Cng ty Gi Xy Dng

T sch K s nh gi xy dng

phng php

o bc khi lng
xy dng cng trnh

Version 2.0

Ti liu phc v hc vin lp:

o bc khi lng lp d ton
(Phn l thuyt)
Tc gi: Ks. Nguyn Th Anh
Ks. Nguyn Th Phng Thanh
Ks. L Hoi Linh
Ks. Phm Ngc Quyt

H NI, 2009

LI TA
Va qua Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc thnh cng nhiu lp bi dng
nghip v o bc khi lng lp d ton xy dng cng trnh ti H Ni v
Tp.H Ch Minh. Kho hc c hc vin nh gi c ni dung v cht lng
rt cao. Gio trnh v chng trnh c bin son v thit k cng phu. T liu
minh ho rt phong ph. Thit b my chiu, my tnh v phn mm d ton
thc hnh hin i. Phng php hc v phong cch ging dy ca ging vin
rt sng to v c nhiu iu th v. Vic thit k gio trnh v ni dung bi
ging bm st mt cng trnh t u n cui gip cho cc hc vin nm bt
c cc vn c bn o bc khi lng v lp d ton xy dng cng
trnh.
Tuy nhin, do nhiu yu t chng ti cha th t chc cc kho hc rng ri
cc a phng. V vy, thng qua website www.giaxaydung.vn chng ti ph
bin mt s ti liu tham kho (dng cho hc vin) ti cc ng nghip, c bit
l cc ng nghip xa khu trung tm. Vi mong mun ng gp vo vic ph
bin kin thc v u t xy dng cng trnh ni chung v o bc khi lng
lp d ton ni ring. Gp phn xy dng qu hng, t nc.
Cng ty Gi Xy dng gi bn quyn v cng b ti liu Hng dn o bc
khi lng xy dng cng trnh ny cc c quan, t chc, c nhn c lin
quan tham kho thc hin cng vic xc nh khi lng cc cng trnh xy
dng v xc nh chi ph u t xy dng cng trnh theo hng dn ti Thng t
s 05/2007/TT- BXD ngy 25/7/2007 ca B Xy dng Hng dn lp v qun
l chi ph u t xy dng cng trnh.
Ti liu ny c ti min ph ti www.giaxaydung.vn hoc bn c th lin
h vn phng Cng ty Gi Xy Dng v cung cp email nhn file. Xin chn
thnh cm n bn c ng h www.giaxaydung.vn thi gian qua.
Cng ty Gi Xy Dng
S 14A, Vng Tha V, Thanh Xun, H Ni

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Li ni u
Ti liu ny c bin son vi mc tiu s dng tham kho thm cho hc
vin lp o to, bi dng nghip v o bc khi lng v lp d ton. Thng
qua www.giaxaydung.vn xin chia s cng cc ng nghip c quan tm. Cc
ng nghip lm cng tc kim sot khi lng ti cc Ban qun l d n, n v
t vn u t xy dng cng trnh, c quan kim ton, kho bc, cc ng nghip
chuyn ngnh khng thuc khi xy dng cng trnh... c th tham kho
trang b cho mnh kin thc phc v cng vic.
Cc v d trong ti liu ny thin v o bc khi lng phn xy dng ca
cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip. V theo chng ti cng trnh dn dng v
cng nghip l nhiu u vic nht, cng tc o bc khi lng i hi s t m,
chi tit nht. Nu o bc thnh tho cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip, bn c
th lm c mi cng trnh khc. Tuy nhin, chng ti s sm b sung cc v
d v o bc khi lng cng trnh giao thng (cu, ng, cng...), cng trnh
thu li (knh, mng, , p...) v cng trnh h tng k thut (trm BTS,
ng dy, trm bin p...) vo cc version sau ca gio trnh. Ngoi ra chng
ti s sm cp nht, b sung thm cc hnh v, bi tp chi tit trong ln sau.
Do trnh cn hn ch, li khng c nhiu thi gian trau chut sn
phm, nu ch n lc hon ho mi chia s th khng bit n bao gi. V vy,
chng ti mnh dn a ti liu ln v s c gng hon thin thm sau. Qua y
rt mong c cc ng nghip xa gn gp ln ra mt sau ti liu ny s
hon thin hn na. Mi gp xin gi v a ch email
theanh@giaxaydung.com.
Ti liu ny c bin son v chia s min ph, bn c th in n, lu tr
s dng cho mc ch c nhn hoc chia s vi cc bn b ng nghip, khng
kinh doanh. Mi trch dn xin ghi r ngun www.giaxaydung.vn.
Cc tc gi

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M u
1. Mc tiu
Kin thc: Hc vin c trang b c s l lun, cch lm v p dng c vo
cng vic c th.
K nng: Gii quyt c cc vn c th trong qu trnh hc v lm vic,
rn luyn c tnh cn trng, t m v chnh xc trong cng vic.
Thi : C quan im thng nht trong tnh ton khi lng xy dng cng
trnh ti Vit Nam, tnh chnh xc m bo yu cu k thut v cng ngh.
2. Phng php hc
- Da vo thc t v nguyn l xc nh phng php o bc khi lng.
- Nm bt cc kin thc c bn thng qua l thuyt v cc v d c th. o bc
khi lng cng trnh dn dng i hi s t m, chi tit, nhiu u vic nht so
vi cc loi cng trnh khc. V vy, cc v d phc v bi ging ch yu l ca
cng trnh dn dng, mt s l cng trnh cng nghip v giao thng. Sau khi nm
c cc nguyn l, k nng hc vin trin khai ng dng kin thc hc c p
dng cho cc loi cng trnh khc.
- Tch cc lm bi tp, gii quyt tnh hung, tho lun t c mc tiu.
3. Mt s yu cu v kin thc v k nng o bc khi lng
- Cc kin thc v cng ngh xy dng, k thut thi cng.
- Cc kin thc v cc phng php, quy trnh thi cng xy dng. Nu c kinh
nghim tch lu c trong qu trnh thc t thi cng xy dng th cng tt.
- Kh nng c hiu cc thong tin trong thit k.
- K nng v k thut o bc khi lng.
- Hiu bit v cc phng php o bc cc kt cu, b phn ca cng trnh.
- Hiu bit cc vn bn php lut quy nh cc v vn lin quan o bc khi
lng.
- Lun c gng t c s chnh xc cao trong cng vic o bc.
- Lun c gng t tc lm vic nhanh, t hiu sut cao.

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I. Bn v trong xy dng
1. Khi nim v thit k v bn v xy dng
1.1. Khi nim v thit k
Thit k cng trnh xy dng l qu trnh lp ra h thng cc bn v v cc ch
tiu tnh ton thuyt minh s hp l v mt k thut cng nh v mt kinh t ca
cc hng mc v cng trnh xy dng.
1.2. Khi nim bn v xy dng (bn v thit k)
Bn v thit k (thit k k thut, thit k k thut thi cng) l bn v biu din
hnh dng, cu to, m hnh ca cng trnh phc v cho vic thi cng xy dng v
lp t thit b cho cng trnh. Bn v th hin hnh dng, kch thc, tnh nng, k
thut, chng loi vt liu cu to nn b phn cng trnh v cng trnh; th hin
hnh dng tng th ca cng trnh.
1.3 Vai tr ca bn v thit k
Tu tng i tng m bn v thit k c cc vai tr nh sau:
+ Ngi lp d ton s dng bn v xc nh khi lng ca cc cng vic
thi cng xy dng cng trnh, t p gi (n gi xy dng cng trnh) xc
nh ra gi tr d ton xy dng cng trnh.
+ Ngi lm cng tc k hoch c th da vo bn v thit k tnh ton v
d tr cc ngun lc phc v k hoch thi cng xy dng cng trnh.
+ Ngi thi cng (nh thu xy dng) nhn vo bn v thit k v s dng cc
phng tin k thut, cng ngh v nhn lc, vt lc bin thit k trn bn v
thnh cng trnh trong thc t.
+ Ngi lm cng tc kim sot khi lng, chi ph (k ton, kim ton,
thanh tra, nhn vin ngn hng, kho bc) da vo bn v kim tra, kim sot
khi lng trong h s thanh quyt ton.
2. Phn loi bn v xy dng
2.1 Bn v quy hoch
Bn v quy hoch l bn v th hin quy hoch ca mt khu vc a l hnh
chnh v xy dng. Tnh trng v v tr s dng t, cch b tr cc cng trnh dn
dng trong mt tng th...

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Bn v quy hoch cm cng nghip i Xuyn (Ph Xuyn, H Ni)

2.2 Bn v kin trc
Bn v kin trc l bn v biu din cu to v mt kin trc ca cng trnh.
Th hin m hnh, ng nt, hnh dng, cch thc b tr (cc kt cu, b phn,
hng mc cng trnh), ng giao thng... m bo cng nng v thm m cho
cng trnh.
V d: Vi cng trnh dn dng, bn v kin trc th hin m hnh, ng nt,
hnh dng, cch thc b tr cc phng, ng giao thng i li trong cng trnh...
Bn v kin trc ca cng trnh c k hiu l KT. V d: KT 01; KT 02...
thng c xp xp theo th t: Mt bng tng 1, Mt bng tng 2,.... Mt ng,
Mt ct.
2.3 Bn v kt cu
Bn v kt cu l bn v biu din cu to v mt kt cu ca mt cng trnh.
Th hin cch b tr ca ct thp... nhm m bo kh nng chu ti (chu lc) ca
cng trnh.
Bn v kt cu ca cng trnh c k hiu l KC. V d KC 01; KC 02
thng c xp xp theo th t: Mt bng kt cu mng, Mt bng i mng, Chi
tit dm, s b tr gi cu, chi tit mng m cu...
2.4 Bn v b tr thit b
Bn v b tr thit b l bn v biu din v tr t cc thit b trong cng trnh.
Bn v b tr thit b thng da trn tn, loi thit b lp t vo cng trnh.
i vi cng trnh dn dng: bn v b tr thit b thng l cc bn v th hin
v tr lp t cc thit b nh: in, nc, h thng PCCC, iu ho thng gi, h
thng k thut cng trnh (camera an ninh, iu khin to nh)...
V d:
+ Bn v thit k in c: 01, 02...
+ Bn v thit k cp nc, thot nc: N 01, N 02...
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3. Cch thc th hin bn v

