HA K THUT

Tin s ng Kim Trit in thai: 0913.70.19.47

Mail:dangkimtriet@hui.edu.vn

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HA K THUT (2,0,4)

Tn hc phn M hc phn S tn ch Trnh Phn b thi gian

HA K THUT 2206041051 2 (2,0,4) Sinh vin nm th 1

Ln lp 30 tit Thc tp phng th nghim L thuyt 30 tit Thc hnh Khc

iu kin tin quyt: Sinh vin phi hc xong ha hc1, ha l, ha v c, ha hu c Mc tiu ca hc phn Sau khi kt thc hc phn sinh vin nm c cng ngh sn xut ca mt s hp cht v c, hu c, cao phn t, k thut sn xut gang thp, silicat v nhin liu... ang c s dng ph bin trong cng nghip ho hc v vn dng trong thc t sn xut.

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HA K THUT (3,0,6)

M t vn tt ni dung hc phn Hc phn trnh by nhng nguyn tc v quy trnh c bn trong sn xut mt s hp cht v c, hu c, cao phn t, k thut sn xut gang thp, silicat v nhin liu... Nhim v ca sinh vin Tham d hc v tho lun y . Thi v kim tra gia hc k theo qui ch 04/1999/Q-BGD&T.
D lp Bi tp Dng c hc tp Khc

Ti liu hc tp
Sch, gio trnh chnh

[1]. Trn Th Bnh, Phng Tin t - Ha K Thut NXB Gio dc, 1999

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HA K THUT (3,0,6)

Tiu chun nh gia sinh vin

D lp : C mt trn lp nghe ging t 80% tng s thi gian tr ln. Tho lun Bn thu hoch Thuyt trnh Bo co Kim tra thng xuyn Thi gia hc phn Thi kt thc hc phn Khc

Thang im thi: Theo hc ch tn ch Ni dung chi tit hc phn

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HA K THUT (2,0,4)
Chng 1: Khi nim v cng ngh ha hc Chng 2:Nguyn liu, nc v nng lng trong cng nghip ha cht Chng 3:Xc tc trong cng ngh ha hc Chng 4: K thut sn xut mt s hp cht v c c bn Chng 5:K thut in ha sn xut xt-clo Chng 6:Cng ngh sn xut phn bn ha hc Chng 7:K thut sn xut mt s hp cht silicat

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HA K THUT
Chng 8: K thut sn xut mt s kim lai Chng 9: K thut sn xut v ch bin nhin

liu Chng 10: K thut tng hp mt s hp cht hu c Chng 11:K thut tng hp mt s hp cht cao phn t Chng 12: K thut tng hp mt s hp cht ha dc

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HA K THUT
TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Phng Tin t,Trn Th Bnh, 2004, Ha k

thut i cng, NXB i hc s phm 2. Phng Tin t,Trn Th Bnh, 1996, K thut ha hc, NXB gio dc 3.Phm ng in, Nguyn Quc Cung, Nguyn Diu Vn, Khut Minh T, Nguyn Ba, 1989, K thut ha hc i cng, NXB i hc bch khoa H ni

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Chng 1:KHI NIM V CNG NGH HA HC

1.1 Cng ngh ha hc Cng ngh ha hc l nghin cu cc qu trnh lm thay i thnh phn v cu trc ni ti ca cc cht, thc hin bng cc phn ng ha hc Qa trnh cng ngh ha hc bao gm 3 giai an: 1-a cc cu t vo vng phn ng 2- Thc hin cc phn ng ha hc 3- a sn phm phn ng ra khi vng phn ng

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Chng 1: KHI NIM V CNG NGH HA HC 1.2 Phn loi cc qu trnh cng ngh ha hc Theo nguyn liu hoc sn phm Theo trng thi tp hp ca cc cht phn ng Theo cc tham s ca ch k thut Theo dng nng lng ca qu trnh sn xut Theo c trng ca thit b
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Chng 1: KHI NIM V CNG NGH HA HC

1.3 i tng nghin cu ca cng ngh ha hc Ch bin nhng cht c trong t nhin m cn to ra cc cht hon ton mi khng c trong t nhin Nghin cu cc bin php v iu kin ch bin nguyn liu thnh cc thnh phm Xc nh hiu qu kinh t k thut Cc vn v t chc lao ng, qun l sn xut, kim tra sn xut v kim tra cht lng Phi hp vi nhng ngnh sn xut khc khc phc nhim mi trng

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Chng 1: KHI NIM V CNG NGH HA HC

1.4 c im ca ngnh cng nghip ha hc - Ngnh dng nhiu nguyn vt liu - Tiu th nhiu nng lng - i hi trnh k thut cao - Nng sut lao ng cao, li nhiu - Ph thuc vo pht trin ca nghin cu c bn - Ph thuc vo trnh in kh ha, c kh ha v t ng ha
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Chng 1: KHI NIM V CNG NGH HA HC 1.5 Cng nghip ho cht trong nn kinh t quc dn - Ngnh nng ng nht - Vai tr n by y mnh tin b khoa hc k thut - Gp phn quan trngm bo nhu cu sinh hat ca con ngi - Thc y tin b k thut ca cc ngnh khoa hc v kinh t khc
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Chng 1: KHI NIM V CNG NGH HA HC

1.6 Phng hng pht trin ngnh ha hc - Tng cng sut thit b - Thc hin cc qu trnh tun hon kn - Lin hip gia cc x nghip - C kh ha v t ng ha cc qu trnh sn xut - Tn dng ph thi, chng nhim mi trng

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Chng 1: KHI NIM V CNG NGH HA HC 1.7 Mt s bin php mi trong k thut ha hc - Cc qu trnh quang ha - S dng siu m - Cc qu trnh bc x - Cc qu trnh plasma - Cc qu trnh ha sinh

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Chng 1: KHI NIM V CNG NGH HA HC 1.8 Tc qu trnh ha hc + Cng thc tc ca qu trnh: U=k.F.C - k l h s tc - F b mt tip xc pha - C ng lc ca qu trnh, trong dung dch l hiu s nng , trong pha kh l hiu s p sut P

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Chng 1: KHI NIM V CNG NGH HA HC

+ Cc bin php tng tc ca qu trnh: - Tng ng lc C ca qu trnh - Tng nng ca qu trnh - iu chnh p sut -iu chnh nhit - Tng h s tc - Tng nhit - Dng xc tc - Tng khuy trn - - Tng b mt tip xc pha
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Chng 10:

K thut tng hp mt s cht hu c

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10.1 Sn xut etanol (ru etylic C2H5OH) 10.1.1 Khi nim v etanol

Etanol l cht lng, si 78,30C, tan v hn trong nc Nguyn liu iu ch axetandehit, etylen, etylaxetat, etylclorua, etylamin, 1,3-butadien Dng lm dung mi dc phm, nc hoa, pha xng Ru etylic sn xut t ng cc c dng lm thc phm, pha ch nc ung

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10.1.2 Cc phng php sn xut Phng php ln men Nguyn liu l tinh bt, r ng, nc p qu, dung dch thi ca nh my hoa qu
amilaza 2(C6 H10O5 ) n nH 2O nC12 H 22O11

30 350C

mantoz

mantaza nC12 H 22O11 nH 2O 2C6 H12O6

30 350C

glucoz

zimaza C6 H12O6 nH 2O 2C2 H 5OH 2CO2

30 350C

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ng xy ra trong khong 50 gi 1 tn ng cc cho 250kg etanol v 260kg CO2, hn hp cha 8 12% etanol Sau chng ct thnh ru CO2 l sn phm ph Bia cha 3,5 5% ru ln men t i mch, hoa huflong, men Ru vang cha 10 12% ru ln men t nc hoa qu Phng php thy phn g G c 50% xenloluz dng H2SO4 thy phn thnh glucoz sau ln men thnh ru

Phn

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Phng php tng hp Tng hp ru etylic t aldehit axetic CH3CHO + H2 CH3CH2OH Xc tc l Ni/ cht mang ng, nhit 180 2200C, hiu sut chuyn ha gn 100% Ru c nng cao, gi thnh t Tng hp etylic t etan 2C2H6 + O2 2C2H5OH p sut thp hn kh quyn, nhit 2700C, hiu sut 37% C nhiu sn phm ph: metanol, anhydricfomic..

