14.4 SUT IN NG CA NGUN IN NH LUT OHM CHO ON MCH KN 14.4.1 Ngun in 14.4.

2 Sut in ng ngun in
14.4.3 Sut in ng ca ngun ha in nh lut Ohm cho mch kn

14.4.4 nh lut ohm cho on mch c ngun

14.4.1 Ngun in.

Xt 2 vt A v B: VA >VB, Gia A v B tn ti mt in trng E
+ + A

E
B

- Nu ni A v B bng mt dy dn: + in tch chuyn ng: t dng t A v B cn t m t B v A => VA gim dn , VB tng dn dn khi VA = VB th in tch ngng chuyn ng dng in khng tn ti

-Mun duy tr dng in:

+ Tc dng ln t mt lc c kh nng lm t t dng t B v A v t m t A v B. +Bn cht lc ny khng phi l lc tnh in nn gi l phi tnh in hay l lc l + Trng gy ra lc l gi l trng l. Ngun gy ra trng l gi l ngun in

Mt s v d v ngun in

Pin

c quy

My pht in

14.4.2. Sut in ng ca ngun in * Khi nim: l i lng vt l c gi tr bng cng ca lc in trng lm dch chuyn mt n v in tch dng mt vng quanh mch kn

A q

Trong : A l cng lm in tch q dng chuyn ng mt vng quanh mch kn ? S khc nhau gia hiu in th v sut in ng?

14.4.3. Sut in ng ca ngun in ha hc nh lut Ohm cho mch kn. * Ngun ha in: l ngun in m lc in l lc ha hc - Cu to chung: + Hai vt dn khc nhau ( hai cc ca ngun in) + c nhng trong mt dung dch in phn c tc dng ha hc vi hai vt .

VD: Pin Volta, hai vt dn l Cu (+), Zn(-), dung dch in phn l H2SO4.

Ta xt mt ngun ha in: A I B + + Ni cc dng A vi cc m B bng mt dy dn c in tr R th I VA VB s c dng in cng I chy t A sang B + Theo nh lut Ohm ta c: VA VB = I.R + Trong dung dch xut hin dng in chy t B sang A + VA < VB, r in tr lp dung dich gia 2 cc ta c: VA VB = I.r

+ Phi c s nhy in th: Cc A: 1 VA VA ' Cc B: 2 VB 'VB - S bin thin trn ton mch nh sau: dng hnh tr vi cc ng sinh khc nhau do c in th khc nhau th.: + ng cong VA.a.VB biu din s bin thin in th ngoi + ng cong VB.b.VA biu din s bin thin in th mch trong. + Hai on thng ng VBVB v VA.VA biu din s nhy in th hai cc

Khng v c hnh 14.10

=> Chnh lc l gy ra s nhy in th hai cc do : 1 2 = VA VA + VB -VB = (VA VB) + (VA VB) = I.R + I.r = I.(R + r) I *
Rr

Cng thc (*) c gi l nh lut Ohm cho mch kn (ton mch) v c pht biu nh sau : Cng dng in trong mch kn t l thun vi sut in ng v t l nghch vi in tr ton mch

* Ch mt s cng thc tnh ton: Mc ni tip Ngun in l mt b gm nhiu ngun in in tr ngoi gm nhiu in tr
b i
rb ri
i 1

Mc song song
b 1
r1 rb n
n 1 1 Rn i 1 Ri

i 1 n

Rn Ri
i 1

14.4.4. nh lut Ohm cho on mch c ,r R ngun A B - Xt on mch:

- Cng sut tiu th trong on mch AB: PAB = UAB.I - Cng sut tiu th trong ngun: P .I - Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng: PAB ( R r ). I 2 .I
U AB .I ( R r ). I .I
2

U AB ( R r ). I

Tng qut:
U AB Ri .I i
i 1 n

Vi: + Ri.I khi chiu dng in t A n B v Ri.I nu chiu dng in i t B n A. + i khi u A ni vi cc dng ca i v - i khi u A ni vi cc m ca ngun

