Cc dng bi tp KTQT

Thy: Nguyn Hong L

CC DNG BI TP MN KINH T QUC T

Dng 1: Bi tp da trn L thuyt Li th tuyt i ca Adam Smith Bi tp 1: C s liu cho trong bng sau: Nng sut lao ng (sp/gi) US UK La m (W) 6 1 Vi (C) 4 5 Phn tch c s, m hnh v li ch mu dch ca 2 quc gia khi c mu dch t do xy ra. Hng dn gii - Nng sut sao ng = s lng sn phm/thi gian - Chi ph lao ng = thi gian/s lng sn phm Nu bi khng cho nng sut lao ng m cho chi ph th phi i t chi ph thnh nng sut lao ng. - C s l thuyt ca mu dch: Vi nhng gi thuyt cho, nu m i quc gia chuyn mn ha vo sn xut v xut khu sn phm m mnh c li th tuyt i, ng thi nhp khu sn phm m mnh khng c li th tuyt i th tt c cc quc gia u c li. Bi gii: - C s mu dch gia 2 quc gia l s khc bit mt cch tuyt i v nng sut lao ng. + La m (W): US: 6sp/gi > UK: 1sp/gi US c li th tuyt i + Vi (C): UK: 5sp/gi > US: 4sp/gi UK c li th tuyt i - M hnh mu dch: US xut W nhp C UK xut C nhp W - Li ch mu dch: + US: Trc khi c mu dch: 6W = 4C Yu cu US xut W: 6W > 4C + UK: Trc khi c mu dch: 5C = 1W Yu cu UK xut C: 5C > 1W => Khung t l trao i: 4C < 6W < 30C Gi s ta chn 6W = 18C + US: Li 14C (tit kim c 3.5 gi lao ng) (US sn xut 6W em i ly 18C) + UK: Li 12C (tit kim c 2.4 gi lao ng) (UK sn xut 30C, em 18C i i) Dng 2: Bi tp da trn L thuyt Li th so snh ca David Ricardo

Bi tp 2: C s liu cho trong bng sau: Nng sut lao ng (sp/gi) US UK La m (W) 6 1 Vi (C) 4 2 a. Phn tch c s, m hnh v li ch MD ca 2 QG b. Mu dch c xy ra khng nu t l trao i l 6W = 18C? Ti sao? Nu khng th quc gia no khng ng giao thng? c. t l trao i no th li ch MD ca 2 quc gia l bng nhau? Hng dn gii - C s l thuyt ca mu dch: Vi nhng gi thuyt cho, nu m i quc gia chuyn mn ha vo sn xut v xut khu sn phm m mnh c li th so snh, ng thi nhp khu sn phm m mnh khng c li th so snh th tt c cc quc gia u c li. Ngoi thng 003 kha 16 Trang 1

Cc dng bi tp KTQT

Thy: Nguyn Hong L

Bi gii:
a. Phn tch c s, m hnh v li ch MD ca 2 QG - C s mu dch gia 2 quc gia l s khc bit mt cch tng i v nng sut lao ng. + La m (W): 6/1 > 4/2 US c li th so snh v sn phm la m - M hnh mu dch: US xut W nhp C UK xut C nhp W - Li ch mu dch: + US: Trc khi c mu dch: 6W = 4C + UK: Trc khi c mu dch: 1W = 2C Yu cu US xut W: 6W > 4C Yu cu UK xut W: 2C > 1W => Khung t l trao i: 4C < 6W < 12C Gi s ta chn 6W = 10C Gi s ta chn 6W = 6C + US: Li 6C + US: Li 2C + UK: Li 2C + UK: Li 6C b. Mu dch c xy ra khng nu t l trao i l 6W = 18C? Ti sao? Nu khng th quc gia no khng ng giao thng? - T l 6W = 18C nm ngoi khung t l trao i => mu dch khng xy ra. Anh khng ng trao i v s b thit hi. c. t l trao i no th li ch MD ca 2 quc gia l bng nhau? - t 6W = xC + US: Li xC 4C + UK: Li 12C xC - Li ch mu dch ca 2 quc gia bng nhau <=> xC 4C = 12C xC <=> 2xC = 16C <=> x = 8 Vy, t l 6W = 8C th li ch mu dch ca 2 quc gia bng nhau. Dng 3: Bi tp v Li th so snh v T gi hi oi

