WWW Serve24h Com So Tay GSTC Giao Thong 8616

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B giao thng vn ti

S tay
T vn gim st

Phn:
Cc cng trnh xy dng ng t

Vin khoa hc cng ngh gtvt
Thng 3 nm 2000

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1
Chng I.
Ni dung v c s thc hin cng tc
ca t vn gim st trong qu trnh
thi cng xy dng ng

I.1 Ni dung cng tc t vn gim st cc giai on

I.1.1 Giai on chun b thi cng
Ni dung ch yu ca cng tc gim st trong giai on ny gm c:
1. Kim tra v ph duyt trang thit b ca phng th nghim v i ng nhn vin k thut
ca nh thu
2. Kim tra tnh nng k thut ca cc trang thit b v my mc thi cng ca nh thu.
3. Th nghim, kim tra v ph duyt cc c s khai thc hoc cung cp vt liu xy dng ca
nh thu.
4. Kim tra v ph duyt kt qu th nghim v kt qu thit k thnh phn cc hn hp vt
liu ca nh thu ( b tng nha, b tng xi mng .. ).
5. Ch dn cho nh thu h thng mc nh v v mc cao ; kim tra cc s liu o c v
cng tc khi phc tuyn, ln ga, phng dng, lm ng tm ... ca nh thu.
6. Thm tra, ph duyt thit k bn v thi cng chi tit v gii php thi cng ca nh thu;
kim tra v ph duyt cc kt qu thi cng th im tng hng mc cng trnh theo quy
nh.
7. Gii thch r cc yu cu v tiu chun k thut quy nh trong hp ng thu cho nh
thu.
8. Kim tra cc bin php bo m an ton thi cng, bo v cng trnh, bo v mi trng
ca nh thu.
9. Kim tra vic lp k hoch v tin thi cng ca nh thu.

I.1.2 Giai on thi cng
Ni dung ch yu gm:
1. Hng ngy kim tra cng ngh thi cng ( k c khu bo dng sau thi cng ); kim tra
nguyn vt liu, hn hp vt liu ch to ti xng ( ti ni bo qun, ti hin trng thi
cng v ti ni sn xut ); hng dn v thm tra h thng t kim tra ca nh thu
2. Nghim thu tng cng on, tng trnh t cng ngh trong qu trnh thi cng mi hng
mc cng trnh theo tiu chun v phng php quy nh ( c bit ch trng cc cng
on, cc b phn cng trnh n du ); tip nhn vn bn yu cu tip tc thi cng cc
cng on sau ca nh thu, nu cng on trc c s nghim thu ( bng vn bn )
mi cho php nh thu tip tc thi cng;
3. Nu cht lng thi cng khng t yu cu quy nh hoc pht hin cc khuyt tt th phi
iu tra, x l, nu cn th phi bo co t vn trng cho ngng thi cng.
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4. nh k kim tra tin thi cng ca nh thu ( so vi k hoch tin do nh thu trnh
c t vn trng ph duyt; xc nhn bo co tin hng thng ca nh thu; bo
co vi t vn trng xc nhn s cn thit phi ko di thi gian thi cng nu c l do
xc ng.
5. Kim tra cc bin php bo m an ton thi cng ca nh thu ( k c cc bin php chiu
sng khi thi cng v m )
6. Kim tra v xc nhn khi lng thi cng ca nh thu.
7. Bo co ( hoc xut ) vi t vn trng nhng bt hp l v tiu chun hoc v n
thit k dn n cc thay i cn thit c v cht lng v khi lng cng trnh.
8. Lu tr y cc bin bn kim tra, cc bo co hng thng v cht lng, khi lng,
tin d, k c cc ghi chp v s liu th nghim.

I.1.3 Giai on sau thi cng ( trong thi k bo hnh )
1. Kim tra, nh gi nghim thu hon cng cc hng mc cng trnh; pht hin cc sai st,
khuyt tt yu cu nh thu hon thin, sa cha trong thi k bo hnh, lm vn bn
nghim thu
2. Hng dn nh thu lm h s hon cng theo ng quy nh

I.2 Cc cn c tin hnh cng tc ca t vn gim st thi
cng
c c s thc hin cc ni dung cng vic cp mc I.1, cc t vn gim st thi cng
phi da vo cc cn c php quy di y:
I.2.1 Cc iu kin hp ng giao nhn thu; trong c bit ch trng cc iu kin lin
quan n cht lng, khi lng, tin cc hng mc cng trnh
I.2.2 n thit k bn v thi cng chi tit c duyt ( k c cc n thay i hoc sa
i c ch u t ng v t vn trng ra vn bn thm duyt )
V nguyn tc, n thit k bn v thi cng chi tit phi da vo cc tp bn v thit k k
thut c duyt trong h s mi thu. Tuy nhin, t vn gim st phi cng vi nh thu
xem xt k cc iu kin a hnh, a cht thu vn ti ch v nn mt ng c ( nu l d
n nng cp ci to ng ) gip nh thu lm tt n thit k bn v thi cng chi tit;
trong nn ch trng xem xt k v thit k thot nc( cao t cng, rnh, ni tip
thng h lu dng chy ... ), v cc on nn ng qua vng c cc iu kin a cht v
thu vn xu ( t yu, st l, ngp lt...), v kt cu ci to, tng cng mt ng c
( thng trong n thit k k thut cha iu tra k nn, mng mt ng c, v cc gii
php to iu kin cho s i li thun tin ca dn c hai bn ng v cc gii php bo m
an ton giao thng.
I.2.3 Cc tiu chun k thut c duyt trong h s mi thu v cc tiu chun c quy
nh trong h thng Tiu chun k thut cc cng trnh giao thng ng b ca Vit Nam
( cc TCVN, TCN ).
Ch rng cc tiu chun k thut trong h s mi thu c th c php s dng cc tiu
chun khc nh h thng tiu chun ISO ( t chc tiu chun ho quc t ) v tiu chun ca
cc nc Anh, c, M, Nht, Php, c nhng cc tiu chun c th p dng trong mi
trng hp khng c php thp hn cc tiu chun tng ng ca TCVN hoc TCN. Do
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vy, trong trng hp pht hin thy c cc tiu chun quy nh thp hn ( d c duyt )
th t vn gim st cn kp thi bo co vi t vn trng kp thi thay i.
H thng tiu chun ca nc ta ( cng nh ca nc ngoi ) thng gm:
- Cc tiu chun v kho st thit k ng
- Cc tiu chun v vt liu xy dng ng
- Cc tiu chun v phng php th nghim ( th nghim vt liu v th nghim cc ch
tiu nh gi cht lng, phc v cho vic nghim thu cng trnh )
- Cc tiu chun v cng ngh thi cng , kim tra v nghim thu trong qu trnh thi cng .
H thng tiu chun ca AASHTO ( Hip hi cc vin chc ng t v Vn ti Hoa K )
ch gm cc tiu chun v vt liu ( k hiu l AASHTO. M km theo m s tiu chun ) v
cc tiu chun v th nghim ( k hiu l AASHTO. T km theo m s tiu chun ). V kho
st, thit k v thi cng ng t, AASHTO ch c ti liu hng dn hoc s tay.
tin tham kho s dng, trong phn ph lc ca tp s tay ny c lit k danh mc cc tiu
chun Vit Nam ( TCVN, TCN ) v danh mc cc tiu chun AASHTO. M v AASHTO. T.
Cc t vn gim st thi cng ch c th lm tt nhim v khi nm vng cc tiu chun, k c
cc tiu chun v kho st, thit k ( xem xt cc n thit k bn v thi cng chi tit );
c bit l trong nhiu trng hp cht lng cui cng ca cng trnh trc ht thuc vo
cht lng cng tc kho st, thit k.
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Chng II.
Cng tc chun b

II.1. Cc vn chung

1. Trong giai on chun b thi cng T vn gim st cn phi theo ri v kim tra cc cng
tc sau:
- Dn dp phn t xy dng ng v xy dng cc x nghip v c s sn xut, cht
cy nh gc, di chuyn cc cng trnh kin trc c, di chuyn m m..
- Xy dng cc x nghip sn xut, lp t thit b, lm cc kho bi vt liu..
- Xy dng nh , nh lm vic cc loi, phng th nghim hin trng
- Chun b xe my thi cng v vn chuyn v xng sa cha xe my
- Tuyn chn v o to cn b thi cng v c kh
- Lp bn v thi cng
2. Khi thi cng trong thi hn vi nm th nn tin hnh cng tc chun b cho mt s hng
mc cng tc no ri ra theo thi gian. V d nu d nh thi cng mt ng trong
nm th hai, th cng tc chun b sn xut vt liu v bn thnh phm xy dng mt
ng nn tin hnh vo cui nm th nht ch khng phi ngay t khi khi cng. Nu
xy dng sm qu, s khng trnh khi tnh trng cc thit b ca x nghip sn xut phi
ch vic lu di, trong khi c th phc v cho cc cng trnh khc.
3. Nn phn b cc cng tc chun b theo thi gian gim bt chi ph phi chi ng thi v
c th tin hnh cng tc chun b bng mt lc lng v nhiu phng tin nh. Tuy
nhin cn phi bo m hon thnh kp thi bi v nu cng tc chun b chm tr th s
nh hng xu n thi gian xy dng cng trnh.
4. Vic chun b cc hng mc nu trn phi c hon thnh trong thi gian 90 ngy k t
khi khi cng. Ring vi phng th nghim hin trng v cc thit b th nghim phi
hon thnh trong 60 ngy k t khi khi cng.
5. Chi tit cc hng mc ca cng tc chun b v danh mc v thit b v nhn s np lc
b thu khng c thay i ( nu khng c s ng ca t vn trng ) v phi theo
ng cc quy cch v tiu chun quy nh trong hp ng.

II.2. Yu cu i vi nh cc loi v vn phng hin
trng.
Vic chun b nh cc loi phi c lm theo ng hp ng
II.2.1 Yu cu v b tr nh v nh lm vic:
1. Nh thu phi xy dng, cung cp, bo qun sa cha cc loi nh , nh lm vic ( vn
phng ), cc nh xng, nh kho .. tm thi ti hin trng, k c cc vn phng v nh
cho gim st vin. Sau khi hon thnh hp ng th phi d b cc nh .
2. Yu cu chung i vi cc loi nh vn phng phi ph hp vi cc iu l lin quan hin
hnh ca nh nc ( nh Quy chun xy dng Vit Nam ).
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3. Tr s vn phng ca nh thu v ca k s t vn, nh ca gim st vin v nh cc loi
khc phi c b tr ph hp vi k hoch chun b ghi r trong hp ng.
4. Yu cu b tr nh trong vng ph cn ca 1 trm trn b tng nha nh bng II.1

Bng II.1. Yu cu i vi nh lm vic v nh trm trn b tng nha

Loi nh S ti thiu
phi cung cp
C ly ti a n trm trn
b tng nha ( Km )
Vn phng hin trng ca nh thu 1 2
Vn phng hin trng ca k s t vn 2 5
Vn phng th nghim hin trng 1 2
Nh ca gim st vin 1 25

5. Cc vn phng, nh phi m bo iu kin v sinh mi trng, kt cu phi vng chc,
thot nc tt, c sn ng ri mt, m bo cc nhu cu in, nc, in thoi v cc
thit b, c trong nh s dng thch hp ..
Cc nh kho phi bo m bo qun tt vt liu.

II.2.2 Yu cu i vi phng th nghim hin trng:

1. Nh thu phi cung cp ton b nh ca, vt liu thit b th nghim theo yu cu thc hin
hp ng di s hng dn v gim st ca k s t vn.
2. Phng th nghim c xy dng cch trm trn b tng nha khng qu 2 km v trong
khu vc khng b nhim khi trm trn hot ng.
3. Phng th nghim phi c cn b v nhn vin k thut c chng ch tay ngh v phi
c trang b y cc my mc thit b th nghim nh bng II.2 lm cc th
nghim m bo hon thnh cng trnh theo ng cc quy nh k thut trong h s u
thu.

Bng II.2. Danh mc cc th nghim v cc trang thit b ch yu cn phi c
trong phng th nghim hin trng ca nh th.

TT Danh mc th nghim yu cu

Trang b ch yu cn c
(1) (2) (3)
I - V th nghim t
I.1 Phn tch thnh phn ht 2 b sng 200 - 0,02 mm ; 1 cn 200 g chnh xc
n 0,2 gr; 1 cn 100 g chnh xc n 0,1 g
I.2 Xc nh m 1 cn 100 g chnh xc n 0,1 g v 1 t sy c th
gi nhit nhit 100 - 105
0
C
I.3 Xc nh gii hn do, gii
hn chy
1 b
I.4 Th nghim m nn

1 b m nn tiu chun v 1 b m nn ci tin
I.5

Th nghim CBR 1 thit b nn + 5 b khun
I.6

Th nghim p ln trong
phng
( xc nh Eo )
1 b khun ca th nghim CBR v 1 tm p D = 5
cm, gi lp t ng h o bin dng , 5 - 6 ng
h o bin dng chnh xc n 0,01 mm, my nn.
6
(1) (2) (3)

II - Th nghim vt liu mng o ng
II.1 Phn tch thnh phn ht 1 - 2 b sng tiu chun 0,02 - 40 mm ( nh I.3 )
+ cn 1000 gr chnh xc 0,5 gr

II.2 Th nghim m nn Nh iu I.3 + cn 100 gr chnh xc 0,5 gr

II.3 Th nghim nn mt trc
khng hn ch n hng ( dng
cho vt liu mng c gia c
cht lin kt v c )

1 my nn 10 tn

II.4 Th nghim L.A 1 b tiu chun

II.5 Th nghim hm lng st
trong vt liu hoc th
nghim ng lng ct ES

1 b tiu chun

II.6 Th nhim hm lng ht dt 1 b tiu chun

III - Th nghim b tng nha v hn hp nha
III.1 TN kim ln ca nha 1 b tiu chun

III.2 TN nht 1 b tiu chun

III.3 TN ko di ca nha 1 b tiu chun

III.4 TN nhit ho mm 1 b tiu chun

III.5 Xc nh cc ch tiu vt l
ca mu b tng nha
1 cn bn 100 gr ( chnh xc n 0,5 g ) + 1 cn
trong nc 1000 gr ( chnh xc n 0,1 g ) + 1
my trn hn hp c mu.
III.6 Th nghim Marshall 1 b ( gm c thit b c mu, y mu )

III.7 Th nghim xc nh hm
lng nha
1 b ( bng Phng php ly tm hoc phng php
trng ct )

IV - Th nghim b tng xi mng
IV.1 TN phn tch thnh phn ht Nh II.1

IV.2 Xc nh st ca hn hp 1 my trn trong phng + 1 cn 100 kg + cc phu
ong + 2 b o st + 1 bn rung

IV.3 TN cng nn mu 1 my nn 10 tn + 1 b trang thit b dng h
( c th khng ch m v nhit ), cc khun
c mu ( 15 x 15 x 15 ) cm hoc ( 20 x 20 x 20 )
cm
IV.4 Th nghim cng ko un
hoc p ch
1 b
IV.5 Xc nh m nhanh ca ct
liu
Cn 1000 ( chnh xc n 1g ) + t sy

7
(1) (2) (3)

V. Cc trang b kim tra hin trng
V.1 My o c 1 kinh v + 1 thu bnh chnh xc quan trc ln
+ thc cc loi

V.2 Kim tra cht 1 thit b o bng cc tia phng x + 1 b thit b
rt ct + 1 b dao vng ly mu

V.3 Xc nh m 1 thit b o bng nguyn l phng x hoc 1 b
th nghim t cn

V.4 o vng trc tip di
bnh xe
1 cn Benkelman 2:1 c cnh tay n di 2,5 m
+ gi lp thin phn k + 3 - 5 thin phn k

V.5 Th nghim p ln hin trng 1 kch gia ti 5 - 10 tn; tm p D = 33 cm, 1 gi
mc thin phn k; 5 - 6 thin phn k

V.6 Xc nh lng nha phun
ti ti hin trng
Cc tm giy ba 1m
2

V.7 Khoan ly mu b tng nha My khoan mu, ng knh105 mm

V.8 o bng phng 1 b thc di 3 m

Ghi ch bng II.2 : Tu thc t, t vn trng c th yu cu nh thu mua sm hoc b chi
ph thu thc hin cc hng mc th nghim cn thit khc ( c bit l cc th nghim phc
v cho vic thit k bn v thi cng chi tit ).

