TI THE (Mitochondria)

Ti th - Cau tao
- Atman (1894) - Hnh si, ngan : rong 0,5 -1m dai 1-10 m - Co hau het te bao Eukaryotae - Di ong, mem deo va luon bien dang - So lng thay oi tuy thuoc mc o cua hoat ong trao oi chat cua te bao

Ti th - Cau tao
-Tui co 2 mang: mang ngoai va mang trong - Moi mang eu cha nhng enzyme va protein van chuyen chuyen biet

Cau tao cua ti the cat doc

Cht nn Mng ngoi Mng trong Khong gia hai mng

Mo

Ti th - Cau tao
Mang ngoai: - Cha nhieu protein kenh - Cac phan t co kch thc < 6.000 dalton co the qua kenh nay (ATP, NAD, coA) Mang trong: - Gap nep mao - Mao xep song song va vuong goc vi mang ngoi

Ti th
Mang trong:

- Hnh dang mao khac nhau tuy loai TB: + Te bao gan chuot: mao hnh tam + Te bao vo thng than: mao hnh ong - C cc the hnh chuy: cha men (ATP synthase) - Mang trong co tnh tham chon loc cao hn so vi mang ngoai protein van chuyen

Ti th
Thanh phan hoa hoc
- Mang ngoai tng t mang sinh chat. - Mang trong cha: Men oxy hoa: oxy hoa NADH va FADH2 Men cua chuoi ho hap Men tong hp ATP (ATP synthase) Cac phc hp (Protein) van chuyen e(I - IV)

Ti th Thnh phn ha hc
- Chat nen (matrix): + ADN vong + Ribosome + Men oxy hoa pyruvat va acid beo, men trong chu trnh acid citric (Krebs), men e tai ban ADN, tong hp ARN, tong hp protein.

Ti th Chc nang
Nha may tao nang lng t ng, chat beo va cac nguyen lieu khac vi s co mat cua oxy Ho hap te bao C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP

Ti th
Chc nang
Ho hap te bao C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38ATP
Chu trnh Kreb: xay ra trong matrix cua ti the

S tao ATP: phosphoryl hoa mc c chat + phosphoryl hoa hoa tham (phosphoryl hoa oxid hoa)
ATP can cho hoat ong song cua te bao

NAD (nicotinamide adenin dinucleotide) 3 ATP

(2H+ + 2e-)

FAD (Flavin adenin dinucleotide) 2 ATP

CAC GIAI OAN CHNH CUA S HO HAP TE BAO

CAC GIAI OAN CHNH CUA S HO HAP TE BAO

Chu trnh Krebs

Chuoi van chuyen ien t

Mang trong Mang ngoai

Chui vn chuyn in t mng trong ca ti th

Ti th S phn chia ca ti th
- Khi te bao phat trien Ti the phan chia
- Ti

the tien hanh phan chia suot ca gian ky

- S

phan chia cua ti the giong nh s t nhan oi cua vi khuan

Ti th ang phn chia

S PHAN CHIA CUA TI THE

Ti th S di truyn ca ti th
- Ti the cha he thong di truyen hoan chnh gom: ADN, ARN, ribosome, men can thiet cho s tai ban ADN, phien ma, giai ma - ADN cua ti the (mtADN) co hnh vong , kch thc khac nhau tuy theo loai va trong chat nen cua ti the V du: + mtADN cua ngi co 16.569 bp vi 37 genes (13 proteins, 22 tARN, 2 rARN); > 3000 protein c tong hp t nhan roi i vao ty the + mtADN cua ngi khong lien ket vi histon, - S phien ma va dch ma cua mtADN chu s kiem soat cua ADN cua nhan

Cu trc mtADN ca ngi

TI TH S di truyn ca ti th (tt)
- H thng di truyn ca ti th c nhiu tnh cht ging vi khun nh: ADN hnh vng, tng hp protein bt u bng N-formylmethionin

Gi thuyt: ti th l 1 dng vi khun ni

cng sinh - ng vt c v, phn ln ADN ti th di truyn theo dng m

S di truyn ca ti th theo dng m

Ti th
T bo tinh trng: gn nh khng c ti th T bo trng: ~ 100.000 ti th mtADN trong hp t do t bo trng cung cp di truyn theo dng m

TI TH Bnh ti th
- t bin xy ra mtADN bt thng ti th bt thng khng tng hp nng lng cn cung cp cho t bo t bo cht - S lng mtADN bt thng vt tri gy bnh - T l mtADN bt thng/ mtADN bnh thng khc nhau mc biu hin bnh khc nhau

