48 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 63 66 67 69 72 75 78 79 80 81

110 110 170 170 170 255 245 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 250 255 255 255 250 250 205 205 255 255 170 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 180 208 160 160 160 170 170 100 80 160 170 170 170 170 170 170 255 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170

100 100 255 255 255 254 180 100 255 255 255 170 170 160 160 80 70 170 160 160 205 205 160 50 255 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160

2.2.1.1. t tr s c quan, cng trnh s nghip ca Nh TSC nc 2.2.1.2. t tr s khc 2.2.2. t quc phng 2.2.3. t an ninh 2.2.4. t sn xut, kinh doanh phi nng nghip 2.2.4.1. t khu cng nghip 2.2.4.2. t c s sn xut, kinh doanh 2.2.4.3. t cho hot ng khong sn 2.2.4.4. t sn xut vt liu xy dng, gm s 2.2.5. t c mc ch cng cng 2.2.5.1 t giao thng 2.2.5.2. t thu li 2.2.5.3. t cng trnh nng lng 2.2.5.4. t cng trnh bu chnh vin thng 2.2.5.5. t c s vn ha 2.2.5.6. t c s y t 2.2.5.7. t c s gio dc - o to 2.2.5.8. t c s th dc - th thao 2.2.5.9. t c s nghin cu khoa hc 2.2.5. 10. t c s dch v v x hi 2.2.5.11. t ch TSK CQP CAN CSK SKK SKC SKS SKX CCC DGT DTL DNL DBV DVH DYT DGD DTT DKH DXH DCH

121

2.2.5.12. t c di tch, danh thng 2.2.5.13. t bi thi, x l cht thi 2.3. t tn gio, tn ngng 2.3.1. t tn gio 2.3.2. t tn ngng 2.4. t ngha trang, ngha a 2.5. t sng sui v mt nc chuyn dng 2.5.1. t sng, ngi, knh, rch, sui 2.5.2. t c mt nc chuyn dng 2.6. t phi nng nghip khc 3. Nhm t cha s dng 3.1. t bng cha s dng 3.2. t i ni cha s dng 3.3. Ni khng c rng cy 4 . t c mt nc ven bin 4.1. t mt nc ven bin nui trng thy sn 4.2. t mt nc ven bin c rng ngp mn 4.3. t mt nc ven bin c mc ch khc

DDT DRA TTN TON TIN NTD SMN SON MNC PNK CSD BCS DCS NCS MVB MVT MVR MVK

84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104

255 205 255 255 255 210 180 160 180 255 255 255 255 230 180 180 180 180

170 170 170 170 170 210 255 255 255 170 255 255 255 230 255 255 255 255

160 205 160 160 160 210 255 255 255 160 254 254 254 200 255 255 255 255

122

Ph lc s 07: Thng s tri pattern loi t trn bn s (Trc: k hiu BHTSD v BQHSD)
Th vin ht1-5.cel Loi t Tn cel T l 1:1000 Scale 1 R/C t rng sn xut t c rng t nhin sn xut t c rng trng sn xut t khoanh nui phc hi rng sn xut t trng rng sn xut t rng phng h t c rng t nhin phng h t c rng trng phng h t khoanh nui phc hi rng phng h t trng rng phng h t rng c dng t c rng t nhin c dng t c rng trng c dng t khoanh nui phc hi rng c dng t trng rng c dng t lm mui t cha s dng t bng cha s dng t i ni cha s dng t c mt nc ven bin (quan st) t mt nc ven bin nui trng thu sn t mt nc ven bin c rng t mt nc ven bin c mc ch khc RSX RSN RST RSK RSM RPH RPN RPT RPK RPM RDD RDN RDT RDK RDM LMU CSD BCS DCS MVB MVT MVR MVK 3/0 0/3 6/6 6.5/6.5 3/0 0/3 6/6 6.5/6.5 3/0 0/3 6/6 6.5/6.5 0/0 7/4 5/5 7/4 5.5/6 5/5 T l 1:2000 Scale 2 R/C 6/0 0/6 12/12 13/13 6/0 0/6 12/12 13/13 6/0 0/6 12/12 13/13 0/0 14/8 10/10 13/8 11/12 9.5/10 T l 1:5000 Scale 5 R/C 15/0 0/15 30/30 65/65 15/0 0/15 30/30 65/65 15/0 0/15 30/30 65/65 0/0 35/20 25/25 34/20 27/30 123 24/25 Th vin ht10-25.cel T l 1:10 000 Scale 1 R/C 25/0 0/25 40/39 45/45 25/0 0/25 40/39 45/45 25/0 0/25 40/39 45/45 0/0 50/20 29/29 47/31 34/40 29/29 T l 1:25000 Scale 2.5 R/C 62.5/0 0/62.5 100/97.5 112.5/112.5 62.5/0 0/62.5 100/97.5 112.5/112.5 62.5/0 0/62.5 100/97.5 112.5/112.5 0/0 125/50 125/125.5 117/49 34/40 74.5/74.5 Th vin ht50-100.cel T l 1:50000 Scale 1 R/C 100/0 0/100 150/150 175/174 100/0 0/100 150/150 175/174 100/0 0/100 150/150 175/174 0/0 200/75 112/111 Th vin ht250-1tr.cel