II.2.3 Yu cu v xng sa cha:
1. Nh thu phi b tr mt xng sa cha c trang b thch hp sa cha my mc
thit b thi cng v xe vn chuyn phc v cng trnh.
2. Ngoi ra phi b tr mt nh kho bo qun cc ph tng, thit b d tr v cc nh hoc
sn xe my.
3. Vi cc cng trnh trong nc nhu cu v nh ca tm thi ph thuc vo khi lng cng
trnh, thi hn thi cng v iu kin c th ca a phng , da vo cc vn bn quy nh
hin hnh tnh ton chnh xc.

II.3. Yu cu i vi cc c s sn xut
1. C s sn xut ca cng trng gm cc x nghip sn xut vt liu xy dng v bn thnh
phm, cc xng sa cha c kh v bo dng xe my, cc c s bo m vic cung cp
in, nc .. phc v cho qu trnh thi cng v sn xut vt liu.
2. Tr cc thnh ph v khu vc kinh t ln, trong xy dng ng thng t chc cc c s
sn xut tm thi, thi gian s dng 2 - 3 nm sn xut cc bn thnh phm.

3. Phi tnh ton y cc yu cu v vt liu cc loi ( cp phi, cc loi, cc bn thnh
phm: b tng nha, trn nha, b tng xi mng.. ) cho cc cng trnh, cn c vo v tr
8
cc ngun vt liu ph hp v tin thi cng m xc nh cng sut hot ng ca cc
m vt liu v cc trm trn trc thuc nh thu cng nh khi lng vt liu phi mua ti
cc c s sn xut c nh theo hp ng.
4. Thi k chun b cc x nghip sn xut c xc nh theo thi hn m x nghip phi
cung cp sn phm cho xy dng ng. xy dng cc x nghip ny cng phi lp tin
thi cng, ghi r: ngy khi cng v ngy hon thnh nh xng sn xut v nh , thi
k vn chuyn thit b n v xy lp, thi gian chy th v sn xut th, thi gian lm
ng vn chuyn vt liu n v ch sn phm i..
5. Trc khi xi nghip sn xut phc v thi cng phi c mt thi gian d tr sa cha cc
trc trc pht hin c khi sn xut th.
6. Trong qu trnh chun b cn phi t chc o to, bi dng tay ngh c cn b,
cng nhn s dng tt cc x nghip .

II.4. Yu cu i vi ng tm, ng trnh v cng
tc bo m giao thng
1. Khi s dng ng hin c vn chuyn phc v thi cng th nh thu phi m nhn
vic duy tu bo dng con ng , bo m cho xe chy an ton v m thun.
2. Khi thi cng nng cp ci to hoc lm li con ng c th nh thu phi c bin php thi
cng kt hp tt vi vic bo m giao thng sao cho cc xe my v xe cng cng khng
lm lui hi cng trnh v vic i li c an ton.
3. bo v cng trnh, m bo an ton giao thng, nh thu phi b tr y cc bin
bo, ro chn, chiu sng v cc thit b khc ti nhng v tr m vic thi cng gy tr ngi
cho vic s dng bnh thng con ng. Cc bin bo phi sn phn quang, cc thit b
an ton khc phi c chiu sng bo m c th nhn thy chng v ban m.
4. Nh thu phi b tr ngi iu khin giao thng bng c cc ch m vic thi cng gy
tr ngi cho giao thng, nh cc on ng hp xe ch i li mt chiu, cc on phi
chy vng quanh cng trnh, iu khin giao thng trong gi cao im, trong trng hp
thi tit xu..
5. Nh thu phi bo m cng tc duy tu bo dng ng hin hu v vic iu khin giao
thng trn on ng mnh nhn thu trong sut thi gian thi cng, m bo an ton giao
thng.
6. Trong qu trnh thi cng, nh thu phi kp thi dn dp cc vt chng ngi gy tr ngi
v nguy him cho giao thng, nht l cc ng vt liu v cc xe my tri php.

II.5. Yu cu i vi cng tc chun b hin trng thi
cng
II.5.1 Cc yu cu i vi vic khi phc cc
1. Trc khi thi cng o p cn phi:
- Khi phc ti thc a nhng cc ch yu xc nh v tr tuyn ng thit k
- o c kim tra v ng thm cc ph nhng ch cn thit tnh ton khi lng
c chnh xc hn.
- Kim tra cao cc cc mc cao c v ng thm cc mc cao c tm thi.
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- Ngoi ra trong khi khi phc cc ca tuyn ng c th phi chnh tuyn mt s
on c bit ci thin cht lng tuyn hoc gim bt khi lng.
2. c nh tim ng trn on thng th phi ng cc cc v tr 100 m v cc ch thay
i a hnh bng cc cc nh. Ngoi ra c cch 0,5 km n 1 km phi ng mt cc to.
3. Trn ng cong th phi ng cc to cc im T, TC v cc cc nh trn ng cng.
Khong cch gia cc cc nh trn ng cong trn thay i tu theo bn knh R ca n:

R < 100 m Khong cch cc 5 m
100 R 500 m Khong cch cc 10 m
R > 500 m Khong cch cc 20 m
4. c nh nh ng cong phi dng cc nh loi ln. Cc nh c chn trn ng
phn gic ko di v cch nh ng cong 0,5 m. Ngay ti nh gc v ng di qu dc
ca my kinh v, ng cc khc cao hn mt t 10 cm. Trng hp nh c ng phn
c b th ng cc c nh nh trn ng tip tuyn ko di, khong cch gia chng
l 20 m.
4. Khi khi phc tuyn cn phi t thm cc mc cao c tm thi, khong cch gia chng
thng l 1 Km. Ngoi ra ti cc v tr ca cu ln v cu trung, cc on nn ng p
cao, cc v tr lm tng chn, cc ng giao nhau khc mc.. .u phi t mc cao c.
Cc mc cao c c c sn v c nh vo t hoc li dng cc cng trnh vnh cu
nh thm nh, tr cu. Trn cc mc phi nh du ch t mia.
6. Trong qu trnh khi phc tuyn cn phi xc nh phm vi thi cng l khu vc cn phi
dn dp, gii phng mt bng trc khi thi cng. Cn phi v s phm vi thi cng c
ghi y rung vn, nh ca v cc cng trnh phi di di hoc ph b lm cng tc
n b.

II.5.2 Yu cu i vi cng tc dn dp mt bng thi cng

1. Trc khi bt u cng tc lm t, phi dn dp cy c, cc lp t hu c v cc chng
ngi vt nm trong phm vi thi cng
2. Cc hn to cn tr vic thi cng nn o hoc nm cc on nn p chiu cao di
1,5 m u phi dn i. Thng th nhng hn th tch trn 1,5 m
3
th phi dng mn
ph n, cn nhng hn nh hn th c th dng my a ra khi phm vi thi cng.
3. Phi cht cc cnh cy vn xo vo phm vi thi cng ti cao 6m phi nh gc cy khi
chiu cao nn p nh hn 1,5 m hoc khi chiu cao gc cy cao hn mt t thin nhin
t 15 - 20 cm. Cc trng hp khc phi cht cy ( ch gc cn li cao hn mt t 15
cm ).
4. Vi nhng nn ng p chiu cao di 1 m v cc h ly t u cn phi o b lp
t hu c trc khi o p. t hu c sau khi dn thng c cht thnh ng sau
ny dng li.
5. Trong phm vi thi cng nu c cc ng rc, m ly, t yu, t mui, hay hc ging, ao
h.. u cn phi x l tho ng trc khi thi cng. Tt c mi chng ngi vt trong
phm vi thi cng phi ph d v dn sch.
- Trong phn nn p, cc h o b cy ci hoc cc chng ngi vt u phi c lp
v m cht bng cc vt liu p thch hp nh vt liu p nn ng thng thng.
10
- Vic b, hu b cc cht thi do dn dp mt bng phi tun th php lut v cc
quy nh ca a phng. Nu t ( cy, c ) phi c php v phi c ngi trng coi
khng nh hng n dn c v cng trnh ln cn.
- Cht thi c th c chn lp vi lp ph dy t nht 30 cm v phi bo m m quan
- V tr cht thi nu ngoi phm vi ch gii gii phng mt bng th phi c s cho
php ca a phng ( qua thng lng );
- Vt liu tn dng li phi c cht ng vi mi dc 1:2 v phi b tr nhng ch
khng nh hng n vic thot nc; phi che ph b mt ng vt liu.

II.5.3 Yu cu bo m thot nc trong thi cng
1. Trong qu trnh thi cng phi ch bo m thot nc kp thi nhm trnh cc hu qu
xu c th xy ra nh phi ngng thi cng, phi lm thm mt s cng tc pht sinh do
ma gy ra v trnh nh hng n dn c ln cn.

2. Trong thi cng phi u tin thi cng cc cng trnh thot nc c trong h s thit k,
ng thi khi cn th phi lm thm mt s cng trnh thot nc tm thi ch dng trong
thi gian thi cng. Cc cng trnh thot nc tm thi ny cn c thit k khi lp bn v
thi cng ( nht l trong khu vc c dn c ).
3. Khi thi cng tng cng trnh c th cng cn phi p dng cc bin php k thut v t
chc bo m thot nc.
4. Khi thi cng nn p th b mt ca mi lp t p phi c dc ngang ( < 10 % bo
m an ton cho xe my thi cng ). Nn o cng phi thi cng t thp ln cao v b mt
cc lp cng phi dc thot nc.
5. Vic thi cng rnh bin, rnh nh, mng thot nc... cng phi lm t h lu ln
thng lu.

II.5.4 Yu cu i vi cng tc ln khun ng
1. Phi c nh nhng v tr ch yu ca mt ct ngang nn ng trn thc a bo m
thi cng nn ng ng vi thit k. Ti liu dng ln khun nn ng l bn v mt
ct dc v mt ct ngang nn ng.
2. i vi nn p, cng tc ln khun ng phi bao gm vic xc nh cao p t ti
tim ng v mp ng, xc nh v tr chn taluy v gii hn phi xt n b rng p
phng ln i vi cc on nn p trn t yu v gii hn thng u ( nu c ). Cc cc
ln khun ng nn p thp c ng ti v tr cc H ( cc 100 m ) v cc a
hnh; nn ng p cao c ng cch nhau 20 - 40 m v ng cong th ng cch
nhau 5 - 10 m.
3. i vi nn ng o cc cc ln khun ng u phi di ra khi phm vi thi cng.

II.5.5 Yu cu i vi vic chun b xe my thi cng
1. Trong qu trnh chun b nh thu phi chun b v vn chuyn n cng trng cc my
mc thit b p ng c cc yu cu thi cng theo ng cc quy nh trong hp ng
thu, phi o to cng nhn s dng tt cc my mc thit b v t chc bo dng
sa cha chng trong qu trnh thi cng.
11
2. Trong qu trnh chun b nh thu phi b tr mt xng sa cha c kh tin hnh cng
tc sa cha v bo dng xe my trong khi thi cng.
3. Phi thc hin tt phng chm phn cng c nh ngi s dng my, nh r trch
nhim, v tr cng tc

II.5.6 Yu cu i vi vic b sung h s thit k v lp bn v thi cng

1. i vi cc tuyn ng ci to nng cp th nn tin hnh cng tc kho st hin trng
b sung thit k theo 7 ni dung sau:
- m v cn xe t nht l 5 ngy lin tc 24 gi trong ngy. Phi xc nh c s
lng, loi xe v ti trng trc xe trn tt c cc ln xe theo 2 hng .
- Xc nh bng phng ca mt ng thng qua vic xc nh ch s bng phng
thng nht quc t IRI theo c hai hng i v v ca con ng. Phi xc nh ch s
IRI trung bnh cho tng on chiu di khng ln hn 500 m
- Quan st tnh trng hin hu ca mt ng, l ng trn ton chiu di. Vic quan st
c tin hnh hai ln, mi ln theo mt hng nhm s b xc nh khi lng, loi
cng vic ( khi phc, duy tu, sa ng ) v phm vi cn tin hnh trn phn xe chy,
trn l ng.. trc khi thi cng mt ng .
- o vng n hi ca mt ng bng cn Benkelman dc theo ng vi c ly gia
cc im o do k s quy nh .
- Xc nh cng t nn thng qua vic xc nh cng ca t nn bng th
nghim nn tm p, bng dng c xuyn ng ( DCP ). Tuy nhin vic th nghim
cng t nn ch tin hnh trong trng hp nghi ng v khi ch s CBR ca nn
t di mng nh hn 4 %.
- Kim tra cc yu t hnh hc ca ng: Nh thu phi tin hnh o c li cc yu t
hnh hc hin hu ca tuyn ng lin quan n thit k, v d chiu rng phn xe
chy, chiu rng l ng , dc ngang ca mt ng, l ng..trn tng on l
nhng thng s u vo cn thit thit k khi phc ci to mt ng. Cao y
ca h thng thot nc, kch thc ca cc cu, cng hin hu .. l nhng tham s cn
thit thit k ci to hoc tng cng cc kt cu ny.
- Kim tra n nh ca nn ng p v nn ng o nhng v tr c kh nng
mt n nh v p dng nhng bin php x l cn thit.
Trn c s s liu kho st, o c trn y m tin hnh tnh ton b sung h s thit
k v lp bn v thi cng, c bit l vic thit k li kt cu mt ng theo cc s liu
v giao thng v cng nn mt ng mi kho st c.

