KIM LOI PHN NG VI MUI

I. PHNG PHP
Dng I: Mt kim loi y mt ion kim loi khc.
iu kin kim loi X y c kim loi Y ra khi dung djch mui ca Y:
- X phi ng trc Y trong dy in ha.
V d: Xt phn ng sau:
Cu + 2Ag
+
Cu
2+
+ 2Ag
Phn ng trn lun xy ra v: Cu c tnh kh mnh hon Ag v Ag
+
c tnh oxi ha mnh hon Cu
2+
.
Fe + Al
3+
: Phn ng ny khng xy ra v Fe ng sau Al trong dy in ha.
- Mui ca kim loi Y phi tan trong nc.
Zn + Fe(NO3)3 Zn(NO3)2 + Fe
phn ng ny xy ra v Zn ng trc Fe v mui st nitrat tan tt trong nc.
Al + PbSO4: Phn ng ny khng xy ra v mui ch sunfat khng tan trong nc.
Ch !: Khng c ly cc kim loi kim (Na, K, ...) v kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba) mc d chng ng trc nhiu kim loi
nhng khi cho vo nc th s tc dung vi nc trc to ra mt bazo, sau s thuc hin phn ng trao i vi mui
to hiroxit (kt ta).
V d: Cho kali vo dung djch Fe2(SO4)3 th c cc phn ng sau:
K + H2O KOH + 1/2 H2.
Fe2(SO4)3 + 6KOH 2Fe(OH)3 + 3K2SO4
Dng II: Cho mt kim loi X vo dung djch cha hai mui ca hai ion kim loi Y
n+
v Z
m+
.
- on gin trong tnh ton, ta chi xt trng hp X ng trc Y v Z, ngha l kh c c hai ion Y
n+
v Z
m+
(Y
ng trc Z).
- Do Z
m+
c tnh oxi ha mnh hon Y
n+
nn X phn ng vi Z
m+
trc:
mX + qZ
m+
mX
q+
+ qZ (1) (q l ha trj ca X)
Nu sau phn ng (1) cn d X th c phn ng:
nX + qY
n+
nX
q+
+ qY (2)
Vy, cc trng hp xy ra sau khi phn ng kt thc:
+ Nu dung djch cha 3 ion kim loi (X
q+
, Y
n+
v Z
m+
) th khng c phn ng (2) xy ra, tc l kim loi X ht v ion Z
m+
cn
d.
+ Nu dung djch cha hai ion kim loi (X
q+
, Y
n+
) th phn ng (1) xy ra xong (tc ht Z
m+
), phn ng (2) xy ra cha xong
(d Y
n+
), tc l X ht.
+ Nu dung djch chi cha ion kim loi (X
q+
) th phn ng (1), (2) xy ra hon ton, tc l cc ion Y
n+
v Z
m+
ht, cn X ht
hoc d.
Ch !:
- Nu bit s mol ban u ca X, Y
n+
v Z
m+
th ta thuc hin th tu nh trn.
- Nu bit cu th s mol ban u ca Y
n+
v Z
m+
nhng khng bit s mol ban u ca X, th:
+ Khi bit khi lng cht rn D (gm cc kim loi kt ta hay d), ta ly hai mc so snh:
M"# $: Va xong phn ng (1), cha xy ra phn ng (2). Z kt ta ht, Y cha kt ta, X tan ht.
mCht rn = mZ = m1
M"# %: Va xong phn ng (1) v phn ng (2), Y v Z kt ta ht, X tan ht.
mCht rn = mZ + mY = m2
Ta tin hnh so snh khi lng cht rn D vi m1 v m2
Nu mD < m1: Z kt ta mt phn, Y cha kt ta.
Nu m1 < mD < m2 : Z kt ta ht, Y kt ta mt phn
Nu mD > m2 : Y v Z kt ta ht, d X.
+ Khi bit khi lng chung cc oxit kim loi sau khi nung kt ta hidroxit to ra khi thm NaOH d vo dung djch thu
c sau phn ng gia X vi Y
n+
v Z
m+
, ta c th s dung 1 trong 2 phong php sau:
Ph&'ng (h)( $: Gi s chi c phn ng (1) (Z kt ta ht, X tan ht, Y
n+
cha phn ng) th:
m1 = m cc oxit
Gi s va xong phn ng (1) v (2) (Y v Z kt ta ht, X tan ht) th:
m2 = mcc oxit
xc jnh im kt thc phn ng, ta tin hnh so snh mcht rn vi m1, m2 nh:
m2 < mcht rn < m1: Z kt ta ht, Y kt ta mt phn, X tan ht.
mcht rn > m1: Z kt ta mt phn, Y cha kt ta, X tan ht.
