1

o| Hoc o Nng - Iruong o| hoc 8och Khoo

Khoo |n - Nhom Chuyn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY IN 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|



Chuong 7
MAY 8IN AF C 8II

7.1. MBA BA DY QUN
Mba ba dy qun la mba co mt dy qun s va hai dy qun th, dung cung
cp in cho cac li in co in ap khac nhau, ng vi cac t s bin i :

2
1
2
1
12
W
W
U
U
k = = ;
3
1
3
1
13
W
W
U
U
k = = (7.1)


3

1

2

2

1 3
2
U
&

1
U
&

3
U
&
2
I
&
1
I
&

3
I
&
Hnh 7.1 MLc Lc ccy ucn
I






u im cua mba ba dy qun so vi mba hai dy qun :
1. Gia thanh san xut re hn mba hai dy qun.
2. Mt bng chim ch be hn.
3. Lin tuc truyn tai nng lng t dy qun s sang hai dy qun th hoc
truyn t dy qun th ny sang dy qun th khac.
4. Tn tht nng lng be hn mba 2 dy qun khoang chng hai ln.
Khuyt im cua mba ba dy qun so vi mba hai dy qun :
1. tin cy cua mba 3 dy qun be hn mba 2 dy qun v ...
2. Vic b tr u ra cua mba 3 dy qun phc tap hn mba 2 dy qun.
Cung nh may bin ap hia dy qun, ngi ta ch tao mat bin ap ba dy
qun theo kiu t may bin ap ba pha hoc may bin ap ba pha ba tru, mi pha t
2
ba dy qun nh hnh 7.1. Tiu chun t ni dy mba 3 dy qun Y
0
/Y
0
/-12-11 va
t mba 3pha hay mba 3pha ba tru Y
0
//-11-11.
Theo qui nh tiu chun v cng sut ch tao mba 3 dy qun:
S
1m
/S
1m
S
2m
/S
1m
S
3m
/S
1m
.
1 1 1
1 1 2/3
1 2/3 2/3
(1 2/3 1)
7.1.1. Fhuong trnh co bon, so d thoy th, d th| vecto cuo mbo 3 dy qun.
Qua trnh in t trong mba 3 dy qun c m ta mh mba 2 dy qun, tt ca
cac ai lng cua hai dy qun th 2, 3 quy i v s vong cua dy qun s:

1
2
2 2
W
W
I I
'
= ;
1
3
3 3
W
W
I I
'
= ;
2
1
2 2
W
W
U U
'
= ;
3
1
3 3
W
W
U U
'
=
Cung nh mba 2dy qun, dong t hoa mba3dy qun rt nho c xac nh :
(7.2) 0
0 3 2 1
= + + I I I I
' '
& & & &
S h cam : vi Z
0 2 1
I Z E E
m
'
& & &
= =
m
= r
m
+ jx
m
.
S tan trong mi dy qun: ; ; .
'
I jx E
1 1 1
& &
=

' ' '

I jx E
2 2 2
& &
=

' ' '

I jx E
3 3 3
& &
=

Vi dong cn bng h cam :

1 0 1 1
I I I I
'
& & & &
=
in khang : x
1
, x
2
, x
3
la in khang tan tng ng cua dy qun, c tm
thy khi co tnh n anh hng cua cac dy qun khac. (Ngu hp t thng tan).
Phng trnh cn bng in ap cua mba ba dy qun :

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I Z E I r E E U
& & & & & &
+ = + =


. (7.3)
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
I Z E I r E E U
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
& & & & & &
= + =

.
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
I Z E I r E E U
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
& & & & & &
= + =




Hnh 7.2 Sc cc Ihcy Ihe mLc 3 ccy ucn

1
U
&

2
U
& 3
U
&
Z
1 Z
2

Z
m
Z
3

1
I
&

0
I
&
'
I
2
& '
I
3
&







3
Tng tr nhanh t hoa Z
m
tm c bng tnh toan hoc th nghim.
Cac tng tr Z
1
,Z
2
,Z
3
, c xac nh t th nghim ngn mach (hnh 7.3) nh:
Z
n12
= Z
1
+ Z
2
= r
n12
+ jx
n12

Z
n13
= Z
1
+ Z
3
= r
n13
+ jx
n13
(7.4)
Z
n23
= Z
2
+ Z
3
= r
n23
+ jx
n23
.
Giai h phng trnh ta tm c :Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
3
.
Z
1
=
2
1
(Z
n12
+ Z
n13
- Z
n23
);
Z
2
=
2
1
(Z
n12
+ Z
n23
- Z
n13
); (7.5)
Z
3
=
2
1
(Z
n13
+ Z
n23
- Z
n12
).