2. i vi cc tuyn ng xy dng mi:
- Phi xem xt k li cc s liu kho st a hnh, a cht, thu vn, vt liu xy dng
v gii php tnh ton thit k cc hng mc cng trnh h s thit k k thut, i
chiu thc a kim tra tnh hp l ca chng pht hin cc sai st, cc bt hp l
hoc cc gii php khng cn ph hp do thc t a hnh thay i hay do cc iu kin
vt liu thay i... t hon chnh thit k bn v thi cng chi tit. Khi cn thit,
m bo cht lng thit k bn v thi cng chi tit, cn phi tin hnh kho st b
sung v a cht, thu vn, vt liu xy dng; c bit i vi cc trng hp nn ng
12
qua vng st l, trt sn, t trn t yu, on ng ngp lt, trng hp s dng
cc vt liu ti ch.
- Bn v thi cng chi tit phi c lp trn bnh trc dc1 : 500 v vi iu kin a
cht, vt liu xy dng ti ch i vi mi cng trnh thot nc ( tng cng v tng
cng trnh rnh dc, rnh nh, vi cu to ni tip thng h lu dng chy ); i vi
mi cng trnh tng chn ( c phn on theo chiu cao theo cu to mng, c cu to
ni tip tng chn vi nn ng 2 u, c cu to l thot nc .. ); i vi mi
on nn ng iu kin a cht khc nhau; i vi mi on kt cu a ng dng
vt liu mng ti ch khc nhau hoc c cng nn t di o ng khc nhau.
- Trong giai on thit k bn v thi cng chi tit cng cn ch trng kim tra cc gii
php bo m an ton giao thng v gii php to thun li cho vic i li qua ng
ca dn c hai bn ng.

http://www.ebook.edu.vn 13
chng III.
Cng tc xy dng nn ng o, p v nn
ng c x l c bit

III.1 cc yu cu chung i vi vic xy dng nn ng

III.1.1 Yu cu i vi t xy dng nn ng

t l vt liu ch yu xy dng nn ng. Tnh cht v trng thi ca t: m, cht
nh hng rt ln n cng v mc n nh ca nn ng. Cn phi nm vng tnh
cht cc loi t tm cch x l ci thin, xut cc bin php cu to v cc gii php thi
cng khc phc nhc im ca mi loi t nhm p ng tt cc yu cu trong xy dng
nn ng.
1. Nn chn loi t p nn ng theo th t u tin sau:
- t ct, c bit l loi ct c thnh phn cp phi tt c cng v n
nh cao, li d thi cng.
- t st, st ln si sn

2. Vic la chn t xy dng cn c vo cc yu cu quy nh trong Phn loi t trong
xy dng ng theo tiu chun Vit Nam - TCVN - 5474 - 1993 hoc theo Phn loi
t ca AASHTO. Chi tit xem ph lc.

3. Khng c dng t c cc tnh cht sau p. Loi ny gi l t khng thch hp .
- Khng cho php ln r cy, nn c, cc mu g vn, tp cht hu c.
- Cc loi t c hm lng cht hu c cao nh than bn, rc ri
- Cc loi t c gii hn chy LL>80% v ch s do Ip >55%
- t nhy cm vi trng n, c tr s trng n > 1,25 hay theo phn cp
trng n do AASHTOT -258-81: "Trng n rt cao"hoc trng n c bit
cao".
- t c cha cht c ho hc.

III.1.2 Yu cu i vi trang thit b xc nh cht m nn tiu chun v trang thit
b kim tra cht hin trng

III.1. 2.1. Yu cu v trang thit b xc nh cht m nn tiu chun
1. Cc thng s k thut ca dng c m nn v cc quy nh v th nghim theo cc
phng php c thng k bng 3.1.a, 3.1.b, 3.1. c.

Bng 3.1.a
Cc thng s k thut ca dng c m nn
(Theo TCVN 4201-86)
Phng php A B
Loi t Ct, Ct
pha
St, St pha
c Ip<30
St c
Ip>30
Ct, Ct
pha
St, St pha
c Ip<30
St c
Ip>30
D,cm 10 10 10 10 10 10
H,cm 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7

Khun
V,cm
3
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
D,cm 10 10 10 5 5 5
G,kg 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

Chy
Hri ,cm 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0
S lp 3 3 3 3 3 3 Qui cch
m
Chy/lp 25 40 50 25 40 50
Tng cng,KN.cm 5518 8829 11036 5518 8829 11036
Cng n v,
KN.cm/cm
3

5.518 8.829 11.036 5.518 8.829 11.036

Bng 3.1.b
(Theo 22 TCN - 59 84)
Loi t Ct nh Ct nng st St
D,cm 10 10 10 10
H,cm 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7

Khun
V,cm
3
1000 1000 1000 1000
D,cm 10 10 5 5
G,kg 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

Chy
Hri ,cm 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0
S lp 3 3 3 3 Qui cch
m
Chy/lp 20 25 30 40
Tng cng, KN.cm 4415 5518 6622 8829
Cng n v,
KN.cm/cm3
4.415 5.518 6.622 8.829

Bng 3.1.c
(AASTHO T99 & T180 90)
T99 T180 Phng php
A B C D A B C D
C ht Qua sng 4.75 Qua sng 19.0 Qua sng 4.75 Qua sng 19.0
V,
cm
3

943
8
2124
21
943
8
2124
21
943
8
2124
21
943
8
2124
21
H,mm
116.43 0.127 116.43 0.127

Khun

D,mm
101.6
0.406
152.4
0.6604
101.6
0.406
152.4
0.6604
101.6
0.406
152.4
0.6604
101.6
0.406
152.4
0.6604
D,mm
50.8 0.127 50.8 0.127
G,kg
2.495 0.009 4.563 0.0091

Chy
Hri, mm 305 475
S lp 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 Qui
cch
m
Chy/lp 25 56 25 56 25 56 25 56
Tng cng, KN.cm 5599 12541 5599 12541 26578 59535 26578 59535
Cng n v
KN.cm/cm
3

5.937 5.905 5.937 5.905 28.185 28.030 28.185 28.030

2. Khi m nn t p dng tiu chun sau:

- Ct, ct s dng TCVN 4201-86 hoc AASHTO-T99-90 (A)
- Cc loi khc s dng AASHTO-T180-90 (B)
- Ring cc loi t c ln si sn c th s dng AASHTO-T180-90 (B) hoc
AASHTO-T180-90 (D).
3. Phng php hiu chnh ca t cha ht ln hn 4.75mm (5mm) c hm lng si sn
70% p dng nh sau:
i vi dung trng kh ln nht
+ Khi hm lng ct ht (c d >4.75mm) 20% th ta c cng thc hiu chnh:

) ' P
'

cmax
cmax
cmax
(
.

=

+ Khi hm lng ct ht (c d >.4.75mm) >20% n 70% dng cng thc:

) ' r P.
. ' r.

cmax
cmax
cmax
. (

=
i vi m tt nht
+ Khi th nghim m nn tiu chun theo phng php AASHTO T99-90 c th p
dng cng thc hiu chnh:
Wo = Wo (1 - 0.9P)
+ Khi th nghim m nn tiu chun theo phng php AASHTO T180-90 c th p dng
cng thc hiu chnh:
Wo = Wo (1 - 0.8P)
Trong :
cmax: Khi lng th tch kh ln nht ca t c cha ht ln hn 5.0mm c
hiu chnh, tnh bng g/cm3;
cmax: Khi lng th tch kh ca t ch c ht nh hn hoc bng 5.0mm, tnh
bng g/cm3;
: Khi lng ring ca phn ht c kch thc > 5.0mm, tnh bng g/cm3;
- P: Hm lng ht ln hn 5.0mm, tnh bng s thp phn;
- Wo': m tt nht ca t ch c ht nh hn hoc bng 5.0mm, tnh bng %;
- Wo: m tt nht ca t c cha ht ln hn 5.0mm c hiu chnh, tnh
bng %;
- r: h s hiu chnh, tra bng 3.2

Bng 3.2
h s hiu chnh
r Pc r Pc r Pc
1.00
Pc 0.20
0.96 0.36 - 0.40 0.89 0.56 - 0.60
0.99 0.21 - 0.25 0.95 0.41 - 0.45 0.86 0.61 - 0.65
0.98 0.26 - 0.30 0.94 0.46 - 0.50 0.83 0.66 - 0.70
0.97 0.31 - 0.35 0.92 0.51 - 0.55

III.1.2.2. Yu cu v trang thit b kim tra cht ca t hin trng
kim tra cht ca t hin trng, hin ang tn ti nhiu phng php. Di y dn ra
4 phng php thng c s dng. C cc phng php kim tra sau:
- Thit b phng x: Cc loi t
- Phu rt ct: Cc loi t tr loi khng to c h o (v d nh
ct kh)
- Dao ai t cn: Cc loi t tr st v loi ln si sn
- Phao th cht: Cc loi ct, ct

III.1.2.3. Yu cu i vi cc loi my mc, thit b xy dng nn ng
1. Phi chn loi lu thch hp vi nhng loi t khc nhau. Cn chn c mt t hp my
hp l nht t hiu qu kinh t v k thut. Khi chn my phi bo m my chnh t
nng sut cao nht, cn cc my ph phi phc v my chnh t nng sut cao. Nn
chn my c a chc nng.
2. Tu theo loi t, loi vt liu c lu m chn my lu thch hp v lun lun phi c c
lu nh v lu nng.
3. Phi b tr s lu v yu cu th li lu i theo ng s lu thit k. Trn ng
thng lu t 2 bn l vo tim ng, vt bnh lu ln sau phi chng ln vt bnh lu ln trc
20~25cm (hoc 1/2 chiu rng bnh lu). Trn ng cong th t bng dn ln lng ng
cong. Phi khng ch tc lu hp l, 3~4 ln lu u tin tc lu nh V= 1,5 - 2,0
Km/h, cc ln sau V = 2,5 ~ 3,5 Km/h.

III.1.3. Nhim v ca TVGS trc khi Xy Dng nn ng
1. c bn v thit k: K s TVGS phi c hiu y mi hng mc cng trnh ca D
n:
- Cu to bn v
- Qu trnh tnh ton dn n bn v
- Pht hin nhng thiu st ca cc phn thit k trnh ln k s trng.
- c cc ti liu kho st a cht v su hn na bit s dng n vo kim ton
li cc hng mc cng trnh nu thy cn thit nh: tnh n nh nn ng qua
vng t yu, tnh n nh chung ton khi, tnh ln theo thi gian...

2. c cc tiu chun k thut quy nh cho hng mc cng trnh nn ng
Trong tp cc Tiu chun k thut phn lin quan n xy dng nn ng gm cc cng
vic:
(1) Cng tc t cho ng
(2) Cu trc cc cng tc o
(3) Cng tc thot nc
(4) Lp nn t

3. Kim tra phm vi ch gii xy dng ng

Kim tra xem trong phm vi y c gii phng cha. Lp c bnh v ton b khi
lng cc khu vc nm trong vng cn gii phng mt bng cho ton tuyn trnh ln Ch
u t. Cn c vo tin thi cng ca nh thu (sau khi c k s trng ng ) lp k
hoch gii phng mt bng sau khi i th st hin trng v nu thy cn thit.
Ch cc cng trnh cng cng nm trong phm vi cn gii phng:
- Cc cng trnh ti tiu nc ca thu li;
- Cc cng trnh in lc phc v cho sn xut v i sng nh trm bin th, ng
dy ti in, trm cung cp nc sch sinh hot;
- Cc ng dy in thoi, in tn, cp quang;
- Cc ng ng dn du, dn ho cht c bit, dn hi t, dn nc phc v sn
xut v i sng;
- Trng hc, trm x, c quan lm vic ca a phng v ca trung ng.
- Cc nh, cha, cc cng trnh vn ho ca a phng c xp hng.

4. Kim tra cc h mc o c theo h s thit k phc v cho qu trnh thi cng.

Nu thy cc cc cha c bo v tt (cha ng yu cu k thut) th yu cu nh thu lm
li. Nu thiu cc yu cu lm thm cho . Nu thy cn nghi ng TVGS yu cu nh thu
kim tra li mc cao .

5. Kim tra phng th nghim hin trng: theo danh mc nu chng I

6. Kim tra cht lng cc th nghim vin (kim tra tay ngh nhn vin th nghim)

7. Kim tra h s thit k thi cng, tin v cc gii php k thut

- Kim tra h s thit k thi cng (HSTKTC) do nh thu xy dng.
- i vi HSTKTC xem c ng vi thit k giai on thit k k thut khng. Nu c
khc th v sao khc phi c cn c khoa hc.
- Kim tra bn v v cc s liu tnh ton c th.
- Kim tra tin v ph duyt tin . KSTVGS xem xt cn thn h s trc khi trnh
k s trng duyt, trnh Gim c iu hnh duyt ri bo co vi ch u t.

8. Kim tra ngun vt liu cung cp cho nh thu

- Kim tra m t p nn ng bao gm:
- V tr;
- Loi t, cc tnh cht c l, t hay khng t ch tiu c quy nh
trong tiu chun k thut 50000m
3
/ 1 ln th nghim, 1 ln th nghim ly
3 mu;
- Tr lng v ng vn chuyn ti hin trng.
- Kim tra ngun cung cp cc vt liu c bit khng c trong nc: vi a k thut, bc
thm, cc loi vt liu ct mm gia cng nn t qua vng t yu. Yu cu nh thu
xut trnh quy cch ca nh sn xut cho tng loi vt liu. KSTV c th tin hnh th
nghim kim tra li cc c s th nghim c t cch php nhn.
- -Kim tra n gi vt liu

9. Kim tra my mc thit b phc v cho thi cng

- c tht k cc my mc thit b chng loi, tn my, nc sn xut v tnh trng hot
ng ca my ghi trong h s u thu;
- Kim tra thc t, nu cn thit cho hot ng th cc loi my phc v cho cng tc thi
cng nn ng
+ Cc loi my xc cn gi l my o, cc loi my xc chuyn;
+ Cc loi my i, cc loi my san;
+ Cc loi my lu;
+ Cc loi my chuyn dng khc. Trong , c my m nn b mt taluy.

III.2 cc yu cu i vi vic xy dng nn ng o thng
thng

III.2.1 Yu cu v cu to nn ng o thng thng
1. Yu cu cht pha trn ca nn ng o theo TCVN 4054 ( Tiu chun m nn theo
TCVN 4201-1995) c thng k bng 3.3 a, 3.3 b

Bng 3.3.a
Yu cu cht pha trn ca nn ng o
cht K su tnh t y o ng
xung, cm
ng t c Vtt 40km/h
ng t c Vtt < 40km/h
30
0.98 0.95

2. Yu cu v dc taluy nn ng o theo TCVN 4054
dc mi ng o thng k bng 3.2.1.b
Bng 3.3.b
Yu cu v dc taluy nn ng o
Loi t Chiu cao mi dc nn
o, m
dc ln nht ca
mi dc
1. cng
c phong ho nh (nt n)
d phong ho

16
16

1/0.2
1/0.5 1/1.5
2. Cc loi b phong ho mnh 6 1/1
3. ri rc 6 12 1/1.5
4. t ct, t cc loi st trng thi cng,
na cng, do cht
12 1/1.5

Ngoi ra, khi mi dc c cu to d b l, ri th gia mp ngoi ca rnh bin ti chn mi
dc phi c mt bc thm rng ti thiu 0,8m. Khi c tng phng h, hoc khi mi dc
thp hn 2,0m khng phi b tr bc thm nay.

2. Yu cu i vi nn ng l

Nu nn ng l cng (Rnbh > 300daN/cm2 tr ln), trc khi xy dng mt ng phi
c lp m dm cp phi hoc t i m cht >30cm v mi rnh bin hoc mi nn
ng phi c gia c chng thm nc.

III.2.2 Yu cu v cng ngh thi cng

1. Kim tra ln ga phng dng hin trng

Ngay ti hin trng, trc khi thi cng v tr tim, v tr nh taluy (nh tri v nh phi), v
tr rnh bin, rnh nh u phi c nh v chnh xc.

2. Kim tra trong qu trnh thi cng

- Kim tra ni t (t thi) c ng quy nh khng. Trnh cc trng hp t ra mi
ta luy m (t mn) v ra ni lm cn tr dng chy ca cc cng trnh thot nc;
- Kim tra t o c tn dng li p;
- Kim tra cc bin php an ton lao ng khi thi cng trn cao hoc n mn;
- Kim tra cht lng phn nn t cao thit k xem c ng nh thit k hay khng
(theo ct a tng hoc h o khi kho st) kp thi a ra cc gii php k thut thch
hp nh: cy xi, m li hoc thay t...