3.1 Cc hnh thc biu din ca mt vt th
Hnh chiu bng: l hnh chiu ca mt vt th ln mt mt phng nm ngang
pha bn di vt th.
Hnh chiu ng: l hnh chiu ca mt vt th ln mt mt phng thng ng
pha sau vt th.
Hnh chiu cnh: l hnh chiu ca mt vt th ln mt mt phng thng ng
nm bn cnh vt th.
Hnh ct - mt ct: Nu tng tng c mt mt phng ct ngang qua vt th
th hnh ct l phn giao ca vt th vi mt phng c chiu vo mt mt phng
ng sau n. Hnh ca mt ct c gi l hnh ct.
Hnh chiu trc o: l loi hnh biu din ni c xy dng bng php chiu
song song. Hnh chiu trc o ca vt th thng c v km vi cc hnh chiu
thng gc ca n nhm gip cho ngi c bn v d dng hnh dung ra vt th cn
biu din.
Hnh chiu phi cnh: gi tt l phi cnh, l loi hnh biu din ni c xy
dng bng php chiu xuyn tm. N c dng trn cc bn v kin trc, xy
dng biu din cc cng trnh xy dng nh: nh ca, cu, ng, thy li tc
l nhng i tng c kch thc kh ln.
Ti lp hc: Hc vin s c xem cc hnh nh chiu bng my chiu trn
mn hnh rng hiu r cc hnh v ny.
3.2 Cc hnh thc biu din bn v ca cng trnh xy dng
Bn v mt bng: Tng
tng ct cng trnh bng mt
mt phng song song vi mt
sn cao hn 1m th hnh
chiu ca mt ct ln mt sn
th hin mt bng ca cng
trnh. Bn v mt bng ca cng
trnh th hin cch b tr cc b
phn, cch phn chia cc khu
vc trong cng trnh. V d i
vi cng trnh dn dng, mt
bng th hin v tr ca tng,
ct, ca, cu thang... trong mt
tng.
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Bn v mt ng: Nu chiu mt ng trc, mt ng bn, mt ng sau vo

mt mt phng song song tng ng ta s c hnh chiu ng ca cng trnh.
Bn v mt ng th hin kin trc ca cng trnh bn mt xung quanh. Thng
qua c th bit c v tr ca cc b phn trn mt ng. V d i vi cng
trnh dn dng, mt ng th hin v tr ca, v tr mi ht, lan can, ...
Bn v mt ct: Tng tng ct ngang hoc ct dc cng trnh bng cc mt
phng tng ng ta s c bn v mt ct ngang v mt ct dc ca cng trnh.
Thng qua bn v mt ct th hin c b dy v chiu cao ca cc b phn m
mt ct ct qua. Chiu cao, ct ca cc b phn trn cng trnh.
Bn v chi tit: Nu trch v mt chi tit no ca cng trnh t mt bng,
mt ng v mt ct ta s thy c chi tit c th ca phn trch v . Trong h
thng bn v thit k xy dng th thng c rt nhiu cc bn v chi tit.
Bn v phi cnh: d dng hnh dung
cng trnh (c bit i vi nhng ngi
khng hc chuyn ngnh xy dng, k thut),
chng ta c th xem ny. y l bn v kiu
chp hnh cng trnh, th hin c cnh vt,
khng gian xung quanh nh tht. Nh hnh
bn l phi cnh cng trnh thu in Sn La.
Ch : Trong h thng bn v xy dng C trnh by trn ngi tnh khi lng
cn nghin cu c th tng bn v mt. Cc bn v thng c s lin kt vi nhau
th hin cu to ca mt b phn hoc kt cu xy dng hoc v tr lp t thit
b, chi tit ch to thit b cng ngh... Thng qua bn v mt bng th hin chiu
di v chiu rng. Thng qua bn v mt ng v mt ct th hin chiu su v
chiu cao.
4. Cc h thng quy tc v k hiu trong bn v xy dng
4.1 K hiu trc trong bn v xy dng
Trc trong bn v xy dng th hin l cc ng ni cc v tr tim kt cu
chnh (ct, tim tng, tr, m, tim ng, tim p). C hai loi chnh l trc dc
v trc ngang. Thit lp li trc cho cng trnh chnh l thit lp to v tr kt
cu chnh cho cng trnh (tng, ct, tr, m, tim ng, tim p).
V nguyn tc t tn trc cho cng trnh xy dng c thc hin nh sau:
- i vi trc ngang c k hiu bng cc ch ci, kiu ch in hoa.
- i vi trc dc c k hiu l cc con s.
Ngoi tr hai ch l I v O v d dn ti ln ch vi s. Trong trng hp khi
dng cc ch s m ht th c th k hiu ti hai ch hoc 2 s ghp li. Tt c cc
ch ci v con s c ghi trong mt vng trn n.
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V d:

1
4.2 K hiu ct trong bn v:
K hiu ct trong bn v l vic ghi cao ( cao, chiu cao) ca cc b
phn, chi tit ca cng trnh.
- Cao ca cng trnh, cao ca cc kt cu, chi tit cn th hin cao
c ghi theo n v mt (m) vi chnh xc 3 s l sau du , hoc du . v
ghi trn mi tn k hiu. K hiu cao l mi tn hnh tam gic u, t na en
na trng, cao ca tam gic bng cao ca ch s ghi cao .
- Cao 0.000 (cn gi l ct 0) c quy c l ct mt nn ca cng trnh
sau khi hon thin.
V d:
0.000
- Cao ca cc kt cu, b phn v tr thp hn 0.000 (nm di mt nn)
c gi l cao m v k hiu du (-)
-0.050

V d:
(su xung di mt nn 0,05m)
- Cao ca cc kt cu, b phn v tr cao hn 0.000 (nm trn mt nn)
c gi l cao dng v k hiu du (+)
+3.900

(cao ln trn 3,9m)

V d:
- Quy nh l phi ghi du (-) trc cao m, i vi cao dng th c th
ghi du (+) hoc khng ghi.
- Cao trn mt ct v mt ng ghi theo ng dng t cc kt cu v b
phn. C th ghi cao ngay ti mt bng ti v tr cn th hin hoc trch ra ngoi
hnh v.
4.3 Quy tc ghi kch thc:
Ghi kch thc l vic th hin cc knh thc chiu di, chiu rng, chiu cao
(hoc su) ca chi tit trn bn v.
ng kch thc gm c:
- Con s ghi kch thc ch kch thc tht ca vt th.
- n v ch di l mm, trn bn v khng cn ghi n v.
Khi ghi kch thc phi s dng:

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- ng kch thc l ng phi cch mp vt th t nht l 10mm v u mp

phi ko di qu cc ng dng bin t 1 - 3 mm. Ti im giao nhau gia ng
dng kch thc v ng ghi kch thc phi dng nt gch ngt c chiu di 2 - 4
mm nghing 450 v pha bn phi ng dng gii hn phn ghi kch thc.
- ng ghi kch thc vt th trong bn v xy dng c 3 lp:
Lp 1 (lp trong cng tip gip vi vt th) ghi cc kch thc ca ca i, ca
s, cc mng tng, vch;
Lp 2 (gia) ghi kch thc t trc n n trc kia (khong cch gia cc trc);
Lp 3 (ngoi cng) ghi kch thc tng t trc u tin n trc cui cng.
Trong bn v xy dng cng dng cch ghi kch thc m thay cho ng gch
ngt l mi tn trong cc trng hp sau:
- Kch thc ng knh, bn knh v gc;
- Kch thc bn knh gc ln;
- Kch thc t mt im no n mt im gc quy c.
Mch bn: C th ni phn ln thi gi v cng vic ca ngi o bc khi lng
dnh cho vic tm kch thc trn bn v, y l cng vic kh kh khn.
Trn lp hc do Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc, hc vin s c hng dn lm
bi tp ghi kch thc trn bn v, tip cn vn theo hng ngc li ca vic
tm kch thc trn bn v. Hc vin c trang b kin thc t bn cht ca vn
lm c vic.
4.4 K hiu cc b phn trong cng trnh:
Cc b phn trong cng trnh c k hiu thng nht. Ngi lm cng tc o
bc khi lng xem bn v (c bn v) v da vo cc k hiu bit c ti v
tr no ca cng trnh th hin ci g.
Mt s k hiu th hin trong bn v (trch TCVN 4614 88 ti liu thit k)
TT

Tn gi

Ca i mt cnh

Ca i hai cnh

Ca i hai cnh c nh

Ca i cnh xp

Giaxaydung Co., Ltd

K hiu

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TT

Tn gi

Ca i mt cnh t ng (hai
pha)

Ca i hai cnh ng t ng
(hai pha)

Ca i quay quanh trc ng

Ca la mt cnh

Ca la hai cnh

10

Ca xp ko ngang

11

Ca nng hay cun

12

Chu x kiu ngi xm

13

Chu tiu st tng

14

Mng tiu

15

ng phun nc

16

Phu thu nc bn

K hiu

a) Hnh ch nht
b) Hnh trn
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TT

Tn gi

17

Chu ra (k hiu chung)

18

Mng ra

19

Bn tm

20

Bn tm ngi

21

Khay tm ng c hng sen

22

Vi nc cng cng

23

Hp cha chy

24

Phng tm trn mt bng t l

< 1:100

K hiu

C th bn cha bit: Mt s k hiu hc vin gp trong bn v khi c hng

dn thc hnh o bc khi lng cng trnh thc t t u n cui ti lp hc do
Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc:
Tn gi

K hiu

Tn gi

Mt ct

Hnh tri: B tng lt

Hnh phi: B tng
ct thp

Trc

Hnh tri: K hiu

mt ct tng gch
Hnh phi: K hiu
mt ng tng gch)