Bi tp 3: C s liu cho trong bng sau: Nng sut lao ng (sp/gi) US UK La m (W) 6 1 Vi (C) 4 2 Gi s 1 gi lao ng US c tr 6 USD, 1 gi lao ng UK c tr 1 GBP. Xc nh khung t gi hi oi gia 2 ng tin mu dch xy ra. Bi gii: - C s mu dch gia 2 quc gia l s khc bit mt cch tng i v nng sut lao ng. + La m (W): 6/1 > 4/2 US c li th so snh v sn phm la m - M hnh mu dch: US xut W nhp C UK xut C nhp W - Gi ca cc sn phm tng quc gia: + (PW)US = 1USD (PW)UK = 1GBP + (PC)US = 1.5USD (Pc)UK = 0.5GBP - Li ch mu dch: + US xut la m: (PW)US < (PW)UK => 1USD < 1GBP + UK xut la vi: (PC)UK < (PC)US => 0.5GBP < 1.5USD (a ng tin c gi tr ln v 1 n v, ng tin nh hn xp sau) => Khung t gi hi oi: 1GBP (1USD; 3USD)

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Cc dng bi tp KTQT Dng 4: Bi tp da trn l thuyt Chi ph c hi

Thy: Nguyn Hong L

Bi tp 4: C s liu cho trong bng sau: Nng sut lao ng (sp/gi) US UK La m (W) 6 1 Vi (C) 4 2 a. Tnh chi ph c hi ca cc quc gia cc sn phm b. Gi s trong iu kin s dng ht ti nguyn v vi k thut cho l tt nht, 1 nm US sn xut c 180 n v la m hoc 120 n v vi, UK sn xut c 60 n v la m hoc 120 n v vi. Bng th hy phn tch li ch mu dch ca 2 mu dch nu bit rng khi cha c mu dch mu dch xy ra, cc im t cung t cp ca 2 mu dch ln lt l A (90W, 60C) v A(40W, 40C). Hng dn gii - L thuyt chi ph c h i: Chi ph c hi ca sn phm ny l s lng sn phm khc phi hi sinh c ti nguyn lm gia tng 1 n v sn phm th nht. - L thuyt v ng gii hn kh nng sn xut (PPF) khi chi ph c hi khng i: PPF l mt ng thng ch ra s kt hp thay th nhau ca 2 sn phm m quc gia c th sn xut khi s dng ton b ti nguyn vi k thut l tt nht. - Tnh chi ph c h i cho 2 sn phm 2 nc + Da vo t l trao i trong nc + Da vo nh ngha chi ph c h i + p dng quy tc tam sut Bi gii: a. Tnh chi ph c hi ca cc quc gia cc sn phm - Chi ph c h i ca cc sn phm tng quc gia: + (O.CW)US = 2/3 (O.CC)US = 3/2 + (O.CW)UK = 2 (O.CC)UK = 1/2 (Nu 1 quc gia c 2 sn phm th chi ph c hi ca sn phm ny bng nghch o chi ph c h i ca sn phm kia. Chi ph c h i l mt con s tng i) - Gi tng i ca cc sn phm: + (Pw/Pc)US = 2/3 (Pw/Pc)UK = 2