14.5 NH LUT KIRCHHOFF

14.5.1 Cu to ca mt mch in tng qut

14.5.2 Cc nh lut Kirchhoff

14.5.1 Cu to ca mt mch in tng qut Xt mt mch in: ,r

R1 D
5 5

I1

I3 R3

I5

A IA

R7 M R4 C I2 2,r
2

B IB

I7

I4

IC

I6

6,r
6

Cu to mch in gm c: - Nhnh: l mt hoc nhiu phn t (in tr, ngun) mc ni tip, trong nhnh cng dng in c chiu v ln xc nh - Nt: l ni hi t ca t nht 3 nhnh. Ti nt s c dng in i vo hoc i ra. - ng i: L khi ni 2 im bt k ta c th c mt nhnh hoc mt dy nhnh ni tip nhau

- Vng kn (mt in): L ng i c im u v im cui trng nhau.

14.5.2 Cc nh lut Kirchhoff 14.5.2.1 nh lut Kirchhoff I (nh lut v nt) - nh lut: Ti mi nt in, tng cng dng in i vo nt bng tng cng i ra nt - nh lut nt thc cht l nh lut bo ton in tch. - Tng qut nh lut Kirchhoff I c biu din n di dng:

I
i 1

- Quy c: dng in vo nt mang du +, dng in ra nt mang du -

14.5.2.2 nh lut Kirchhoff IIA - Hiu in th gia hai im cho trc ca mch in bng tng i s ca hiu in th gia hai u ca cc nhnh lin tip trn ng i ni hai im y. V d trn ng i ACMB:

UAB = UAC + UCM + UMB

= - I2.r2 + I4.R4 + I7. R7

Ch : trn tng nhnh c ngun, ta phi p dng nh lut Ohm cho on mch c ngun.

14.5.2.3. nh lut Kirchhoff IIB - Tng i s cc hiu in th gia hai u ca cc nhnh lin tip trn mt vng kn ca mt mch in bng 0 V d trn vng ACBMDA:

2 I2.r2 - 6 + I6.r6 I7.R7 I3.R3 I1.R1 = 0

Ch : nh lut Kirchhoff l nh lut tng qut ca cc nh lut c bn ca dng in khng i.

Mt s ch khi s dng nh lut Kirchhoff: + nh du dng in trong cc nhnh ty . + p dng nh lut I cho cc nt. Khi chn nt sao cho cc dng in trong cc nhnh xut hin trong cc phng trnh. + p dng nh lut Kirchhoff IIA v IIB cho mt ng i v vng kn. Vi ch nu trong tng nhnh c ngun th p dng nh lut Ohm cho on mch c ngun. + Gii phng trnh nu cng dng in c gi tr dng th quy c trn ng, nu gi tr m th nh du ngc li

14.5.2.4 ng dng ca cc nh lut Kirchhoff - Gii c cc bi ton v mch in phc tp ca dng in khng i. + V d: Xt bi ton c th l mc sn trong Ampere k. Gi s c mt in k ch o c dng in Ig. Ta mun dng in k o cng ca dng in I = n.Ig

Ta mc song song vi in k mt in tr nh gi l mc sn. in k mc sn gi l Ampere k.

- Gi: I cng dng in cn o. Ig cng dng in i qua in k. Is cng dng in i qua sn. Rg l in tr ca in k, Rs l in tr ca sn.

Ig Is

in k
g

s Sn

p dng nh lut Kirchhoff I ti nt A: I = Ig + Is (*) p dng nh lut Kirchhoff II B cho mt vng kn: Ig.Rg Is.Rs = 0 (**)

T (*) v (**) ta c :

Vit nt my cng thc trn t li hiu ng h t nh. Ri mai mang n cho chng n xem khng th Miu c sa ri xem sau cng c.

Mun o cng ln hn (n +1) ln m n

chu c, ta cn mc sn k c in tr nh hn in tr k n ln