Cao

Bn ra, bp ga

Giaxaydung Co., Ltd

0.000

K hiu

Mt ct u dm, th
hin ct thp
Hnh tri: K hiu x
bt
Hnh phi: K hiu
bn ra

www.giaxaydung.vn
Tn gi

K hiu

Tn gi

Bn gh

Gh s pha

Ca i 4 cnh

Ca s

Cu thang
(Hnh vung
t en l
v tr c ct)

ng ghi kch thc,

trc

K hiu

1100

1200
3400

1100 410 800

3700
10500

II. Phng php o bc khi lng cng trnh xy dng

1. Khi nim, ngha, mc ch, yu cu ca tnh khi lng
1.1. Khi nim v o bc khi lng
o bc khi lng l xc nh ra khi lng cc cng tc xy dng ca cng
trnh, hng mc cng trnh trc khi chng c thi cng. Do tnh trc khi lng
trc khi thc hin cng vic nn cn c gi l tnh tin lng hay o bc tin
lng.
o bc khi lng c th c hiu nh sau: o bc khi lng xy dng
cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh l vic xc nh khi lng cng tc xy dng c
th c thc hin theo phng thc o, m, tnh ton, kim tra trn c s kch
thc, s lng quy nh trong bn v thit k (thit k c s, thit k k thut, thit
k bn v thi cng), hoc t yu cu trin khai d n v thi cng xy dng, cc ch
dn c lin quan v cc tiu chun, quy chun xy dng Vit Nam.
1.2. ngha ca vic o bc khi lng
Khi lng xy dng l cn c quan trng c tnh cht quyt nh n vic xc
nh gi tr d ton v lm cn c quyt nh u t, chn phng n i vi ch
u t v l cn c quyt nh phng n d thu ca nh thu.
Khi lng xy dng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh c o bc l c s cho
vic xc nh chi ph u t xy dng cng trnh v lp bng khi lng mi thu
khi t chc la chn nh thu.
Khi lng xy dng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh c o bc l mt c s
cho vic kim sot chi ph, thanh quyt ton gi tr hp ng thi cng xy dng
cng trnh.
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Vic tnh ng tnh khi lng ban u cng tc xy dng l mi quan tm

ca nhng ngi tham gia vo hot ng u t xy dng. Xc nh khi lng
cng vic l mt yu cu khng th thiu i vi mt d n u t xy dng v l
mt cng vic nm trong trnh t u t v xy dng.
1.3. Mc ch ca vic o bc khi lng
Mc ch c bn ca vic o bc khi lng l xc nh gi thnh xy dng.
ng vi cc giai on chun b u t, thc hin u t v giai on kt thc xy
dng a d n vo khai thc s dng th khi lng ca cng tc xy dng cng
c xc nh tng ng da trn bn v thit k c s, thit k bn v k thut v
thit k bn v thi cng.
Bn khi lng l cn c ch yu tnh ra yu cu v kinh ph, vt t, nhn
lc cho cng trnh.
o bc khi lng l trng tm ca cng tc d ton, y l khu kh khn,
phc tp v tn nhiu thi gian nhng li rt d sai st.
1.4 Yu cu ca vic o bc khi lng
Khi lng xy dng cng trnh phi c o, m, tnh ton theo trnh t ph
hp vi quy trnh cng ngh, trnh t thi cng xy dng cng trnh. Khi lng o
bc cn th hin c tnh cht, kt cu cng trnh, vt liu ch yu s dng v
phng php thi cng thch hp m bo iu kin xc nh c chi ph xy
dng.
Ty theo c im v tnh cht tng loi cng trnh xy dng, khi lng xy
dng o bc c th phn nh theo b phn cng trnh nh: phn ngm (ct 0.0 tr
xung), phn ni (ct 0.0 tr ln), phn hon thin v phn xy dng khc hoc
theo hng mc cng trnh. Khi lng xy dng o bc ca b phn cng trnh
hoc hng mc cng trnh c phn thnh cng tc xy dng v cng tc lp t.
Cc thuyt minh, ghi ch hoc ch dn lin quan ti qu trnh o bc cn nu
r rng, ngn gn, d hiu v ng quy phm, ph hp vi h s thit k cng trnh
xy dng. Khi tnh ton nhng cng vic cn din gii th phi c din gii c th
nh cong vm, tnh cht ca cc cht liu (g, b tng, kim loi...), iu kin thi
cng (trn cao, su, trn cn, di nc...).
Cc kch thc o bc c ghi theo th t chiu di, chiu rng, chiu cao
(hoc chiu su); khi khng theo th t ny phi din gii c th.
Cc k hiu dng trong Bng tnh ton, o bc khi lng cng trnh, hng
mc cng trnh phi ph hp vi k hiu th hin trong bn v thit k. Cc khi
lng ly theo thng k ca thit k th phi ghi r ly theo s liu thng k ca
thit k v ch r s hiu ca bn v thit k c thng k .

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n v tnh ty theo yu cu qun l v thit k c th hin, mi mt khi

lng xy dng s c xc nh theo mt n v o ph hp c tnh ti vi s ph
hp cng tc xy dng trong h thng nh mc d ton xy dng cng trnh.
n v o theo th tch l m3; theo din tch l m2; theo chiu di l m; theo s
lng l ci, b, n v ...; theo trng lng l tn, kg...
Cnh bo: Vic nhm ln n v tnh lm nh hng rt ln n gi tr d ton
xy dng cng trnh, gi tr thanh quyt ton, chi ph u t xy dng cng trnh.
Trng hp s dng n v tnh khc vi n v thng dng (Inch, Foot, Square
foot) th phi c thuyt minh b sung v quy i v n v tnh thng dng ni
trn.
M hiu cng tc trong bng tnh ton, o bc khi lng cng trnh, hng
mc cng trnh phi ph hp vi h m hiu thng nht trong h thng nh mc
d ton xy dng cng trnh hin hnh.
Mch bn: Ti lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton do Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t
chc, hc vin c hng dn rt k v cch chn la mC hiu cng tc. Bn c
th nghin cu cc tp nh mc d ton (c bit l c mc lc) c th hnh
dung thm v cch chn la mC hiu cng tc.
2. Nhng sai st thng gp v nguyn nhn dn n sai st
2.1. Nhng sai st thng gp khi xc nh khi lng cng tc xy dng
- Tnh thiu hoc tnh tha khi lng tnh t thit k
- K thiu u vic hoc tha u vic
- B st (khng tnh) khi lng xy dng. V d: C bn v b tr iu ho,
nhng khng tnh khi lng dn n khng lp d ton mua sm, lp t iu ho
cho cng trnh.
- Tnh trng lp khi lng xy dng. V d: khi tnh b tng dm xc nh
chiu cao dm ht c chiu dy sn khng tr i khi lng tnh vo sn.
- Phn tch cng ngh khng ph hp vi cng ngh thi cng xy dng.
- Gp chung khi lng cc loi kt cu trong cng mt cng tc khng theo
yu cu k thut.
- Nhm n v o, th nguyn khi tnh ton.
Mch bn: Lo lng nht ca ngi lm cng tc o bc khi lng l bc thiu
hoc k thiu u vic. Mt cch khc phc rt tt l xin d ton v bn v ca
mt cng trnh v kim tra li phn o bc khi lng, hCy tm hiu xem cc con s
u ra, thm ch l pht hin ra ch sai ca h. Trn website
www.giaxaydung.vn c nhiu ng nghip chia s h s d ton cng trnh h C
lp, bn c th tm v ti v my tham kho.
2.2. Mt s nguyn nhn ch yu dn n sai st khi lng xy dng
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- Phng php o bc khi lng ca nhng ngi tham gia tnh khc nhau.
- Do cht lng ca h s thit k cha tt, thiu chi tit, khng khp nhau,
thng k khng y v thiu r rng.
- Do cha thng nht quy nh v trnh t tnh ton khi lng ca kt cu chi
tit;
- Do trnh nng lc ca ngi tham gia o bc khi lng.
3. Mt s phng php o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng
Trc khi tin hnh o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh, ngi o bc phi
tin hnh nghin cu bn v thit k k thut thi cng kim tra v thu thp cc
thng tin c bn v cng trnh v d nh cc thng tin v kin trc, kt cu v cc
loi vt liu thit b s dng trong cng trnh, nu cha r phi yu cu t vn thit
k lm r.
o bc khi lng xy dng c th tin hnh theo cc phng php sau:
3.1. Phng php tnh theo chng loi
L phng php cn c vo k hiu ca cc chi tit, kt cu trong bn v
tnh ton khi lng cng tc xy lp.
Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1: Lp danh mc cng tc xy dng cn phi tnh khi lng ph hp vi
danh mc ca n gi xy dng cng trnh theo trnh t thi cng xy dng;
Bc 2: Cn c vo hnh dng kch thc v k hiu ca cc chi tit kt cu ghi
trong bn v thit k chia chi tit, kt cu thnh cc hnh c bn tnh khi
lng;
Bc 3: Tng hp khi lng cho tng loi cng tc xy dng ph hp vi n
gi;
Bc 4: Lp bng khi lng - d ton cho cng trnh xy dng.
u im: ca phng php ny l tin li trong vic tra n gi tnh d ton.
Nhc im: l tnh ton phi lt tm nhiu bn v khc nhau d dn n thiu
st.
3.2. Phng php tnh theo th t bn v
Theo thi quen ca ngi o bc khi lng m thc hin o bc theo trnh t
sau:
Bc 1: Tnh phn kt cu, phn kin trc ri n phn in, nc,....
Bc 2: Lp danh mc cng tc xy dng ph hp vi n gi trong tng phn
vic.
Bc 3: Sp xp th t cc bn v theo mt trnh t nht nh.