III.2.3 Yu cu v tiu chun kim tra sau khi thi cng xong
- Kim tra cao tim ng v vai ng. Sai s cho php v cao khng qu 5cm v
khng to ra dc ph thm 0.5%.
- Kch thc hnh hc ca nn ng. Sai s cho php 5cm trn on 50m di nhng ton
chiu rng nn ng khng ht qu 5cm.
- Kim tra dc dc ca nn ng. Sai s cho php 0. 005;
- Kim tra dc ngang, dc siu cao cc ng cong nm. Sai s cho php khng qu
5% ca dc thit k;
- Kim tra dc mi taluy, bng phng ca b mt mi taluy. Sai s cho php khng
qu (2, 4, 7)% dc thit k tng ng vi chiu cao (>6, 2-6,<2)m; khng qu 15% i
vi nn cp I-IV.
- Kim tra cht ca t nn ng. Sai s khng qu 1%.
- c bit lu , cc ng cp cao, trong khong 50cm k t y o ng xung K
yc
=
0,98. Do vy phi kim tra cht ca nn t t nhin, nu khng t yu cu phi tin
hnh lu n khi t cht yu cu;
- Kim tra cc loi rnh bin, rnh nh (chiu su rnh, chiu rng rnh, dc mi taluy
rnh, dc dc rnh, cao y rnh).
- K nhn ti hin trng v bo co kt qu kim tra hng ngy cho k s trng theo mu
quy nh.

III.3 cc yu cu i vi xy dng nn ng p thng thng

III.3.1 Yu cu v cu to nn ng p thng thng
1. Yu cu cht nn ng p theo TCVN 4054 )Tiu chun m nn theo TCVN 4201-
1995) thng k bng 3.4.a, 3.4.b.

Bng 3.4.a
Yu cu cht nn ng p
cht k
Chiu dy mt ng
su tnh t y o
ng xung,cm
ng t c Vtt
40km/h
ng t c Vtt
< 40km/h
> 60cm 30
0.98 0.95
< 60cm 50
0.98 0.95
Phn t di su k trn
0.95 0.90

2. Yu cu v mi dc taluy nn ng p theo TCVN 4054

dc mi ng p thng k bng 3.3.1.b
Bng 3.4.b
Yu cu v mi dc taluy nn ng p
Chiu cao mi dc nn p
Loi t
di 6m t 6-12m
1. Cc loi c phong ho nh 1/1 1/1.3 1/1.3 1.5
2. dm, si sn, ct ln si sn,
ct to, ct va, x qung

1/1.5

1/1.3 1.5
3. Ct nh v ct bt, t st v ct pha 1/1.5 1/1.75
4. t bt, ct nh 1/1.75 1/1.75

Ngoi cc trng hp trn c cc thit k c bit.

3. Yu cu v gia c mi dc taluy nn ng p
Ni chung, mi ta luy nn ng p thng thng c gia c bng trng c. Nhng
khu vc thng xuyn ngp nc nh nn ng bi sng hoc qua vng ngp nc cn p
dng cc bin php sau:
- hc xp khan mit mch c tng lc ngc phn c sng v;
- hc xy c tng lc ngc i vi phn thng xuyn ngp nc (thi gian ngp
nc >21 ngy).
- Tm an BTXM c l thot nc i vi nn ng thng xuyn ngp nc.

4. Yu cu v lp bao taluy khi nn ng p bng ct

Trng hp nn ng c p bng ct, yu cu pha mi ta luy phi p mt lp t
st bao dy 50 cm bo b chng xi nc mt v trng c. t st p bao taluy yu cu
c ch s do >17.

III.3.2 Yu cu v cng ngh thi cng nn p

1. Kim tra cht lng t p (back fill soil) ti m vt liu
V tr cung cp;
Cht lng ca t. Yu cu i vi t xy dng nn ng theo dn III.1.1;
Tr lng c th cung cp c.
Theo yu cu ca nh thu, TVGS cng nh thu ly mu ngay ti m v gim st
cng tc th nghim t ti phng th nghim.
Nhng ch tiu kim tra:
- T trng ht t (),
- Thnh phn ht;
- Trng thi ca t, m t nhin (W), gii hn chy(W
d
), gii hn nho (W
ch
); ch s do
I
p
;
- Dung trng kh ln nht (
max
) v m tt nht (Wo)
- Gc ni ma st , lc dnh C;
- Moun n hi Eh hoc CBR.

C 10000m
3
/ lm th nghim 1 ln. Mi ln ly 3 mu (ly ngu nghin) v tnh tr s trung
bnh ca 3 mu.

2. Cng tc th im m nn t
- Chn on m nn th: on thng, Idc = 0;
- Chn cng ngh m nn: loi my lu dng m nn (thng chn loi c xc nh
trong n thu), trnh t m nn (s m nn).
- Thng thng vi nn t chn on th nghim di 100m chia 5 on mi on 20m.
Trn mi on c s ln lu khc nhau, v d chn 8, 10, 12, 14 v 16 ln/im.

on 1 2 3 4 5
Chiu di,m 20 20 20 20 20
S ln lu/im 8 10 12 14 16

- Chiu dy lp vt liu t th im 20cm ( cht). Trc khi ri cn xc nh h s ri rc
(Krr);
- m ca t khi lu khng ch bng m tt nht ca loi t y (Wo). Trn thc t
cho php sai s 1% so vi m tt nht v lu n thi tit m c th iu chnh cho
ph hp..
- Trnh t lu: t mp nn ng vo tim ng, vt bnh lu ca ln sau trm ln vt bnh lu
ln trc t 25~30cm. Tc lu t thp n cao, 2 lt u 2KM/h, 4 ln tip 2,5~3 km/h
cc ln cn li 2,5 km/h.
- Ly mu xc nh h s m nn K theo phng php rt phu ct. Mi on ly 3 mu
trn mt mt ct ngang, mu 1 ti v tr tim nn ng, 2 mu 2 bn, v tr mi mu cch
mp nn ng t (2~4)m, tu thuc chiu rng ca nn.
Xc nh tr s trung bnh ca 3 mu th nghim.
3
3 2 1 K K K + +
=
tb
K . Tr s K
tb
chnh l cht t c ca on th nghim.
Trong nm on, chn tr s K
tb
= K
yc
m rng thi cng i tr v l cn c nh
thu theo di thi cng.
Nu c 5 tr s K
tb
u nh hn K
yc
th phi tin hnh li, thm s ln lu cho mi on
v tip tc kim tra cht, n khi t yu cu. Trng hp tng s lt lu m vn khng t
yu cu, th c th kt lun loi lu (cng ngh lu) s dng khng hp l v on th nghim b
loi b. Phi lm li on th im tng ng vi loi lu c hiu qu hn (cng c th ngh
n loi t thng thch hp). Mi thao tc v yu cu ca on th nghim li lm ng nh
trn cho n khi t yu cu v cng ngh ny vi loi lu ny s c chp nhn a vo thi
cng.

III.3.3 Yu cu v tiu chun kim tra nghim thu

1. p t v cng tc kim tra cht lng
S dng loi lu v s cng ngh c TVGS ph duyt nh thu tin hnh p nn
ng.
- t p ng tiu chun. Nu thy nghi ng c sai khc vi loi t c duyt, TVGS
c quyn yu cu nh thu ly mu t lm li th nghim c s gim st ca KSTVGS .
Thng thng c 1000
m3
/1 ln th nghim.
- p theo tng lp u n vi chiu dy 20~25cm. t khi lu phi c m xp x vi
m tt nht c xc nh bng th nghim m nn tiu chun trong phng th nghim.
Tng lp u c kim tra cht ca TVGS ngay ti hin trng. Ch sau khi t cht
yu cu mi cho tip tc lm cc lp tip sau. Sai s v cht so vi thit k cho php
1%.

2. Yu cu i vi cng tc hon thin v nghim thu tng th theo tng giai on
- V phng mi taluy.
- Nu phi p bao mi taluy hay trng c mi taluy th phi thc hin ngay trnh ma xi
mn.
- Kim tra cao tim ng v vai ng. Sai s cho php v cao khng qu 5cm v
khng to ra dc ph thm 0.5%.
- Kch thc hnh hc ca nn ng. Sai s cho php 5cm trn on 50m di nhng ton
chiu rng nn ng khng ht qu 5cm.
- Kim tra dc dc ca nn ng. Sai s cho php 0.0005;
- Kim tra dc ngang, dc siu cao cc ng cong nm. Sai s cho php khng qu
5% ca dc thit k;
- Kim tra dc mi taluy, bng phng ca b mt mi taluy. Sai s cho php khng
qu (2, 4, 7)% dc thit k tng ng vi chiu cao (>6, 2-6,<2)m.

3. Xc nhn khi lng cng trnh c hon thnh

C 2 trng hp:
- Thc t thc hin hon ton ng vi thit k thi cng c KSTV trng (Resident
Engineer or Chief Inspector) duyt. Cn c vo bn v TVGS tnh ton khi lng (QS
quantity Surveyor) hon thnh tng ngy, cho tng hng mc cng trnh c cc
TVGS hin trng k nhn ngay hin trng.

- Trng hp khc vi n c duyt. S xc nhn cc tnh hung sau:

- Khi lng cng tc tng hay gim do s thay i iu kin a cht khc vi kho
st ban u m c KSTV ng cho thay i (c bin bn km theo c ch k
ca nh thu v ch k ca TVGS cho php).

- Do s c bt thng thin nhin gy ra nh ma, bo, lt khng phi bn thn nh
thu gy ra.

Ch :

- Nhng thay i nh, khng ln th TVGS hin trng bo co KS trng hay thanh tra
trng chp thun th mi c lm, nu khng c duyt th khng c thanh ton
khi lng tha ny.

- Cc thay i ln th KS trng phi bo co ln CB u t, ln b ch qun xin kin
ph duyt. Nh thu ch c thi cng phng n mi sau khi c Ch u t, B ch
qun ph duyt cho php dng phng n mi thay th phng n c.

III.4. yu cu i vi vic xy dng nn ng p trn t yu

i vi cng trnh nn p trn t yu, t vn gim st cn da vo bn v v cc ch dn
trong n thit k tin hnh cng vic kim tra, gim st thi cng. Tuy nhin, trong mi
trng hp u nn kim tra theo cc yu cu nu tm tt di y:

III.4.1 Yu cu chung v cu to nn p trn t yu:

1. m nn, chiu cao p ti thiu trn mc nc ngp v mc nc ngm. t p mi
ta luy, bin php gia c taluy u yu cu ging nh vi nn p thng thng.
2. So vi mt t chiu cao dp ti thiu phi t 1,2 - 1,5 m; so vi mt lp ct m (nu c)
chiu cao p ti thiu phi l 0,8 - 1,0 m
3. Trong phm vi 20 m k t chn ta luy nn p ra mi bn phi san lp cc ch trng ( ao
chum ) trc khi p v khng c o ly t trong phm vi .
4. Loi t dng p nn : khng nn dng loi t ht mn l loi c ht nh hn 0,08 mm
chim hn 50 % khi lng t ( theo nh ngha TCVN 5747 - 1993 ); i vi phn
nn chm hoc ln vo t yu nn dng t ct, t ln si sn hoc ch t l t ht th
(theo TCVN 5747 - 1993 l loi c ht ln hn 0,08 mm chim hn 50 % khi lng t ).
5. Phn p gia ti trc hoc b phn p ( nu c ) c th dng mi loi t ( k c t ln
hu c ) nhng phi t dung trng bng tr s dung trng dng trong n thit k; mt
trn phn p gia ti trc hoc b phn p phi to dc ngang 2 % ra kha ngoi.
6. B rng nn p trn t yu phi c p rng thm so vi b rng thit k phng
ln; phn p rng thm ny phi c quy nh trong n thit k.

III.4.2 yu cu v bo m n nh v v quan trc ln, quan trc di ng ngang trong
qu trnh thi cng :

1. Trong sut qu trnh thi cng p ( k c p phn nn p v phn gia ti trc nu c )
phi phn t kim tra n nh ( tng ng vi cc chiu cao p mi t v c trng sc
chng ct thay i do thay i mc c kt trong t yu di tc ng ca ti trng
p ):
Nu kim tra theo phng php phn mnh c in th h s n nh nh nht phi t
K
min
= 1,20 ;
Nu kim tra theo phng php Bishop th h s n nh nh nht phi t K
min
=
1,40.
2. Trong thi gian p phi quan trc ln t nht mi ngy mt ln vi mc chnh xc n
mm; tc ln y nn p ti trc tim nn ng khng c vt qu 1 cm/ ngy
m. Nu vt qu th phi ngng p, thm ch r ti.
3. Trong thi gian p trn nn t yu hng ngy cng phi quan trc s di ng ngang ca
cc cc ng pha ngoi cch chn taluy p 1,0 m bng my kinh v chnh xc. Tc
di ng ngang ( theo phng thng gc vi tim ng ) khng c vt qu 5 mm / ngy
m. Nu vt qu th cng phi ngng p , thm ch r ti. Sau khi p xong vn tip tc
quan trc cho n khi thy r nn ng n nh.
4. H thng b tr quan trc ln v di ng ngang phi c thit k chi tit trong n thit
k.
5. xc nh khi lng p ln chm vo t yu v c s liu lm h s hon cng,
sau khi ngng p vn phi tip tc quan trc ln hng tun 1 ln 2 thng u v hng
thng cho n ht thi gian bo hnh ( trng hp cn thit c th bn giao cho pha qun
l khai thc ng c h thng quan trc ln h tip tc quan trc ).

III.4.3 Yu cu i vi tng ct m ( nu c )

1. B dy tng ct m ti thiu l 50 cm v phi bng ln tng cng ca nn p vo
trong t y ( d bo theo tnh ton ). B rng mt tng ct m phi rng hn y nn
p mi bn ti thiu l 0,5 - 1,0 m. Mi dc v phn m rng hai bn ny ca tng ct
m phi cu to tng lc ngc nc c kt vn c th thot ra khi tng ct m ln
chm vo t yu.
2. Tng lc ngc c th c cu to bng dm 10 - 15 cm ri lt ba dy 20 - 25 cm
hoc dng vi a k thut bc tng ct m ( mi bn phi chm vo phm vi y nn p
t nht l 2,0 m )
3. Vi a k thut dng lm tng lc ngc phi c ng knh l lc O
f
tho mn iu kin
sau:
O
f
0,64 D
85
( III.4.1 )

D
85
l c ht ca tng ct m m lng cha cc c ht nh hn n chim 85 %.
4. Ct dng lm tng ct m phi bo m cc yu cu sau:
- C t l hu c 5 %
- C ht ln hn 0,25 mm chim trn 50 %
- Phi tho mn mt trong hai iu kin sau:

6
10
60
>
D
D
( III.4.2 )

6 1
60 10
2
30
< <
D D
D
.
) (
( III.4.3 )

Trong : D
10
, D
30
, D
60
l c ht m lng cha cc c nh hn n chim 10, 30, 60 %.