T l T l T l 1:100 000 1:250000 1:100 0000 Scale 2 R/C 200/0 0/200 300/300 350/348 200/0 0/200 300/300 350/348 200/0 0/200 300/300 350/348 0/0 400/150 224.5/222 750/240 400/400 3000/960 1600/1600 Scale 1 R/C Scale 4 R/C

123

186/48 327/97 122/150 224/300 111.5/111.5 223/223.5

Ph lc s 06: S LIU O C GHI TRONG S O CHI TIT (Dng cho bi thc hnh s 3) Cho s liu o c ca mt trm my I, im khi u II. Thnh lp bn a chnh t s liu o c v s ni km theo (Ph lc 2). Bit to ca trm my I l (2073033.791,562255.887), to ca im khi u II l (2073055.778,562435.763)
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Gc o 63^58'45" 48^08'55" 44^55'10" 44^3'45" 47^36'25" 54^53'05" 65^12'40" 69^0'15" 70^14'0" 74^13'35" 72^20'10" 69^22'50" 65^39'00" 64^11'15" 69^07'35" 66^40'40' 64^13'30" 58^11'30" 55^43'30" 54^49'40" 59^24'15" 61^56'45" 64^18'45" 69^16'20" 69^24'5" 70^20'0" 81^40'20" 86^2'50" 80^4'25" 75^54'45" Khong cch 66.295 100.656 95.622 91.839 87.365 78.607 70.274 81.579 89.714 96.508 97.940 103.832 107.988 110.838 100.307 95.694 98.655 108.887 114.356 114.889 120.769 128.706 126.459 122.055 119.706 122.892 113.441 112.870 113.584 114.870 STT 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Gc o 74^19'00" 73^39'00" 80^27'00" 83^14'25" 85^38'05" 86^42'25" 77^4'25" 76^57'35" 79^11'30" 82^29'00" 85^31'35" 82^30'10" 79^4'05" 82^12'30" 105^40'30" 104^14'25" 101^40'05" 98^45'05" 97^38'10" 96^00'45" 95^13'25" 95^29'10" 97^26'20" 95^12'15" 94^0'50" 95^30'20" 93^52'25" 92^34'10" 99^19'25" 99^54'10" Khong cch 116.649 115.729 93.734 93.427 94.335 102.639 82.172 79.810 81.675 78.736 69.453 68.774 63.052 63.549 70.763 70.019 69.806 69.760 68.982 67.839 62.963 59.918 81.486 81.659 94.583 95.149 103.110 103.172 95.742 94.105

124

Ph lc s 07: S NI THNH LP BN A CHNH (Dng cho bi thc tp s 3 v s 4)

125

Ph lc s 08: BN HIN TRNG S DNG T X A TN (Dng cho cc bi thc tp s 5)