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hp etylic t etylen CH2=CH2 + H2O C2H5OH Etylen l sn phm cracking du m Cng ngh hydrat ha gin tip c axit sunfuaric Giai on 1 C2H4 + H2SO4 C2H5OSO2OH monoetylsunfat 2C2H4 + H2SO4 (C2H5O)2SO3 dietylsunfat Phn ng trong thp hp th 50 600C, 10 35at, nng H2SO4 94 98%. Xc tc Ag2SO4 Giai on 2 C2H5-O-SO2 + H2O C2H5OH + H2SO4 (C2H5O)2SO2 + H2O 2C2H5OH + H2SO4
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Tng

phn nhit 70 1000C, axit to ra c nng 45 60% Nhit cao hnh thnh sn phm ph dietylete C2H5-O-SO2 + C2H5OH (C2H5)2O + H2SO4 (C2H5O)SO2 + C2H5OH 2(C2H5)2O + H2SO4 Gim sn phm ph tch nhanh ru ra hoc d nc thy phn ete. Xc tc H2SO4 C2H5OC2H5 + H2O 2C2H5OH Hiu sut t 86% Cng ngh hydrat ha trc tip etylen CH2=CH2 + H2O C2H5OH Pha kh nhit 3000C, p sut 70at, xc tc H3PO4/SiO2 hoc WO3
Thy
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phm l dung dch ru 15%, hiu sut 97% Sn phm ph l andehyt v dietylete, oligom etylen 10.2 Sn xut formandehit (andehit fomic HCHO) 10.2.1 Nguyn liu Nguyn liu ch yu l metanol Metanol c tng hp t CO v H2 CO + H2 CH3OH T l CO/H2 l ; nhit 350 4000C, p sut 200 350at, xc tc ZnO/Cr2O3 10.2.2 Sn xut formandehit t metanol Phn ng oxy ha khng hon ton metanol

Sn

CH3OH + 0,5O2 HCHO + H2O

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Phn ng xy ra nhit 600 7200C, xc tc Ag hoc Cu Qu trnh c phn ng ph HCHO + 1/2O2 HCOOH HCOOH + 1/2O2 CO2 + H2O Ngn phn ng ph lm lnh nhanh sn phm hp th bng nc to thnh formandehit cha 30 35% formandehit v 1 3% metanol 10.3 Sn xut andehit axetic CH3CHO 10.3.1 Khi nim andehit axetic Cht lng d bay hi, si 210C, ha tan v hn trong nc c hi to hn hp n vi khng kh

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Nguyn liu sn xut nhiu loi ha cht iu ch t axetilen v etilen hoc hydro ha etanol hoc oxy ha alkan 10.3.2 Sn xut andihit axetic t axetilen Nguyn liu Axetilen c sn xut t CaC2, nhit phn metan hoc cc sn phm lng ca chng ct du m Cracking nhit hoc in 2CH4 C2H2 + 3H2 C2H6 C2H2 + 3H2 Nhit 16000C sn phm to thnh 13 14% axetilen

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 Nh

dung mi hp th chn lc tch khi sn phm ph

Phn ng hydrat ha axetilen CHCH + H2O CH3CHO Nhit 70 950C; xc tc (HgO 0,5 1%;H2SO4 10 20% Trnh to sn phm ph phi a nhanh sn phm ra ngoi vng phn ng

10.3.3 Sn xut andehit axetic t etylen 2CH2=CH2 + O2 2CH3CHO Xc tc PdCl2/CuCl2/HCl

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Dy chuyn mt giai on Etylen v oxy sch a vo thp 120 1300C, p sut 3 at Hiu sut 90% Dy chuyn hai giai on Giai on 1: etylen v khng kh vo ng phn ng, nhit 105 1100C, p sut 10 at chuyn ha bng nc to thnh axetandehit i lm sch hp th sn phm th Giai on 2: phc hi dung dch xc tc: nhit 1000C, p sut 10 at, a v ng phn ng Phng php hai giai on c hiu sut cao

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10.4 Sn xut axit axetic CH3COOH 10.4.1 Khi nim v axit axetic

Nng chy 16,60C, si 1180C, tan v hn trong nc, ha tan nhiu cht hu c Ha cht c bn tng hp hu c Dung mi quan trng trong sn xut si Polieste Tng hp t cacbonoxit v metanol CH3OH + CO CH3COOH Xc tc CoI2, nhit 2500C, p sut 680at Hiu sut t 90%

10.4.2 Cc phng php sn xut axit axetic

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Sn xut axit axetic t andehit axetic

-H2O +H2O 2CH3CHO + O2 (CH3CO)2 O 2CH3COOH

Xc tc Co hoc Mn axetat 0,05 0,1%, nhit 50 700C. Hiu sut 95 97%

10.5 Sn xut vinyl clorua CH2=CHCl 10.5.1 Khi nim Nhit ng rn -150,70C, si -130C, mi ete To hn hp n vi khng kh gii hn 4 21,7% th tch Khng tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c
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Dng tng hp P.V.C ng trng hp vi cc monome khc Polime Dng sn xut si, sn chu n mn Nguyn liu sn xut cc dung mi 10.5.2 Cc phng php sn xut T axetilen CHCH + HCl CH2=CHCl Nhit 140 2000C; p sut 1,5 at; xc tc 5 10% HgCl2/than hot tnh. Hiu sut 98% T etilen CH2=CH2 + Cl2 CH2Cl CH2Cl Hoc CH2=CH2 + HCl + 0,5O2 ClCH2 CH2Cl + H2O

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Sau dehidro ha CH2Cl CH2Cl CH2=CHCl Nhit 500 6000C, p sut 25 35at, xc tc than hot tnh

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.7. Cht hot ng b mt v cht ty ra tng hp. 10.7.1. Cht hot ng b mt: - Cht lm gim sc cng b mt gii hn gia nc khng kh, nc cht lng k nc, nc cht rn. - Phn t cht hot ng b mt c mt nhm k nc l mt nhm a nc to thnh cht nh ha. - Chia thnh 4 loi: anion, cation, khng ion v lng cc.
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10.7.2. Cht ty ra. - Cht lm sch vi si, dng c, bt a, my mc - Chia thnh cht ty ra chuyn dng v a nng. - Cht ty ra chuyn dng lm sch loi hng len d: cha Alkyl sinfat, monoalkyl oligome etylen glicol v cht hot ng dng khng ion. - Cht ty ra a nng ch yu l cht hot ng b mt v cht lm tng hoc kim hm to bt.
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NG 10

.8. Tng hp thuc nhum: - Hp cht hu c c mu, bt mu hoc gn mu trc tip vo vt liu khc. - Nhum vt liu a nc ngi ta dng thuc ha tan trong nc. - Nhum loi vt liu k nc v do dng vt khng tan trong nc.
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NG 10

Thuc nhum azo.

- Loi thuc cha mt hay mt s nhm azo (-N = N-), lin kt vi gc thm.

- Phng php sn xut l thc hin lin tip phn ng iazo ha v tip v.

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NG 10

* Thuc nhum antraquinon.

Thuc nhum c bn mu cao. Gc mu l nhn antraquinon

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NG 10

* Thuc nhum phtaloxiamen.

Thuc nhum hu c khng ha tan trong nc v mt s cht v c c mu nh oxit hoc mui kim loi (pigment) Thuc nhum ha tan trong nc.
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NG 10

.9. Cng ngh enzim - Enzim l cht xc tc sinh hc c bit c bn cht l protein. - Enzim l loi protein c bit ng vai tr xc tc sinh hc, thy phn thu c 20 axit amin. -

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NG 10

zim in phn loi nh protein c loi n gin c loi phc tp. - c im ca enzom c tnh xc tc chn lc, ph thuc vo nhit , mi trng pH. - Enzim c s dng trong cng nghip ch bin thc phm, k thut ln men, c nh m, y hc, nng nghip.

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CHNG 11
K THUT SN XUT MT S HP CHT CAO PHN T
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CHNG 11

11.1. Khi nim v cc hp cht cao phn t: Cht c khi lng phn t ln. Sn xut bng trng hp dy chuyn, trng hp phn bc, trng ngng, chuyn ha ha hc.

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CHNG 11

11.2. Sn xut polyetilen. - P.E cht rn, trng, trong, khng dn nhit, in khng cho kh, nc thm qua. - Chia P.E lm 3 loi:

+ + +

P.E t trng thp : 0,91 0,935 g/cm3 mch nhnh P.E t trng thp : 0,91 0,94 g/cm3 mch thng P.E t trng cao : 0,94 0,97 g/cm3 mch thng, phn t khi cao.

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CHNG 11

11.2.1. Cc phng php sn xut P.E

+ Trng hp p sut cao:
Xt CH CH )n nCH2 = CH2 t( o2 2 C

- Tc trng hp, hiu sut ph thuc vo nhit , p sut, cht khi mo, sch ca kh. - Trng hp trong thit b ng, khi mo bng oxi 0,05 1% p sut 150 350 MPa, 200 350 MPa, 200 300 oC, hiu sut 95 97%. - Trng hp trong thit b khuy, cao 5 6m khuy lin tc, nhit < 80oC.
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CHNG 11

+ Trng hp p sut thp:

Trng hp trong dung dch: p sut 2-8 MPa, nhit 130 175oC, dung mi hexan v xiclohexan, xc tc phc xiclopentaien trn clorua kim loi chuyn tip. Trng hp huyn ph. Xc tc titan tetra clorua v nhm trietyl, dung mi l xng, p sut 2-3 MPa, nhit 60 100oC. Trng hp trong pha kh 80 100oC, p sut 2MPa, hiu sut cao.
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CHNG 11

11.3. Sn xut polyvinylclorua P.V.C l nha nhit do, bn vi axit, kim v mui. - P.V.C ha do v khng ha do. - c iu ch theo phng php trng hp c cht khi mo.

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CHNG 11

11.3.1. Phng php trng hp P.V.C + Phng php nh tng:

-

+ Trng hp PVC theo phng php huyn ph trong nc.

-

Dung mi nc, khi mo l H2O2, pensunfat kim loi kim.

T l H2O/VC : 1/1,1 0,9/1. Khi mo l Peoxit benzoyl 0,3 0,7% so vi VC; nhit 45oC p sut 5-8 at
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CHNG 11

11.4. Sn xut nha phenol fomandehit. - Loi nha kt dnh s dng trong c kh, ch to di dng keo ch to tm, ng ng, sn du, vt liu p Nguyn liu l phenol v andehit Urotropin c dng ng rn.
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CHNG 11

11.4.1. Qu trnh trng ngng phenol v focmandehit - Sn xut di hai dng novalac (mch thng) v rezol (mch khng gian)

+ Sn xut novalac.
- T l phenol / focmandehit: 6/5 hay 7/6 - un nng hn hp 50 60oC khng ch pH = 1,6 2. - Khuy trn, nhit ln n 90 100oC th ngng. - T trng t 1,17 1,20 g/cm3. nu cha t gi si n khi t t trng.
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CHNG 11

+ Sn xut nha rezol.