VII. TI TH (Mitochondria)
6) Bnh ti th
- mtADN phn chia nhanh, khng c c ch sa sai sai st xy ra nhanh v cng trm trng - T bo c v no cn nhiu nng lng ri lon chc nng ti th cc bnh v c v thn kinh nh: bnh di truyn thn kinh th gic Leber (LHON), hi chng co c ng kinh (MERRF), - Khng th tin lng tc , mc pht trin bnh - Khng cha lnh bnh, ch gim triu chng

Mt s v tr t bin gy bnh trn mtADN

nh hng ca t bin mtADN ln cc c quan

Tim (Kearns-Sayre) Mt (LHON)

C (MERRF)

Gan

No

Thn (Pearson)

mtADN T y ADN ca nhn Rut kt Tai trong Mu

Ti th
Tac dung ng cua thuoc khang ng sinh va tac nhan moi trng ng oi vi ti the
Khang sinh c che s tong hp protein cua ti the + Dung khang sinh t ngay t gay hai cho ti the va te bao + Dung khang sinh nhieu ngay anh hng xau en ti the +Dung chloramphenicol lieu cao + nhieu ngay c che tao hong cau va bach cau tuy xng

Ti th
Tc dng ca thuc khng sinh v tc nhn mi trng i vi ti th (tt)
Ti the de b anh hng cua cac nhan to moi trng, de b thay oi hnh thai va sinh ly: + Khi c the oi ti the thay oi hnh dang ti the b tan ra + Trong dung dch nhc trng ti the b phong len + Trong dung dch u trng ti the b keo dai ra + Chat oc, chat phong xa thay oi hoac pha huy cau truc va chc nang cua ti the

LAP THE (Plastid)

Lp th
- Ch co thc vat - Cac loai lap the: + Loai khong mau: vo sac lap + Loai co mau: luc lap va sac lap - Cac loai lap the co nguon goc chung va co the bien oi t dang nay sang dang khac + Luc lap Sac lap + Vo sac lap Luc lap +Vo sac lap Sac lap

Cc loi lp th

+ dip lc L p bt L p d u Lp m

/s yu

1. V SC LP (Leucoplast)
- Khng mu, hnh dng khng xc nh, kch thc nh nht, - Tp trung quanh nhn hoc ri rc trong bo tng - Phn b trong cc b phn khng mu ca thc vt bc cao: ngn r, ni nh ca ht, cnh hoa mu trng, - Lp bt: thng gp nht, d tr tinh bt - Cc loi v sc lp khc: lp m, lp du

2. SC LP (Chromoplast)

- Khng cha dip lc, ch cha cc sc t mu nh: vng, , da cam, vng cam (carotenoid)

3. LUC LAP (Chloroplast)

- Phan co mau luc cua thc vat (co nhieu la) - Cha diep luc thu nang lng anh sang - Cung vi diep luc, enzymes va nhng chat khac quang hp: tong hp chat hu c t nang lng mat tri

Lc lp - Cu to
- Hnh cau hoac hnh bau duc, mau luc sang - Mot bao vi hai mang: mang ngoai, mang trong - Moi tui dep thylakoid - Gom 40 - 60 chong tui dep hnh da granum

Lc lp - Cu to
- Hnh cau hoac hnh bau duc, mau luc sang - Mot bao vi hai mang: mang ngoai, mang trong - Moi tui dep thylakoid
Granum Cht nn Mng trong

Ribosome Ti thylakoid Mng ngoi Khong gian mng ctADN Khong trong thylakoid

- Gom 40 - 60 chong tui dep hnh da granum

Lc lp - Cu to

Hnh anh cua luc lap di KHV ien t

Lc lp - Cu to
Ba ngan :khoang gia cac mang, chat nen (stroma) va khoang trong thylakoid

Cac khoang trong cua cac thylakoid noi thong vi nhau + Mang ngoai cho cac chat tham qua de dang + Mang trong t tham tren mang co cac protein van tai +Mang thylakoid khong cho cac ion tham qua

Lc lp Cc lai sc t quang hp
Cac sac to quang hp: + Diep luc to a (chlorophyll a): thu chu yeu anh sang lam tm va o, phan chieu anh sang luc + Diep luc to b (chlorophyll b): co cau truc giong diep luc to a, thu chu yeu anh sang lam va cam va phan chieu anh sang vang luc + Carotenoid: la nhom sac to vang cam, thu chu yeu anh sang lam luc Stroma cha nhieu men; ADN vong; ribosome; hat tinh bot; giot m; vitamin D, E, K; cac muoi K+, Na+, Ca++, Fe++, Si++