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Cc dng bi tp KTQT

Thy: Nguyn Hong L

Hng dn v th
- Quc gia 1 (US): + Bc 1: Da vo ta im A v A => trc honh th hin s lng sn phm W, trc tung th hin s lng sn phm C. + Bc 2: V ng gii hn kh nng sn sut Xc nh ta ca cc im (0W, 120C) v (180W, 0C) trn th. Ni 2 im ny li vi nhau. (Trong iu kin s dng ht ti nguyn v vi k thut cho l tt nht, 1 nm US sn xut c 180 n v la m hoc 120 n v vi). + Bc 3: Xc nh v tr im t cung t cp A (90W, 60C) trn th. + Bc 4: Nhn xt: US c li th v W => US xut W, nhp C (US tp trung vo chuyn mn ha sn xut sn phm W) - Quc gia 2 (UK): v tng t US. - mu dch xy ra, khung t l trao i: (PW/PC) (2/3, 2) - Gi s ta chn PW/PC = 1, gi s tip ta ly 70W = 70C (Khi chn s ny, khng ly vt qu kh nng sn xut ca quc gia) - Khi mu dch xy ra US xut 70W sang UK v nhp 70C UK xut 70C sang US v nhp 70W - Khi mu dch xy ra: + US: im A c xu hng di chuyn v trc honh, khi chuyn mn ha hon ta c im B. + UK: im A c xu hng di chuyn v trc tung, khi chuyn mn ha hon ta c im B. - ng i ca mu dch s bt u t im chuyn mn ha, i theo chiu xut ri nhp (xut trc, nhp sau) + US: T im B, xc nh v tr im C th hin s lng sn phm W cn li sau xut khu (110W). T v tr ny, tip tc xc nh v tr im th hin s lng sn phm C nhp khu (70C). Ta c im ta im tiu dng mi E (110W, 70C). + US: T im B, xc nh v tr im C th hin s lng sn phm C cn li sau xut khu (50C). T v tr ny, tip tc xc nh v tr im th hin s lng sn phm W nhp khu (70W). Ta c im ta im tiu dng mi E (50W, 70C). - Li ch ca 2 quc gia (Ly im tiu dng mi - im tiu dng c Li ch ca 2 quc gia) + US li (20W, 10C) + UK li (30W, 10C) (2 tam gic: BCE v BCE c g i l 2 tam gic mu dch; chng bng nhau v BC = BE v BE = BC) Dng 5: Bi tp da trn l thuyt chun v mu dch quc t

Bi tp 5: Bng th, phn tch li ch mu dch ca 2 QG vi chi ph c hi tng nu bit rng khi cha c mu dch xy ra, gi c sn phm so snh (GCSPSS) cn bng ni a ca 2 QG ln lt l: PA = PX / PY = 1/4 ; PA = PX / PY = 4 Cho bit cc im t cung t cp ca mi QG ln lt c ta l A (50X, 60Y), A (80X, 40Y); v cc im chuyn mn ha ca 2 QG ln lt c ta l B (130X, 20Y), B (40X, 120Y) Hng dn gii - L thuyt v ng gii hn kh nng sn xut (PPF) khi chi ph c hi khng i: PPF l mt ng cong lm t gc ta .

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Cc dng bi tp KTQT

Thy: Nguyn Hong L

Bi gii:

Hng dn v th
- Quc gia 1 (US): + Bc 1: Da vo ta im A v A => trc honh th hin s lng sn phm X, trc tung th hin s lng sn phm Y. + Bc 2: V ng gii hn kh nng sn sut Xc nh ta ca cc im A(50X, 60Y) v B(130X, 20Y) trn th. V ng GHKNSX i qua 2 im ny (l mt ng cong) + Bc 3: Nhn xt: im t cung t cp A nm xa trc honh => US c li th v sn phm X => US xut X, nhp Y (US tp trung vo chuyn mn ha sn xut sn phm X nhng khng chuyn mn ha hon ton v khi chi ph c hi tng ln rt nhanh). - Quc gia 2 (UK): v tng t US. - xy ra mu dch, khung t l trao i: PX/PY (1/4, 4) - Gi s ta chn PX/PY = 1. Gi s tip ta ly 60X = 60Y - Khi mu dch xy ra US xut 60X sang UK v nhp 60Y UK xut 60Y sang US v nhp 60X - ng i ca mu dch s bt u t im chuyn mn ha, i theo chiu xut ri nhp (xut trc, nhp sau) + US: T im B, xc nh v tr im C th hin s lng sn phm X cn li sau xut khu (70X). T v tr ny, tip tc xc nh v tr im th hin s lng sn phm Y nhp khu (60X). Ta c im ta im tiu dng mi E (70X, 80Y). + US: T im B, xc nh v tr im C th hin s lng sn phm Y cn li sau xut khu (60Y). T v tr ny, tip tc xc nh v tr im th hin s lng sn phm X nhp khu (tng thm 60X). Ta c im ta im tiu dng mi E (100X, 60Y). - Li ch ca 2 quc gia + US li (20X, 20Y) + UK li (20X, 20Y)