T l phenol / focmandehit : 6/7 nu nha c t l: 1/2 3, pH = 7, nhit 60 65oC sau tng 96 98oC.

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NG 11

1.5. Cao su M cao su l dung dch keo: cao su 35 40%, nha 2%, ng v inositols 1%, m 2%, khong 0,5%, nc 50 60%. Cho vo chn ly m 5% fomalin ly v cho vo thng cha 3% amoniac khuy u s ch. Lc tch m ng, rc sau cho ng t ch to thnh cc t mng, ng bnh.
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Cao su thin nhin:

NG 11

Dng my cn cn cao su ra dng bt nho. - Trn cao su vi cc cht xc tin lu ha, ci tin tnh c l, phng chng lo ha. - a vo my nhi v cn thnh tm. - nh hnh v lu ha. Lu hunh kt hp vi cc chui cao su khc nhau m thay i tnh cht ca cao su. l - Ty tng yu cu ca sn phm nhit
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NG 11

Cao su tng hp.

Cao su tng hp s dng phng php trng hp huyn ph v trng hp dung dch. Cao su Buna S l sn phm ng trng hp 1,3 butaien vi Stiren bng phng php nh tng. Dng sn xut lp xe, giy v cc thit b khc. Cao su Bunna N trng hp nng 25 30oC, lnh 5oC c bn trong du, xng cao.
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NG 11

1.6. Cng nggh si ha hc:

Si l vt liu thu c t cht v c hay hu c tng hp hay thin nhin c chiu di ln gp nhiu ln ng knh.
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NG 11

1.6.1. Si thin nhin.

Si bng 95% xenluloz, protit, peptit, sp t bn hn kh, dn nhit, d nhum. Len c ch to t lng cu, c kh nng nhum c. Si t tm bn, nh, mt, nhum tnh bn gim
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NG 11

1.6.2. Si ha hc:

X gi l si ngn hay ct ngn, t c di v tn.

Sn xut si visco:
Nguyn liu t g (7-8m2 /1 tn si) G c kim ha bng NaOH 17,5%, nhit 20 50oC, thi gian: 10 60 pht. Sau em nghin v nu oxy ha xenlulo, nhit 20 22oC, thi gian 30-50
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NG 11

Chuyn xenluloz thnh dn xut este d tan trong kim, nhit 22 30oC, thi gian: 1 2 gi, sau h nhit xung 6 10oC trong vng 4 5 gi ta c visco. - visco trong thi gian 18 30 gi, nhit 16 18oC v tch tp cht c hc bng lc. - Visco c ui ht kh bng cch gim p sut. - Sau vo thit b ko si ng knh 0,05 0,1mm, tc 70 100m/pht.
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NG 11

a qua dung dch ng t : H2SO4 10 150g/l, Na2SO4 60 320g/l, ZnSO4 10 100g/l. Si c cun theo phng php lin tc hoc gin on. X l bng ra nc 40 50oC, loi lu hunh bng natrisufat 1 2,5%, nhit bng 40 70oC. Ty trng bng Hypoclorit natri 20 25oC. Ra nc x phng c bit. p kh v sy kh 60oC trong khong 30 60 gi.
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NG 11

Sn xut t xenluloz axetat:

Si c tnh cch nhit dng may o m. Nguyn liu l este xenluloz axetat c iu ch bng phn ng axetyl ha xenluloz. Ha tan xenluloaxetat trong dung mi 18 24%. Gia nhit n 40 50oC vo khun ko. Bay hi dung mi nhit 60 65oC. Dung dch ng t l ru metilic.
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NG 11

1.6.3. Sn xut si tng hp:

Dng cc polime dng si c tnh cht v thnh phn khc nhau to si. C tnh bn cao, n hi, bn trong mi trng vi sinh v n mn, nguyn liu nhiu v r.
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NG 11

Si poliacrylnitrin.
Nguyn liu l nha acryl nitrin i t acetilen v axit xianhydric. Acryl nitrin d trng hp cho poliacryl nitrin trong mi trng kim, nhit 40oC c ph gia. Ha tan poliacryl nitrin trong dimetyl fomadehit To hnh theo c phng php kh
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NG 11

Si Poli amit.
Nguyn liu l caprolactan tng hp t phenol, xiclohexan hay benzen, toluen Caprolactan c trng hp 250 260oC to ra ht nha. Ht nha caprolactan a n nhit 260 280oC nn qua l to si v ko cng 4 5 ln. Nu to x phi lm
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NG 11

Si Polilste.

- Trng ngng t axit v ru a chc nhit 270 280oC khng c khng kh c xc tc to thnh polime mch thng dng si. - To si cng nhit 270 285oC. - Si c pha vi si bng dt thnh vi.
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NG 11

1.7. Vt liu Compozit.

Compozit l vt liu t hai hay nhiu vt liu c bn khc nhau c c tnh vt tri hn vt liu nguyn thy. Trong vt liu compozit c vt liu ct v vt liu nn Vt liu nn thng l cc loi nha nhit do hoc nhit rn c thm cc loi ht hoc ph gia nng cao cht
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NG 11

- Vt liu nn thng l cc loi si cung cp c tinh cho vt liu: c dng si di, dng din tch, kt cu nhiu phng - C nhiu loi si t nguyn liu khc nhau nh si thy tinh, si cacbon, si aramet, si gm, si tng hp. - Cng ngh ch to vt liu compozit thng c kt cu nhiu lp. - Dng cc phng php c, ko nh hnh, qun ng s to ra c cc chi tit.
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CHNG 12 K THUT SN XUT MT S HP CHT HA DC

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CHNG 12

12.1. Khi nim: Nguyn liu dc gm: Cy thuc, con thuc, ha cht v vi sinh vt. Cc cng thc dc phm iu c pha ch.

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CHNG 12

12.2. Thuc ha hc. - Ozenol l cht iu gii: NaCl 3.5g, Na2CO3: 2,5g, KCl: 1,5g, gluc: 20g cho 1 lt nc. - Phn chua: K2SO4. Al (SO4)3. 24 H2O, tan trong nc v chua, dng lm thuc ___ ngoi, ra, p vt thng v cm mu.
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CHNG 12

12.3. Thuc t tho mc

- Nc l i v v cy mng ct c tc dng khng khun cha au bng, t chy. - Qu gc c nhiu vitamin A lm thuc bi dng c th.

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CHNG 12

12.4. Thuc c ngun gc ng vt - Sn xut tricanxi photphat c t xng gia sc. - Thn sng ng vt lm cht hp ph. - V bo ng lm thuc au d dy. - Cao d ton tnh c hng chc nguyn t v c cha thiu mu, au mi, suy nhc c th, tng cng sa do dai. - Cao h ct l loi thuc qu dng cha bnh au nhc xng, t thp i li kh khn.
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CHNG 12

12.5. Cc hp cht steroct dng lm thuc Steroct l nhm hp cht hu c c hot tnh sinh hc quan trng. - Phn b trong cc t chc ca c cc loi ng vt v thc vt. - Dng cha bng, chng th thai, tng sc khng.
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Chng 2: NGUYN LIU, NC V NNG

LNG TRONG CNG NGHIP HA CHT 2.1 Khi nim chung v nguyn liu Tt c vt liu thin nhin dng trong cng nghip sn xut ra sn phm c gi l nguyn liu Thng thng c 3 cch phn loi nguyn liu - Theo trng thi tp hp: rn, lng, kh - Theo thnh phn: v c, hu c - Theo ngun gc: thin nhin v nhn to

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Chng 2: NGUYN LIU, NC V NNG

LNG TRONG CNG NGHIP HA CHT

c im ca nguyn liu trong cng nghip ha cht: - Chi ph nguyn liu ln - C th sn xut t nhiu nguyn liu khc nhau -T mt nguyn liu c th ch bin thnh nhiu sn phm Vt liu ph: dung mi, xc tc, tr dung, ty ra, tinh ch

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Chng 2: NGUYN LIU, NC V NNG

LNG TRONG CNG NGHIP HA CHT

2.2 Cc phng php lm giu nguyn liu - Phng php c hc: tuyn ni, tch bng trng lc, in t, tnh in -Phng php nhit: nhit nng chy - Phng php ha hc: ha tan chn lc
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Chng 2: NGUYN LIU, NC V NNG

LNG TRONG CNG NGHIP HA CHT

2.3 Phng hng gii quyt vn nguyn liu - Tn dng nguyn liu a phng - Dng nguyn liu r tin, hn ch s dng nng phm - S dng nguyn liu mt cch tng hp v hon ton - Lin hp cc ngnh ha cht vi cc ngnh cng nghip khc
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Chng 2: NGUYN LIU, NC V NNG

LNG TRONG CNG NGHIP HA CHT 2.4 Nc trong cng nghip ha cht - Dng nh mt cht phn ng - Dng nh dung mi - Dng lm mi trng - Chia nc thin nhin thnh 3 loi: Nc kh quyn, nc mt t v nc ngm - -Cht lng ca nc c quyt nh bi: mu, mi, trong, nhit , tng hm lng mui, cng, tnh oxy ha, pH

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Chng 2: NGUYN LIU, NC V NNG LNG TRONG CNG NGHIP HA CHT X l nc trong cng nghip - Lng lc - Lm mm nc Lm sch nc thi: -Lng lc -Ha hc -Sinh ha - Gia nhit

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Chng 2: NGUYN LIU, NC V NNG LNG TRONG CNG NGHIP HA CHT