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Bc 4: Cn c vo hnh dng kch thc ca cc chi tit kt cu trong tng

bn v ngi tnh khi lng t quy nh chiu tnh. C th quy nh chiu tnh nh
sau:
- T tri sang phi v t trn xung di.
- T phi sang tri v t di ln.
- Theo chiu kim ng h hoc ngc chiu kim ng h.
Bc 5: Lp bng tng hp khi lng cho tng cng tc xy lp.
Bc 6: Lp bng khi lng d ton cho cng trnh xy dng.
3.3. Phng php tnh theo trnh t thi cng
o bc khi lng cng vic theo trnh t thi cng t khi bt u n khi kt thc.
V d: Cng trnh dn dng c th phn chia danh mc cng tc o bc nh sau:
1) Phn ngm
- Cng tc x l nn: sn xut cc, thi cng cc, m ct
- Cng tc o t: o t mng, b nc ngm, b pht...
- Cng tc b tng lt mng, b tng mng, b nc, b pht...
- Cng tc b tng c ct.
- Cng tc xy tng mng, c mng.
- Cng tc trt tng mng, ct mng.
- Cng tc b tng ging mng.
- Cng tc lp t h mng, san nn..
- Cng tc vn chuyn t tha i nu c.
2) Phn thn nh (phn th)
- Cng tc b tng ti ch (ct, dm, sn, lanh t, vng...): B tng, vn
khun, ct thp
- Cng tc lp ghp kt cu
- Cng tc xy
- Cng tc cu thang
3) Phn mi
+ Lm mi bng
- Thi cng cc lp mi
- Xy tng chn mi
- Trt p, qut vi
- Chng nng ngoi
- B nc mi
- Tum thang
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+ Lm mi dc
- Kt cu mi: v ko, x g, cu phong
- Lp mi, xy b
- Sn kt cu mi...
4) Phn hon thin
- Cng tc lp ca, vch ngn
- Cng tc lm trn, dn p trang tr
- Trt tng, ct, dm trn
- Lt nn, sn
- p tng
- Cng tc sn, qut vi
5) Phn xy dng khc
+ H rnh ngoi nh
- Cng tc t
- Cng tc b tng ( b tng tm an, b tng rnh...)
- Cng tc xy
- Cng tc trt, lng
- Cng tc gia cng v lp dng tm an
- Cng tc xy, trt, p..., bn hoa
- Cng tc vn chuyn t tha nu c
+ Sn vn, cnh quan
6) Phn in nc, chng st
- Lp t thit b v sinh (chu ra, vi sen, lavab)
- Lp t ng ng cp thot nc (ng, ph kin..)
- Lp t thit b in (ko di dy dn, hp ni, ttmt, n, qut.)
- Lp t h thng chng st (kim thu st, dy thu st, dy dn st, cc tip
a..)
C th bn cha bit: Nhn vo bn khi lng, tng ng l bng d ton, ngi
ta c th bit ngi lp c hiu bit g v thi cng xy dng hay khng ? Ngi c
hiu bit s sp xp u vic v tnh ton khi lng cho cng vic theo trnh t thi
cng cng trnh, cng vic no thi cng trc xp trc, xc nh khi lng trc.
V d: Cng tc b tng dm, sn ti ch phi lp vn khun, lp ct thp ri
mi b tng. Nhng cng tc b tng ct th phi lp ct thp ri mi lp vn
khun v b tng. Theo tun t ny ln lt tnh ton cho tng cng vic cho
n ht.
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4. Cc nguyn tc p dng khi o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng

- Tnh ng, tnh khi lng cc cng tc xy dng ph hp vi tng giai
on thit k;
- Khi lng cc cng tc xy dng c o bc phi c n v o ph hp vi
n v tnh nh mc, n gi xy dng cng trnh;
- Khi lng cng tc xy dng phi bc tch theo ng chng loi, quy cch
(kch thc), iu kin k thut v bin php thi cng;
- Khi lng cng tc xy dng c o bc phi thun li trong vic p gi
khi xc nh gi tr d ton xy dng hng mc cng trnh (cng trnh xy dng);
- Khi o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng cn vn dng cch t tha s
chung cho cc b phn ging nhau, hoc dng k hiu s dng li nhm gim
nh khi lng cng tc tnh ton.
- Tn dng s liu o bc ca cng tc trc cho cc cng tc sau, kt hp khi
lng ca cc cng tc ging nhau (gim tr).
Vn ho: Hc vin do Cng ty Gi Xy Dng o to lun c gng t c s
chnh xc cao trong cng vic vi tc lm vic nhanh. Khng bao gi c b
qua s chnh xc lm cho nhanh.
3. Trnh t thc hin o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng
3.1. Cc bc thc hin o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng
Bc 1: Nghin cu h s, bn v thit k
Nghin cu, kim tra nm vng cc thng tin trong bn v thit k v ti liu
ch dn km theo. Trng hp cn thit yu cu ngi thit k gii thch r cc vn
c lin quan n o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh.
Nghin cu t tng th, n b phn ri n chi tit hiu r b phn cn
tnh. Hiu r tng b phn, tm ra mi lin h gia cc b phn vi nhau, phn tch
nhng mu thun trong h s thit k (nu c).
Mch bn: HCy lp ra danh mc cc cu hi v trao i vi ngi thit k c
thm thng tin hoc cc phn gii thch.
Bc 2: Phn tch khi lng
L phn tch cc loi cng tc thnh tng khi lng tnh ton. Phn tch
khi lng nn tun theo vi quy cch c phn bit trong nh mc n gi d
ton. Cng mt cng vic nhng quy cch li khc nhau th phi tch ring.
Phn tch khi lng sao cho vic tnh ton n gin, d dng s dng cc kin
thc ton hc nh cng thc tnh chu vi, din tch ca hnh phng, cng thc tnh
th tch ca cc hnh khi. Cc hnh hoc khi phc tp c th chia cc hnh hoc
khi thnh cc hnh hoc khi n gin tnh.
Bc 3: Lp Bng tnh ton
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Lit k cc cng vic cn tnh trong mi b phn cng trnh v a vo Bng

tnh ton. Trnh t sp xp cc cng vic trong Bng tnh ton ny phi ph hp vi
bn v thit k, trnh t thi cng xy dng cng trnh, th hin c y khi
lng xy dng cng trnh v ch r c v tr cc b phn cng trnh, cng tc
xy dng thuc cng trnh.
Bc 4: Tm kch thc tnh ton
Sau khi phn tch khi lng, lp Bng tnh ton ca cc phn vic, ta cn
xc nh kch thc ca cc chi tit. Cc kch thc ny c ghi trong bn v v
vy ngi tnh phi hiu r cu to ca b phn cn tnh. Ln lt tm kch thc,
thc hin o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh theo Bng tnh ton, o bc khi
lng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh.
Bc 5: Tnh ton v trnh by kt qu tnh ton
Sau khi phn tch v xc nh c kch thc ta tnh ton v trnh by kt qu
tnh ton. i vi cng vic ny i hi ngi tnh phi tnh ton n gin m bo
kt qu phi d kim tra.
- Phi trit vic s dng cch t tha s chung cho cc b phn ging nhau
gim bt khi lng tnh ton.
- Phi ch n s liu lin quan tn dng s liu cho cc tnh ton tip theo.
- Khi tm kch thc v lp cc php tnh cn ch mi php tnh lp ra l mt
dng ghi vo bng khi lng
Sau khi o bc khi lng tp hp vo cc mu sau:
Bng phn tch tnh ton
K
hiu
STT
bn
v
(A) (B)

M Danh
n
hiu mc
v
cng cng tc
tnh
tc o bc
(C)

(D)

(E)

S b Kch thc
Khi
phn
Khi lng Ghi
lng mt
Cao
ging Di Rng
ton b ch
b phn
(su)
nhau
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)= (6)=(1)*(5) (F)

(2)*(3)*(4)

Bng tng hp kt qu tnh ton

STT

M hiu
cng tc

(A)

(B)

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Khi lng cng tc xy

n v tnh Khi lng
dng
(C)

(D)

(1)

Ghi ch
(E)

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3.2. Mt s im lu khi o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng

- n v tnh: n v tnh khi lng cng tc xy dng phi ph hp vi n
v tnh ca nh mc d ton v n gi xy dng cng trnh.
- Quy cch ca mi loi cng tc l bao gm nhng nhn t nh hng ti s
hao ph nh vt liu, nhn cng, my thi cng do nh hng ti gi thnh ca
sn phm xy dng khi nh gi. Nn quy cch cn ghi y cc thng tin ca
cng vic, chnh xc quy cch khng nhm ln vi cng vic khc.
- Phn din gii tnh ton khi lng phi din gii cng vic tnh ton ang
c tnh bn v no, v tr trong bn v u...
4. Trnh t o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng v k nng o bc cho
tng cng tc
Trong phn ny s m t theo cng trnh dn dng, c cc kin thc c bn v
vic o bc khi lng cng trnh dn dng bn s d dng vn dng o bc,
kim sot khi lng cc cng trnh khc.
4.1. Phn kt cu
4.1.1. Cng tc ct
Ct l b phn kt cu chu lc thng ng v l mt phn ca kt cu khung.
Bao gm ct bn trong v ct bn ngoi tnh t mng n mi nh, c c ct tng
hm.
Cng tc ct c chia theo chiu cao v theo din tch tit din ct.
Cng tc ct gm 3 phn c bn l:
- Cng tc gia cng v lp dng ct thp: cng tc ny c bc da vo
kch thc hnh v trin khai ca tng loi ct (ch n chiu di ca thp cho
bin php thi cng do nh hng ca chiu di cc on ni gia cc thanh thp).
Tuy nhin cng c th cn c vo bng thng k trong h s thit k nhng nht
thit phi kim tra tnh chnh xc bng vic i chiu vi hnh v chi tit v tnh
ton.
- Cng tc b tng ct:
+ Trng hp 1: Ct c tit din ln hn dm th b tng ct tnh trc v b
tng dm tnh sau. Chiu di ct tnh sut v chiu di dm tr cnh ct.
+ Trng hp 2: Ct c tit din bng dm th b tng ct hay b tng dm
tnh trc u c, nhng nn tnh b tng dm trc th ph hp vi qu trnh thi
cng hn.
+ Trng hp 3: Ct c tit din nh hn dm th b tng dm tnh trc, b
tng ct tnh sau. Chiu di dm tnh sut v chiu cao ct tr chiu cao dm.
- Cng tc gia cng lp dng vn khun: v trnh t thi cng th cng tc ny
lm trc khi b tng nhng khi bc khi lng li dng kt qu cng tc b
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tng. Khi lng vn khun c tnh da vo din tch mt ngoi ca b tng ct

