1

o| Hoc o Nng - Iruong o| hoc 8och Khoo

Khoo |n - Nhom Chuyn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY IN 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|



Chuong QbA IkNH QbA O IkONG M.8.A

6.1. KHAI NIM CHUNG
Qua trnh qua trong mba la qua trnh mba chuyn t ch xac lp ny
sang ch xac lp khac khi co s thay i mt trong cac ai lng xac nh ch
lam vic cua mba nh : tn s, in ap, phu tai..
Theo yu t dong in ngi ta phn ra : qua dong in va qua in ap.
6.2. QUA DONG IN
Xet qua dong in xay ra trong hai trng hp :
1. ong mba vao li khi khng tai.
2. Ngn mach t nhin.
.2.1. ong mbo voo |uo| kh| khng to|.
Ta thy :
Luc lam vic bnh thng dong in khng tai : I
0
10 % I
m
.
Luc ong mba vao li in : I
0
>> I
m
. V sao ?.
Gia th in ap t vao dy qun s cp (hnh 6.1) luc ong K la:
u
1
= U
1m
sin(t +
0
).

0
: la goc pha cua in ap luc ong mba vao li.
Phng trnh cn bng in ap cua dy qun s la:
u
1
= U
1m
sin(t +
0
) =
dt
d
W i r
1 0 1

+ . (6.1)
Ta thy quan h = f(i
0
) la quan h phi
tuyn. tnh toan n gian, ta gia thit t
l vi i
0
, ngha la :
1
1
0
L
W
i

= .
Hnh .1 S ong mba
vao li in luc khng tai
K
u
1

W
1
W
2
Vi L
1
: h s t cam cua dy qun s.
Vit lai phng trnh (6.1), ta co:

dt
d
L
r
) t sin(
W
U
m

+ = +
1
1
0
1
1
.
2
Giai phng trnh trn, ta co nghim la:
=

.
Thanh phn xac lp cua t thng:

=
m
sin(t +
0
-
2

).
= -
m
cos(t +
0
).
Vi :
2
1
2
1 1
1 1
) L ( r W
U L
m
m
+
= .
Thanh phn t thng t do:

t
L
r
' '
Ce
1
1

= .
Xac nh hng s C vi iu kin t = 0 trong loi thep co t thng d
d
, nn:

t=0
= (

+ )
t=0
= -
m
cos
0
+ C =
d
.
C =
m
cos
0

d
.
Vy : = (
m
cos
0

d
)
t
L
r
e
1
1

.
Ta co, sau khi giai phng trnh :
= -
m
cos(t +
0
) + (
m
cos
0

d
)
t
L
r
e
1
1

.
T phng trnh trn ta thy :
1. iu kin thun li nht khi ong mba vao li in la :

0
=
2

tc in ap u
1
= U
1m
va t thng
d
= 0, luc o:
= -
m
cos(t +
0
) =
m
sint .
tc la xac lp ngay khi ong mba vao li, khng xay ra qua trnh qua .
2. iu kin bt li nht khi ong mba vao li in la :

0
= 0 tc in ap u
1
= 0 va t thng
d
> 0, luc o:
= -
m
cost + (
m
+
d
)
t
L
r
e
1
1

max

t

d



Hnh .2 S bin thin t thng
(t) luc dong mach bt li nht

0
Khi t = th =
max
v r << L
1
.
Nn :
t
L
r
e
1
1

= 1
1
1

L
r
e .
T thng luc ny :

max
2
m
+
d

Vy, t thng
max
> 2
m
luc lam
vic bnh thng, nn luc ny loi thep
m.b.a rt bao hoa va dong t hoa I
0

trong qua trnh qua se rt ln, c
100 ln dong I
0

3
V DU 1 : Luc bnh thng : I
0
= 5%I
m
.
Luc qtrnh qua : I
0
= 5I
m
. Mba b ct khoi li khi ong khng tai.
.2.2. Quo dong d|n kh| ngn moch
y ch xet qua trnh qua t luc bt u xay ra ngn mach n khi thanh
lp ch ngn mach xac lp.
Tnh dong in I
n
qua trnh qua .

x
n r
n
u
1 u
1
i
n
Hnh 6.3 S luc mba b ngn mach

Vi r
n
= r
1
+ r
2
x
n
= x
1
+ x
2
= L
n




Vit phng trnh cn bng in ap :
u
1
= U
1m
sin(t +
n
) =
dt
di
L i r
n
n n n
+ .
Trong o
n
: la goc pha cua in ap luc mba xay ra ngn mach.
Giai phng trnh trn vi iu kin ban u t = 0 th i
n
= 0, ta c :
i
n
= i + i
=
t
L
r
n n n n
n
n
e cos I ) t cos( I

+ + 2 2
vi :
2 2
1
) L ( r
U
I
n n
n
+
= .
Ngn mach xay ra bt li nht khi
n
= 0, vi r
n
<< L
n
.

t
L
r
n n n
n
n
e I t cos I i

+ = 2 2
Dong at gia tr cc ai khi t = , luc o :

xg n
L
r
n xg
K I ) e ( I i
n
n
2 1 2 = + =

Trong o, K
xg
phu thuc vao dung lng mba, mba cang ln th K
xg
cang ln.
Thng K
xg
= 1.2 1.8.
V DU 2 :
Mba cng sut 1000kVA, u
n
% = 6.5, u
nr
% = 1.5, u
nx
% = 6.32.
K
xg
= 1 +
nx
nr
n
n
u
u
L
r
e e