2.5 Nng lng trong cng nghip ha cht Dang ch yu: - in nng -Nhit nng - Quang nng S dng tit kim nng lng l tit kim nhin liu, in, hi nc

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Chng 3 : XC TC TRONG CNG NGH HA HC

3.1 Khi nim v xc tc - Xc tc c c ch rt phc tp - Xc tc thay th phn ng chm -A+B= R - Bng 2 hay nhiu phn ng khc - A + K = AK - AK + B = R + K - Hoc AK + B = ABK = R + K

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Chng 3 : XC TC TRONG CNG NGH HA HC

3.2 c im ca cht xc tc + Hat l lm nhanh phn ng - A= k/k =e(E-E)/RT - E nng lng hot ha ca phn ng khng xc tc - E nng lng hot ha ca phn ng c xc tc - k hng s tc phn ng khng xc tc - k hng s tc phn ng c xc tc

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Chng 3 : XC TC TRONG CNG NGH HA HC

3.2 Tnh chn lc + Xc tc ch tc dng cho mt s phn ng hay mt s loi phn ng m thi + Tnh ng c lm mt mt phn hoc han ton hat tnh xc tc: -Tc dng ha hc vi xc tc - Hp ph ln trung tm hat tnh - Kt tinh ln b mt xc tc - Xc tc b ph hy v mt c hc, nhit

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Chng 3 : XC TC TRONG CNG NGH HA HC

3.3 Xc tc ng th v d th - Xc tc ng th l cc cht tham gia phn ng v cht xc tc cng mt pha: tc phn ng ch ph thuc vo nng cc cht tham gia phn ng v nng cht xc tc. - Xc tc d th: tc dng xc tc trn cc trung tm phn ng, qu trnh gm cc giai an:

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Chng 3 : XC TC TRONG CNG NGH HA HC

a. Khuych tn cc cht tham gia phn ng n b mt xc tc b. Khuych tn cc cht tham gia phn ng vo cc l ca ht xc tc c. Hp ph hat tnh. d. B tr li cc nguyn t to thnh cc hp cht b mt e. Phn hy phc cht g. Nh sn phm ra khi b mt h. Khuych tn sn phm ra khi l i Kh h h i
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Chng 3 : XC TC TRONG CNG NGH HA HC

+ ng hc qu trnh xc tc d th - a,i chm ngi ta khuy trn - b, g chm ngi ta tng ng knh l - c,d,e chm ngi ta tng nhit 3.4 Thnh phn v yu cu ca cht xc tc rn + Thnh phn ca cht xc tc bao gm: cht xc tc, cht nn v cht hot ha + Yu cu ca cht xc tc phi c tnh chn lc, hot , bn vi cht c, tnh cht vt l cn thit, d kim v r tin
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Chng 3 : XC TC TRONG CNG NGH HA HC

3.5 Cc phng php chnh sn xut khi xc tc 1. C th dng khang thin nhin hay hn hp chng 2. Lm li bng cht xc tc 3. p cc bt hay p xc tc trn vi cht hat ha, cht nn c cht kt dnh 4. Tm cht xc tc ln cht nn xp 5. Kt tamui hoc hydrox trn nn hoc khng nn

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Chng 3 : XC TC TRONG CNG NGH HA HC 6. Nu chy nhiu cht, sau ha tan mt hoc nhiu cht, phn cn li lm ct xc tc 7. Xc tc men, c nh xc tc men trn cc nn rn bng cc lin kt ha hc, vt lhay bin php c hc

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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

4.1 Sn xut axit sunfuric + Vai tr axit sunfuric: - - Sn phm quan trng nht ca nn cng nghip ha cht - - Axit sunfuric dng sn xut phn bn, ch to nhin liu lng, tng hp hu c, phm nhum, luyn kim, m in + Nguyn liu sn xut axit sunfuric - Lu hunh l nguyn liu ch yu, c nhiu M, Nga, Canada - Qung pirit FeS2 cha 53,44% S v 46,56% Fe, nc ta qung ch cha 15% S nn nguyn liu phi nhp t nc ngoi - Thch cao CaSO4.2H2O hoc CaSO4 khan - Ph thi cha hp cht S
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Chng 4:K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

+ Ch to kh SO2 t S: - S t qung c tinh ch a vo l t cng vi khng kh: Sk + O2 = SO2 + Q (20,7kJ) - Phn ng khng thun nghch, tc p/ tng theo chiu tng nhit , nng cht oxy ha - Nhit t S t 1.200oC phn ng xy ra nhanh, S chy han ton + Ch to kh SO2 t qung pirit st: 2FeS2 = 2FeS + S2 103,9kJ S2 + 2O2 = 2SO2 + 724,8kJ

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Chng 4:K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

- FeS tip tc b t chy: 4FeS + 7O2 = 2Fe2O3 + 4SO2 + Kt qu qu trnh t pirit ta thu c: - Hp hp kh 7-9% SO2, , 10-11% O2 cn li l Nit vi mt s tp cht - X cn li l Fe2O3 v Fe3 O4 s dng cho k ngh luyn gang hay sn xut xi mng + Cc iu kin nh hng n qu trnh t pirit: -Nhit cao chy cng nhanh, duy tr nhit : 600oC 800o C - Din tip xc gia nguyn liu v Oxy trong khng kh, kch thc qung thch hp l 8mm - Lng khng kh thi vo l khng ch cho Oxi d 11%

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Chng 4:K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

+ L t pirit - L t nhiu tng hay cn gi l l bi cho, l c 7 tng t v 1 tng sy, qung c t ng t trn xung, khng kh i t di ln, kh SO2 ly ra t nh l, tng 3 4 phn ng xy ra mnh nht + L phun t qung pirit dng bi, nng sut ln hn l bi cho c th t chy khong 100tn /ngy, nhc im l nhiu bi + L tng si ngi ta thi khng kh t di ln vi kch thc ht qung thch hp pirit chy trng thi l lng l ny c th t 200tn/ ny. Ngy nay ngi ta s dng khng kh giu oxy t qung pirit
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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

+ Tinh ch hn hp SO2 - Tch bi ra khi hn hp kh c kch thc ln bng thit b lng ly tm xiclon, bi c kch thc nh tch bng thit b lc in - Tch Asen v Selen oxit bng cch cho kh qua thp ra t di ln, axit sunfuric t trn xung, cc bi asen v selenoxit b ha tan hoc lng xung y thp - Tch m axit sunfuricbng thit b lc in t
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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

- Tch hi nc nh axit sunfuric c i t trn xung kh i t di ln Sau khi kh SO2 lm sch c oxi ha tip thnh SO3 + Oxi ha SO2 thnh SO3 - Phng php Nitro ha nh cc oxit Nito N2O3, NO2 l cht chuyn tip oxi ca khng kh SO2 + NO2 + H2O = H2SO4 + NO SO2 + N2O3 + H2O = H2SO4 + 2NO

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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

- NO hnh thnh phn ng trc tip vi Oxi ca khng kh: NO + O2 = 2NO2 NO + NO2 = N2O3 Qa trnh oxiha SO2 thnh H2SO4 trong pha lng bao gm nhiu qu trnh ni tip nhau xy ra trn ranh gii pha lng kh v th tc ca qu trnh khng ch ph thuc vo s khuych tn m cn ph thuc vo tc ca phn ng ha hc

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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

- Phng php tip xc ( oxi ha trn xc tc rn V2O5) l phn ng ta nhit: 2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3 + Q Ga tr hng s cn bng: pSO3 Kp pSO2 . p1/2O2 Cn bng phn ng chuyn dch v pha to thnh SO3 khi tng p sut v gim nhit Phn ng ch xy ra vi tc r rt nhit trn 400oC

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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

+ Cht xc tc c 2 nhm: - Xc tc cha Platin - Xc tc bao gm cc Oxit kim loi ph bin l Oxit Vanadi cng cc ph gia khc nh Al2O3, SiO2, K2O, CaO, ngoi ra cn dng xc tc Fe2O3 nhng hot tnh km ch din ra 600oC + Thi gian tip xc tng th tc chuyn ha tng thng thng thp tip xc c 4 tng tip xc, gn y ngi ta s dng thp tng si

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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

+ Hp th SO3 Thc hin trong thp hp th, cht lng i t nh thp xung, kh SO3 i t di ln: mSO3 + H2O = H2SO4.(m-1)SO3 - Ty h s m ta thu c axit khc nhau: m = 1 axit c nng 100%, m > 1 to thnh olum H2SO4.nSO3, m < 1 axit c nng < 100% Hiu sut hp th ph thuc vo nhit v nng axit

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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

+ iu kin thch hp ca qu trnh hp th: -Trc khi vo thp kh SO2 c lm lnh n nhit < 60oC - Nhit trong thp duy tr nhit 60oC - Hiu sut hp ph t n trn 99%

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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

4.2 Tng hp Amoniac Tng hp cc hp cht ca Nit t khng kh theo 3 phng php: - Phng php h quang N2 + O2 = 2NO 179,2 kJ Phn ng din ra nghit cao v thun nghch nn cn lm lnh nhanh sau tin hnh oxi ha NO thnh NO2 v hp th to thnh HNO3 nng lng tiu tn cho 1 tn Nit lin kt ht 60.000 kW.h

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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN +Phng php xianamit - Canxi cacbua tc dng trc tip vi Nit nhit 1.000oC CaC2 + N2 < = > CaCN2 + C 301,5 Kj - Xianamit cha 18-20% nit. Nng lng tiu tn 10-12 triu kW.h cho 1 tn Nit lin kt - Phng php ny hin nay t dng