bng cch ly chu vi ct nhn vi chiu cao ca ct.
4.1.2. Cng tc b tng sn, mi
Cng tc b tng sn mi trong nh mc, n gi xy dng cng trnh c
tnh bnh qun cho 3 mc cao khc nhau v cng c chia thnh 3 cng tc
thnh phn.
- Cng tc b tng sn, mi: Khi o bc khi lng b tng sn, mi phi
chia tch thnh tng sn, mi. Trong tng sn, mi li chia thnh cc sn n gin
v cc sn phc tp. C th chia sn ra thnh cc hnh n gin cng cch tnh.
Din tch sn, mi nn tnh c din tch dm, tr i din tch ct, tr din tch cc l
rng... Din tch ny li dng tnh ton cc khi lng cng tc khc.
- Cng tc sn xut, lp dng v tho d vn khun sn, mi: c xc
nh da trn din tch b tng ni trn nhng tr i din tch y dm. Ch
n vn khun thnh sn, mi.
- Cng tc sn xut v lp dng ct thp sn mi: cng tc ny c bc
da vo kch thc hnh v trin khai ca tng loi sn, thp lp trn, lp di, thp
mmen.. (ch n chiu di ca thp cho bin php thi cng do nh hng ca
chiu di cc on ni gia cc thanh thp). Tuy nhin cng c th cn c vo bng
thng k trong h s thit k nhng nht thit phi kim tra tnh chnh xc bng
vic i chiu vi hnh v chi tit v tnh ton.
4.1.3. Cng tc b tng x dm ging: Cng tc b tng x, dm, ging trong
nh mc, n gi c chia theo cc cao, c 3 cng tc thnh phn:
- Cng tc b tng x, dm, ging: c o bc theo nguyn tc dm no c
tit din ln c tnh trc. Dm c tit din nh c tnh sau. Khi tm kch
thc dm phi cn c vo bn v mt bng kt cu, hnh v trin khai ca dm
tr i phn giao cho chnh xc.
- Cng tc sn xut, lp dng, tho d vn khun x, dm, ging: c o
bc cn c vo din tch b tng trn. Cn t trong mi quan h vi vn
khun sn, mi v vn khun ct trnh trng lp.
- Cng tc sn xut, lp dng ct thp x, dm, ging: c bc da vo
kch thc hnh v trin khai ca tng x, dm, ging, (ch n chiu di ca
thp cho bin php thi cng do nh hng ca chiu di cc on ni gia cc
thanh thp). Tuy nhin cng c th cn c vo bng thng k trong h s thit k
nhng nht thit phi kim tra tnh chnh xc bng vic i chiu vi hnh v chi
tit v tnh ton.
4.1.4. Cng tc lanh t, vng:

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Lanh t, vng l b phn nm pha trn ca ca i, ca s trong cng trnh

xy dng. i vi cng tc ny cng c 3 cng tc thnh phn l b tng, cp pha
v ct thp. Cn c vo mt ct cng trnh, chi tit v bn v kt cu c th tnh.
4.1.5. Cng tc cu thang b:
Cu thang l b phn giao thng trong cng trnh. c th hin trong h s l
cc bn v chi tit mt bng, mt ct.. ca thang. Cng tc ny cng c 3 cng tc
thnh phn l b tng, cp pha v ct thp nh trnh by. Tuy nhin cu thang
li l t hp ca cc cng tc: sn, dm... Cn xem xt k bn v chi tit thang
trnh tnh trng lp vi cc cng tc khc.
4.1.6. Cng tc b nc mi:
B nc mi l b nc c thit k v thi cng trn mi ca cng trnh.
Thng l tch hp ca rt nhiu cng tc khc nhau nh b tng, cp pha, ct thp,
xy, trt, lng... c th hin bn v chi tit do cn nghin cu k trong khi
tnh ton.
4.1.7. Cng tc b tng c sn:
Trong cng trnh xy dng thng c mt s cng tc lin quan n b tng
c sn nh rnh thot nc, b nc ngm, b nc cu ho, b pht, h ga...
cng tc ny bao gm phn gia cng v phn lp t. i vi phn gia cng cng
gm 3 cng tc thnh phn l b tng, vn khun v ct thp. Trong qu trnh tnh
ton cn ln lt vi tng cng vic v phi nghin cu trnh nhm ln. Cn u tin
cho cc b phn c kch thc ln tnh trc ch n tr ch giao nhau.
4.2. Phn kin trc
4.2.1. Cng tc xy tng thng < 33 cm; gch ch c (hoc rng); va... Tnh
theo khi tch xy tng mt bng cc tng, tm chiu di tng theo nguyn tc
tnh tng trc t tri sang phi, t trn xung di. Chiu cao tng cn ch tr
dm v ch tr cc l rng.
4.2.2. Cng tc xy tng thng < 11 cm, gch ch c.., va XM mc.. Cng
tc ny thng l cc tng khu v sinh v cc hp k thut.
4.2.3. Cng tc xy tr gch, gch ch c... va XM mc... Cng tc ny
thng l cc tr n hoc xy b cc tr b tng to hnh dng kin trc.
4.2.4. Cng tc xy tng cong nghing, vn v ..
4.2.5. Cng tc trt tng dy... cm, Va XM hoc Va TH....mc...
4.2.6. Cng tc b ma tt, ln sn, qut vi..
4.2.7. Cng tc p, lt lng..
4.2.8. Cng tc lm trn
4.2.9. Cng tc trt g, pho, ch trang tr ni tht.
4.2.10. Cng tc cu thang.
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- Xy bc thang.
- p bc cu thang.
- B, ln sn cu thang.
- Tay vn cu thang.
- Lan can cu thang.
4.2.11. Cng tc ca
- Sn xut ca, khun ca.
- Lp dng khun ca, ca vo khun.
- Lp dng cc ph tng ca ca.
4.2.12. Cng tc bc tam cp
4.2.13. Cng tc ni tht
5. o bc khi lng mt s loi cng tc xy dng ch yu
C- Phn mng v phn th
1. Nn mng
Nn mng l phn t nm di mng, chu ton b ti trng ca cng trnh
xung. Cn c vo cu to ca cc lp t ca tng khu vc a cht ngi ta
c nhng phng n x l khc nhau.
C th phn nn mng thnh hai loi l nn mng t nhin v nn mng nhn
to:
- Nn t t nhin cho php khng phi gia c nhng vn m bo sc chu ti
do cng trnh gy ra.
- Nu nn t t nhin khng m bo chu ti do cng trnh gy ra th ngi ta
phi gia c tc l c chuyn thnh nn mng nhn to.
C cc hnh thc gia c nn mng:
- Gia c nn mng bng vic thm vo nn cc lp , ct vng...
- Gia c nn mng bng cc loi cc: Cc tre, g, cc b tng ct thp, cc ct.
1.1. o bc khi lng cng tc sn xut cc BTCT
a/ n v tnh: m3
b/ Quy cch:
- Kim tra bn v thit k chi tit cc v bng thng k ct thp cc, kch thc
hnh hc, kch thc bn m u cc, s i cc, cc lp li u cc ..
- Mc b tng c trong phn ghi ch bn v chi tit.
- dng lm cc 1x2, 2x4 ..
c/ Phng php o bc
+ Tnh khi lng b tng bng cch chia cc theo cc hnh hc thch hp. Cc
chia lm hai loi C1 v C2.
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- Cc C1 gm on thn v mi
on thn: B^2*L*S (chiu rng m 2 nhn chiu di nhn s lng)
on mi: 0,5*B^2*h*S
- Cc C2: B^2*L2*S
+ o bc cng tc gia cng v lp dng vn khun cc b tng c sn tnh
da trn din tch b mt ca b tng cc (ch n v ca vn khun khi tnh l
100m2)
+ o bc khi lng gia cng v lp dng ct thp cc b tng c sn cn c
vo hnh v trin khai trn cc mt ct chi tit ca cc v ly bng thng k ct
thp lm cn c kim tra. Cn phn thnh thp c d < 10mm, d < 18mm v d > 18
mm.
1.2. Cng tc ng cc b tng ct thp
a/ n v: 100 m
b/ Quy cch:
Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:
- S dng ba my c trng lng u ba: < 1,8 tn , > 1,8tn
- Quy cch, kch thc: chiu di cc, tit din cc .
- Cp t v iu kin thi cng: cp t 1, 2 v trn cn, di nc.
- Bin php thi cng: ng cc, p cc
c/ Phng php tnh:
Tng chiu di cc = su 1 l cc x ton b s l cc
.v.v.
d/ Tn cng vic thng c:
- ng cc BTCT, tit din 20x20, trng lng u ba < 1,2T .
- ng cc BTCT, tit din 30x30, trng lng u ba > 1,8T .
- p trc cc BTCT, tit din 10x10
- p sau cc BTCT, tit din 40 x 40
- vv
1.3. ng cc tre, g...
a/ n v: 100 m
b/ Quy cch:
Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:
- n v tnh: 100 m .
- Loi vt liu: cc tre, cc g, cc trm, c g
- Nhm t: bn, t C2, C3.
- Kch thc vt liu: cc < 2,5m ; cc > 2,5m.
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- Bin php thi cng: Th cng hoc bng my.

c/ Phng php tnh:
Chiu di = DT gia c x chiu di cc x mt cc.
d/ Tn cng vic thng c:
- ng cc tre.
- ng cc trm.
- vv
2. Cng tc t
a/ n v: 100 m3 i vi cng tc o bng my v m3 i vi cng tc o
bng th cng.
b/ Quy cch:
Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:
- Nhm t: c th xem phn thuyt minh bn v bit c t o mng
ca cng trnh thuc loi cp t no. Kh hay d thi cng.
- Kch thc: i vi cng tc o mng tng, mng, rnh th:
+ Chiu rng quy nh hai cp < 3m v > 3m.
+ Chiu su quy nh mi cp bng 1 m: < 1 m, < 2m, < 3m, > 3m.
+ Mng h c lp phn theo b rng.
+ t cn phn bit nhm t.
c/ Phng php tnh:
Kch thc h o c xc nh da trn kch thc mt bng v mt ct chi
tit mng.
Cng thc tnh khi lng khi hnh chp ct :
V = H/6*[a*b+d*c+(c+a)*(d+b)]
Tnh khi lng mng bng c taluy cn chia ct thnh cc hnh n gin
tnh.
Tnh khi lng lp mng: Tnh chnh xc Vlp = Vo - Vcng trnh b chn lp
Tnh gn ng theo kinh nghim: Vlp = 1/3 Vo
d/ Tn cng vic thng c:
- o mng ct, o mng bng cc loi.
- o nn ng.
- Lp t mng cng trnh.
- p t nn nh.
- p ct ph u c.
3. Cng tc b tng
a/ n v: m3
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b/ Quy cch:
Trong cng tc b tng cn c phn bit:
- Loi b tng: b tng gch v, b tng lt mng, b tng c ct thp hay b
tng khng c ct thp;
- S hiu b tng (b tng gch v, mc va);
- Loi cu kin;
- V tr cu kin;
- Phng thc .
c/ Phng php tnh
Cng tc b tng c tnh nh trnh by trn vi ct, dm sn, lanh t,
vng, cu thang.
d/ Cng tc b tng nm ri rc trong cng trnh. Cn tnh ton cn k, t m
i vi tng b phn trnh sai st.
4. Cng tc ct thp
a/ n v: tn
b/ Quy cch: cn phn bit
- Loi thp
- Kch thc i vi thp hnh
- ng knh i vi thp trn
- Loi cu kin v v tr cu kin
- Phng php thi cng
c/ Phng php tnh
Tnh nh trnh by trc.
Ch :
i vi thp hnh lm lan can, cu thang cn c bng tra tit din v trng
lng ca 1 md t tnh ton khi lng hoc tnh bng: chiu di cu kin *
din tch cu kin * s lng cu kin * trng lng ring (Trng lng ring ca
thp = 7850kg/m3).
Tnh khi lng 1m thp trn theo cng thc:
M = 0,6165 x D 2 .
Trong : M: Khi lng 1m thp trn, n v l Kg .
D: ng knh ct thp, n v l cm .
5. Cng tc sn xut, lp dng kt cu st thp
a/ Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:
- n v tnh: 1 tn .
- Chng loi thp: thp hnh, thp tm, thp trn
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- Loi cng tc: Sn xut v ko, lp dng v ko, sn xut x g, lp dng x