5. cht m nn ca tng ct m phi t K = 0,9 cht m nn tiu chun ( phc
v xe my thi cng cc lp trn )
6. C 500 m
3
phi th nghim kim tra cc ch tiu ni trn 1 ln

III.4.4 Yu cu i vi ct dng trong ging ct hoc cc ct ( nu c ):

Nh vi ct dng lm tng ct m ( im 4 mc III.4.3 ) nhng phi tho mn ng thi c 2
iu kin ( III.4.2 ) v ( III.4.3 )

III.4.5 Yu cu i vi bc thm v thi cng bc thm ( dng lm phng tin thot
nc c kt theo phng thng ng ):

1. Kch thc l v lc ca bc: 95 75 m
Xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D 4571 )
2. H s thm ca v lc ( ASTM D4491): 1. 10
-4
m/sec
3. Kh nng thot nc ca bc thm vi p
lc 350 KN/m
2
( ASTM D 4716 ): qw 60.10
-6
m
3
/sec
4. Cng chu ko dn di di10 %
( ASTM D 4595 ) nhm chng t khi thi cng: 1,0 KN/1 bc
5. B rng ca bc thm ( ph hp vi thit
b cm bc tiu chun ho ): 100 mm 0,05 mm
6. Bc thm phi c cm xuyn qua tng ct m v ct d thm ti thiu l 20 cm cao hn
mt trn ca tng ct m .
7. V tr cm bc khng c lch vi v tr thit k qu 15 cm. Sai s v cm xin cho
php l 5 cm so vi phng thng ng ( kim tra thng qua qa di gn vi trc cm
bc). Sai s cho php v chiu di cm bc so vi thit k l 1 % ( kim tra thng qua
chiu di trc cm bc xuyn vo t ). Mi ln cm bc u phi kim tra cc ni dung
trn i vi tng loi bc thm.
C 10000 m di bc thm phi th nghim kim tra cc ch tiu t 1 n 5 ni trn ca bc
thm mt ln; khng k thng xuyn phi kim tra chng ch.
8. Phi kim tra thit b cm bc, u neo v vic cm th bc thm t n chiu su thit
k trc khi cho thi cng i tr.
9. Khi di chuyn my khng c ln cc u bc cm v khi lm vic phi bo m
n nh, khng b nghing, lch bo m an ton.

III.4.6 Yu cu i vi vi a k thut v vic thi cng ri vi ( nu c s dng ):

1. Nu dng vi a k thut to kt cu ng tm cho xe c thi cng di li trn t yu
v p trc tip trn t yu th vi a k thut ri trn mt t yu trc khi p nn c
cc yu cu nh bng III.5.
Bng III.5:
Chn vi v kt cu ng tm phc v cho xe c i li trn vng t yu
Cc ch tiu yu cu i vi vi KT
Loi vt
liu p

Kt cu ng tm
Cng
chu
ko t
( kN/m )
D dn
di khi
t ( %
)
Cng
chu
x rch
( kN )
H s
thm
( m/s
)/m

ng
knh l
lc 95
(m )

1- Mt lp vi trn p
50 cm

12

25

0,8

0,1

125
2- Hai lp vi trn mi
lp p 25 cm

8

15 - 80

0,3

0,1

125
A)
Ct, hn
hp
ct, si
thin
nhin
3- Hai lp vi trn mi
lp p 15 cm

16

15 - 80

0,5

0,1

80 - 200
1- Mt lp vi trn p
30 cm

25

25

1,2

0,1

200
2- Mt lp vi trn p
50 cm

12

25

0,8

5. 10
-
2

200
B)
Cp phi
tt
3- Hai lp vi trn mi
lp p 15 cm

20

15 - 80

1,2

5.10
-2

200
Ghi ch :
- H s thm c th nguyn l s-1 v l m/s trn mt n v b dy mu vi KT em th.
- ng knh l lc vi l tng ng vi ng knh ca ht vt liu ln nht c th theo
nc thm qua vi; c ht ln nht ny c ly bng d
95
( l ng knh ht m lng
cha cc c nh hn n chim 95 % ).
- Nn t cng yu phi chn vi c dn di cng ln

2. Nu dng vi a k thut ri chu lc ko nhm tng cng mc n nh ca nn
p trn t yu th vi nn chn theo kt qu tnh ton ( quy trnh 22 TCN 248.98 ) nhng
nn yu cu:
- Vi l loi vi dt ( Woven )
- Nn c cng chu ko t ti thiu t 25 kN/m tr ln ( gim s lp vi cn
ri).
3. Nu dng vi lm chc nng cch ly hoc tng lc ngc ( khng chu p lc ) th cn tho
mn yu cu nu cng thc III.4.1
4. Trong mi trng hp vi a k thut phi c bo qun kn, trnh phi ra nh sng mt
tri qu 3 ngy trc khi s dng. C 1000 m2 vi s dng th phi kim tra cc ch tiu
ca vi mt ln.
5. Trc khi ri vi phi chun b mt bng:
- Ht tho kh nc
- Dn sch gc cy v san o n cao ri vi.
6. Vi phi c ri sao cho chiu y vt liu p trn vi khng lm cun x vi ln.
Trng hp vi chu lc th vi phi ri ngang ( thng gc vi hng tuyn v ph chng
ln nhau t nht l 0,5 m ( nu khng khu ) hoc chng ln nhau 10 cm nu khu bng
my .
My khu vi phi l loi my chuyn dng c khong cch mi ch t 7-10 mm; ch khu
vi phi l ch chuyn dng c ng knh 1-1,5 mm, cng d chu ko t ln hn
40N/1 si.
7. Vt liu p trn vi phi l cc loi vt liu ht th nh bng III.4.1 hoc l ct trung
nh ct dng lm tng ct m ( yu cu ni im 4 mc III.4.3 ). cht m nn vt
liu p trn vi ca lp p u tin cng cao cng tt, ti thiu phi t K = 0,90 m
nn tiu chun . B dy lp vt liu p xen k gia hai lp vi v trn mt lp vi c th
tham kho nh yu cu bng III.4.1.

III.4.7 Yu cu i vi cc tre hoc c trm ( nu s dng nh l mt bin php thay th
vic o bt t yu trong phm vi bng chiu su ng cc hoc c )

1. Cc tre phi l loi c ng knh u ln ti thiu l 7 cm, u nh ti thiu l 4 cm bng
loi tre ng khng b dp gy. Thng dng 25 cc / m
2
vi chiu su ng cc 2 - 2,5 m
2. C trm nn dng loi c ng knh u ln ti thiu 12 cm, u nh trn 5 cm, ng
su 3 - 5 m vi mt 16 cc / m
2
.
3. Trn vng ng cc tre hoc c trm phi ri mt lp ct hoc cp phi ln si sn dy 30
cm ph kn u cc; sau nn ri mt lp vi a k thut trc khi p nn p.

III.4.8 Cc quy trnh ch yu ca Vit Nam lin quan n hng mc xy dng nn p
trn t yu.

1. Quy trnh k thut thi cng v nghim thu nn ng st, nn ng b - Ban hnh
22/ 7 / 1975 theo quyt nh s 1660/ QKT4 ca B GTVT.
( Ph lc 7 ca quy trnh ny c cp cc bin php x l nn ng qua vng m ly
mm yu )
2. Quy trnh thit k x l t yu bng bc thm trong xy dng nn ng - 22 TCN
244- 98
3. Vi a k thut trong xy dng nn p trn t yu
Tiu chun thit k, thi cng v nghim thu 22 TCN 248 - 98
4. Quy trnh k thut thi cng v nghim thu bc thm trong xy dng nn ng trn t
yu - 22 TCN 236 - 97
5. t xy dng - Phn loi TCVN 5747 - 1993 ( xem ph lc II ).

III.5. cc yu cu i vi Cng tc p t trong phm vi
m cu v cng

III.5.1 Yu cu i vi cng tc p t trong phm vi m cu

Ngay sau khi xy dng xong m cu cho tin hnh p t sau m cu ngay theo ng yu
cu cng ngh thi cng nn p t.
- Dn sch, thm ch phi o b phn t khng thch hp (unsuitable soils).
- Kim tra cc loi vt liu c bit cn thit nu c.
- Kim tra cc thit b thot nc sau m v cc thit b khc.
- Yu cu i vi cng tc p t: Phi p theo tng lp (20cm) lu ln cht t K
yc
.
V din hp nn chn dng thit b m nn thch hp: Lu rung ti trng nh 2~3T iu khin
th cng lu st vo thnh tng m, hoc c th dng m bn rung, m bn ri. Chn ti
trng v chiu cao m bn phi cn c vo cng m nn t cht yu cu.
- Nu c thit k c bit, kt hp p t vi dng cc loi vt liu khc hay t gia
c phi tun theo ch dn k thut c duyt.
- Nu chiu cao p ln phi tnh ton thi gian ch ln t m nh thi gian tin
hnh cng tc p t ny. Thng thng nn p sm t 95% ln tng cng mi c
xy dng tm gim chn ln trn.
- Tin hnh nghim thu nh i vi nn p.

III.5.2 Yu cu i vi cng tc p t v tr cng

1. Sau khi lp t cng, phi p t theo tng lp (15~20cm) lu ln cht t Kyc. V din
hp nn chn dng thit b m nn thch hp: m bn rung, m bn ri hoc lu rung
ti trng nh 2~3T.
2. Kim tra tng lp t trc khi ri lp tip theo v kim tra nh hng ti s ton vn ca
cng.
3. Trong qu trnh thi cng cn phi bo m giao thng ni b v c bin php thot nc
tt.
4. Nu t cng trn vng t yu th phi thi cng nn pha di cng xong,

28
chng IV. Cng tc xy dng
cc cng trnh thot nc nh

IV.1. quy nh chung
Cng trnh thot nc nh bao gm cc loi sau:
1. Cc loi rnh:
- Theo hnh thi v cng dng c th chia ra rnh bin, rnh nh, rnh ngm, rnh thot
nc tm thi phc v trong thi gian thi cng.
- Theo ngun nc c th chia ra cc loi rnh thot nc ma, nc mt (nc thi) v
nc ngm.
2. Cc loi cng thot nc ngang v dc ng.
3. Cc loi cng trnh thot nc khc nh: dc nc, bc nc, ging thm, ng trn,
ng thm...

IV.2. cng tc xy dng rnh
IV.2.1. Yu cu i vi rnh dc ( rnh bin )
IV.2.1.1. Yu cu cu to
1. Rnh dc ( rnh bin ) c xy dng nhm mc ch thot nc ma t mt ng, l
ng v din tch hai bn dnh cho ng. Rnh bin h thng thng c xy dng
cc on nn ng o, nn p khng cao (<50cm). Rnh bin kn ( c np )
thng thng c xy dng cc on ng ph, ng ven hoc ng qua khu
dn c.
2. Tit din v dc rnh phi m bo thot c lu lng tnh ton vi kch thc
hp l, m bo tc nc chy khng nh hn mt gi tr gii hn trnh hin
tng cc ht ph sa, bn b lng ng ( dc lng rnh khng c nh hn 5 phn
nghn, cc bit cho php khng nh hn 3 phn nghn ). C gng gim s ch ngot ca
rnh trnh hin tng lng ng bn, ph sa. Khi i hng rnh phi m bo c
on chuyn tip gc ngot khng qu 45
o
.
3. Tit din rnh c th l hnh thang, hnh tam gic, hnh ch nht. Rnh tit din hnh
thang c s dng tng i ph bin.
4. Nhn chung vic gia c chng xi rnh c la chn trn c s kt qu tnh ton thu
lc. C th cn c vo dc dc ca lng rnh quyt nh vic gia c chng xi
rnh theo bng IV.1.
Bng IV.1. Cc gii php gia c rnh
dc dc rnh ( %o )

t.t Loi gia c
Trn t ct Trn t st
1 Khng gia c < 10 < 20
2 Lt c 10-30 20-30
3 Lt 30-50 30-50
4 Bc nc, dc nc > 50 > 50
29

IV.2.1.2. Yu cu kim tra trong v sau khi thi cng
Cn phi ch thc hin vic kim tra cht lng xy dng rnh dc m bo cc cc
thng s theo thit k, c th:
1. Kim tra kch thc hnh hc: kch thc mt ct ngang, chiu rng y rnh, chiu su
rnh, dc dc rnh v chiu rng ming rnh,
2. Kim tra cht lng xy dng: cht ca t y rnh v mi ta luy, b rnh (nu l
t p). Thng thng, cht ca phn t ny bng cht ca nn ng.
3. Trng hp c gia c rnh: ngoi cc thng s kim tra yu cu trn, cn thit phi kim
tra cht lng gia c nh: quy cch v cht lng vt liu gia c ( xy, mc va, cht
lng cc loi vt liu gia c khc).
4. Trng hp vi rnh kn ( rnh xy c np ) : cn phi kim tra theo cc bc sau:
- Cht lng m cht t pha di y rnh.
- Cht lng lp m y rnh (ct, va xi mng )
- Cht lng xy rnh,
- Kch thc hnh hc,
- dc y rnh,
- Cht lng lp va trt.
- Cht lng v kch thc tm an,
- Cht lng h ga.

IV.2.2. Yu cu i vi rnh nh
Ni chung rnh nh dng thot nc mt trn sn ni cao trnh xung taluy nn
o v rnh bin.
Rnh nh phi thit k vi tit din hnh thang, chiu rng y ti thiu l 0,5m, b rnh c
ta luy 1/1,5. Chiu su rnh nh xc nh theo tinh ton thu lc, nhng khng su qu
1,5m.
dc rnh nh thng chn theo iu kin a cht v ph hp vi a hnh thc t.
trnh ng bn ct, dc dc ti thiu khng c nh hn 3-5 %o.
Chiu di rnh nh: ph thuc vo lu lng nc tnh ton. Nu rnh qu di th cn chia
thnh cc on ngn.
Cn phi ch thc hin vic kim tra cht lng xy dng rnh nh m bo cc cc
thng s theo thit k, c th nh sau:
1. Kim tra to tim rnh v ln ga rnh.
30
3. Kim tra cht lng xy dng: cht lng xy dng rnh, cht lng xy dng cc on
chuyn tip vi bc nc, dc nc hoc ni xung sn dc, cht ca t y
rnh v mi ta luy... cht lng gia c rnh nu c.
4. Nu tn dng t o p g (b) chn nc pha taluy m cn kim tra vic nh
cp trc khi p, cht t p v dc thot nc pha trn mt.
5. Kim tra ni t trnh t thi khi o rnh tri xung taluy ng o, rnh bin
v nn ng pha di.
IV.2.3. Yu cu i vi rnh tp trung nc ( rnh dn nc )
1. Rnh tp trung nc dng dn nc t sui nh hoc t ni trng cc b cng trnh
thot nc gn y hoc t rnh dc, rnh nh v ch trng hay v pha cu cng.
Thng thng, rnh tp trung nc thng p dng i vi on chuyn tip nn o v
p, nhng ni dc nn ng ngc vi hng thot nc hoc, dn dng v
cng hoc sng sui v mt s trng hp c bit khc.
2. Chiu di rnh tp trung nc khng nn qu 500 m trnh nc ng rnh qu lu.
Nu rnh b tr dc nn ng th phi cch chn ta luy nn ng t nht l 3-4m v
gia rnh v nn ng phi c bo v cao 0,50-0,60 m.
3. Hng rnh cng thng cng tt, vi cc on rnh vng, bn knh cong khng c
nh hn 10-12 m.
4. Chiu su rnh: v kinh t nn su t 0,80-1,0 m, c bit khng c su qu 1,50 m.