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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN + Phng php Amoniac N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + Q y l phng php kinh t nht, nn c ng dng rng ri 4.2 Tng hp amoniac 4.2.1 Cc phng php sn xut nit v hydro + Sn xut Nit

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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

Ha lng khng kh P=50at, t = - 140oC, da vo nhit si khc nhau, ngi ta tch ring c cc cht kh. + Sn xut Hydro - Chuyn ha Mtan hoc ng ng ca Mtan cho tc dng vi hi nc, oxi v kh cacbonich c xc tc Niken hoc khng c xc tc. C xc tc th phn ng xy ra nhit thp hn 800900oC, khng c xc tc phn ng xy ra nhit cao hn

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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 206 kJ CH4 + CO2 2CO + 2H2 248 Kj CH4 + O2 CO + 4H2 + 35kJ Vi ng ng ca mtan phn ng cng xy ra tng t Cn H2n+2 nCO + (2n+1)H2 - Ha lng kh cc, in phn nc hoc in phn dung dch NaCl Bng cch ha lng kh cc, cc kh khc chuyn sang trng thi lng, cn Hydro trng thi kh
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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

+ Ch to hn hp kh nit v hydro gm 2 giai an: - iu ch kh tng hp - Lm sch kh tng hp a. iu ch kh tng hp Kh thin nhin c chuyn ha bng hi nc hoc oxi theo phn ng: CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2 (1) CH4 + 1/2O2 CO + 2H2 Q (2) Kh CO c chuyn ha tip: CO + H2O CO2 + H2 Q (3)
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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN Trong cng nghip ngi ta c 3 loi cng ngh chuyn ha: - Chuyn ha bng hi nc c xc tc - Chuyn ha bng hi nc v oxi c xc tc - Chuyn ha khng c xc tc bng oxi hay khng kh giu oxi
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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN + Lm sch kh tng hp

C 4 phng php lm sch kh tng hp: - Hp th cc tp cht bng cht hp th pha rn - Hp th bng cc cht lng - Ngng t bng lm lnh su - Hidro ha c xc tc Phng php hp th bng cht lng c p dng rng ri nht
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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

+ Tch bi, tro bng phng php ra nc, lc in kh hoc lc in t. Kh du bng lc ly tm. + Tch H2S bng phng php kh: Fe2O3.xH2O + 3H2S = Fe2S3.xH2O + 3H2O Ti sinh cht hp th: Fe2S3.xH2O + 3/2O2 = Fe2O3 .xH2O + 3S Tng qut: 3H2S + 3/2O2 = 3H2O + 3S
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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

+ Tch H2S bng phng php t: Na4As2S5O2 + H2S = Na4As2S6O + H2O Na4As2S6O + 1/2O2 = Na4As2S5O2 + S + Tch CO2 - Ngi ta ra kh bng nc lnh p sut 16-25 atm nc s hp th mt phn ln CO2, sau gim xung 1atm, kh CO2 s that ra khi nc c a i s dng.
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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

hoc cht hp th cacbonich nh etanolamin: 2RNH2 + H2O + CO2 (RNH3)2CO3 RNH2 + H2O + CO2 RNH3HCO3 un nng c th tch CO2 + Tch CO ngi ta cng dng phng php hp th bng phc Cu vi NH3 nhit cao [Cu(NH3)n ]OOCCH3+ CO [Cu(NH3)n CO]OOCCH3 Sau ti sinh nhit 77-790C, p sut thng
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- Kh cacbonnich cn c lc bng dung dch kim

Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

+Lm sch vi lng CO bng hydro ha c xc tc Ni/Cr, 150oC, 3atm phn ng xy ra nh sau: CO + 3H2 CH4 + H2O 4.2.2 C s l thuyt tng hp Amoniac N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + Q Phn ng thun nghch, ta nhit, gim th tch. Cn bng phn ng dch chuyn v pha to thnh NH3 khi tng p sut v nhit Mun tng tc phn ng ln phi tin hnh phn ng 400-500oC v c xc tc nh: Fe, Pt, Os, Mn, W
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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

4.2.3 Dy chuyn v thit b tng hp NH3 C 3 h thng tng hp amoniac: - p sut thp 100 150atm - p sut trung bnh 250 600atm - p sut cao 600 1000atm Trong p sut trung bnh c dng rng ri nht - Thp tng hp amoniac l quan trng nht, nng sut tng hp hin nay khang t 500 1500T/gi
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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

4.3 K thut sn xut axit nitric 4.3.1 Khi nim chung + Qa trnh gm 3 bc: - Oxi ha amoniac: 4NH3 + 5O2 = 4NO + 6H2O - Oxi ha NO: 2NO + O2 = 2NO2 - Hp th init oxit: 3NO2 + H2O = 2HNO3 + NO
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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN 4.3.2 C s l thuyt ca sn xut axit HNO3 - Oxi ha amoniac 900oC theo phn ng: 4NH3+5O2=4NO+6H2O +907kJ, Kp=1053(a) 4NH3+4O2=4N2O+6H2O+1105kJ, Kp=1061(b) 4NH3+3O2=4N2+6H2O+1270kJ, Kp=1067(c) Mun cho phn ng (a) xy ra phi dng xc tc c chn lc cao
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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

- Xc tc c th l Pt, hay cc hp kim Pt vi Pd, -

Rd hay cc oxit Fe, Mn, Co v Ni Xc tc rt nhy vi tp cht c trong khng kh hay amoniac Pt rt t tin nn ngi ta thng nghin cu thay th xc tc ca cc oxit r tin hn Nhit ti u khang 900oC p sut 9atm T l O2: NH3 = 1,25 l tt nht nhng d n, thng thng khng ch t l bng 1,7- 2,0 Tng p sut hiu sut gim, nhng tc tng
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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

- Oxi ha NO:

2NO + O2 2NO2 + Q + Nhit tng tc phn ng gim v ngc li + p sut tng tc phn ng tng + Oxi trong khng kh tng ln th tc phn ng tng ln
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Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

- Hp th NO2 bng nc

2NO2 + H2O = HNO3 + HNO2 + 116kJ HNO2 b phn hy 3HNO2 = HNO3 + 2NO + H2O - 75,8 Kj Tng qut: 3NO2 + H2O = 2HNO3 + NO + 136kJ Qa trnh ti sinh NO cn phi oxi ha li Mun tng tc hp th cn phi h nhit Tng p sut s tng qu trnh hp th, thng thng ngi ta khng ch P=8atm axit thu http://hoahocsp.tk c c nng 60-62%

Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

+ Dy chuyn sn xut axit nitric lang - Sn xut HNO3 p sut thng - Sn xut HNO3 p sut cao + Dy chuyn p sut cao c u im: 1. Lng oxit chuyn thnh axit cao 98-99% 2. Th tch ct hp th nh hn hng chc ln 3. Chi ph ch to thit b gim 4. Khai thc gin n Nhc im tiu hao xc tc nhiu v tn nng lng http://hoahocsp.tk khc phc ngi ta dng s ph i hp

Chng 4: K THUT SN XUT MT S HA CHT V C C BN

+ Sn xut axit nitric m c - C c axit lang nh axit sunfuric nng cao ta thu c axit HNO3 m c, axit sunfuric lang 70% ly ra y thp Lng axit sunfuric m c tiu tn 3-4 tn/1tn HNO3 m c - Tng hp trc tip HNO3 m c t NO 2N2O4 + H2O + O2 4HNO3 + 59,5kJ

Thc hin 75oC v 50atm

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Chng 5: K THUT IN HA SN XUT XT- CLO

5.1 i cng v cng ngh in ha 5.1.1 Khi nim c bn - Qa trnh ha hc xy ra di tc dng ca dng in mt chiu l qu trnh in ha - Dng in mt chiu i qua dung dich in li to nn hin tng in phn - Ant l cc ti xy ra qu trnh oxy ha - Catt l cc ti xy ra qu trnh kh
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Chng 5: K THUT IN HA SN XUT XT- CLO

- in p phn hy l in p m ti qu trnh in phn xy ra - in p phn hy bng hiu i s cc th anot v catot - -Th anot v th catot goi cung l th in cc - Th in cc thun nghch c tnh theo l thuyt RT E EO .ln C nF

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Chng 5: K THUT IN HA SN XUT XT- CLO

- Trong :

E Th in cc thun nghch, v C Nng ion tnh theo lg/lit F S faraday F=96.500 culong T Nhit in phn, tnh bng oK R Hng s kh l tng n S in tch ion trao i EO in th in cc tiu chun, v

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Chng 5: K THUT IN HA SN XUT XT- CLO

chnh lch gia gi tr thc v l thuyt ca in cc gi l qu th 5.1.2 Nhng ng dng thc t ca qu trnh in ha - Dng iu ch Hydro v Oxy, Xut-Clo, Hypoclorit, Hipoclorat, tng hp cc hp cht v c, hp cht peroxit, dioxit mangan, tng hp cc cht hu c, iu ch kim loi, sn xut cc ngun in

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Chng 5: K THUT IN HA SN XUT XT- CLO

u im: - Cng ngh n gin - S dng nguyn liu v nng lng tan din hn - To sn phm c gi tr, c sch cao Nhc im: - Tiu tn nhiu nng lng

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Chng 5: K thut in ho Sn xut Xt - Clo

5.3. Tinh ch nc mui. 5.3.1. Phng php xoda kim - Theo phng php ny ngi ta dng Na2CO3 NaOH v BaCl2 kt ta tp cht. - Phn ng xy ra.