Ph&'ng (h)( %: Xt 3 trng hp sau:
D X, ht Y
n+
v Z
m+
.
Ht X, d Y
n+
v Z
m+
.
Ht X, ht Z
m+
v d Y
n+
.
Trong mi trng hp, gii h phong trnh va lp. Nu cc nghim u dong v tha mn mt iu kin ban u
ng vi cc trng hp kho st th ng v ngc li l sai.
Dng *: Hai kim loi X,Y vo mt dung djch cha mt ion Z
n+
.
- Nu khng bit s mol ban u ca X, Y, Z
n+
, th ta vn p dung phong php chung bng cch chia ra tng trng
hp mt, lp phong trnh ri gii.
- Nu bit c s mol ban u ca X, Y nhng khng bit s mol ban u ca Z
n+
, th ta p dung phong php dng 2
mc so snh.
Nu chi c X tc dung vi Z
n+
mcht rn = m1.
Nu c X, Y tc dung vi Z
n+
(khng d Z
n+
) mcht rn =m2
Nu X tc dung ht, Y tc dung mt phn m1 < mcht rn < m2.
Dng +: Hai kim loi X, Y cho vo dung djch cha 2 ion kim loi Z
n+
, T
m+
(X, Y ng trc Z, T).
Gi s X > Y, Z
n+
> T
m+
, ta xt cc trng hp sau:
,-&.ng h/( $: Nu bit s mol ban u ca X, Y, Z
n+
, T
m+
, ta chi cn tnh s mol theo th tu phn ng.
X + T
m+
...
X + Z
n+
... (nu d X, ht T
m+
)
Y + T
m+
... (nu ht X, d T
m+
)
,-&.ng h/( %: Nu khng bit s mol ban u, dua trn s ion tn ti trong dung djch sau phn ng du on cht
no ht, cht no cn.
V d: Nu dung djch cha ba ion kim loi (X
a+
, Y
b+
, Z
n+
) Ht T
m+
, ht X, Y (cn d Z
c+
), ... th ta s dung phong php
tnh sau y:
Tng s electron cho bi X, Y = tng s electron nhn bi Z
n+
, T
m+
.
V d: Cho a mol Zn v b mol Fe tc dung vi c mol Cu
2+
.
Cc bn phn ng.
Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e
(mol) a 2a
Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e
(mol) b 2b
Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e
(mol) c 2c
Tng s mol electron cho: 2a + 2b (mol)
Tng s mol electron nhn: 2c (mol)
Vy: 2a + 2b = 2c a + b = c.
II. V0 D1 P D1NG
V d $: Cho 0,387 gam hn hp A gm Zn v Cu vo dung djch Ag2SO4 c s mol l 0,005 mol. Khuy u ti phn
ng hon ton thu c 1,144gam cht rn. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi.
H&2ng d3n g454:
- Phn ng:
Zn + Ag2SO4 = ZnSO4 + 2Ag
Cu + Ag2SO4 = CuSO4 + 2Ag
- V tng s mol Zn v Cu nm trong gii hn:
0,387/65 < nhh < 0,387/64
0,0059 < nhh < 0,00604
nhh ln hon 0,005 mol, chng t Ag2SO4 ht.
- Gi s Zn phn ng mt phn, Cu cha tham gia phn ng.
Goi s mol Zn ban u l x; s mol Zn phn ng l x'
Goi s mol Cu ban u l y.
Khi lng kim loi tng:
108.2x' - 65.x' = 1,144 - 0,387 = 0,757 (gam)
151x' = 0,757 x' = 0,00501.
S mol ny ln hon 0,005 mol, iu ny khng ph hp vi bi, do Zn phn ng ht v x = x'.
- Zn phn ng ht, Cu tham gia phn ng mt phn.
Goi s mol Cu tham gia phn ng l y.
Ta c phong trnh khi lng kim loi tng:
108.2x - 65.x + 108 . 2y' - 64 . y' = 0,757 (*)
Gii phong trnh (*) kt hp vi phong trnh:
x + y' = 0,005
Ta c: x = 0,003 v y = 0,002
Vy: mZn = 0,003 . 65 = 0,195 (gam)
mCu = 0,387 - 0,195 = 0,192 (gam)
V d %: Cho 4,15 gam hn hp Fe, Al phn ng vi 200ml dung djch CuSO4 0,525M. Khuy k hn hp phn ng
xy ra hon ton. em loc kt ta (A) gm hai kim loi nng 7,84 gam v dung djch nc loc (B). ha tan kt ta (A)
cn t nht bao nhiu mililit dung djch HNO3 2M, bit phn ng to NO?
H&2ng d3n g454:
Phn ng xy ra vi Al trc, sau n Fe. Theo gi thit, kim loi sinh ra l Cu (kim loi ).