U
n
Z
1
Z
3

Z
2

U
n
Z
1
Z
3

Z
2

U
n
Z
1
Z
3

Z
2

U
n
U
n
U
n
1
1

2
3
2
3
1

2

3












Hnh 7.3 Sc cc vc mcch cien Ihcy Ihe khi Ih| nghiem


T th vect cua mba ba dy
qun (hnh 7.4), ta thy U
2
khng
nhng phu thuc vao I
2
ma con phu
thuc vao I
3
. Va U
3
khng nhng phu
thuc vao I
3
ma con phu thuc vao I
2
.
giam anh hng ny ta cn
giam tng tr Z
1
bng cach t cun
dy 1 vao gia 2 dy qun 2 va 3, luc
o x
1
co th co gia tr m.

ngcn mcch mLc Lc ccy ucn
Hnh 7-4 c Ih vecIc mLc 3 ccy ucn
jx
1
I
1
jx
2
I
2
-E
2
r
2
I
2
U
2
-I
3
-I
2 I
1
I
0
U
3

4
7.1.2. thoy d| d|n op thu cp mbo bo dy qun.
Dy qun 1 va 2 :
dm
'
dm
*
U
U U
U
1
2 1
12

= .
= u
nr*12
cos
2
+ u
nx*12
sin
2
+ u
nr*(3)
cos
3
+ u
nx*(3)
sin
3
(7.6)
Trong o:

dm
'
n
* nr
U
I r
u
1
2 12
12
= ;
dm
'
n
* nx
U
I x
u
1
2 12
12
= ;
dm
'
) ( * nr
U
I r
u
1
3 1
3
= ;
dm
'
) ( * nx
U
I x
u
1
3 1
3
= ;
Dy qun 2 va 3 :
dm
'
dm
*
U
U U
U
1
3 1
13

= .
= u
nr*13
cos
3
+ u
nx*13
sin
3
+ u
nr*(2)
cos
2
+ u
nx*(2)
sin
2
.(7.7)
Trong o:

dm
'
n
* nr
U
I r
u
1
3 13
13
= ;
dm
'
n
* nx
U
I x
u
1
3 13
13
= ;
dm
'
) ( * nr
U
I r
u
1
2 1
2
= ;
dm
'
) ( * nx
U
I x
u
1
2 1
2
= ;
I
2
, I
3
: dong in tai.
cos
2
,cos
3
: h s cng sut.
7.2. MAY BIN AP T NGU.
Mba t ngu la loai mba ma o ngoai s lin h v t con co s lin h trc
tip vi nhau v in gia dy qun s cp va dy qun th cp .
Hnh 7.5 Sc cc cuc mLc Iu ngcu mcI phc

U
CA
E
2
I
2
E
1
I
1
U
HA
I
CA
U
CA
E
2
I
2
E
1
I
1
U
HA
I
CA
I
HA
A X
a x
I
HA
x a

A
X

I
CA
Ni ngc (b)
U
CA
U
HA
I
HA
I
CA
x
a
A
X
E
1
I
1
E
2
I
2
U
1
U
2
a





Ni thun (a)
U
CA
U
HA
E
2
I
2
U
2
I
HA
x
A
E
1
I
1
U
1
X
5
Hnh 7.4 trnh bay hai kiu ni dy cua mba t ngu : Ni thun hnh 7.5a va
ngc 7.5b
Ta thy cng sut truyn tai cua mba t ngu gm hai thanh phn :
1. Truyn qua nh t trng trong loi thep.
2. Truyn dn trc tip.
Dung lng thit k mba t ngu la dung lng truyn dn nh t trng:
S
tk
= E
1
I
1
= E
2
I
2
(7.8)
Dung lng mba t ngu truyn qua luc vn hanh thc t :
S
ttai
= U
CA
I
CA
= U
HA
I
HA
(7.9)
T s bin i n ap cua mba TN:
K
I
I
E
E
U
U
= = =
1
2
2
1
2
1
(7.10)
T s bin i n ap cua li in :
K
I
I
U
U
CA
HA
HA
CA
= = thng K< 2.5. (7.11)
Xet trng hp ni thun (hnh a):

K I U
I ) U U (
I U
I E
S
S
CA CA
CA HA CA
CA CA ai tt
tk
1
1
2 2
=

= = (7.12)
Xet trng hp ni ngc (hnh b):
1
1
1
2 2
= =

= = K K )
K
(
I U
I ) U U (
I U
I E
S
S
CA CA
HA HA CA
CA CA ai tt
tk
(7.13)
Nh vy kiu ni thun co li hn nn c dung trong thc t.
Cng dung cua mba TN :
1. Mba t ngu dung lin lac gia cac h thng in co cac cp in ap
khac nhau trong h thng in nh : 110-220; 220-500; 330-750 kV.
2. Mba t ngu dung m may cac ng c khng ng b cng sut ln.
3. Mba t ngu dung rng rai lam ngun cho cac thit b in sinh hoat.
4. Mba t ngu dung cac phong th nghim thay i in ap lin tuc.
u nhc im cua mba t ngu :
u im :
1. Mba t ngu ch tao re hn mba 2 dy qun cung cng sut.
2. Luc vn hanh tn hao trong mba t ngu cung nho hn:
)
k
(
S
p
S
p
tke ttai
1
1 =