Ca+2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 + 2Na+ Mg+2 + NaOH = Mg(OH)2 + 2Na+ SO4-2 + BaCl2 = BaSO4 + 2ClThng cho NaOH v Na2CO3 d kt ta ht. Ca+2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 + 2Na+ Mg+2 + NaOH = Mg(OH)2 + 2Na+ SO4-2 + BaCl2 = BaSO4 + 2ClThng cho NaOH v Na2CO3 d kt ta ht.
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Chng 5: K thut in ho Sn xut Xt Clo

5.3.2. Phng php sa vi xa. - Dng trong trng hp nhiu Mg+2 - Phn ng xy ra nh sau: MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 = Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2 MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2 = Mg(OH)2 + CaSO4 Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + H2O CaCl2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 + 2NaCl CaSO4 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 + Na2SO4 - Sau a vo lc.
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Chng 5: K thut in ho Sn xut Xt Clo

5.4. in phn dung dch NaCl theo phng php catot rn. 5.4.1. Qu trnh in cc. - Nc mui khi ha tan trong nc: NaCl = Na+ + ClH2O H+ + OH+ S phng in ca cc anion OH- v Cl- trn anot. - Th in cc OH- trong dung dch trung tnh bng +0,83V. - Th in Cl- trong dung dch trung tnh bng +1,33V - Anot graphit qu th Clo: 0,25V, qu th oxy: 1.09V.

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Chng 5: K thut in ho Sn xut Xt Clo

- Khi cho dng in chy qua phn ng xy ra: 2Cl- - 2e Cl2 + S phng in ca cc cation H+ v Na+ trn catot rn. - Th in cc H+ l 0,4V, qu th trn Fe: 0,76V. - Th in cc Na+ l 2,9V. - Trn catot rn s c qu trnh: 2H+ + 2e H2

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Chng 5: K thut in ho Sn xut Xt Clo 5.4.2. Phn ng ph. + Trn catot khng c phn ng ph + Trn anot: - Oxi thot ra theo phn ng: 40H- - 4e O2 + 2H2O - Cl2 ha tan trong dung dch: Cl2 + H2O HClO + HCl Cl2 + OH- HClO + ClTng nng v nhit hn ch 2 phn ng trn. - Ion OH- chuyn vo vng anot. HClO + OH HClO- + H2O
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Chng 5: K thut in ho Sn xut Xt Clo

- ClO- c in th m hn nn phng in:

12ClO- + 12OH- - 12e = 4ClO3- + 3O2 + 6H2O

- Clorat to thnh do phn ng ha hc: 4HClO + 2ClO- = 2ClO3- + 4Cl- + 4H+ - ClO- v ClO3- c th kh trn catot: 6 ClO3- + 6H+ + 6e Cl- + 3H2O ClO- + 2H+ + 2e Cl- + H2O - V th phi c mng ngn 2 vng sn phm.

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Chng 5: K thut in ho Sn xut Xt Clo

5.4.3. S thng in phn. + S thng in phn: - Anot: Bn ha hc, c hc, dn in ln, qu th Clo nh, oxi ln, r tin, d gia cng. - Mng ngn: Bn ha, dn in ln, r. - Catot: Bn ha, qu th hydro thp, d gia cng, r hin ngi ta dng catot thp.
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Chng 5: K thut in ho Sn xut Xt Clo

5.7. Ch bin cc sn phm ca qu trnh in phn. 5.7.1. C c xt. - Xt ra khi thng catot rn. NaOH : 100 140 g/l, NaCl : 160 180g/l - C c NaOH : 42%; NaCl: 4%, rn: 92 94%. - Thit b c c tun ha 2 hoc 3 thit b lin tip.
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Chng 5: K thut in ho Sn xut Xt Clo

5.7.2. Sn xut Cl2 v H2 thnh phm - Cl2 ln nc n mn, lm sch ngng t nc. - Sy kh bng H2SO4 98%. - Ha lng p sut 3-6at. - H2 c lm lnh. i vi catot thy ngn hydro c x l xung 20-30 mg/m3 thy ngn.

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Chng 5: K thut in ho Sn xut Xt Clo

5.7.3. Tng hp HCl, sn xut axit HCl. + Tng hp clorua hydro H2 + Cl2 HCl + 184,3 KJ - Thc t, t nhit 2.300o 2.400oC d 5 10% H2 - ng t trong kh Cl2 ngoi l kh hydro. + Hp th clorua bng nc. - Qu trnh hp th ta nhiu nhit. - Hp th bng thp m.

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Chng 6:

Cng ngh sn xut phn bn ho hc

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6.1 Cng ngh sn xut phn m: 6.1.1 Sn xut Amoni Sunfat (NH4)2SO4:

Cha 21% m t kt khi S dng lu di lm xu t C 3 phng php sn xut t kh ca l cc:

Phng

php gin tip ngng t kh cc chng ct trung ho. php trc tip dng Axt hp th trc tip t kh cc.

Phng

Phng

php bn trc tip : Kh lm lnh ngng t tch NH3 hp th bng axit.

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6.1.2 Cng ngh sn xut Ur (NH2)2CO:

Hm lng m 46,6% dng lm phn bn Ur cn dung sn xut keo dn, tm g Tng hp t NH3 v kh CO2, nhit t 180 200 OC, p sut 200at : 2NH3 + CO2 H2N-CO-ONH4 Amoni Cacbamat

Kh nuc H2N-CO-OHN4 H2N-CO-NH2 + H2O Chu trnh kn, chu trnh h, chu trnh na kn.

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6.2 Cng ngh sn xut phn ln : 6.2.1 Cng ngh sn xut supephotphat n :

Dng bt hay ht, mu sng xm. Thnh phn phc tp Monocanxi Photphat, Canxi Sunfat, keo Silic, qung cha phn hu. nh gi bng hm lung photphat tan trong nc. Hm lng P2O khong 14 - 21%. in ch dung axit sunfuric phn hu qung apatit.

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Phn hu qua 2 giai on :

Ca5(PO4)3F + 5H2SO4 = 3H3PO4 + 5CaSO4 + HF Ca5(PO4)3F + 7H3PO4 + 5H2O = 5Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O + HF

Nng axit ti u 68 68.5% Nhit 110 1200C Thng t 5 20 ngy nhit 35 450C Cht lung supephotphat n
P2O5

ln hn

14 19%

khng qu 13 - 15%

Axit

phosphoric t do khng qu 5 5.5%

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6.2.2 Cng ngh sn xut supephophat kp

Hm lng P2O5 42 48% Phn hu qung bng axit photphoric

Ca5(PO4)3F + 7 H3PO4 + 5H2O = 5Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O + HF

Phng php bung ging nh supe n. Nng axit H3PO4 ti u l 52.5 55.5% P2O5, nhit 80 900C. Thi gian 5 - 6 pht. Thi gian trong bung 1 gi sau 25 ngy a i to ht hoc ng gi.

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6.3 Cng ngh sn xut phn Kali : 6.3.1 Cng ngh sn xut phn Kali Clorua: Qung Kali Clorua thng ln NaCl. Loi NaCl ngi ta ho tan v kt tinh phn on Dng phng php tuyn ni HydroClorua Octadexelamin ( C18H37NH2.HCl). 6.3.2 Cng ngh sn xut Kali Sunfat: Phn bn Kali Sunfat ch yu K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O
2(KCl.MgSO4.3H2O)+ nH2O = K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O + MgCl2

T l K/Mg l 1:6 Dy chuyn cng ngh : Qung Ha tan Kt tinh Lc.

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6.4 Cng ngh sn xut phn phc hp: Bao gm: m, ln, kali. 6.4.1 Phn hn hp: Amonphot: H3PO4 + NH3 NH4H2PO3 (Amondihidrophotphat) (NH4)2HPO4 (Amonmonohidrophophat) (NH4)3PO4 (Amonphophat) Nitrophot: Ca5F(PO4)3 + 10HNO3 = 3H3PO4 + 5Ca(NO3)2 + HF 0 Dng axit nitric 47 55% . Nhit t 45 50 C. 6.4.2 Phn trn: T l dinh dng khc nhau. m bo nng dinh dng cao, gi t l nht nh, khng b phn lp, tnh cht vt l tt

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Chng 7:

K thut sn xut mt s hp cht SILICAT

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7.1 Nguyn liu sn xut cc sn phm silicat 7.1.1 Nguyn liu chnh vi CaCO3 ch yu Phn hu 6000C, mnh lit 9000C 12000C gi l vi gi t st, cao lanh Cung cp Al2O3 v SiO2 Tnh do, hydrat ho tng lng nc ht vo d to hnh t nng mt nc co li Khi nung vi vi 9000C phn hu thnh oxit khong Khi nung gm s, vt liu chu la, to thnh mulit, oxit silic kt tinh
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Thch anh: khong cha SiO2 Nguyn liu chnh nu thy tinh Trng thch (penat) Cung cp Al2O3, SiO2 v (KNa)O Cht tr dung cho s Hot thch ( tan) Khong mm, cha Mg3[Si4O10](OH)2 Dng lm phi liu cho thy tinh olomit: vi cha nhiu MgCO3 Nguyn liu gch chu la olomit, cht kt dnh, phi liu thy tinh, gm s

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Thch cao thin nhin v anhydrit CaSO4.2H2O, mm CaSO4 anhydrit, cng Ph gia iu chnh ximng, thch cao Ph thi cng nghip X l cao, x nhit in, b thi cng nghip nhm Dng thay th nguyn liu khong, ph liu Ha cht hoc vt liu nhn to B sung khong cn thiu Nguyn t him qu