Nhng rnh dn nc dng ny c thit k ring. Vic thi cng v gim st cht lng da
theo h s thit k v p dng cc chun kim tra cht lng nh rnh bin (i vi loi o
hon ton) hoc nh rnh nh (i vi loi na o, na p). Cn phi ch thc hin
vic kim tra cht lng xy dng rnh nh m bo cc cc thng s theo thit k, c
th nh sau:
1. Kim tra to tim rnh v ln ga rnh.
3. Kim tra cht lng xy dng: cht ca t y rnh v mi ta luy... cht lng gia
c rnh nu c.

IV.3. cng tc xy dng cng thot nc
Cng vic ny bao gm sa cha, m rng thay th hoc thi cng mi cc cng trn, cc
cng hnh hp v cng bn, k c ca vo, ca ra v cc cng trnh bo v chng xi.
IV.3.1. Yu cu i vi vt liu cng
1. Vt liu cng ( ng cng, cng ) thng lm bng b tng ct thp. Trong mt s
trng hp khc c th dng tn ln sng hoc ch, gch cun vm... Ngoi ra, cn
cc loi vt liu ph nh cc loi, ct, gch ch, xi mng, mastic...
2. Khi tin hnh xy dng cng, cn phi tp kt v ni quy nh cc loi vt liu trn v
tin hnh kim tra cht lng tng loi vt liu.
31
3. Cn thc hin vic kim tra cht lng vt liu hoc cu kin cng, c th:
- i vi cc loi vt liu ri (, ct, gch, xi mng...): kim tra theo tiu chun vt liu
dng cho b tng xi mng thng thng. Ch yu da vo cc chng ch vt liu ni sn
xut, trong trng hp c nghi ng, TVGS s t ly mu v kim tra li ti cc phng th
nghim hin trng hoc gi mu v cc phng th nghim t Tiu chun quc gia
kim tra cht lng.
- i vi cc t cng ch to sn, cn c vo cc chng ch xut xng kim tra cht
lng. C th dng phng php siu m hoc sng bn b tng kim tra xc sut
cht lng ng cng.
- i vi ng cng t ch to v cng ti ch cn kim tra cc ni dung sau:
- Vt liu b tng, bao gm , ct, xi mng v t l hn hp b tng theo thit k.
- Ct thp, chng loi ct thp, quy cch li ct thp, kch thc v cc mi hn
hoc nt buc, mc thp vn chuyn.
- Vn khun ng cng, cng.
- Quy trnh b tng.
- Bo dng b tng.
- Cht lng sau khi hon thnh bao gm kch thc, mc b tng, nhm
(nhn) b mt pha trong ng cng.
- Cc khp ni.

IV.3.2. Yu cu i vi cng tc xy dng cng
1. Cng tc o v chun b mng cho cc cng trnh thot nc v cng b tng phi thc
hin ng theo cc quy nh nh vi cng tc o t. Ngoi ra cn phi lu bo m
c c yu cu sau:
- Lun bo m vn thot nc mt trong qu trnh thi cng,
- C bin php thot nc ngm,
- C nhng bin php gia cng chng sp vch t trong khi o,
- Tin hnh ng cc c v lm vy ngn nc mt khi cn thit phi tun theo cc
ch dn thit k ring bit,
- C bin php v an ton lao ng,
- m bo giao thng.
2. Yu cu i vi vic xy dng lp m cng
- Trng hp thng thng: Sau khi o t n cao thit k, m cht lp t di
cng n cht yu cu (nu khng c ch dn c bit, cht lp t di
y cng bng cht nn ng). Khi gp t di h mng cht lng xu,
khng ng nh trong h s kho st, cn phi thay t khc.
- Trng hp c nhng x l c bit nh ng cc tre gia cng, ri vi a k thut
hoc thay t cn c tin hnh ngay sau khi o h mng v kim tra cht lng
theo h s thit k ( chi tit xem mc IV.4. Xy dng nn p trn t yu ).
- Ri v m cht lp vt m mng (ct hoc dm).

32
3. Yu cu i vi vic lp t cng b tng ct thp
i vi cng b tng lp ghp ( v t cng) cn phi ch :
- cng lp ghp c t ng tim cng v ng dc.
- Cc t cng b tng ct thp phi t cn thn, u c g c pha thng lu,
u c mng lp hon ton vo u c g, ng theo tim cng v dc yu cu.
- Trc khi t cc on ng cng ct thp ca cc on k tip nhau, na di ca
g ca on trc phi trt va XM phi trong dy lm cho mt trong ca
cc ng i u nhau y trn va ra v lm cho bng phng. ng thi na trn
ca g ca ng k tip cng phi trt va tng t nh vy.
- Sau khi t ng cng b tng ct thp, phn cn li ca mi ni phi c nhi
y va xi mng mc 150 v phi dng thm va lm thnh mt ng gn
chung quanh mi ni. Pha trong mi ni phi lau sch v lm cho nhn. Va
pha ngoi phi gi cho m trong 2 ngy hoc cho n khi ngi k s cho php
tin hnh lp t.
Trng hp cng ti ch cn phi ch :
- Lp t vn khun cng,
- Chun b b tng v b tng nh cng trnh b tng thng thng.
- Khi lp t ng cng cn phi dng va nhi y nhng v tr khng kht gia
ng cng v cng,
- b tng hai pha bn hng ng cng nu cng lm hai t.
- Lp t ng cng nh trn dn.
Trng hp s dng mi ni cng mm: Nu mi ni cng khng dng va lm cng
li, tu theo thit k c th dng mt trong cc loi sau: sn bi tum thnh ngoi cng,
mastic bi tum nng, bao ti tm nha ng hoc lp n hi cch nc bc kn mi
ni v dng t st p bao bc pha ngoi cng. Yu cu sao cho sau khi thi cng
lp ny nc khng th thm t trong cng ra v t ngoi cng vo qua mi ni.

4. Yu cu i vi vic lp t ng cng kim loi
- ng kim loi ln sng c th lp rp trc thnh on ti mt a im cng tc
c ch nh hoc lp trong rnh chun b.
- ng kim loi ln sng lp rp trc phi c h xung v tr bng cp v cn
cu v khng c qu di khng b on ti cc mi ni. Cn phi ch ti
trnh lm h hng cc u v lm ri ng trong khi vn chuyn hoc lp t.
- Tt c ng kim loi lp rp phi c bt bulng cht ch v cc np ni phi
m kht trnh ng sut qu cao.

5. Yu cu i vi vic p t lng cng: Vic lp t v ln cht xung quanh v pha trn
cc ng cng b tng ct thp phi c thc hin nh quy nh chi tit trong mc 3.3.
Ngoi ra, cn phi ch nhng vn sau:
- Cng tc p, bng cch dng vt liu ph hp vi cc yu cu i vi nn ng
p chn lc. Vt liu gm c t hoc si khng c bn v cy c, khng c
khng lt qua sng 25 mm.
33
- p i xng 2 bn v theo tng lp dn t di ln.
- Tng lp u kim tra cht bng Kyc.
- t p phi cao hn nh cng ti thiu 0,3 mm v tr khi trong rnh, p sang 2
bn vi mt khong cch mt ln ri ng knh k t ng tm ca ng. Cn
phi ch c bit bo m rng pha di cc hng cng c m y .
- Thit b vn chuyn t v lu ln nng khng c hot ng gn cc cng di 1,5
m cho ti khi cng c lp ti mt su bng t nht 0,6 m bn trn nh cng.
Thit b nh c th hot ng bn trong gii hn trn vi iu kin l t p
c v m ln cao hn nh cng hn 30 cm.

6. Yu cu i vi vic xy dng tng u cng v cc kt cu h ga, gia c thng, h
lu cng: Cn phi ch cc vn sau:
- Trong trung hp khng khng chu cc ti trong ln, tng u cng nh v gia c
thng h lu c th dng gch xy, hc xy v hc lt va.
- Trng hp tng u cng ln hoc nm di cc nn p cao, cc kt cu chu lc
nng kt hp vi thm p trn v cc cng trnh bo v xi phi xy dng bng cc
loi vt liu o xy hoc b tng, b tng ct thp.
- Trong mi trng hp, nn mng tng, h ga v phn gia c phi c m cht
nh phn nn di y cng bo m n nh v chng ln cc b.
- Xy dng tng cnh hoc b tng tng cnh theo thit k. Ngoi vic kim tra
cht lng xy, cht lng b tng tng, kch thc, cn c bit ch kim tra s
lin kt gia cng v tng cnh trnh nt, tch gia phn tng v t cng
hoc ln cc b.
- Xy dng h t thng lu cng i vi nn ng o.
- Xy dng phn gia c thng h lu theo thit k. Trng hp lu lng v dc
ln, h lu cng thng c b tr cc g tiu nng hoc bc nc, dc nc kt
hp. Kim tra kch thc, cht lng xy hoc b tng theo thit k.

Cc tiu chun p dng cho phn cng tc xy dng cc cng trnh thot nc nh:
1. 22TCN 159-86.
2. AASHTO M 170- 89: Cng, rnh thot nc ma v ng cng nc bn bng b tng
ct thp.
3. AASHTO M 36 M - 90: Cng v rnh thot nc ngm bng thp hoc st ln sng m
km.
4. AASHTO M 167 M-89: Thp ln sng cu trc tm, m km, ng l thot nc hin
trng, ng cun trn, thp sng cun thnh vm.

34
Chng V.
Cng tc xy dng mng ng t

V.1. cc yu cu chung
1. T vn gim st cn da vo bn v v cc ch dn k thut trong n thit
k tin hnh cng vic kim tra, gim st thi cng.
2. Cng tc xy dng mng ng ch c tin hnh sau khi cng tc xy dng
nn t hon thnh v c nghim thu. Trc khi tin hnh xy dng
mng, cn thit phi kim tra v sa cha li tt c cc ch h hng trn mt
nn hoc mt ng hin c.
3. Mng ng thng thng bao gm hai lp v c gi l mng di v
mng trn. Nhn chung cc yu cu vt liu cng nh tiu chun thi cng ca
lp mng di thp hn mng trn. Tu thuc vo iu kin c th, ngi
thit k s quyt nh la chn loi mng cho ph hp. Cc loi mng thng
s dng trong xy dng ng Vit Nam thng l:
- Mng dm cp phi
- Mng dm gia c xi mng
- Mng ct gia c xi mng
- Mng dm nc
4. Cng tc xy dng mng ng thng thng bao gm cc hng mc m
TVGS cn phi ch sau:
- Cng tc kim tra cht lng vt liu: bao gm cng tc kim tra cht
lng vt liu ti m, cht lng vt liu ti bi thi cng, cht lng cht
dnh kt.
- Cng tc kim tra cht lng thi cng: bao gm cng tc chun b my
mc thit b, cng tc chun b mt bng, cng tc ri vt liu, cng tc lu
ln, cng tc m bo giao thng...
- Cng tc kim tra sau khi thi cng phc v cho nghim thu.
5. Cn phi thc hin bc thi cng th im rt kinh nghim, hon chnh
quy trnh v dy chuyn cng ngh trn thc t tt c cc khu: chun b,
ri v m nn; kim tra cht lng; kim tra kh nng thc hin ca cc
phng tin, xe my... trc khi thi cng i tr. on ri th c chiu di
qung100 m. Vic ri th phi c s chng kin ca ch u t v t vn
gim st.

V.2. Cng tc xy dng mng cp phi dm
35
Cp phi dm ( CPD ) y c hiu l mt hn hp ct liu, sn phm
ca mt dy chuyn cng ngh nghin ( si ), c cu trc thnh phn ht theo
nguyn l cp phi cht, lin tc.
V.2.1 Yu cu v cht lng ca lp di mng:
1. Vic ri lp mng ch c tin hnh khi lp di mng ( nn t, mt ng
c hoc lp mng di ) c nghim thu v iu kin v k thut
nh: cht, bng phng b mt. Vi cc khu vc h hng cc b phi
tin hnh sa cha.
2. Vi nn t: Khng c ri mng cp phi dm trc tip trn nn t ct.
Cng nn ng phi c tr s m un n hi E 400 daN/cm
2
hoc
CBR 7.
3. Vi lp mt c: Phi pht hin v x l trit cc h hng ca kt cu c
nh h cao su, g...Vic v sa, b vnh phi c thi cng trc v tch
ring, khng gp vi lp mng tng cng.
4. Vi lp mng di cp phi dm: trc khi ri lp mng trn bng cp
phi dm, cn phi tin hnh phun nc sng trn mt lp di bo
m s dnh kt gia 2 lp.
V.2.2. Yu cu v cht lng ca vt liu:
1. Cp phi vt liu: Phi m bo nm trong ng bao tiu chun c quy
nh trong Ch dn k thut hoc Quy trnh. Thnh phn cp phi vt liu
phi c kim tra cht ch tt c cc khu: sn xut m, ch v tp kt
bi thi cng.
ng bao tiu chun ca cp phi dm theo quy nh ca quy trnh
22 TCN 252-98 c chi tit bng V.1
Bng V.1. Yu cu i vi vt liu CPD theo 22 TCN 252-98
Lng lt qua sng, % Kch c l
sng
vung ( mm )
Dmax = 50 mm Dmax = 37,5
mm
Dmax = 25 mm
50 100
37,5 70 - 100 100 -
25,0 50 - 85 72 - 100 100
12,5 30 -65 38 - 69 50 - 85
4,75 22 - 50 26 - 55 35 - 65
2,0 15 - 40 19 - 43 25 - 50
0,425 8 - 20 9 - 24 15 - 30
0,075 2 - 8 2 - 10 5 - 15

36
ng bao tiu chun ca cp phi dm lm mng trn v mng di
theo quy trnh AASHTO M 147 vi 3 loi thch hp ( loi A, loi B v
loi C ) c chi tit bng V.2. Ch rng theo khuyn ngh ca quy
trnh ny, thc t cho thy, nu hm lng ht nh hn 0,075 mm qu ln
nh hng n cht lng cng trnh, TVGS c th xem xt vic la chn
lng lt qua sng 0,075 mm v pha cn di.
Bng V.2. Yu cu i vi vt liu CPD theo AASHTO M 147
Lng lt qua sng, % Kch c l
sng vung
( mm )
Cp phi loi A Cp phi loi B Cp phi loi C
50 100 100 -
25,0 - 75-95 100
9,5 30-65 40-75 50-85
4,75 25-55 30-60 35-65
2,0 15-40 20-45 25-50
0,425 8-20 15-30 15-30
0,075 2-8 5-20 5-15

2. Cc ch tiu v cht lng ca ct liu: Vt liu dm cp phi phi m
bo cc ch tiu sau tho mn yu cu ca Quy trnh cng nh Ch dn k
thut ra, c th l cc ch tiu sau:
- Ch tiu Los-Angeles ( L.A )
- Ch tiu Atterberg: gii hn chy v gii hn do
- Hm lng st - Ch tiu ES
- Hm lng ht dt
- T l ht c nghin v ( vi cui si ).
Cc yu cu vt liu dm cp phi m bo cht lng quy inh
theo tiu chun Vit nam 22 TCN 252-98 c chi tit bng V.3.
Bng V.3. Yu cu cht lng ca dm cp phi theo 22 TCN 252-98

Ch tiu Los-Angeles ( L.A ) ( Th nghim AASHTO T 96 )
Loi tng mt Mng trn Mng di
Loi I Cp cao A1
30
Khng dng
Cp cao A2
35
Khng dng
37
Cp cao A1 Khng dng
35
Loi II Cp cao A2
35 40
Cp thp B1
40 50
Ch tiu Atterberg (Th nghim theo TCVN 4197 - 95)
Gii hn chy Wt Ch s do Wn
Loi I Khng th nghim c Khng th nghim c
Loi II Khng ln hn 25 Khng ln hn 6