Lc lp - Chc nng
Quang hp

6 CO2 + 6 H2O +as C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Lc lp - Chc nng

Lc lp - Chc nng
Cac phan ng phu thuoc anh sang (quang hoa hoc) + Can anh sang + Cac phan ng xay ra mang thylakoid + Giai phong O2, + Nang lng anh sang hoa nang (ATP, NADPH)

Lc lp - Chc nng

Lc lp - Chc nng

Lc lp - Chc nng
Cac phan ng toi (hoa hoc): - Xay ra trong stroma cua luc lap - Khong trc tiep dung anh sang - Dung NADPH va ATP t phan ng sang carbohydrat t CO2 cua kh quyen (chu trnh Calvin)

Lc lp - Chc nng

Chu trnh Calvin

3. LC LP B gen ca lc lp
- Lc lp c b my di truyn ring: cc ADN hnh vng, ribosome, cc enzyme, t tng hp protein cn thit - H gen ca lc lp ln v phc tp hn ca ti th: thng di 120 160kb v cha khong 120 gen - Theo thuyt tin ha, lc lp c ngun gc t vi khun (hin tng ni cng sinh, tng t ti th)

PROTEASOME

PROTEASOME
1. Cau tao: - Aaron Ciechanover, Irwin Rose & Avram Hershko : Nobel ha hc 2004 -Cau truc khong co mang -Co trong bao tng va trong nhan -Phc hp a protein ac biet

PROTEASOME
1. Cau tao:
- Dang ong tron, co 4 vong tieu n v xep chong len nhauVung trung tam (20S) + 2 vong tren va di (7 tieu n v ): + 2 vong gia (7 tieu n v ): cha cac enzyme thuy giai protein

Cau tao cua proteasome

PROTEASOME
1. Cau tao: (tt)
- 2 mu chup : nhan dien polyubinquitin ieu khien (19S). - Proteasome (26S)

H thng ubiquitin proteasome

PROTEASOME
2. Hoat ong cua proteasome:
- Protein ch c anh dau vi mot chuoi protein polyubinquitin nh men ubiquitin ligase. -Protein vi ubiquitin c nhan biet bi mu chup protein vao trong proteasome. - Proteasome loai chuoi ubiquitin, polypeptid b thuy giai ben trong. -Cac san pham peptid c tra lai bao tng acid amin Hoat ong cua proteasome

PROTEASOME
3. Chc nang:
Phan huy protein bat thng hoac nhng protein khong con can thiet cho te bao.

BO XNG TE BAO (The cytoskeleton)

B xng t bo
Bo xng te bao hien dien trong khap bao tng cua te bao Eukaryotae Gom mang li cac si protein + protein phu:

Ongvi the Si actin

Vi si Si trung gian ng vi th

Si trung gian

B xng t bo chc nng

- Nang , duy tr hnh dang te bao - Xac nh v tr khong gian cua cac bao quan trong te bao - Van chuyen cac chat va cac bao quan trong te bao

B xng t bo chc nng

- Di

chuyen cua te bao

- Thanh phan thiet yeu cua bo may phan chia te bao

ng vi th (Microtubule) - Cu to

-Ong rong, thang, ng knh 25nm - c tao bi cac protein hnh cau: tubulin - Cac tubulin ket thanh tng cap heterodimer / tubulin trung hp 13 si nguyen cua ong vi the

ng vi th

Tnh hu cc v tnh linh ng

-Ong vi the co cau truc hu cc: + au cong: gan cac phan t tubulin (dimer / tubulin ) vi ong tang trng nhanh chong + au tr : gan trung the ben - Ong vi the la cau truc rat linh ong (khong ben ong hoc): + Tao mi, hay keo dai (trung hp) + Rut ngan hay bien mat (kh trung hp)

ng vi th

Tnh hu cc v tnh linh ng

Y ngha: Yeu to quan trong trong s tang trng cua vi ong va cac c ong nh hng cua te bao

ng vi th

Tnh hu cc v tnh linh ng

ng dng: Ong vi the nhay vi cac chat can phan chia te bao (colchicin, colcemid, vinblastin, vineristin, taxol) thuoc tr ung th

ng vi th - V tr

- Vao gian ky: ong vi the xuat phat t trung tam te bao toa ra khap bao tng ong vi the bao tng

ng vi th - V tr

- Vao thi ky phan chia: ong vi the bao tng giai the ong vi the cua thoi phan bao

ng vi th

Long va roi - Ong vi the co long va roi cua mot so te bao:

ng vi th
Cau tao cua long : - Kieu cau truc (9+2) (te bao Eukaryotae) - Hai ong vi the trung tam: ong hoan chnh - Cac oi ong vi the chu vi: 1 ong hoan chnh + 1 ong khong hoan chnh + Ong hoan chnh: 13 si nguyen + Ong khong hoan chnh: 10 si nguyen