Goi x l s mol Al, y l s mol Fe phn ng v z l mol Fe d:
2Al + 3CuSO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3Cu
x 1,5x 1,5x (mol)
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
y y y (mol)
Ta c: 27x + 56(y + z) = 4,15 (1)
1,5x + y = 0,2 . 0,525 = 0,105 (2)
64(1,5x + y) + 56z = 7,84 (3)
Gii h (1), (2), (3)
x = 0,05, y = 0,03 v z = 0,02.
Phn ng vi HNO3:
Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
z 4z (mol)
3Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
(1,5x + y) 8/3(1,5x +y) (mol)
nHNO3 = 8,3(1,5x + y) + 4z = 0,36 (mol)
Vy V dd HNO3 = 0,36 /2 = 0,18 (lt)
V d *: Cho hn hp (Y) gm 2,8 gam Fe v 0,81 gam Al vo 200ml dung djch (C) cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2. Kt thc
phn ng thu c dung djch (D) v 8,12 gam cht rn (E) gm ba kim loi. Cho (E) tc dung vi dung djch HCl d, ta
thu c 0,672 lt H2 (ktc). Tnh nng mol/l AgNO3, Cu(NO3)2 trc khi phn ng.
H&2ng d3n g454:
V phn ng gia Al v AgNO3 xy ra trc nn kim loi sau phn ng phi c Ag, k n l CuSO4 c phn ng to
thnh Cu. Theo gi thit, c ba kim loi kim loi th ba l Fe cn d.
Ta c: nFe = 2,8/5,6 = 0,05 (mol);
nAl = 0,81/27 = 0,03 (mol)
v nH2 = 0,672/22,4 = 0,03 (mol)
Phn ng: Fed + 2HCl 2FeCl2 + H2
(mol) 0,03 0,03
S mol Fe phn ng vi mui:
0,05 - 0,03 = 0,02 (mol)
Ta c phn ng sau (c th xy ra):
Al + 3AgNO3 3Ag + Al(NO3)2
Al + 3Ag
+
3Ag + Al
3+
.
2Al + 3Cu(NO3)2 2Al(NO3)2 + Cu
2Al + 3Cu
2+
2Al
3+
+ 3Cu
Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Fe + 2Ag
+
Fe
2+
+ 2Ag
Fe + Cu(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 + Cu
Fe + Cu
2+
Fe
2+
+ Cu
Ta c su trao i electron nh sau:
Al Al
3+
+ 3e
0,03 0,09 (mol)
Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e
0,02 0,04 (mol)
Ag
+
+ 1e Ag
x x x (mol)
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
y 2y y (mol)
Tng s electron nhng = Tng s electron nhn
x + 2y = 0,09 + 0,04 = 0,13 (1)
108x + 64y + 56 . 0,03 = 8,12 (2)
Gii h phong trnh (1) v (2), ta c x = 0,03; y = 0,05.
Vy: CM AgNO3 = 0,03 / 0,2 = 0,15M
CM Cu(NO3)2 = 0,05/0,2 = 0,25M.
V d +: Cho 9,16 gam bt A gm Zn, Fe, Cu vo cc ung 170ml dung djch CuSO4 1M. Sau phn ng thu c dung
djch B v kt ta D, nung D trong khng kh nhit cao n khi lng khng i c 12 gam cht rn. Thm dung
djch NaOH vo mt na dung djch B, loc kt ta, ra v nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 5,2
gam cht rn E. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
H&2ng d3n g454
- Theo u bi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton nn Zn phn ng trc, sau n Fe v ion Cu
2+
c th ht hoc cn d.
nCuSO4 = 0,17 . 1 = 0,17 (mol)
- Gi s 9,16 gam A hon ton l Fe (khi lng nguyn t nh nht) th nhn hp = 9,16/56 = 0,164 (mol). V vy nA <
nCuSO4. Do phn ng CuSO4 cn d, hn hp kim loi ht.
- Phong trnh phn ng:
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
x x x x (mol)
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
y y y y (mol)
Goi nCu ban u l z mol
Ta c: 65x + 56y + 64z = 9,16 (1)
Cht rn D l Cu: Cu + 1/2O2 = CuO
(x + y + z) = 12/80 = 0,15(mol) (2)
- Khi cho 1/2 dung djch B + NaOH s xy ra cc phn ng:
Ta c phong trnh:
(0,25y . 160) + 0,5(0,17 - x - y) . 80 = 5,2 (3)
Gii h phong trnh (1), (2), (3) ta c:
x = 0,04 (mol) Zn; y = 0,06 (mol) Fe v z = 0,05 mol Cu
T tnh c khi lng ca tng kim loi.