g, sn xut ging thp, lp dng ging thp, sn xut thp lan can cu ng st

- Quy cch, kch thc cu kin: vn khun khu < 36m , < 9m
- Cc kiu lin kt: hn, bu lng
- Bin php gia cng: c gii, th cng
b/ Phng php tnh:
- Tnh theo bng thng k thp ca thit k.
- Hoc tnh trc tip t thit k cu kin: Trc khi tnh cn phn bit cc thng
s c bn nh:
+ Kch thc: di x rng x dy (i vi thp hnh, tm).
+ Kch thc: di x K (i vi thp trn)

Tnh chiu di cu kin x din tch cu kin x s lng cu kin x trng
lng ring.
V d: Tnh khi lng ging mi, gm 12 cu kin, di 5,5 m, tn dp, kch
thc C200x 50x 15x 2,5.
Tnh M = 5,5x ( 0,2+ 0,05x2+ 0,015x2) x 0,0025 x 12 x 7850 = 297,9 kg 0,3
tn .
(Trng lng ring ca thp: 7.850kg/m3 ).
c/ Tn cng vic thng c:
- Sn xut kt cu thp (v ko, x g, ging).
- Lp dng kt cu thp (v ko, x g, ging).
- .v.v .
6. Cng tc vn khun
a/ n v tnh: 100 m2
b/ Quy cch: cn ch phn loi:
- Vn khun bng g
- Vn khun bng kim loi...
c/ Phng php tnh: trnh by trc trong phn b tng ct, dm ging,
sn, mi..
7. Cng tc xy
a/ Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:
- n v tnh: m3.
- Loi cng tc: xy mng, xy tng, xy cc kt cu phc tp
- Loi vt liu: , gch ng, gch th, gch chu la
- Kch thc vt liu: gch ng 8x8x19, 9x9x19
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- Chiu dy khi xy: Chiu dy < 10cm, < 30cm, > 30cm
- Chiu cao khi xy: Chiu cao < 4m, < 16m, < 50m, > 50m
- Mc va: M50, M75, M100
b/ Phng php tnh:
- Ly chiu di tng nh x chiu cao = Din tch ton b.
- Tr i l ca v trng c din tch mt tng.
- Tr i cc khi lng cc kt cu khc (ging tng, lanh t) ta c khi
lng xy cn tnh.
c/ Tn cng vic thng c:
- Xy tng dy 100, h < 4m.
- Xy tng dy 100, h < 16m.
- Xy tng dy 200, h < 16m.
- Xy tam cp, xy b nn.
- .v.v .
B- Cng tc hon thin
1. Cng tc trt
a/ Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:
- n v tnh: m2.
- Loi cng tc: Trt va XM, trt ra, trt Granito
- Loi cu kin: Trt tng, trt cu kin BT
- Quy cch lp trt: Lp trt dy 1cm, 1,5cm, 2cm,
- iu kin thi cng: Trt trong, trt ngoi
- Mc va: M25, M50, M75
b/ Phng php tnh:
- Tnh theo din tch mt cu kin, b phn c trt .
- Tnh din tch mt ton b, ri tr din tch ca, trng, din tch p
- Ch : Khi tnh trt g ch, pho tnh theo mt
c/ Tn cng vic thng c:
- Trt tng gch bn trong v bn ngoi
- Trt dm, ging, thnh sn cc loi
- Trt lanh t, vng
- Trt Granito
- Trt ra
- .v.v .

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2. Cng tc lng v qut chng thm

a/ Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:
- n v tnh: m2.
- Loi cng tc: Lng nn, lng seno, b nc
- Loi cu kin: Lng nn c nh mu, khng nh mu, lng cu kin b
tng...
- Quy cch lp lng: Lp lng dy 2cm, 3cm,
- Mc va: M25, M50, M75
b/ Phng php tnh:
- Tnh tng t nh cng tc trt
- Ch : Din tch qut chng thm cn c vo yu cu thit k... (c th qut
ln tng v sn hoc ch qut sn)
c/ Tn cng vic thng c:
- Lng nn sn khng nh mu.
- Lng nn sn c nh mu.
- Lng Granito.
- Qut chng thm ln b mt kt cu.
- .v.v.
3. Cng tc p, lt
a/ Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:
- n v tnh: m2.
- Loi cng tc p: p tng, tr, ct, p chn tng, p granit t nhin, p
cm thch
- Loi cng tc lt: Lt gch sn, lt gch nn ng
- Loi vt liu: p gch, p , lt gch xi mng, lt t nung.
- Quy cch, kch thc vt liu: Gch 200x200, 300x300, 600x600
- Mc va: M25, M50, M75...
b/ Phng php tnh:
- Tnh theo Din tch c p, lt
c/ Tn cng vic thng c:
- p gch vo tng
- p gch chn tng
- Lt gch cc sn tng
- Lt gch khu v sinh
- .v.v.
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4. Cng tc lm trn
a/ Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:
- n v tnh: m2.
- Loi vt liu: trn ct p, trn g dn c tm cch m, lm trn bng tm
thch cao
- Quy cch, kch thc tm trn: Tm trn 50x50cm
b/ Phng php tnh:
- Tnh theo din tch lm trn.
c/ Tn cng vic thng c:
- Lm trn g dn
- Lm trn vn p chia nh
- Lm trn thch cao
- .v.v.
5. Cng tc lp mi
a/ Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:
- n v tnh: m2.
- Loi vt liu: lp mi ngi, lp mi Fibro xi mng, tn trng km
- Quy cch, kch thc vt liu: ngi 22v/m2, ngi m dng 80v/m2
- Chiu cao thi cng: < 4m, < 16m.
b/ Phng php tnh:
- Din tch lp mi tnh theo gc nghing ca mi.
- X g, cu phong, v ko tnh ring vi n v m3.
- Lati tnh ring theo n v m2 mi.
c/ Tn cng vic thng c:
- Lp mi ngi 22v/m2
- Lp mi bng Fibro xi mng
- .v.v.
6. Cng tc b, sn v qut vi
a/ Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:
- n v tnh: m2.
- Loi cng vic: B vo tng, b vo cu kin, sn g, sn knh, sn dm,
tng.
- Loi vt liu: loi bt b, loi sn
b/ Phng php tnh:
- Din tch b matt tnh theo din tch trt va xi mng
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- Din tch sn nc ly theo din tch b matt

- Din tch sn du tnh din tch theo b mt cu kin
- Sn ca tnh theo din tch m2 b mt ca
- Qut vi tnh bng din tch trt va XM
c/ Tn cng vic thng c:
- B matt vo tng
- B matt vo ct, dm, trn
- Sn nc vo tng b
- .v.v.
7. Cng tc lm ca
a/ n v tnh: m2 cho cnh ca v m cho khun ca
b/ Quy cch: cn phn bit:
- Loi ca: ca i, ca s, ca n, ca kp, c khun, khng khun...
- Loi g: g lim, g ch ch...
- iu kin k thut: mng, , cu to ca, hunh, pano...
c/ Phng php tnh da vo kch thc mt bng v mt ct hay bng thng k
ca tnh c khi lng ca tng loi theo quy cch ca chng. Chi ph cho sn
xut ca tnh theo thng bo gi hng thng ca a phng ni xy dng cng
trnh.
8. Cng tc phc v cho lm cu ng
8.1. Cng tc khoan
- Khi lng cng tc khoan phi c o bc, phn loi theo ng knh l
khoan, chiu su khoan, iu kin khoan (khoan trn cn hay khoan di nc, mi
trng nc ngt, nc l, nc mn), cp t, ; phng php khoan (khoan
thng, khoan xin) v thit b khoan (khoan xoay, khoan gung xon, khoan lc),
k thut s dng bo v thnh l khoan (ng vch, bentonit...).
- Cc thng tin v cng tc khoan nh s lng, chiu su khoan v cc yu
cu cn thit khi tin hnh khoan... cn c ghi r trong Bng tnh ton, o bc
khi lng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh.
8.2. Cng tc lm ng
- Khi lng cng tc lm ng phi c o bc, phn loi theo loi ng
(b tng xi mng, b tng t phan, lng nha, cp phi...), theo trnh t ca kt cu
(nn, mng, mt ng), chiu dy ca tng lp, theo bin php thi cng.
- Khi lng lm ng khi o bc phi tr cc khi lng l trng trn mt
ng (h ga, h thm) v cc ch giao nhau.