2 ng vi th ngoi Tay dynein ng vi th trung tm Protein ni cc ng vi th

Mng t bo

Vi ng Mng t bo Th gc

Li
Thit ct ngang ca roi

B 3

Thit ct ngang ca th gc

ng vi th
Cu to ca lng : (tt) - Moi oi ong vi the cua mot si truc: noi lien vi the goc
- The

goc co cau truc tng t trung t

- 2 ong vi the trung tam cua si truc : cham dt trc khi en the goc

ng vi th
S vn ng ca lng hoc roi: - Cac ong vi the trong si truc trt len nhau s van ong cua long hoac roi

ng vi th
S vn ng ca lng hoc roi:

Si Actin (Microfilament) - Cu to
-ng knh: 7nm - c tao bi 2 chuoi xoan actin - Tieu n v actin la cac protein hnh cau

- Cung vi myosin chc nang co duoi cua te bao

Si Actin - Cu to
- Khi can thiet cac phan t actin c trung hp nhanh chong si actin - Khi khong can thiet si actin giai the

Si Actin - Cu to

Si Actin V tr- Chc nng

- Tap trung ngay di mang sinh chat (bo lien ket cheo) duy tr hnh dang te bao -Hnh thanh vi mao: Loi vi mao: 40 si actin bo song song

Si Actin V tr- Chc nng

- S van ong te bao: trung hp + kh trung hp

Si Actin V tr- Chc nng

-Bo si actin + bo si myosin S co c Y ngha trong phan bao

Si Actin V tr- Chc nng

k cui ca s phn bo: B si actin + myosin vng co tht chia t bo m thnh 2 t bo con

Vng co tht

Si trung gian (Intermediate filament) -Cu to-Ch tm thay ong vat a bao -c tao bi cac protein hnh si (50 loai protein- 6 nhom) - ng knh 10nm - Cac tieu n v protein hnh si quan xoan theo kieu si thng

Si trung gian (Intermediate filament) -Cu toCo 6 loai si trung gian: -I + II : Keratin (te bao bieu mo cua bang quang, da) -III : Vimentin (nguyen bao si, bach cau); desmin (c) -IV: Neurofilament (te bao than kinh si than kinh) -V: Lamin (la si cua vo nhan) -VI: Nestin (Te bao goc cua he than kinh trung ng)

Si trung gian V tr
-Mang li si trung gian bao quanh nhan va keo dai ra ngoai vi te bao - lien ket vi mang nguyen sinh chat
Cht nhim sc LNSC Nhn Trung th Si trung gian

ng vi th L si

L nhn

Mng ngoi nhn Mng trong nhn

Si trung gian V tr
- Mang si trung gian an ket chat che ngay di mang trong cua bao nhan la si cua vo nhan
Mng trong v ngoi ca nhn L nhn L si Cht nhim sc

Si trung gian Chc nng

-La thanh phan vng ben va t hoa tan lam ben c hoc cho te bao + Mang li cac si keratin te bao bieu mo lien ket nhau lam tang sc ben vng cua cac te bao nay + Lp keratin lp vo ran chac bao ve lp ngoai cua c the ong vat: chong nong, chong mat nc...

TRUNG THE (Centrosome)

Trung th Cu to

Trung th Cp trung t

- Nam gan trung tam te bao, ngay ben ngoai nhan

Vi ng

Lt ct dc c a trung t

Cc vi ng

Lt ct ngang c a trung t

9 b 3 vi ng

-Gom mot mien am mau + 2 trung t vuong goc nhau

Trung th Cu to
Trung t: + Hnh tru + ng knh: 0,2 m; dai: 0,4 m + 9 bo ba vi ong + Moi bo ba gom: 1 ong hoan chnh (A) + 2 ong khong hoan chnh (B, C)

Trung th S nhn i ca trung t

-Bat au cung luc vi s bat au tong hp ADN -Hai trung t cu tach ri hai trung t mi (moi trung t mi nam thang goc vi mot trung t cu) - Ban au ch co 9 ong vi the n 1 bo 3 chiec ong vi the

Trung th chc nng

-Mien am mau xung quanh trung t la ni xuat phat cua cac ong vi the bao tng

-Trung t co vai tro trong s hnh thanh long va roi