+ =1 = 1.475
Dong in xung bng :
7 22 475 1
100
2 2 . .
% u
K I i
n
xg n xg
= = = ngha la i
xg
= 22.7I
m
.
4
Hai mba :
1. Dy qun nong va b chay cach in.
2. Gy lc c hoc pha kt cu dy qun.
Bao v :
1. Dung relais tac ng nhanh ct ch s c ra khoi mba.
2. Mba b nm cac vong dy bn trong, ngi ta thng dung relais hi,
relais so lch bao v ct mba ra khoi li.
6.3. QUA IN AP TRONG M.B.A
.3.1. Nguyn nhn gy quo d|n op :










MBA
U
m
U
m
U
m0
0.5U
m
1.2
50

t (s)
U

P
Khi mba lam vic trong li in thng chu nhng in ap xung kch, con
goi la qua in ap, co tr s gp nhiu ln tr s in ap nh mc.
Nguyn nhn gy qua in ap :
1. Thao tac ong ct ng dy hoc cac may in.
2. Ngn mach cham t kem theo h quang.
3. Set anh vao ng dy tai in trn khng va song set truyn n mba.
y la song nguy him nht i vi mba, v co tr s hang triu vn.T
song qua in ap, ta thy :
a. T ni xut hin lan truyn v hai pha vi tc gn bng C.
b. Dang xung khng chu ky vi u song rt dc, con ui bng phng
hn.
c. Thi gian tng t 0 U
m
khoang s (hnh 6.1).
giam bin U
m0
cua song qua in ap ta dung b chng set phong in P
(hnh 6.2), dn in tch cua song xung kch xung t. Ta thy U
m0
la bin
trc chng set rt ln. Sau tac ng cua b chng set, in ap cua song xung kch
giam i nhiu U
m
. Bin sau b chng set U
m
nho hn tr s th bn cach in
cua mba.
Hnh 6.4 Song qua in ap Hnh 6.5 Song qua in ap trc va sau chng set
5
.3.2. Moch d|n thoy th vo phuong trnh v| phn
Tn s song qua in ap (xung kch) la :
Hz . ,
. , .
t T
f
d x
x
x
5
6
10 08 2
10 2 1 4
1
4
1 1
2
= = = =

=


Thanh lp s thay th :
Goi : C
d
la in dung gia cac phn t cua dy qun vi nhau.
C
q
la in dung gia cac phn t cua dy qun vi t.
Khi qua in ap dung khang x
c
<< r, x
L
nn bo qua r, x
L
v f
x
rt ln.










Hnh . S thay th cua
dy qun mba khi co qua
in ap
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
C
q
C
d
r, x
l
A
X

Ta thy in dung co thng s rai gm n vong dy:
in dung doc toan phn :
n
C
C /
C
'
d
d
d
= =

1
1
.
in dung ngang toan phn :
'
q
'
q q
nC C C = =

Khi ly dai cua dq la mt n v, i vi mt nguyn t nho cua dq co
dai dx co th tm c in dung ngang C
q
dx va tham s vi phn ngang Kdx, trong
o K=1/C
d
.
i vi in tch ngang nguyn t Kdx :
Kdx
du
Q
x
x
= (6.1)
in ap trn in dung :
dx C
dQ
u
q
x
x
= (6.2)
Thay (6.1) vao (6.2), ta co : 0
2
2
=
x
d
q
x
u
C
C
dx
u d

Giai pt trn ta c nghim dang:
x x
x
e D e D u

+ =
2 1
vi la nghim cua pt c trng :
d
q
d
q
C
C
C
C
= = 0
2
.
Dung iu kin bin vi dy qun ni t :
X A
C
d
C
q
6
1. khi x =1
m
x x
x
U e D e D u = + =

2 1
2. khi x = 0 0
2 1
= + =
x x
x
e D e D u
Ta tm c :

=
sh
x sh
U u
m x
(6.3)
Trng hp dy qun khng ni t, ta cung co :

=
ch
x ch
U u
m x
. (6.4)
.3.3. Su phn b d|n op bon du doc dy qun:
Ve cac quan h (6.3) va (6.4), ta c s phn b in ap ban u :












Hnh . S phn b in ap ban u doc dy qun.
a/. Khi ni t. b/. Khi khng ni t.

=5
=10
U
m
1

1

.4

.2

.2
.4

.6

.6

.8




Ta thy :
= 0 s phn b in ap ban u doc theo dy qun u : u
x
= xU
m
.
cang ln s phn b in ap ban u doc theo dy qun khng u, ma
tp trung chu yu vao u dy qun.
> 5 s phn b in ap khng phu thuc vao s ni t hay khng.
V rng gian thay th mba gm r, L, C hnh thanh, nn mt loat nhng
mach vong dao ng va qtq t in ap ban u n in ap cui cung mi im
cua dy qun u mang c tnh dao ng. Do tn hao trn in tr cac dao ng
se tt dn. Bin dao ng va qua in ap xut hin khi o tng ln vi s tng
v khac nhau gia phn b in ap u va cui.
giam nguy him do dao ng o cn giam n mc co th. Giam se
tng kch thc mba nh vy se tng gia thanh, ngha la khng thc hin c.
.8

0
A
X

(a)

=0
U
m
=1
=0
=5
=10
1
1

.2

.8

.6

.2

.4

.8

.6

.4

0

X
A
(b)

7
Bao v mba khoi qua in ap :
1. Tng cng cach in u va cui dy qun.
2. Tao ra in dung man chn tnh in, di dang nhng vong kim loai h
co boc cach in.