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Cc dng bi tp KTQT

Thy: Nguyn Hong L

Dng 6: Bi tp da trn l thuyt Ngun lc sn xut ca Heckscher-Olin (L thuyt H-O v L thuyt H-O-S) Chi ph SX Sn phm X Y PK/PL Quc gia 1 K 1 2 2 L 4 2 Quc gia 2 K 2 4 4/3 L 2 1

Bi tp 6:

Xc nh m hnh mu dch 2 QG v biu th li th so snh ca 2 QG trn cng m t th Hng dn gii - Yu t thm dng: + X l sn phm thm dng lao ng khi (L/K) X > (L/K)Y + Y l sn phm thm dng lao ng khi (K/L)Y > (K/L) X - Yu t d tha (mt cch tng i): (yu t no d tha gi ca yu t s r) + Quc gia 1 d tha v lao ng, khan him v t bn khi (PL/PK)QG1 < (PL/PK)QG2 (gi tng i ca lao ng QG1 < gi tng i ca lao ng quc gia 2) + Quc gia 2 d tha v t bn, khan him v lao ng khi (PK/PL)QG1 < (PK/PL)QG2 (gi tng i ca lao ng QG1 < gi tng i ca lao ng quc gia 2) - L thuyt H-O Vi nhng gi thuyt cho, khi mu dch xy ra th m hnh mu dch ca cc quc gia s l: + Xut sn phm thm dng yu t m quc gia d tha + Nhp sn phm thm dng yu t m quc gia khan him C s mu dch: ngun lc sn xut vn c ca cc quc gia. - L thuyt H-O-S Vi nhng gi thuyt cho, mu dch quc t s dn n s cn bng tng i v cn bng tuyt i v gi c cc yu t sn xut (gi ca lao ng, gi ca t bn) gia cc quc gia. + Gi ca lao ng: tin lng (wage-w) + Gi ca t bn: li sut (interest-r) + Tin lng tng i: (w/r)QG1 = (w/r)QG2 hoc (r/w)QG1 = (r/w)QG2 wQG1 = wQG2 hoc rQG1 = rQG2 Bi gii: - Xc nh yu t thm dng: c 2 quc gia: X l sn phm thm dng lao ng, Y l sn phm thm dng t bn - Xc nh yu t d tha: (PK/PL)QG1 = 2 > (PK/PL)QG2 = 4/3 Quc gia 1 d tha v lao ng, khan him v t bn - M hnh mu dch: + Quc gia 1: Xut X nhp Y + Quc gia 2: Xut Y nhp X - Biu th bng ng gii hn kh nng sn xut

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Cc dng bi tp KTQT

Thy: Nguyn Hong L

- Gi lao ng (w/r)QG1 thp; gi t bn (r/w)QG2 thp. Khi c mu dch, QG1 chuyn mn ha vo X (xn phm thm dng lao ng) nhu cu v lao ng tng tin lng tng. Tng t i vi QG2. Dng 7: Bi tp phn tch Cn bng cc b v s tc ng ca Thu quan

Cho hm cu v hm cung v sp X ca 1 QG c dng sau: QDX = 20PX + 90 ; QSX = 10PX Trong : QDX, QSX l s lng sn phm X tnh bng n v; PX l gi c sn phm X tnh bng USD. Gi thit QG ny l nc nh v gi th gii l PW = PX = 1 USD a) Hy phn tch th trng sn phm X khi c mu dch t do b) bo h sn xut trong nc, chnh ph nh thu quan = 100% ln gi tr sn phm X nhp khu. Hy phn tch cn bng cc b s tc ng ca thu quan ny. Hng dn gii - Dng bi tp ny bt buc phi v th. - Theo gi thit, quc gia ny l mt nc nh, khi giao thng s s dng gi ca th gii. Gi th gii l mt ng co gin hon ton v song song vi trc honh. - Biu din 2 hm cung cu QDX, QSX trn th. Trc tung th hin gi ca sn phm, trc honh th hin s lng sn phm. Bi gii:

- Xc nh im cn bng (E): im cn bng l im m ti QDX = QSX <=> 20PX + 90 = 10PX <=> PX = 3 => Gi cn bng: 3USD; s lng sn phm cn bng: 30sp Ngoi thng 003 kha 16 Trang 7

