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Chng 11
SC T NG CUA DY QUN
MAY IN XOAY CHIU

11.1. ST P MACH VA ST QUAY
-/2
/2
3/2
F

t =T/6
t =T/4
t =3T/4
Hnh 10.1 St dp mach cac
thi im khac nhau
Gia thit vic khao sat c n gian:
u.
R

thep 0, ngha la
Fe
= .
11.1.1. Std dp moch.
Biu thc toan hoc cua st p mach:
= cos . t sin F F
m
(10.1)
trong o la goc khng gian.
Trong biu thc trn, nu t = const th:
) ( f cos F F
m
= =
1

trong o t sin F F
m m
=
1
la bin tc thi st p mach va luc o s phn b cua
F la hnh sin trong khng gian.
Con khi = const v tr c nh bt ky :
t sin F F
m
=
2

trong o va F v tr o bin i tun hoan theo thi gian. = cos F F
m m2
St p mach la mt song ng, no phn b hnh sin trong khng gian va bin
i hnh sin theo thi gian (hnh 10.1).
11.1.2. Std quoy tron.
Biu thc toan hoc st quay tron:
) t sin( F F
m
= m (10.2)
2

Hnh 10.2 V tr song quay ngc (a) va quay thun

0
2

2
3

2
t=T/4
t= 0
F
(b)
(-)

0
F
m
2

2
3

2
t=T/4
t= 0
F

(a)
(+)










Tht vy, gia s ta xet mt im bt ky cua song st co tr s khng i:
const ) t sin( = m
hay const ) t ( = m
Ly vi phn theo thi gian:
=

dt
d
(10.3)
Ta thy, ao ham theo t chnh la tc goc quay:
0 >

dt
d
ng voi song quay thun, tc la du (-) trong (10.2).
0 <

dt
d
ng voi song quay ngc, tc la du (+) trong (10.2).
Hnh 10.2a va b cho ta thy v tr cua cac song quay thun va quay ngc
cac thi im khac nhau.
11.1.3. Quan h gia st p mach va st quay:
thy ro quan h gia st p mach va st quay, trc ht ta chu y rng :

2 1 m m m
F F ) t sin( F
2
1
) t sin( F
2
1
cos . t sin F + = + + = (10.4)
ngha la st p mach la tng cua hai st quay : F
1
quay thun vi tc goc+
va F
2
quay ngc cung tc goc - va co bin cua cac st quay o bng mt
na bin st dp mach.
Mt khac, ta co biu thc lng giac:
= sin . t cos F cos . t sin F ) t sin( F
m m m
=
= ) cos( ). t sin( F cos . t sin F
m m
2 2

(10.4a)
ta thy rng st quay la tng hp cua hai st p mach lch pha nhau trong khng
gian mt goc /2 va khac pha nhau v thi gian mt goc la /2.
3
11.2. ST CUA DY QUN MT PHA
11.2.2. Std cuo mt phn tu.
Gia thit:

Hnh 10.3. a. ng sc t do dong in i;
b. ng biu th st doc khe h cua may
/2 /2

a
b c
d
g e
F
pt1
F
pt

- Dy qun t stato
- Phn t co W
pt
vong dy
- Dy qun bc u (y = ).
- Cho qua phn t dy qun dong in t sin I i = 2 .
- Ta co ng sc t sinh ra nh hnh 10.3a.
Theo l toan dong in, doc theo ng sc t khep kn ta vit :

=
pt
iW l d H
r r

trong o H - cng t trng doc theo ng sc t.
Nu gia thit R

rt nho (
Fe
= ) nn H
Fe
= 0, ta co:
H2 = iW
pt
.
Nh vy st ng vi mt khe h khng kh bng:

pt pt
iW F
2
1
= (10.6)
Ta thy:
1) ng biu din st khe h di mt bc cc co th biu th bng hnh ch
nht abcd co cao bng
pt
iW
2
1
va bc cc tip theo bng hnh ch nht
dega vi qui c nu ng sc t hng ln F
pt
c biu th bng tung
dng (hnh10.3b).
2) V t sin I i = 2 nn st phn b doc khe h dang hnh ch nht, co cao
thay i v tr s va du theo dong in xoay chiu i.
St phn b hnh ch nht trong khng gian va bin i hnh sin theo thi gian
o co th phn tch thanh day Fourier co cac song iu hoa 1, 3, 5, 7... , ta co:
4
... cos F ... cos F cos F F
pt pt pt pt
+ + + + =

3
3 1

=

=
,.. , ,
pt
cos F
5 3 1

trong o:

2
4 2
2
2

sin F d . cos F F
pt pt pt
.
Va t sin IW iW F
pt pt pt
= =
2
2
2
1

Thay va ta c:

=

=
,.. , ,
m . pt pt
t sin . cos F F
5 3 1

trong o:

pt
pt pt m . pt
IW
, IW sin IW F 9 0
2 2
2
2 2

St cua mt phn t co dong in xoay chiu la tng cua song p mach
phn b hnh sin trong khng gian va bin i hnh sin theo thi gian.
11.2.3. Std cuo dy qun mt |op buoc du.
Xet st: (hnh.10.4)

F
0

F
q1
F
pt1
1 2 3
1 2 3
-
4
Hnh 10.4 St cua dy qun mt lp bc u co q=3
2
1
3
2
3
F
q1
=q

Cng st cua 3 phn t















5

1) Dy qun mt lp.
2) Co q = 3 phn t.
3) Phn t co W
pt
vong dy.
4) Goc lch pha cua hai phn t canh nhau:
Z
p
=
2

Tm St tng ? = Tng 3 st cua 3 phn t.
St bc mt cua mt nhom co q phn t : (ging biu thc s)
vi k
1 1 1 pt r q
F qk F =
r1
: h s qun rai
Song bc cua mt nhom co q phn t :
vi k

=
pt r q
F qk F
r
: h s qun rai bc .
St cua dy qun mt lp bc u :
t sin cos k qF F
.. , ,
r ptm q
=

=

5 3 1

11.2.4. Std cuo dy qun mt pho ho| |op buoc ngn.
St cua dy qun mt pha hai lp bc ngn co th dc xem nh tng st
cua hai dy qun mt lp bc u, mt t lp trn va mt t lp di nhng
lch pha nhau mt goc in (hnh 10.5).


y=

=(1-)
F
0

F
f1
F
q1
-

F
q1
F
f1
0
Cng st c ban cua hai
lp dy qun mt pha
F
q2
(1-)








Hnh 10.5 St cua dy qun mt lp bc u co q=3

i vi song c ban = 1, goc lch : = ) (1 vi = / y .
6
Ta co, i vi song bc 1 :

1 1 1
2
2
1 2
n q q f
k F ) cos( F F =

=
vi
2 2
1
1

=

= sin ) cos( k
n

Tng t i vi song bc :


=

=
n q q f
k F ) ( cos F F 2
2
1 2
vi
2 2
1

=

sin ) ( cos k
n

vy, st cua dq mt pha hai lp bc ngn :
t sin cos F k k q F
ptm n r
.. , ,
f
=

=

5 3 1
2
Vit lai st F
f
:
t sin cos F F
.. , ,
f f
=

=

5 3 1

Trong o : I
p
Wk
, I
p
Wk
F
dq dq
f

9 0
2 2

vi : la s vong dy cua mt pha.
pt
pqW W 2 =
Vy, st cua mt pha la tng hp cua mt day st p mach phn b hnh sin
trong khng gian bin i hnh sin theo thi gian.
10.3. ST CUA DY QUN BA PHA
Gia thit dy qun ba pha t lch nhau mt goc 120
o
in hay 2/3 va co
dong in chay qua:
t sin I i
A
= 2
) / t sin( I i
B
3 2 2 =
) / t sin( I i
C
3 4 2 =
Tng pha sinh ra st :
=

=

cos t sin F F
.. , ,
f A
5 3 1

) / ( cos ) / t sin( F F
.. , ,
f B
3 2 3 2
5 3 1
=

=


) / ( cos ) / t sin( F F
.. , ,
f B
3 4 3 4
5 3 1
=

=


co st cua dy qun ba pha ta ly tng ba st p mach o. Mun cho s
phn tch c d dang, ta phn st bc cua mi pha thanh hai st quay thun va
7
quay ngc nh vy st tng cua dy qun ba pha se la tng cua tt ca st quay
thun va quay ngc o. Ta co :
=

cos t sin F F
f A

) t sin(
F
) t sin(
F
f f
+ + =

2 2

) / ( cos ) / t sin( F F
f B
3 2 3 2 =


+

=

)] ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
2
3
2
2
)] ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
2
3
2
2

+

) / ( cos ) / t sin( F F
f C
3 4 3 4 =


+

=

)] ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
4
3
4
2
)] ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
4
3
4
2

+

Trong o : = 1, 3, 5, . . co th chia thanh ba nhom:
1) = mk = 3k (vi k = 1, 3, 5.. th = 3, 9, 15, .. )
3) = 2mk + 1 = 6k + 1 (vi k = 0, 1, 2, 3.. th = 1, 7, 13, .. )
4) = 2mk - 1 = 6k - 1 (vi k = 1, 2, 3.. th = 5, 11, 17 , .. )
Ta xet st quay thun:
) t sin(
F
F
f
t A
=