Hm lng st - Ch tiu ES ( Th nghim theo TCVN 344 - 86 )
Loi I ES > 35
Loi II ES > 30

Ch tiu CBR ( Th nghim AASHTO T 193 )
Loi I
CBR 100 vi K=0,98, ngm nc 4 ngy m
Loi II
CBR 80 vi K=0,98, ngm nc 4 ngy m
Hm lng ht dt ( Th nghim theo 22 TCN 57 - 84 )
Loi I Khng qu 10%
Loi II Khng qu 15%

Ch thch bng V.3:
Phn cp loi tng mt o ng theo Quy trnh thit k o ng mm
22 TCN- 211- 93 nh sau:
- Tng mt cp cao A1: B tng nha cht.
- Tng mt cp cao A2: B tng nha ri ngui v m, trn c lng
nha, Thm nhp nha.
- Tng mt cp thp B1: gia c cht lin kt v c lng nha.
Phn loi dm cp phi theo 22 TCN 252-98 nh sau:
- Loi I: Ton b ct liu ( k c c ht nh v ht mn ) l sn phm
c nghin t sch, mc bm bn khng ng k, khng ln
phong ho v tp cht hu c.
- Loi II: Ct liu l sn phm c nghin t hoc cui si, trong
ct liu ht nh t 2,0 mm tr xung c th l khong vt t
38
nhin khng nghin nhng khng vt qu 50 % khi lng tng
cng.
3. Xc inh cht lu ln: c tin hnh trong phng theo quy trnh AASHTO
T 180 phng php D ( m nn bng Proctor ci tin ). Vi mt loi cp
phi, tin hnh to mu v m nn 5 n 6 mu c m thay i ( thng
thng t 1 n 2% ). Trn c s quan h gia khi lng th tch kh (
g/cm3 ) v m ( % ) ca cc mu, xc nh c khi lng th tch kh
ti u v m tt nht, lm c s cho vic xc nh cht lu ln K cng
nh m thch hp thi cng.
4. Xc nh ch tiu CBR ca mu: Trn c s khi lng th tch kh ti u v
m tt nht bit, tin hnh to mu v m nn theo quy trnh
AASHTO T180 phng php D. Sau khi ngm mu bo ho nc 96 gi, tin
hnh th nghim CBR trn my nn chuyn dng.

V.2.3. Yu cu v cng ngh thi cng
1. Trn vt liu cp phi: Khi cp phi sn xut ra khng tho mn yu cu v
thnh phn cp phi quy nh, cn thit phi trn. Vi cp phi sn xut thiu
lng ht nh ( t 2 mm tr xung ), c th trn thm vt liu ct xay hoc
vt liu khong mn c ch s do nh hn 6 v gii hn nho nh hn 25.
Vic trn vt liu cp phi theo cc yu cu quy nh phi c tin hnh
trm trn ngay ti ni sn xut. Khng c dng phng php trn trm
trn dc tuyn hay trn trn ng sn xut hn hp CPD.
2. Ri vt liu:
- Vt liu cp phi dm c a n v tr ri ( nn ng, mt ng
c ) di dng mt hn hp ng u vi m ng u v nm trong
phm vi quy nh. Khng c ri khi tri ma.
- Vic ri phi tin hnh bng my ri, c bit l vi lp mng trn. Vi
lp mng di, trng hp bt c d c th dng my san t hnh bnh
lp san ri cp phi, TVGS phi gim st cht ch m bo vt liu
ng u khng b phn lp. Vt liu phn lp phi c sa li hoc loi
b v thay th bng vt liu khc. Tuyt i khng c dng my i
san gt.
- Chiu dy ri phi tnh n h s ln p m bo sau khi lu ln t
c chiu dy thit k. Chiu dy ti a ca lp sau khi m nn khng
c vt qu 15- 18 cm. Nu s lp ri ln hn 2 th chiu dy cc lp
cng gn nhau cng tt.
- Nu khng c vn khun, m bo cht lng lu ln, cn phi ri rng
thm 20 cm mi bn.
3. m nn:
39
- Ch c lu ln khi m ca vt liu nm trong phm vi cho php (di
2% v trn 1% so vi m ti u ). Nu vt liu kh phi tin hnh phun
ti nc bng cc trang thit b nh: xe xi tc phun nc, bm c vi
ti cm tay, bnh ti th cng. Phi m bo phun ng u.
- Vic lu ln phi c bt u dc theo mp ng v di dn vo tm theo
hng dc, cc on siu cao c bt u t pha thp sang pha cao.
Phi lu ln n khi khng cn cc vt bnh lu.
- Vic lu ln s theo cc trnh t: ln p s b bng lu tnh bnh st 6-8 tn,
ln cht bng lu rung 6-8 tn v lu bnh lp vi ti trng bnh 2,5 - 4 tn /
bnh, hon thin bng lu tnh bnh st 8 - 10 tn. Nu khng c lu rung,
c th thay bng lu bnh lp vi ti trng bnh 2,5 - 4 tn / bnh. Nu
vic hon thin bng lu bnh thp lm cho vt liu b v qu nhiu th c
th thay th bng lu bnh lp nu TVGS cho php.
4. Bo dng:
- Khng c cho xe c qua li trn lp cp phi dm nu cha ri lp
mng trn hoc cha c ti thm. Trong thi gian cha ti thm phi
thng xuyn gi m cho lp cp phi dm, trnh kh ht mn
bc bi.
- Sau khi thi cng xong lp mng trn v trong trng hp cn phi m
bo giao thng cn thit phi nhanh chng lm lp nha ti thm trn lp
mt, sau phi t mt. Yu cu vt liu ti thm v mt c chi
tit trong Ch dn k thut hoc cc quy trnh lin quan. Thng thng vi
nha pha du c th s dng t l 30 phn du ho cho 100 phn nha c
60/70, vi nha lng ( Cutback ) s dng loi MC, vi nh tng s dng
loi phn tch va MS.
V.2.3. Yu cu v cng tc kim tra
1. Kim tra trong giai on thit k hn hp: nh gi cht lng vt liu
cp phi dm phc v cho cng trnh v lm c s xc nh cht lu ln
cng nh m ti u. Khi thay i m hoc loi sn xut cng bt
buc phi tin hnh cc hng mc kim tra ny. Cn c theo yu cu ca Quy
trnh ( bng V.4 ) hoc Ch dn k thut quyt nh kh nng s dng. Chi
tit cc hng mc kim tra theo bng V.4.
Bng V.4. Cc yu cu kim tra CPD trong giai on thit k hn hp

t.t. Hng mc kim tra Khi
lng
mu
Ghi ch
1 Thnh phn ht T mu
2 Ch s do T mu
Vt liu ly ni sn xut
hoc ti trm trn. Tu
40
3 Hm lng st ( hoc ch tiu
ES )
T mu
T l ht dt T mu
4 mi mn LA T mu
5 Th nghim m nn tiu
chun
T mu
6 Th nghim CBR T mu
thuc vo mc ng
u v cht lng m
quyt nh s lng
mu kim tra, thng
thng l 3 mu.

2. Kim tra trong qu trnh thi cng: Theo bng V.5.
Bng V.5. Cc yu cu kim tra CPD trong qu trnh thi cng
t.t. Hng mc kim tra Khi
lng mu
Mt kim tra
1 Thnh phn ht 1 mu
2 Ch s do 1 mu
3 Hm lng st ( hoc ch tiu
ES )
1 mu
4 T l ht dt 1 mu
5 m 1 mu
150 m3 hoc 1 ca thi cng
6 cht 1 mu 800 m2

3. Kim tra trong giai on nghim thu: theo bng V.6.
Bng V.6. Cc yu cu kim tra CPD trong giai on nghim thu

t.t Ch tiu kim tra Sai s cho php Ghi ch
1 cht
K thit k
700 m
2
kim tra 3
im ngu nhin
2 B dy
5% 10 mm vi mng
di;
5mm vi mng trn
10 mm,
Mng di 3 Cao
5 mm
Mng trn
4 Chiu rng
10 cm

5 dc ngang
0,5 % ca dc thit

41
k
Khe h ln nht 5mm
Mng di 6 bng phng
bng thc 3 m
Khe h ln nht
10mm
Mng trn

V.2.4. Cc quy trnh ch yu lin quan n hng mc xy dng mng cp
phi dm
Quy trnh Vit nam:
1. Quy trnh thi cng v nghim thu lp cp phi dm trong kt cu o ng
t, 22 TCN 252-98.
2. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh thnh phn ht, TCVN 4198 - 95.
3. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh Ch tiu Atterberg, TCVN 4197-95.
4. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh hm lng ht dt 22 TCN 57- 84 .
5. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh ch s ES, TCVN 344- 86.
6. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh dung trng bng phu rt ct, 22 TCN 13-79
Quy trnh AASHTO:
1. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh gii hn chy ca t, AASHTO T 89
2. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh gii hn do v ch s do, AASHTO T 90
3. Quy trnh th nghim m nn tiu chun, AASHTO T 180
4. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh ch tiu Los-Angeles ( LA ), AASHTO T 96.
5. Quy trnh th nghim CBR, AASHTO T 193.
6. Quy trnh th nghim dung trng bng phu rt ct, AASHTO T 191.
7. Quy trnh th nghim hm lng cc t st v cc ht d v, AASHTO T
112.

V.3. Cng tc xy dng mng cp phi dm ( si cui )
gia c xi mng
V.3.1. Khi nim c bn
1. dm hoc cui si gia c xi mng y c hiu l mt hn hp ct liu
khong cht c thnh phn ht lin tc theo nguyn l cp phi cht em trn
vi xi mng v nc theo mt t l nht nh ri lu ln cht m tt nht
trc khi xi mng ninh kt.
2. m bo cho lp kt cu gia c xi mng duy tr c tnh ton khi v
bn vng lu di, trnh p dng loi kt cu ny trn on nn c kh nng
ln sau khi xy dng.
42
3. Cho php s dng cht ph gia lm chm ninh kt to thun li cho thi
cng, nhng phi thng qua th nghim, lm th quyt nh.
V.3.2. Yu cu v cht lng vt liu v cht lng hn hp
1. Cp phi vt liu: Hn hp ct liu c th l loi nghin ton b ( dm
hoc cui si nghin ), hoc nghin mt phn ( c ln cc thnh phn ht
khng nghin nh ct thin nhin ), hoc loi khng nghin ( si cui, ct
thin nhin ). Tt c cc loi hn hp ny phi m bo thnh phn ht nm
trong ng bao tiu chun c quy nh trong Ch dn k thut hoc Quy
trnh. Thnh phn cp phi vt liu phi c kim tra cht ch tt c cc
khu: sn xut m, ch v tp kt bi thi cng.
Cc yu cu vt liu cp phi theo quy nh theo tiu chun Vit nam
22 TCN 245-98 c chi tit bng V.7.
Bng V.7. Yu cu v thnh phn ht ca cp phi gia c xi mng
T l lt sng, mm Kch c l sng vung,
mm
Dmax = 38,1mm Dmax = 25 mm
38.1 100 -
25.0 70-100 100
19.0 60-85 80-100
9.5 39-65 55-85
4.75 27-49 36-70
2.0 20-40 23-53
0.425 9-23 10-30
0.075 2-10 4-12
2. Cc ch tiu v cht lng ca ct liu: Phi m bo cc ch tiu sau tho
mn yu cu ca Quy trnh cng nh Ch dn k thut ra, c th l cc ch
tiu sau:
- Ch tiu Los-Angeles ( L.A )
- Ch tiu Atterberg: gii hn chy v gii hn do
- Hm lng st - Ch tiu ES
- Hm lng ht dt
- T l ht c nghin v ( vi cui si ).
Cc ch tiu th nghim vt liu cp phi m bo cht lng quy nh
theo tiu chun Vit nam 22 TCN 245-98 c chi tit bng V.8.
43

Bng V.8. Cc ch tiu th nghim vt liu cp phi

Ch tiu cht lng vt liu
I. Vi dm
mi mn Los Angeles, LA
40%
Lng hu c
0.3%
Ch s ng lng ct ES > 30
Lng ht dt
10%
II. Vi cui si
T l ht nghin vi lp mng trn cho kt cu mt ng cp cao A1 v
lp tng cng trn mt ng c
Trng hp thng thng > 30 %
Trng hp lu lng xe tnh ton
quy i 10tn / trc ln hn hoc
bng 500 xe/ ln
> 60 %

3. Cc yu cu v xi mng: Phi l loi xi mng Poc lng thng thng c cc
c trng k thut ph hp vi cc quy nh theo Tiu chun Vit nam hin
hnh ( TCVN 2682-92) vi mc 300-400daN/cm2.
4. Yu cu v nc: Nc sch, khng ln tp cht. Chi tit tho mn yu cu
ca Quy trnh cng nh Ch dn k thut ra.
5. Yu cu vi cng gia c xi mng thit k : Hn hp vt liu gia c
xi mng c to mu v m nn theo quy trnh AASHTO phng php D,
sau khi bo dng 21 ngy v 7 ngy ngm nc tin hnh th nghim nn.
Mu p ch cng c ch to vi m, cht ging nh mu nn v bo
dng nh mu nn, sau tin hnh th nghim p ch theo quy trnh 22
TCN 73-84. Cng chu nn v p ch gii hn phi tho mn yu cu quy
nh trong quy trnh 22 TCN 245-98, c th bng V.9. Nu kt qu kim tra
cng ca mu c khng tho mn yu cu ca bng V.9 th TVGS cn
thit phi la chn gii php, hoc thay i loi v t l ct liu, hoc tng t
l xi mng.
Bng V.9. Yu cu vi cng gia c xi mng

44
Cng gii hn yu cu sau 28 ngy tui,
daN/cm2
V tr kt cu ,
si, cui gia c xi
mng
Chu nn Chu p ch
Lp mng trn ca
tng mt b tng
nha
> 40 > 4.5
Cc trng hp
khc
> 20 > 2.5

1. Yu cu v thit b thi cng:
Lu: phi c lu bnh st 8-10 tn, lu bnh lp loi 4 tn/ bnh vi p sut
lp ln hn hoc bng 5 daN/cm2 hoc lu rung bnh cng c thng s
M/L ln hn 20 ( M l khi lng rung tnh bng kg, L l chiu rng bnh
tnh bng cm ).
Vn khun: l loi vn khun thp.
Phi c thit b phun ti nh tng, phun ti nc phc v trn m v
bo dng.
2. Yu cu vi cng tc chun b thi cng: Bao gm cng tc kim tra cht
lng lp pha di, cng tc kim tra my mc thit b thi cng, cng tc
kim tra cht lng vt liu, cng tc lp t v nh v vn khun theo ng
yu cu ca Quy trnh hoc ch dn k thut.
3. Yu cu vi hn hp ch to trm trn: Vic ch to hn hp gia c xi
mng bt buc phi c thc hin trm trn vi thit b thuc loi cng
bc vi cc c tnh k thut theo ng yu cu ca quy trnh hoc Ch dn
k thut.
4. Yu cu vi cng tc ri vt liu: Vic ri c tin hnh bng my ri hoc
my san. Ch c php ri 1 lm vi chiu dy tnh n h s lu ln trong
bc thi cng th im. Chiu dy ri ti a sau khi lu ln phi nh hn 25
cm.
5. Yu cu vi cng tc lu ln: Vic lu ln phi c bt u ngay sau khi ri
vi thi gian khng c qu 30 pht k t khi ri xong nhm m bo lu ln
m tt nht. Sai s cho php v m tt nht l -1% ( khng cho php
lu ln vi m ln hn m tt nht ). S lu phi m bo ng yu
cu quy nh trong quy trnh hoc Ch dn k thut. cht lu ln phi m
bo K=1.
45
6. Yu cu vi cng tc hon thin: Vic hon thin b mt lp gia c phi c
thc hin ngay trong qu trnh lu ln. Ch c gt phng ch li m khng
c b vo ch lm, vt liu tha sau khi gt phng phi loi b.
7. Yu cu v thi gian thi cng: Thi gian t nc vo my trn hn hp,
vn chuyn hn hp ra hin trng, ri, lu ln v hon thin xong khng
c vt qu thi gian ninh kt ca xi mng ( thng thng l 120 pht cho
xi mng poc lng thng khng c ph gia ).
8. Yu cu v cng tc bo dng: Sau 4 gi k t khi lu ln xong ( 2 gi vi
tri nng to ) phi tin hnh ph kn b mt lp gia c xi mng bng cc
cch sau:
Ti u nh tng trn b mt ( k c b vch ch ni ) vi khi lng
0.8-1 lt/m2.
Ph kn 5 cm ct b mt v ti gi m lin tc trong 7 ngy.
9. Yu cu v thi gian thi cng lp trn: Vic thi cng lp trn (lp mng trn
hoc lp mt) ch c tin hnh sau 7 ngy.