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7.1.2 Nguyn liu ph Cho thm vo lm tt thm tnh cht ca sn phm To iu kin thay i qui trnh cng ngh 7.2 Sn xut cht kt dnh 7.2.1 Sn xut vi Nguyn liu A: 95% CaCO3 25% MgCO3 25% tp cht B: 82% CaCO3 10% MgCO3 8% tp cht C: 50% CaCO3 40% MgCO3 8% tp cht Nung vi CaCO3 CaO + CO2 - 180KJ
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T0 = 6000C phn hy, 9000C phn hy mnh lit 12000C to khong vi cht lng km Kch thc nguyn liu ti u 60 200 mm L nung th cng: 150m3, kch thc nguyn liu 150 300mm, chu k 12 20 ngy, nung 5 9 ngy. Tiu tn 16800 KJ/Kg CaO L ng: lin tc hoc na lin tc, nhin liu rn, kh hoc bn kh, ng knh l: 1 4m, cao 8 10m, nguyn liu 60 80 mm, tiu tn 4180 6400 KJ/kg CaO

L nung

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S ng rn ca vi

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O ng rn chm Trn thm ct v x chng co Trn thm r ng, bt giy, mn ca Nguyn liu vi v t st Qui trnh gm 3 cng on:
Chun Nung

7.2.2 Cng ngh sn xut ximng Pooclang

b nguyn liu v ph liu trn ph gia, ng bao

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14500C, lm lnh t ngt 6750C

Nghin,

Nung ximng bng l ng hoc l quay L ng: chiu cao 3,4 4 ln ng knh chia lm 3 vng: sy, nung, lm lnh L quay: l nm nghing, nung kh hoc t L t nghing 1 gc 3 50. T s chiu cao/ng knh = 30 40 ln L lm vic theo nguyn tc ngc chiu Chia lm 6 vng: Vng sy v t nng: 50 60% chiu di Vng phn hy: 20 23% Vng ta nhit: 5 7% Kt khi: 10 15% Lm lnh: 2 4%
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khi l nung lm ngui nhanh n 100 2000C tip 10 15 ngy Nghin mn 8 10% cn li trn sng s 85 (4900 l/cm2) Trn ph gia CaSO4.2H2O ng bao 7.3 Cng ngh sn xut thy tinh 7.3.1 Nguyn liu v phi liu Nguyn liu chnh Ct cung cp SiO2 tp cht Fe2O3 c hi < 0,1 0,25% Trng thch cung cp Al2O3
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Ra

vi v olomit cung cp CaO v MgO the Na2B4O7.10H2O cung cp B2O3 v oxit hoc Na2SO4, K2CO3 tinh v 15 30% kh bt: oxit asen, oxit antimon kh mu nhum mu lm gn c

Hn

kim
Xa Thy

Nguyn liu ph
Cht Cht Cht Cht

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Phi liu
C

ht tt nht 0,7mm m 3 5% lng kh khuy trn ng nht giu ct: tch oxit st v hp cht hu c nguyn liu : 4000C, ct: 900 10000C nghin, sng bnh

Hm

Chun b phi liu

Lm Sy

p, ng

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7.3.2 Giaion nu 1. Giai on to silicat 900 11000C 2. Giai on to thy tinh 1150 13000C 3. Giai on kh bt 1400 15000C 4. Giai on ng nht lu nhit kh bt 5. Giai on lm lnh 1100 13000C L nu thy tinh L gin on: l vi dung tch 100 200kg; l b dung tch 1 5 tn/b L lin tc rng 2 5m, di 8 10m, nng sut 5 100 tn/ ngy

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7.3.3 To hnh v gia cng sn phm thy tinh To hnh p nhit thy tinh cn mm Thi dng cho sn phm rng Ko dng to thanh, va ko va thi to ng Dt dng cho sn phm c b dy, din tch ln Chp ni dng cho sn phm c sn phm phc tp v cng loi thy tinh Gia cng Hp hay lm cho sn phm bn thng 400 6000C Ti lm cho sn phm bn c

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Mi dng cho sn phm chnh xc hoc nhm Dng HF khc ln thy tinh Dng ete silicon etylic [Si(OC2H5)4] trng ln thy tinh V men mu ln thy tinh Trng bc, trng nhm ln thy tinh 7.4 Cng ngh sn xut gm s 7.4.1 Nguyn liu t st thm ph gia gim cao Ph gia ct, thch anh, cao lanh Cht tr dung trng thch Ph gia chy nh than mn ca

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7.4.2 Phng php sn xut gm

Phng php do dng cho t st m cao Phng php bn kh dng cho t st c m trung bnh Phng php c rt dng cho sn phm mng, hnh dng phc tp Sy kh 100 2000C t nng 200 9000C Nung cao la 900 10500C Giai on lm ngui 0 1050 600 C lm lnh nhanh 0 600 500 C lm lnh t t 0 500 40 C lm lnh nhanh

7.4.3 Nung sn phm gm th

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7.4.4 Sn xut gm mn s Nguyn liu ging nh gm nhng thm thch anh, cao lanh, trng thch Nung s: trc khi nung cn sy n m 1 2% 7.4.5 Trng men v trang hong sn phm Men l lp thy tinh mng 0,1 0,3mm C 2 loi men: Men d chy c oxit kim loi kim, kim th, ch, nhit nng chy 950 11800C Men kh chy cha oxit silic nhit 1180 13500C

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Trng men c th nhng, phun, di, ln C th trng sau khi sy ri nung Trng ln sn phm nung phi nung li C th trang tr bng cc men mu C 2 loi mu Mu trn men sau khi nung ngi ta dnh mu ri nung ln 2 600 8500C Mu di men ngi ta dnh mu ri trng men Cht mu c 2 phn Cht mu gm cc oxit mu Cht mi chy thy tinh d chy

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Chng 8:

K thut sn xut mt s kim loi

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8.1 Khi nim v gang , thp Gang, thp gi chung l kim loi en. Chim 95% tng lng kim loi trong ch to my mc dng c v trong xy dng Thp cha 98-99% st Gang cha 93-94% st 8.2 Cc loi gang 8.2.1 Gang xm Cha nhiu C 3.5-6%, Si 1.5-4.25%. Hm lng S thp D c, t co, d gia cng c kh. Nhit nng chy 1200-13000C
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8.2.2 Gang trng

Mu trng, C 3-4% Bn, cng nhng dn Kh c, kh gia cng c kh. Dng ch to bi nghin, ghi l, ni nung. Cha 5-14% S : dng c ng Cha 2-5% Ni bn trong mi trng xt. Cha 14% Ni, 6% Cu, 1% Mn dng trong mi trng axit, baz nng v nhit cao.

8.2.3 Gang hp kim

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8.3 Cc loi thp 8.3.1 Thp cacbon

Thp kt cu (xy dng v ch to) cha 0.10.7% C. Thp dng c cha hn 0.7% C dng lm dao tin, bo, khoan Pha thm cc nguyn t kim loi nh: Si, Mn, Cr, Ni,Mo, W nng cao tnh c l v chng n mn.

8.3.2 Thp hp kim

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8.4 Luyn gang 8.4.1 Nguyn liu Qung st t: Fe3O4, cha 50-70% Fe. Qung st : Hematit Fe2O3, cha 51-56% Fe, S, P khng ln. Qung st nu : m Fe2O3.nH2O, thng cha 37-55% Fe, P . Qung st cacbonat : FeCO3, cha 30-40% Fe. Qung st mangan:MnO2,Mn2O3, MnCO3. Cc loi qung c p n c ht 30-80 mm. Sau thiu kt. Than cc mt phn cp nhit, kh oxi, mt phn ha tan trong st. Cht tr chung lm gim nhit nng chy ca oxit
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8.4.2 L luyn gang

L ng gm: c, thn, bng, phu v ni l Gang hnh thnh vng bng v phu l Dung tch do yu cu. Thi nguyn l 101 m3 V l bng thp, tng l gch chu la Tn dng nhit t nng kh trc khi vo l. Qu trnh ha l gm 4 giai on: Bc hi v phn hy. Hon nguyn To x v kh lu hunh. Chy ni v to kh

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8.5 Luyn thp 8.5.1 C s ha l ca qu trnh luyn thp.

Trong thp c bn l st. Luyn thp l oxi ha cc kim loi khng cn thit. FeO + Mn = MnO + Fe 2FeO+ Si = SiO2 + 2Fe FeO+ C = CO+ Fe FeS+ CaO = FeO+ CaS 2P+5FeO = P2O5 + 5Fe

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8.5.2 Cc phng php luyn thp Phng php l chuyn: Lc u nm ngang np liu Sau thng ng. Qu trnh cha lm 3 giai on: Giai on 1 oxi ha Si v Mn Giai on 2 FeO oxy ha C trong gang Giai on 3 cc nguyn t tp cht oxi ha ht FeO bay hi c mu nu Nguyn liu l gang lng

L Betxme, L Tomat

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Phng php Mactanh

Nguyn Phi

liu gang rn , st ph thi , qung

c ngun nhit cung cp 1650 17000C

Nhit

Phng php l in
L

h quang in lng 3-80 tn cc than hay graphit

Dung in

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8.6 Sn xut nhm 8.6.1 Nguyn liu

Qung Boxit c thnh phn phc tp, hm lng Al2O3 > 55% Loi cc tp cht ly Al2O3 Nefemin sn phm ph ca tuyn qung Apatit [Na2O(K2O).Al2O3.2SiO2] Hoc alumint ( quc) KAl3[(OH)6(SO4)2]

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8.6.2 in phn Al2O3 trong sn xut nhm.