126

TI LIU THAM KHO


Ti liu ting vit 1. B TN& MT (2009). K hiu bn a chnh, NXB Bn 2. B TN& MT (2006). K hiu Bn a hnh t l 1: 250 000, 1: 500 000 v 1: 1 000 000, NXB Bn 3. B TN& MT (1995) K hiu bn a hnh t l 1:10000, 1:25000 NXB Bn 4. B TN& MT (1998) K hiu bn a hnh t l 1:50000, 1:100000 NXB Bn 5. B TN&MT (2000). Hng dn s dng cc phn mm Famis- MicroStation- IrasB Igeovec- MSFC- MRFClean - MRFFlag 6. B TN&MT (2007). K hiu bn hin trng s dng t v bn quy hoch s dng t, NXB Bn 7. B TN&MT (2000). K thut s ho bn a hnh ,NXB Bn 8. B TN&MT (1999). Quy phm thnh lp bn a chnh, NXB Bn 9. B TN&MT (2008). Quy phm thnh lp bn a chnh, NXB Bn 10. B TN& MT (2006). Quy phm thnh lp v ch in Bn a hnh t l 1: 250 000, 1: 500 000 v 1: 1 000 000, NXB Bn 11. B TN&MT (2007). Quy nh v thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t, NXB Bn 12. B TN&MT (2000). Ti liu chun ho bn a chnh. 13. B TN&MT (1997). D n kh thi xy dng CSDL ti nguyn t. 14. Lm Quang Dc (2004). Gio trnh Bn hc, NXB i hc S phm. 15. ng Th Lin (2000). S ho v bin tp bn s s dng phn mm MicroStation, NXB Bn 16. Nguyn Thanh Tr (1999). Gio trnh Bn a chnh, NXB Nng Nghip 17. Nh Th Xun (2003). Gio trnh Bn a hnh, NXB i hc Quc Gia H Ni 18. Trn Th Bng Tm (2006). Gio trnh H thng thng tin a l, NXB Nng nghip 19. Trn Quc Vinh, L Th Giang (2005). Chng 4, Vin thm trong nng nghip - Tin hc ng dng trong nng nghip, NXB Khoa hc v K thut. Ti liu ting Anh: 20. Ahmed El-Rabbany (2002). Introduction to GPS: The Global Positioning System, Artech House Publishers; 1st edition 21. Bentley System (2001). Bentley MicroStation MDL Function Reference Manual v7.1 (English) (2 Volume Set), Huntington Beach, CA 92648, USA 22. Bentley System (2000). MicroStation BASIC Guide, Vervante publisher, Huntington Beach, CA 92648, USA 23. Bentley System (2001). MicroStation v5.7 Inside MicroStation SE,Vervante publisher, Huntington Beach, CA 92648, USA 24. Bhatta. (2008). Remote sensing and GIS, Oxford University Press, UK 25. Campbell, J. B. (2002). Introduction to Remote Sensing, London and New York, Taylor and Francis Publishers. 26. Jonhn R.Jensen (2000). Remote sensing of the environment: An earth resources perspective, University of South Carolina, USA. 127

27.http://communities.bentley.com/products/microstation/w/microstation__wiki/history-ofmicrostation.aspx. Truy cp 20/11/2010 28. http://www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/gps-modernization/expert-advice-gpsconstellation-maxed-out-30-9094 . truy cp ngy 20/11/2010 29. Martin P Ralphs, Martin P. Ralphs, Peter Wyatt (2003). GIS in Land and Property Management, Taylor & Francis Publishers; 1 edition 30. Phil Chouinard (2007). History of MicroStation, ti liu online ti: 31. Richard B. Langley (2009). Expert Advice: GPS Constellation Maxed Out at 30. Tp ch GPS World online, s 11, 2009.

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TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI KHOA TI NGUYN V MI TRNG

Trn Quc Vinh (Ch bin) Phm Qu Giang

BI GING

TIN HC NG DNG V BN
(Dng cho sinh vin khoa Ti nguyn v Mi Trng)

H NI 2011

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