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- Cc thng tin v cng tc lm ng nh cp k thut ca ng, mt ct

ngang ng, l ng, va h, di phn cch, lan can phng h, sn k, din tch
trng c, bin bo hiu... cn c ghi r trong Bng tnh ton, o bc khi lng
cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh.
- Cc cng tc xy, b tng, ct thp thuc cng tc lm ng, khi o bc
nh hng dn v o bc khi lng cng tc xy (mc 3.2), cng tc b tng
(mc 3.3) v cng tc ct thp (mc 3.5) ni trn.
C- Phn lp t h thng k thut
1. Cng tc lp t h thng k thut cng trnh
Khi lng lp t h thng k thut cng trnh nh cp in, nc, thng gi,
cp nhit, in nh... c o bc, phn loi theo tng loi vt t, ph kin ca h
thng k thut cng trnh theo thit k s ca h thng, c tnh n cc im
cong, gp khc theo chi tit b phn kt cu...
Cng tc lp t thit b cng trnh:
- Khi lng lp t thit b cng trnh c o bc, phn loi theo loi thit b,
t hp, h thng thit b cn lp t, bin php thi cng v iu kin thi cng (chiu
cao, su lp t).
- Khi lng lp t thit b cng trnh phi bao gm tt c cc ph kin
hon thin ti ch cc thit b, t hp, h thng thit b.
1.1 Lp t thit b v sinh, cp thot nc
Trong cng trnh xy dng, h thng cp thot nc v thit b v sinh c t
hp t cc linh kin khc nhau
- i vi thit b v sinh bao gm: Chu ra, lavab, vi sen, gng soi...
nhng thit b ny phi cn c vo bn v b tr thit b sau tng hp v a vo
bng khi lng. n v l ci hoc b....
- i vi thit b cp thot nc gm c: Bn cha nc, ng ng cp nc h thng ng dn, van, cn ct... i vi ng ng thot nc - t kim tra, chch,
cn thu... n v l m hoc ci
(Cn phn bit y l cp nc th ng dn nc thng l ng thp trng
km hoc ng nha mm cht lng cao cn ng thot nc thng l ng nha
cng PVC)
Cch o bc: ngi o bc cn c vo s khng gian cp thot nc, cn c
vo chiu cao tng v chiu di tng t thit b v sinh... xc nh s lng,
chiu di tng ng..
Cn phn bit bin php thi cng trong vic ni ng ng c th l ni bng
phng php mng sng hoc bng phng php hn..
1.2 Lp t thit b in
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H thng in trong cng trnh xy dng bao gm cp, dy dn; thit b ng

ngt bo v, thit b kt ni phn phi in.. Vic o bc c xc nh da trn s
phn pha v i dy
i vi dy cp in phi cn c vo v tr ngun in bn ngoi cng trnh n
t in tng ca cng trnh, hnh thc i ni hoc i chm xc nh chiu di dy
cp (m). ng thi phi cn c vo chng loi cp thng thng cp s l 4 dy:
VD 3x16 + 1x10
i vi dy dn in trong cng trnh phi cn c vo s phn pha v i
dy, xc nh chiu di dy dn v chiu di dy gen bo v
i vi thit b ng ngt bo v bao gm: ttmt 1 pha, 3 pha, cu dao, cu ch...
i vi thit b kt ni bao gm cm n , cm i.. Thit b chiu sng
trong cng trnh - n n, n i, n hunh quang, n si t...
Tm li i vi dy cp in o bc tnh theo n v l (m) cn cc thit b
khc tnh theo n v l b hoc ci..
1.3 Lp t thit b chng st
Thit b chng st ca cng trnh bao gm: kim dn st, dy thu st, dy dn
st, cc tip a, dy ni tip a... i vi cng vic ny th kim thu st, cc c
xc nh theo n v l ci khi thi cng. Cn li c xc nh hon ton da trn
trng lng ca thp cu to nn n. Khi thi cng ngoi vic gia cng lp dng cn
c cng vic l sn bo v.
2. i vi h thng iu ho khng kh, cu thang my
Trong cng trnh xy dng c th c tnh ra mt hng mc thit b ring,
trong trng hp ny cn r sot kim tra khi lng tnh ton ca nh thit k
ng, hp l cha.
3. Mt s lu khc
o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh l mt cng vic phc tp, tng hp
nhiu loi cng tc, quy cch, hnh dng, kch thc, khi lng tnh ton rt
nhiu. tnh ton y , trnh nhm ln sai st, gim c thi gian v khi
lng tnh ton, ngi lm cng vic ny phi ch : Nghin cu bn v t ton th
n b phn chi tit hiu bit v cu to cng trnh. S lin quan ca cc b
phn vi nhau xc nh c khi lng cn tnh ton cho mi cng tc ca
cng trnh. Sau thc hin tnh ton khi lng cho tng cng tc nh hng
dn trn. Ngi lm cng vic ny cng cn phi linh hot t c tnh hp
l v nhanh chng, hiu sut cao trong cng vic.

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Cu hi
Cu 1: Khi xc nh khi lng xy dng cng trnh, cc kch thc o bc
c ghi theo th t nh th no ? Quy nh u? Ghi nh vy lm g?
Cu 2: xc nh c chi ph xy dng cng trnh th khi lng cng trnh
c o bc cn th hin c cc yu cu chung no?
Cu 3: Khi o bc khi lng b tng ct thp ca cng trnh c phi tr khi
lng ct thp, dy buc trong khi lng b tng khng? V sao?
Cu 4: Khi o bc khi lng vn khun, c phi tr hay khng phi tr khi
lng vn khun cc ch giao nhau gia mng v dm, ct vi tng, dm vi
dm?
Cu 5: Ngi o bc khi lng c cn thit phi hiu r v k thut, cng
ngh, trnh t thi cng cng trnh khng?
Cu 6: Khi o bc khi lng cng trnh ngi thc hin c phi kim tra cc
thng tin trong thit k khng? Trng hp cc thng tin khng hon chnh,
khng r rng hoc c nhng thng tin mu thun th x l th no ?
Cu 7: Khi o bc khi lng bn c phi lp danh mc o bc khng? Danh
mc o bc ny nn trnh by th no?
Cu 8: Trong trng hp khng c kch thc ghi trn bn v, mun dng
cch o bng thc t l xc nh kch thc th ngi thc hin phi ch iu
g?
Cu 9: Khi o bc khi lng, ngi thc hin c c t mu vo bn v,
khoanh vng, nh du vo bn v khng?
Cu 10: i khi khng th o bc cc b phn c chnh xc mc d bit
l b phn g th ngi thc hin c th gii quyt th no?

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Trc nghim
Cu 1: o bc khi lng cng trnh l g?
1. L vic cn c vo cc loi bn v tnh ton ra cc khi lng cc cng
tc xy dng bng phng php o, m, tnh ton, kim tra
2. L vic xc nh khi lng cc cng tc xy dng bng phng php o,
m, tnh ton, kim tra trn cc bn v thit k hoc t yu cu trin khai d
n v thi cng xy dng, cc ch dn lin quan v cc tiu chun, quy chun
xy dng Vit Nam
Cu 2: o bc khi lng xy dng khi lp d ton theo loi bn v no?
1. Thit k c s, thit k k thut v thit k bn v thi cng
2. Thit k k thut v thit k bn v thi cng
3. Thit k bn v thi cng
Cu 3: Cc phng php o bc khi lng xy dng l:
1. Phng php tnh theo th t bn v v phng php tnh theo trnh t thi cng
2. Phng php tnh theo th t bn v, tnh theo trnh t thi cng v tnh theo
chng loi
3. Phng php tnh theo trnh t thi cng v tnh theo chng loi
Cu 4: Tham kho vn bn s 737/BXD-VP ngy 22/04/2008 ca B Xy dng
cng b hng dn o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh :
1. Thun li trong cng tc kim tra, nng cao tnh chnh xc ca khi lng
o bc (cng l nng cao tnh chnh xc ca vic lp v qun l chi ph).
2. Trnh c cc tranh chp khng cn thit gia nhng ngi lp v kim tra
khi lng.
Cu 5: Khoanh trn vo cc pht biu ng v sa li li sai trong cc pht biu sau:
1. Khi o bc khi lng xy dng cc kch thc o bc cn c ghi theo th
t: chiu di x chiu rng x chiu cao.
2. Khi o bc khi lng cng trnh thng qua bn v mt bng c th tm c
chiu di v chiu rng, thng qua bn v mt ng v mt ct th hin chiu
su v chiu cao.
3. Khi o bc khi lng lp d ton cng tc b tng dm sn nn sp xp
theo trnh t: cng tc ct thp, vn khun, b tng.
4. Khi o bc khi lng b tng ct thp ca cng trnh phi tr khi lng
ct thp, dy buc trong khi lng b tng.
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5. Khi o bc b tng ct m ct c tit din ln hn dm th b tng ct tnh

trc v b tng dm tnh sau. Chiu di ct tnh sut v chiu di dm tr
cnh ct.
6. Khi o bc khi lng vn khun phi tr i khe co gin, l rng trn b mt
cu kin b tng c din tch > 1m2.
7. Khi lng xy khi o bc phi tnh c phn khi xy nh ra gn lin vi
khi xy, tr i khong giao nhau, cc khong trng khng phi xy. Khng
phi tr i phn b tng chm trong khi xy.
8. Khi lng ct thp khi o bc khng bao gm khi lng ct thp v khi
lng dy buc, mi ni chng, ming m, con k, bu lng lin kt.
9. Khi lng lp t thit b cng trnh phi bao gm tt c cc ph kin
hon thin ti ch cc thit b, t hp, h thng thit b.
Bn c bit ? Gio trnh pht cho hc vin ti lp o bc khi lng lp d ton do
Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc ti H Ni phn l thuyt u c bin son thnh
cc cu hi trc nghim nh trn. Gio vin s hng dn, gii p t m hc
vin d dng nm bt, hiu tn gc d vn . y l phng php hc tp th v,
sng to bin cc vn rt kh khan tr nn d tip thu hn. Bn cng c th truy
cp trang www.tracnghiem.giaxaydung.vn lm cc bi trc nghim, ngoi ch
v o bc khi lng, lp d ton cn v u thu, Qun l d n, T vn gim
st, ting Anh chuyn ngnh xy dng...

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Bi tp
Bi 1: Ni tn gi v khi nim tng ng ca cc loi bn v cng trnh xy
dng trong bng:
1. Bn v mt bng

A. Bn v trch v mt chi tit no ca cng trnh t

mt bng, mt ng v mt ct. Bn v cho bit chi tit c th
ca phn trch v

2. Bn v mt ng

B. d dng hnh dung cng trnh, chng ta c th xem bn

v ny. y l bn v kiu chp hnh cng trnh, th hin c
cnh vt xung quanh nh tht.

3. Bn v mt ct

C. Tng tng ct ngang hoc ct dc cng trnh bng cc

mt phng tng ng ta s c loi bn v ny. Thng qua
bn v ny thy c b dy v chiu cao ca cc b phn
m mt ct ct qua. Chiu cao, ct ca cc b phn trn cng
trnh.

4. Bn v chi tit

D. Tng tng ct cng trnh bng mt mt phng song

song vi mt sn cao hn 1m th hnh chiu ca mt ct
ln mt sn s th hin trong bn v ny. Loi bn v ny
th hin cch b tr cc b phn, cch phn chia cc khu vc
trong cng trnh. V d v tr ct, ca, vch mt tng..