Ha tan Al2O3 trong Criolit ( Na3AlF6) Al2O3 = Al3+ + AlO33Catt Al3+ + 3e = Al Anot 2AlO33- - 6e = Al2O3 + 3/2 O2

Nu in cc l Platin, nhit 10000C, iu ch 2.13V, Anot bng cacbon 1.6-1.7V Ch c 1/3 nng lng in phn, cn li cp nhit nng chy dung dch h thp nng chy ta cho thm 5 -10% CaF.
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Chng 9:

K thut sn xut v ch bin nhin liu

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9.1 Sn xut kh than 9.1.1 ng dng kh than Kh ha than l chuyn phn hu c ca than thnh nhin liu kh Sn phm l CO v H2 dng tng hp hu c hoc t Kh ha than c nhiu u im 9.1.2 C s ha l sn xut kh than Oxy ha khng hon ton than thnh kh Cc phn ng C + O2 = CO2 2C + O2 = 2CO
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C + H2O(hi) = CO + H2 C + 2H2O(hi) = CO2 + 2H2 Sn phm mi sinh ra li tip tc C + CO2 = 2CO C + 2H2 = CH4 Phn ng ph O2 + 2CO = 2CO2 O2 + 2H2 = 2H2O H2O + CO = CO2 + H2 Phn ng ca sn phm 2CO + 2H2 CH4 + CO2 CO + 3H2 CH4 + H2O
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9.1.3 Cc phng php kh ha than

Ha kh than kh

Thi khng kh vo l kh ha Sn phm 37,4% CO; 64,5% Nit; argon 0,8% Phng php ny nng sut thp Phng php gin on
Giai

Ha kh than t

on 1: ging nh kh ha than kh, nhit 15000C on 2: tip tc thi hi nc nhit xung 10000C

Giai

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Phng php lin tc Dng hi nc qu nhit, nhit 1100 12000C Sn phm H2: 35 45%; CO: 20 21%; N2: 0,8%; CO2: 25 30%; CH4: 8 10% Ha kh than m Thi vo l hi nc ln khng kh Sn phm CO: 27%; H2: 13,5%; N2: 52,6%; CH4: 0,5% dng tng hp amoniac 9.1.4 Thit b kh ha than Kiu hnh chung ng knh 3,5m; cao 4,5m L c 3 phn: np than, thn l, thi x

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9.2 K thut luyn than cc 9.2.1 Khi nim v than cc Than cc l nguyn liu giu cacbon 96,5 97,5% Nguyn liu luyn kim, phn ln nung chy, sn xut kh than Kh cc ha sn xut amoniac, metylic, etylic, benzen, toluen, dc phm, thuc tr su Cc ha l chng kh than khng c khng kh 900 10500C t nng n 2500C qu trnh sy, hi m cc kh thot ra

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3000C hi nc v H2S to thnh do nhit phn, cc cht hu c bay hi khi than rn chc li thnh bn cc xp 7000C tr ln cc kh v nha bc hi bn cc thnh cc rn Nung cc kt thc 900 10000C hp cht hu c b phn hy thm gi l than ha hp cht bay hi 9.2.2 K thut luyn cc Nguyn liu Than c m 6 8% Hm lng P cn trong than cc 0,01% Hm lng S trong cc dng cho l cao 1,7 1,75%

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lng cht kh (cht bc) ~ 25% C ht 1 3mm hoc 6 8mm Cu to v vn chuyn ca l cc L l t tng hp, bung nm ngang, rnh thng Bung cc c kch thc: rng 0,4; di 13 14m; cao 4 4,5m p sut bung cc ln hn p sut bung kh quyn Chu k cc ha ph thuc vo nhit , cht lng than Thng thi gian cc ha l 14 36 gi

Hm

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9.2.3 K thut bn cc ha Bn cc ha l nhit phn nhin liu rn nhit trung bnh 500 6000C Sn phm l bn cc v nhin liu lng hoc kh Bn cc ha than Va sn xut than bn cc va sn xut kh than c CO, H2, N2 lm nguyn liu cho cc sn phm ha cht Bn cc ha than nu Sn phm c hm lng cacbon 84 89%, H2 2 4%, cht bc 13 16% Lm nhin liu a phng, nguyn liu ha kh, phi liu cc ha
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Bn cc ha than bn Bn cc ha c tp cht S v P dng lm cht kh, than hot tnh kh ha lm nguyn liu cho cc sn phm Bn cc ha du Bn cc cha nhiu tro hm lng cacbon chim 10% Dng lm vt liu xy dng Kh ha sn xut nhin liu kh, lng cc dung mi 9.2.4 Qu trnh ch bin kh cc Hn hp t phng cc ha ra gi l kh cc cp 1

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Bao gm: Nha 80 130 g/cm3 Amoniac 8 13 g/cm3 Hydrocacbon thm 30 40 g/cm3 Hydrobenzen 6 25 g/cm3 Hp cht xianua 0,5 1,5 g/cm3 Hi nc 250 430 g/cm3 Bi than 15 35% Lm lnh kh cc u tin c lm lnh t 700 8000C xung 80 850C bng ti trc tip Cc cht nha v c hc c ngng t y

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lm lnh tip n 20 300C Kh tip tc c tch ra lc in Kh cn li l hydro 54 59%, metan 23 28% Kh dng lm nguyn liu cho cc sn phm ha hc hoc kh t Thu hi NH3 Nc trn nha c NH3 ha tan v cc tp cht un nng v dng vi gii phng NH3 Hp ph bng axit H2SO4 lm phn bn Thu hi phenol Phn lng cn li sau khi thu hi NH3 cn cha 2g/l phenol Ct li cun trong thp m
Nha
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hi bng xt 10%, ti sinh bng CO2 C6H5OH + NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O C6H5ONa + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3 + C6H5OH Thu hi benzen v cc sn phm hu c khc Kh cc sau tch NH3 a vo hp th bng du hp th Du hp th cha benzen ly ra y thp Gia nhit ri vo thp chng ly benzen dng th Sn phm nha than c n 300 cht khc nhau Cc ha 1 tn than thu c 700 800kg cc; 20 40kg nha; 2 4kg amoniac; 8 12kg benzen; 280 340kg kh cc th cp
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Thu

9.3 K thut ch bin g 9.3.1 Khi nim v g G c 3 loi cht to thnh m thc vt: Xenluloz (C6H10O5)n 30 50% Hemixenluloz 24 30% Linhin 25 30% Ngoi ra cn nha v nhiu cht khc 9.3.2 K thut chng kh g t nng g trong l khng c khng kh 150 2500C hi nc, CO, CO2, axit axetic bay hi Khi g bt u phn hy th ta nhit
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300 4000C nha chng, ru metylic, axit axetic v cc kh tip tc thot ra Sau khi bay hi ht cn li l than g Sn phm kh ch yu l axit axetic v ru metylic Phng php bt tch sn phm Dng phng php chng tch sn phm Hi bay ln sc qua sa vi 2CH3COOH + Ca(OH)2 Ca(CH3COO)2 + H2O Canxi axetat c c c, lc ri sy kh thnh b t Mun iu ch axetic cho tc dng vi H2SO4 hoc nung nng n 4000C iu ch axeton

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Kh ngng t c dung dch metylic th (10%) Phng php trch ly Ngi ta dng dung mi thch hp chit axetic v metylic Ngi ta dng ete trch ly axetic cha 3% axit Sau chng c axit 60 70% ete cho hi lu Dung dch metylic ly ra y thp 9.3.3 Thy phn g Thy phn chuyn ha thnh monosaccarit (ng) Ln men iu ch etylic

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Thy phn bng H2SO4 0,5 1%, nhit 160 1800C, p sut 12 at (C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6 Trong qu trnh thy phn linhin khng thay i dng lm nhin liu hay cht m nC6H12O6 2CO2 + C2H5OH 1 tn g thu c 150 180 lt ru 95% 9.4 K thut ch bin du m 9.4.1 Khi nim v du m Thnh phn ch yu l C: 83 87%; H: 11 14% Hydrocacbon chim hu ht 50 98%, c ti 425 hp cht

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Trong du m c khong 1,5 2% oxy v nit Ngoi ra cn mt t tp cht v c v tro X l du th

Du

9.4.2 K thut ch bin du m

khai thc ln cn tch kh v xng nh bng hp th nc bng cch lng th mui trn du vi nc nng loi x l kim, axit v a vo ch bin nc bng in p xoay chiu 30 40 kV

Tch Kh

Tch Phn

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Chng ct phn on Chng ct p sut thng un nng ln 320 3250C v a v thp chng Du lng t trn xung, hi nc t di ln Xng ly ra nh (1200C) dng cho ng c Xng nng (120 1800C) dng cho dung mi sn Du ha (180 2500C) dng cho my ko, nhin liu cho cng nghip ha cht Mazut (2750C)

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ct chn khng p sut 60 mmHg c du bi trn (250 3500C) Phn cui cng l nha ng (3500C) Ch bin ha hc du m Qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc du m t cht c phn t khi cao, cu to phc tp thnh cc sn phm c phn t khi thp, cu to n gin gi l qu trnh cracking Cracking nhit l qu trnh phn hy nh nhit Cracking xc tc l nh xc tc thc hin phn ng phn hy to xng cht lng cao ngi ta cn dng phng php reforming hoc hydrocracking
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Chng

9.4.3 Ch bin kh v cn du m Ch bin kh Tch hi nc bng cc cht ht nc th rn hoc lng Loi kh hydrosunfua v hp cht lu hunh khc bng cht hp ph rn v lng Tch etxng kh (hydrocacbon d bay hi) bng ngng t, hp th, hp ph Tch cht kh thnh cc hp cht ring bit hay nhm cc hp cht bng hp th chn lc Ch bin cn du m Cn du c ha kh vi hn hp oxy sch v hi nc 1200 15000C, p sut 3 5 MPa thu CO v H2
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