ngha la tn hao ch con (
k
1
1 ) so vi mba 2 dy
qun.
6
3. in ap u
n
cua mba tn nho con (
k
1
1 ) so vi mba 2 dy qun cung
cng sut.
4. Sut ap trong mba t ngu nho v u
n
nho.
Nhc im :
1. V u
n
nho nn dong in I
n
tng i ln.
2. Khi vn hanh vi li in trung tnh mba t ngu phai ni t nu
khng se khng an toan.
3. Mba t ngu yu cu cach in cao hn mba thng.
7.3. MAY BIN AP O LNG
7.3.1. Moy b|n d|n op
May bin in ap (hnh 7.6a) dung bin in ap cao thanh in ap nho o
lng va iu khin. Cng sut may bin in ap 251000VA.
May bin in ap co dy qun s ni vi li in va dy qun th ni vi Vn
met, cun dy ap cua Watt k, cun dy cua cac rle bao v, hoc cac thic b iu
khin khac (hnh 7.6b). Cac loai dung cu ny co tng tr Z rt ln nn may bin
in ap xem nh lam vic ch khng tai, do o sai s v tr s nho va bng :
100
1
1
2
1
2
U
U
W
W
U
% U

= (7.14)
Goc
u
gia U
1
va U
2
(hnh 7.6c) cung nho.

u
U
1
U
2
Hnh 7. Mcy Lien cien cp

(a)
U
1
U
2
A X
a x
(b)
V
W
(c)












7
Cp chnh xac va sai s cua mba :
Cp chnh xac 0.5 1 3
Sai s U 0.5% 1% 3%
Sai s
u
20 40 K
0
qui nh
Chu y : Khi s dung mba khng c ni tt mach th cp v ni tt mach th
cp tng ng ni tt mach s cp ngha la gy s co ngn mach li in.
7.3.2. Moy b|n dong d|n :
May bin dong in dung bin dong in ln thanh dong in nho o
lng bng cac dung cu o tiu chun va iu khin.
Cng sut May bin dong in : 5100VA.
May bin dong in (hnh 7.7a) co dy qun s gm t vong dy mc ni tip
vi mach cn o dong va dy qun th gm nhiu vong dy ni vi ampe met, cun
dy dong cua Watt met, cun dy cua cac rle bao v, hoc cac thic b iu khin
khac (hnh 7.7b). Cac loai dung cu ny co tng tr Z rt be nn may bin dong in
lam vic trang thai ngn mach, khi o loi thep may bin dong in khng bao hoa
va = (0.81)Wb, do o sai s o lng v tr s nho va bng :
100
1
1
1
2
2
I
I
W
W
I
% i

= (7.15)
Goc
i
gia I
1
va I
2
(hnh 7.7c) cung nho.

i
I
1
I
2
Hnh 7.7 Mcy Lien ccng cien

(a)
I
1
I
2
A W
(b) (c)
8
Cp chnh xac va sai s cua may bin dong in :
Cc xac 0.2 0.5 1 3 10
Ss I 0.2% 0.5% 1% 3% 10%
S.s
i
10 40 80 K qui nh
Chu y : Khi s dung may bin dong in khng c d dy qun th h mach
v nh vy dong t hoa I
0
= I
1
rt ln va loi thep bao hoa nghim trong se nong ln
lam chay dy qun, hn na t thng bng u se sinh ra s nhon u dy qun
th co th xut hin in ap cao hang nghn vn lam cho dy qun th va ngi s
dung khng an toan.
7.4. MAY BIN AP HAN H QUANG
Khe h khng kh
Hnh 7.8 Sc cc mcy Lien cp hcn hc ucng
U
1
K
La loai may bin ap c bit dung han bng phng phap h quang in.
May c ch tao co in khang tan ln va cun dy th cp ni vi in khang
ngoai K han ch dong in han. V th ng c tnh han rt dc, phu hp vi
yu cu han in (hnh 7.8).
Cun dy s cp ni vi ngun in, cun dy th cp mt u ni vi cun
in khang K ri ni ti que han, con u kia ni vi tm kim loai cn han.
May bin ap lam vic
ch ngn mach ngn han
dy qun th cp. in ap
th cp nh mc cua may
bin ap han thng la 60
70V. Khi d que han vao
tm kim loai, se co dong
in ln chay qua lam nong
ch tip xuc. Khi nhc que
han cach tm kim loai mt khoang nho, v cng in trng ln lam ion hoa
cht kh, sinh h quang va toa nhit lng ln lam nong chay ch han.
iu chnh dong in han, co th thay i s vong dy cua dy qun th cp
may bin ap han hoc thay i in khang ngoai bng cach thay i khe h khng
kh cua loi thep K.