5. Bn v phi cnh

E. Nu chiu mt ng trc, mt ng bn, mt ng sau

vo mt mt phng song song tng ng ta s c hnh
chiu ng ca cng trnh. Loi bn v ny th hin kin trc
ca cng trnh bn mt xung quanh. Thng qua c th
bit c v tr ca cc b phn trn mt ng. V d i vi
cng trnh dn dng, mt bng th hin v tr ca

Bi 2: Hy nhn dng v ghi vo bn di tn: Mt bng mi, Mt ng (mt

tin, cnh nh), hnh chiu trc o cho cc bn v cng trnh sau:

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Bi 3: Hon thin bn v mt ct sau bng cch:

Ghi cao cn thiu trn mt ct; Hon thin cc ch dn v lp vt liu cho
sn nh S, N v mt bng mi M (theo ng th t) bit rng cc lp vt liu cho
tng phn nh sau:
S: t t nhin, b tng 1x2 mc 200, ct en ti nc m k, lt gch
chng trn 200x200 va XM mc 75.
N: Ct en ti nc m k, b tng gch v va tam hp mc 50, t t
nhin, lt gch 300x300 va XM mc 75.
M: Trt trn va XM 75 dy 1.5, tm an BTCT ti ch mc 200, lng va
xi mng dy 100, lt gch rng chng nng va tam hp mc 50.
m
m

n
0.000

s
-0.150

-0.150

Bi 4: Hy cho bit bn v di y c tn gi l bn v g v hon thin cc

yu cu sau:
nh ch A, B, C cho trc ngang, k hiu trc dc bng s 1, 2, 3, 4
in thm cc kch thc cho bn v bit:
- Kch thc t trc 1 n 4 l 10,5m; kch thc gia trc A v C l 6,8m;
kch thc gia trc 2 v 3 l 3,7m; phng lm vic v phng bp - n c
chiu rng bng nhau; trc B nm chnh gia trc A v C.
- Tng bao dy 150mm, ring tng bao trn trc 3 nm gia trc 2 v 3
dy 200; cc tng ngn dy 100mm.
- Ct ngoi nh -0.500; ct nn phng lm vic, phng tip khch, bp phng n 0.000.

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- Ca i 1 rng 1,2m; ca i 2 rng 0,8m; ca i 3 rng 0,8m; ca i

4 rng 0,6m.
- Ca s S1 rng 1,2m; ca s S2 rng 0,6m.

1000

Tnh din tch phng lm vic, phng bp n (chnh l din tch lng,
lt sn).

S2

KHO

S1

4'

S1

S1
4

1100

P. LAM VIEC

BEP - P.AN

VACH KNH
S1

1'

S1

1100

TIEP KHACH
3
S1

S1
1

MAo
T BA
NGnhm
TANGIV,
1 TL:1/100
Bi 5: Tnh khi lng
t
thnh thng v b tng gch v lt
mng ca h thng mng nh trong bn v sau:

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2400

620

1200

3000

Bi 6: Tnh khi lng xy tng cho khi tng nh hnh v sau:

900

600

6300

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Bi 7: Tnh khi lng b tng mc 200 dm (1x2 cm) cho mt dm sau:

Bi 8: in tn gi cho hnh v v kch thc cn thiu cho mng (vung) n di ct theo

cc ch dn sau: Kch thc h o l: 1900x1900x1700 (mm), lp b tng lt dy 100 (mm)
v khong cch t ct p u cc n y mng l 100 (mm)

BT m100

Hy lit k danh mc cc cng vic cn thc hin v tnh khi lng cho cc cng vic
thi cng mng n ni trn.
Bi 9: Hy o bc khi lng bng cch m v cho bit trong bn v i y c bao
nhiu: iu ho, qut trn, n tup i, n tup n, n chiu hin, bn cu xm, bn
ra tay.

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Bn c bit ? Cc bi tp ni trn cng nh cc bi tp o bc khi lng gn vi

mt cng trnh c th t u n cui s c cha chi tit ti lp hc do Cng ty
Gi Xy Dng t chc. Bn c th tm kim li gii p hoc m trao , tho lun
trn www.giaxaydung.vn tm kim li gii.

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Ti liu tham kho

1. Cng vn 737/BXD-VP ngy 22/4/2008 ca B Xy dng v phng php o
bc tin lng.
2. Cng ty Gi Xy dng, Ti liu o to, bi dng nghip v o bc khi lng
v lp d ton, H Ni, 2009.
3. Nguyn Th Anh, Khi qut phng php lp d ton xy dng cng trnh, Ti
liu phc v hc vin lp o bc khi lng lp d ton, H Ni, 2009.
4. B Xy dng, Gio trnh tin lng xy dng. Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni,
2008.
5. Davis Landon Seah - Vin Kinh t xy dng, Ti liu o to chuyn o bc
cng tc xy dng, H Ni, 1997.
6. Nguyn Quang C, Nguyn Mnh Dng, Gio trnh v k thut. Nh xut bn
Gio dc, H Ni, 2006,
7. Cng vn s 734/BXD-VP ngy 21/4/2008 ca B Xy dng Cng b ni dung
c bn ca ti liu o to, bi dng nghip v nh gi Xy dng.
8. B Xy dng, Gio trnh lp nh mc, n gi xy dng. Nh xut bn Xy
dng, H Ni, 2008.
9. B Xy dng, Gio trnh d ton xy dng c bn. Nh xut bn Xy dng, H
Ni, 2008.
10. Vin Kinh t xy dng, ti liu nghip v nh gi xy dng, H Ni, 2009.
11. Cc bi vit, t liu, thng tin trn din n www.giaxaydung.vn.
12. Cc tiu chun TCVN, TCXD c lin quan.

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Cc ti liu bn nn n c
(s sm ng ti trn www.giaxaydung.vn)
1. Ti liu khi qut phng php lp d ton xy dng cng trnh
2. Ti liu hng dn xc nh chi ph t vn
3. Ti liu hng dn phng php xc nh gi ca my
4. Ti liu hng dn phng php chit tnh n gi xy dng cng trnh
5. Ti liu hng dn phng php p dng nh mc (phc v lp d ton)
6. Ti liu hng dn phng php tnh vt liu n hin trng xy dng
7. Tp hp cc tnh hung tho lun v o bc khi lng lp d ton
8. Tp hp cc bi tp c bn v o bc khi lng lp d ton
9. Hng dn s dng phn mm Excel, phn mm D ton
10. Hng dn cch xy dng c s d liu nh mc, n gi, t in vt t, gi
vt t s dng cho phn mm lp d ton, lp h s thu
Cc ti liu trn u c th ti min ph trn www.giaxaydung.vn. Chng ti
s b sung thm cc bi tp minh ho, cc tnh hung x l thc t, cc hnh v,
s gip bn tm hiu su hn v vn lp d ton xy dng cng trnh. Cc
ti liu ny s lin tc c cp nht, sa i b sung v ng ti trn
www.giaxaydung.vn.
Cc bi ging chuyn su v cc ni dung trn cho cc hc vin lp o bc
khi lng lp d ton do Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc s gip bn chuyn
nghip trong lp v thm tra d ton. Nu mun tr thnh mt chuyn gia gii
trong cng vic o bc khi lng, lp d ton hay kim sot khi lng, thm tra
d ton, thanh quyt ton cng trnh th bn nn thu xp thi gian ghi danh tham
gia kho hc. C hc hnh, o to bi bn bn s khc.
Trong ti liu ny c tham kho mt s t liu ca cc bn b, ng nghip
trn website www.giaxaydung.vn v mt s website khc.

H Ni, thng 11/2009

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Mc lc
Li ni u ....................................................................................................................1
M u.............................................................................................................................1
I. Bn v trong xy dng .......................................................................................... 2
1. Khi nim v thit k v bn v xy dng............................................................................ 2
1.1. Khi nim v thit k.................................................................................................... 2
1.2. Khi nim bn v xy dng (bn v thit k) ................................................................ 2
1.3 Vai tr ca bn v thit k............................................................................................. 2
2. Phn loi bn v xy dng................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Bn v quy hoch .......................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Bn v kin trc............................................................................................................. 3
2.3 Bn v kt cu ............................................................................................................... 3
2.4 Bn v b tr thit b ...................................................................................................... 3
3. Cch thc th hin bn v.................................................................................................... 4
4. Cc h thng quy tc v k hiu trong bn v xy dng....................................................... 5
II. Phng php o bc khi lng cng trnh xy dng......................... 10
1. Khi nim, ngha, mc ch, yu cu ca tnh khi lng ............................................... 10
2. Nhng sai st thng gp v nguyn nhn dn n sai st ................................................. 12
3. Mt s phng php o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng................................................ 13
4. Cc nguyn tc p dng khi o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng..................................... 16
3. Trnh t thc hin o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng.................................................... 16
4. Trnh t o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng v k nng o bc cho tng cng tc.......... 18
5. o bc khi lng mt s loi cng tc xy dng ch yu ................................................ 21
1. Nn mng ..................................................................................................................... 21
2. Cng tc t .................................................................................................................. 23
3. Cng tc b tng ........................................................................................................... 23
4. Cng tc ct thp........................................................................................................... 24
5. Cng tc sn xut, lp dng kt cu st thp .................................................................. 24
6. Cng tc vn khun....................................................................................................... 25
7. Cng tc xy ................................................................................................................. 25
1. Cng tc trt.................................................................................................................. 26
2. Cng tc lng v qut chng thm ................................................................................. 27
3. Cng tc p, lt ............................................................................................................. 27
4. Cng tc lm trn .......................................................................................................... 28
5. Cng tc lp mi ........................................................................................................... 28
6. Cng tc b, sn v qut vi .......................................................................................... 28
7. Cng tc lm ca........................................................................................................... 29
8. Cng tc phc v cho lm cu ng............................................................................. 29
1. Cng tc lp t h thng k thut cng trnh ................................................................ 30
2. i vi h thng iu ho khng kh, cu thang my..................................................... 31
3. Mt s lu khc.......................................................................................................... 31
Cu hi ............................................................................................................................. 32
Trc nghim................................................................................................................... 33
Bi tp............................................................................................................................... 35
Ti liu tham kho..................................................................................................... 41
Cc ti liu bn nn n c................................................................................ 42

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