2

] ) ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
2
1 0
2

+ =


)] ( ) t sin[(
F
F
f
t B
3
2
3
2
2

] ) ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
2
1 1
2

+ =


)] ( ) t sin[(
F
F
f
t C
3
4
3
4
2

] ) ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
2
1 2
2

+ =


Tng cua chung la tng cac song quay hnh sin lch pha nhau mt goc ( -
1)2/3.
Xet vi nhom = 3k, ta co :

3
2
2
3
2
1 3
3
2
1

=

k ) k ( ) (
Thay vao trn ta co 3 st o lch pha nhau 1 goc 2/3 va quay cung tc
nn tng cua chung bng khng.
Xet vi nhom 6k + 1, ta co :
k ] ) k [( ) ( =

+ =

4
3
2
1 1 6
3
2
1
Vy, chung trung pha nhau nn tng cua chung bng:
8
) t sin( F F
k
f th
=

+ =

1 6
2
3

Xet vi nhom 6k - 1, ta co :

3
4
4
3
2
1 1 6
3
2
1

=

k ] ) k [( ) (
Ta cung co 3 st trn lch pha nhau mt goc 4/3 va st tng cua chung bng
khng.
Tng t, ta xet st quay ngc, vi nhom = 3k va = 6k+ 1 co st tng
bng khng. Ring nhom = 6k - 1 chung trung pha nhau nn tng la:
) t sin( F F
k
f ng
+ =

=

1 6
2
3

Vy st cua dy qun ba pha vit gp lai :
) t sin( F F
k
f ) (
=

=

m
1 6
3
2
3

Trong o :
I
p
Wk
, I
p
Wk
F
dq qd
f

35 1
2 3
2
3


F
b

t
F
c

t








St cua dy qun ba pha la tng cac st bc = 6k+ 1 quay thun va cac st
bc = 6k - 1 quay ngc, co :
Bin :
f
F
2
3

Tc :

hay

n
n vi
p
f
n
60
= .
10.4 ST CUA DY QUN HAI PHA
Nu dy qun 2 pha t lch pha nhau trong khng gian mt goc 90
o
in va
dong in hai pha lch pha nhau mt goc 90
o
.
F
c

t
120
0
F
a

t
F
b

t
240
0
F
a

t
F
a

t
F
c

t
F
b

t
(b) (c)

(a)

Hnh 10.6 Cng cac st quay thun bc cua cac pha

9
Phn tch nh trng hp dy qun 3 pha, ta co:
) t sin( F F
k
f ) (
=

=

m
1 4
2

Trong o :
I
p
Wk
, F
dq
f

9 0
St cua dq hai pha la tng cua cac st bc =2mk+1= 4k+ 1 quay thun va
cac st bc = 2mk-1= 4k - 1 quay ngc. Bin th bng bin cua st mt
pha bc , va tc quay cua st bc la n

= n/.
10.5 PHN TCH ST DY QUN BNG PHNG PHAP TH
Xet st sinh ra bi dong in ba pha i
A
, i
B
, i
C
chay trong dy qun ba pha AX,
BY, CZ t lch pha nhau trong khng gian mt goc la 120
o
; may in co q = 1 va
p = 1 (hnh 10.7).


A
I
&
B
I
&

C
I
&

t= 0






C
I
&

A
I
&

Hnh 10.7 St cua dy qun ba pha q=1, 2p=2 t=0 va t=T/3
B
I
&
t= T/3








thi im t = 0, cho dong in pha A at cc ai.
i
A
= I
m
; i
B
= i
C
= -I
m
/2
Ga thit chiu dong in pha A chay t X A ta suy ra chiu dong trong
pha B, C nh hnh ve (hnh 10.7b). Va ta ve c st F
A
, F
B
, F
C
tm c st F
tng (4).
thi im t = T/3, dong in pha B at cc ai.
10
I
B
= I
m
; i
A
= i
C
= -I
m
/2
Chiu dong in pha B chay t Y B ta suy ra chiu dong trong pha A, C
nh hnh ve (hnh 10.7b). Va ta ve c st F
A
, F
B
, F
C
tm c st F tng (4).
Vy st do dong in ba pha chay trong dy qun ba pha la st quay co chiu
quay trong khng gian va co tc :

p
f
n
60
1
= (vong/phut) hay
p
f
n =
1
(vong/gy)
Truc st tng trung vi truc pha co dong in cc ai.