Cc dng bi tp KTQT

Thy: Nguyn Hong L

a. Phn tch th trng (Xc nh 4 n i dung: mc gi giao thng, khi lng sn xut, khi lng tiu dng, khi lng thng mi) - Gi th gii xut pht t im c tung l 1 (theo bi). Gi nh gi th gii ct ng cung v ng cu ti 2 im A v B. - Thay mc gi th gii vo 2 hm cung cu, ta c: + PX = 1 + SX = 10X (sn xut 10 sn phm X) + TD = 70X (tiu dng 70 sn phm X) + NK = 60X (nhp khu 60 sn phm X = s chnh lch gia Tiu dng v Sn xut = di on AB trn th) - i vi ngi tiu dng: Khi cha c mu dch, NTD tiu dng 30X vi mc gi 3USD; Khi c mu dch, NTD tiu dng 70X vi mc gi 1USD. - i vi nh sn xut: Trc mu dch t do xy ra, doanh thu ca NSX: 30 x 3 = 90USD Khi mu dch t do xy ra, doanh thu ca NSX: 10 x 1 = 30USD b. Phn tch cn bng cc b ca thu quan - Khi nh thu 100%, mc gi mi l 2USD. Gi nh gi th gii mi ct ng cung v ng cu ti 2 im C v D. + PX = 2 + SX = 20X (sn xut 10 sn phm X) + TD = 50X (tiu dng 70 sn phm X) + NK = 30X - Phn tch cc b: Khi c thu, NSX c li, doanh thu tng, ngn sch chnh ph tng; NTD chu thit hi, tiu dng t i vi mc gi cao hn. - Xc nh cc gi tr a, b, c, d trn th: a = 15, b = 5, c = 30, d = 10 - Thit hi mt i: S d NTD gim: a + b + c + d = 60USD - Li ch thu c: + Li ch ca NSX: S d ca NSX tng: a = 15USD + Li ch ca chnh ph (mc thu m i sn phm l 1USD; s lng sn phm nhp khu l 30). Ngn sch chnh ph tng: c = 30USD - Thit hi rng: b + d = 15USD ngha cc din tch b, d trn th: - Din tch b: bin ph, khon tin m chnh ph b ra duy tr mt ngnh sn xut khng c l i th so snh. - Din tch d: NTD phi tiu dng t i vi mc gi cao hn nhm b p ngn sch thiu ht do vic c tnh duy tr ngnh sn xut sn phm X ca chnh ph. y l thit hi ca NTD.

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Cc dng bi tp KTQT Dng 8: Bi tp v Lin hip quan thu

Thy: Nguyn Hong L

C s liu cho trong bng sau: Quc gia A B C PX(USD) 16 12 10 a) Nu QG A nh TQ khng phn bit 100% ln gi tr sn phm X nhp khu th trong trng hp ny, QG A s nhp khu sn phm X t u hay t sn xut trong nc? Sau , nu QG A lin kt vi QG B trong 1 lin hip quan thu th lin hip quan thu to thnh l loi g? Ti sao? b) i mc thu thnh 50% Hng dn l thuyt - Lin hip thu quan to lp mu dch (Trade Creating Customs Union) L 1 lin hip thu quan m chi ph sn xut cao hn ca 1 nc thnh vin ny c thay th bi chi ph sn xut thp hn ca 1 nc thnh vin khc. Lun mang li li ch cho cc nc d l thnh vin hay khng. - Lin hip thu quan chuyn hng MD (Trade Diverting Customs Union) L 1 lin hip thu quan m chi ph sn xut thp hn ca 1 nc khng phi l thnh vin c thay th bi chi ph sn xut cao hn ca 1 nc thnh vin. Lun mang bt li n cc nc khng l thnh vin, cn i vi cc nc l thnh vin th c th li, c th khng. Bi gii: Quc gia PX(USD) t = 100% A lin kt B A 16 16 16 B 12 24 12 C 10 20 20

t = 50% A lin kt B

16 16

18 12

15 15

A t sn xut Nhp khu t B A l nc thnh vin c chi ph cao c thay th bi B l nc thnh vin c chi ph thp To lp mu dch Nhp khu t C Nhp khu t B C l nc khng thnh vin c chi ph thp c thay th bi B l nc thnh vin c chi ph thp Chuyn hng mu dch

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