1. Kim tra cht lng trc khi a hn hp vo my trn: Bng V.10.
Bng V.10. Yu cu kim tra cht lng trc khi a hn hp vo my trn

t.t Hng mc kim tra Khi lng Mt kim tra
1 Thnh phn ht Mu 500 tn
2 mi mn LA Mu 2000 tn
3 Ch tiu ES Mu 500 tn
4 Cht lng xi mng T mu Theo TCVN 2682-92
5 Cc ch tiu cht lng ca
nc
T mu Theo 22 TCN 61-84

2. Kim tra cht lng trong khi thi cng: Bng V.11.
Bng V.11. Yu cu kim tra cht lng trong thi cng

1 m hn hp T mu Mi ca
2 cht lu ln T mu Mi on thi cng
46
3 Kim tra cng chu nn T 3 mu 100 tn hn hp
Kim tra cng chu p ch T 3 mu 100 tn hn hp

3. Kim tra cht lng sau khi thi cng: Bng V.12.
Bng V.12. Yu cu kim tra cht lng trong thi cng

t.t Hng mc kim tra Khi
lng
Mt kim tra
1 Khoan mu xc nh cng chu
nn , cht, chiu dy
T 3
mu
500 m di 2 ln xe
2 Khoan mu xc nh cng chu
p ch , cht, chiu dy
T 3
mu
500 m di 2 ln xe

4. Sai s cho php: Cht lng thi cng mng gia c phi m bo cc sai s
phi nm trong gii hn quy nh bng V.13.

Bng V.13. Sai s cho php

1 cht cc b - 1% cht trung bnh trn
1 km khng c nh
hn 1
2 B dy
5%

3 Ca - 1 cm, + 0,5 cm
4 Chiu rng
10 cm

5 dc ngang
0,5 % ca dc thit
k

6 bng phng
bng thc 3 m
Khe h ln nht 5mm
Kin tra tng ln xe, c
theo chiu dc v chiu
ngang, 1km 5 v tr
kim tra

V.3.4. Cc quy trnh ch yu lin quan n hng mc xy dng gia c xi
mng

47
Quy trnh Vit nam:

1. Quy trnh thi cng v nghim thu lp cp phi ( si cui ) gia c xi mng
trong kt cu o ng t, 22 TCN 245-98.
4. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh hm lng ht dt 22 TCN 57- 84 .
6. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh cng p ch 22 TCN 73-84
7. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh cht lng xi mng TCVN 2682-92
9. Quy trnh phn tch nc dng cho cng trnh giao thng 22 TCN 61-84
Quy trnh AASHTO:

4. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh ch tiu Los-Angeles ( LA ), AASHTO T 96.
5. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh ch s ES

V.4. Cng tc xy dng mng ct gia c xi mng
V.4.1. Khi nim c bn
1. Ct gia c xi mng c hiu l mt hn hp gm ct t nhin hoc ct
nghin em trn vi xi mng theo mt t l nht nh, c lu ln cht
m tt nht trc khi xi mng ninh kt.
2. m bo cho lp kt cu ct gia c xi mng duy tr c tnh ton khi v
bn vng lu di, trnh p dng loi kt cu ny trn on nn c kh nng
ln sau khi xy dng.
3. Cho php s dng cht ph gia lm chm ninh kt to thun li cho thi
cng, nhng phi thng qua th nghim, lm th quyt nh.
V.4.2. Yu cu v cht lng vt liu v cht lng hn hp
48
1. Yu cu vi vt liu ct: Cc loict c ngun gc hnh thnh khc nhau nh
ct tn tch, ct sn tch, ct bi tch ( ct sng ), ct bin, ct gi ( hnh
thnh di tc dng ca gi ) v ct nghin nhn to ( sn phm ca cng
ngh gia cng , si cui ) u c th s dng gia c xi mng, nhng phi
m bo cc yu cu sau:
Hm lng mn hu c nh hn 2%;
pH ln hn 6;
Tng lng mui trong ct nh hn 4% khi lng;
Hm lng thch cao khng qu 10 %;
Hm lng si sn kch c ln hn 5 mm chim di 10% khi lng ct.
2. Vic quyt nh loi v thnh phn ht ca ct cn phi cn nhc k lng
trong iu kin Kinh t-K thut c th ca a phng xy dng.
3. Yu cu vi cng ct gia c xi mng thit k : Hn hp vt liu ct gia c
xi mng c to mu v m nn theo quy trnh AASHTO phng php D.
Sau khi bo dng m 25 ngy, sau ngm nc 3 ngy ( ngy u ngm
1/3 mu, hai ngy sau ngm ngp mu), tin hnh th nghim nn mu ( tc
nn mu 3 mm/ pht ). Mu p ch cng c ch to vi m, cht
ging nh mu nn v bo dng nh mu nn, sau tin hnh th nghim
p ch theo quy trnh 22 TCN 73-84. Cng chu nn v p ch gii hn
phi tho mn yu cu quy nh ca quy trnh 22 TCN 246-98, c th bng
V.14. Nu kt qu kim tra cng ca mu c khng tho mn yu cu
ca bng V.14. th cn thit phi tng t l xi mng hoc thay i loi ct.
Bng V.14. Yu cu vi cng ct gia c xi mng

Cng gii hn yu cu sau 28 ngy tui,
daN/cm2
V tr cc lp kt cu
ct gia c xi mng
Chu nn Chu p ch
Lp mng trn ca kt
cu o ng cp cao
v lp mt lng nha
> 30 > 3.5
Lp mng di ca kt
cu o ng cp cao
> 20 > 2.5
Cc trng hp khc > 10 > 1.2

4. Yu cu v nc: Nc sch, khng ln tp cht. Chi tit tho mn yu cu
ca Quy trnh cng nh Ch dn k thut ra.
49
5. Yu cu v xi mng: Phi l loi xi mng Poc lng thng thng c cc c
trng k thut ph hp vi cc quy nh theo Tiu chun Vit nam hin hnh
( TCVN 2682-92) vi mc nh hn 400daN/cm2. C th s dng xi mng a
phng mc thp lm lp mng di.

Lu: phi c lu bnh st 8-10 tn, lu bnh lp loi 4 tn/ bnh vi p sut
lp ln hn hoc bng 5 daN/cm2 hoc lu rung bnh cng c thng s
M/L ln hn 20 ( M l khi lng rung tnh bng kg, L l chiu rng bnh
tnh bng cm ).
Phi c thit b phun ti nh tng, phun ti nc phc v trn m v
bo dng.
Vn khun thp
2. Yu cu vi cng tc chun b thi cng: Bao gm cng tc cng tc kim tra
my mc thit b thi cng, cng tc kim tra cht lng vt liu, cng tc
kim tra hon thin lp pha di theo ng yu cu ca Quy trnh hoc ch
dn k thut. Nu pha di l ng c hoc lp mng c th thm ht nc
th phi ti m trc khi thi cng lp ct gia c xi mng.
3. Yu cu vi cng tc trn hn hp: Cng tc trn hn hp ct gia c xi mng
c thc hin bng cch trn ti trm trn c nh hoc di ng, hoc trn
ti ng. Vi thit b trm trn phi c cc c tnh k thut theo ng yu
cu ca quy trnh hoc Ch dn k thut. Nu trn trn ng ch c thc
hin vi my phay, khng c dng my san trn.
4. Yu cu vi cng tc ri vt liu: Vic ri c tin hnh bng my ri hoc
my san. Cn tnh ton sao cho ch ri 1 ln vi chiu dy tnh n h
s lu ln trong bc thi cng th im (thng thng qung 1,30-1,35 ). Phi
m bo san ri t yu cu bng phng, ng dc ngang quy nh. Chiu
dy san ri sau khi lu ln ti thiu l 10 cm, ti a l 20 cm.
5. Yu cu vi cng tc lu ln: Vic lu ln phi c bt u ngay sau khi ri
vi thi gian khng c qu 30 pht k t khi ri xong nhm m bo lu ln
m tt nht. Sai s cho php v m tt nht l 2%. S lu phi m
bo ng yu cu quy inh trong quy trnh hoc Ch dn k thut. cht lu
50
ln phi m bo K=1. Nu pht hin c ch hn hp kh cc b, c th ti
m thm.
6. Yu cu v thi gian thi cng: Thi gian t khi nc trn hn hp n
khi lu ln v hon thin xong khng c vt qu thi gian ninh kt ca xi
mng ( thng thng l 120 pht cho xi mng poc lng thng khng c
ph gia ).
7. Yu cu v cng tc bo dng: Trong vng 4 gi k t khi lu ln xong phi
tin hnh ph kn b mt lp ct gia c xi mng bng cc cch sau:
Ti u nh tng trn b mt ( k c b vch ch ni ) vi khi lng
0.8-1 lt/m2.
Ph kn 5 cm ct b mt v ti gi m lin tc trong 14 ngy.
8. Nu b dy lp ct gia c xi mng ln hn 20 cm, phi thi cng lm 2 lp th
vic thi cng lp trn c th tin hnh nh sau:
Thi cng ngay lp trn sau khi thi cng lp di vi trnh t thi cng nh
ch dn trn. Ch trc khi thi cng cn ti m lp di.
Trong trng hp khng thi cng ngay lp trn th lp di cng phi
c bo dng theo ng quy nh. Thi gian thi cng lp trn phi i
sau t nht 14 ngy sau khi lp di bo dng v hnh thnh cng
.
1. Kim tra cht lng trc khi trn: theo bng V.15.
Bng V.15. Yu cu kim tra cht lng trc khi trn

1 Thnh phn ht ca ct, 3 mu 500 tn
2 Hm lng mn hu c, 3 mu 500 tn
3 pH ca ct, 3 mu 500 tn
4 Tng lng mui trong ct 3 mu 500 tn
5 Hm lng thch cao trong
ct
3 mu 500 tn
6 Cht lng xi mng T mu Theo TCVN 2682-
92
51
7 Cht lng nc T mu Theo 22 TCN 61-
84

2. Kim tra cht lng trong khi thi cng: theo bng V.16.
Bng V.16. Yu cu kim tra cht lng trong khi thi cng
1 m hn hp T mu Mi ca
2 cht lu ln T mu Mi on, mi vt thi
cng
3 Kim tra cng chu
nn
T 3 mu 500 m3 hn hp
4 Kim tra cng chu
p ch
T 3 mu 500 m3 hn hp
3. Kim tra cht lng sau khi thi cng: theo bng V.17
Bng V.17. Yu cu kim tra cht lng sau khi thi cng

t.t Hng mc kim tra Khi
lng
Mt kim tra
1 Khoan mu xc nh cng
chu nn , cht, chiu dy
T 3 mu 2000 m2
2 Khoan mu xc nh cng
chu p ch , cht, chiu dy
T 3 mu 2000 m2

4. Sai s cho php: Cht lng thi cng mng ct gia c phi m bo cc sai s
phi nm trong gii hn quy nh bng V.18.
Bng V.18. Sai s cho php

1 V cng ( cng
chu nn v chu p
ch )
5 %
2 cht cc b - 1% cht trung bnh trn 1
km khng c nh hn
52
0,99
3 B dy
5%

4 Ca - 1 cm, + 0,5 cm
5 Chiu rng
10 cm

6 dc ngang
0,5 % ca
dc thit k

7 bng phng bng
thc 3 m
Khe h ln nht:
7mm
Kin tra tng ln xe, c
theo chiu dc v chiu
ngang, 1km 5 v tr kim
tra

V.4.5. Cc quy trnh ch yu lin quan n hng mc xy dng mng ct
gia c xi mng
Quy trnh Vit nam:
1. Quy trnh thi cng v nghim thu lp ct gia c xi mng trong kt cu o
ng t, 22 TCN 246-98.
5. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh cng p ch 22 TCN 73-84
6. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh cht lng xi mng TCVN 2682-92
8. Quy trnh phn tch nc dng cho cng trnh giao thng 22 TCN 61-84
Quy trnh AASHTO:

4. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh ch s ES

V.5. Cng tc xy dng mng dm nc
53
V.5.1. Khi nim c bn
1. Cng ca lp kt cu mng dm nc c hnh thnh trn c s
nguyn l chn , do tc dng ca lc ma st gia cc vin khi ln
cht kt hp vi lc dnh ca bt .
2. Kch c vin ln nht khng c vt qu 0,8 chiu dy lp.
V.5.2. Yu cu v cht lng vt liu
1. Loi : Cc loi c tiu chun cht lng tho mn bng V.19. u c th
s dng lm lp mng dm nc.
Bng V.19. Tiu chun cht lng

Loi Cp Cng khng
p ( daN/cm2 )
1 1200
2 1000
3 800
Mc ma ( granit, basalte....)
bin cht ( gneiss, quartzite...)
4 600
1 1000
2 800
3 600
trm tch ( vi, lmit )
Cc loi trm tch khc ( sa nham, schites...)
4 400

2. Kch c : Mt loi kch c quy nh no ( v d 20-40 ) c nh
ngha l loi nm li trn sng trn c ng knh nh d ( v d sng 20
mm ) v lt qua sng ng knh ln D ( v d sng 40 mm ). Kch c dm
nc c quy nh bng V.20.
Bng V.20. Kch c cc loi dm

Kch c sng trn ( mm ) Mc ch s dng Tn gi
Nm li trn sng Lt qua sng
40-60 40 60 chu lc
( tiu chun ) 50-70 50 70
54
20-40 20 40
10-20 10 20
5-10 5 10
chn
Ct 0.15 5

3. Yu cu v sch ca :
- Lng bi st: khng qu 2%
- Lng ht st vn hn: khng qu 0,25 %
4. Quy nh v vt liu chn:
- Vt liu chn ( bng V.20 ) ch dng cho lp trn mt. Khi mng ng
gm nhiu lp th lp di khng cn dng vt liu chn. Khi lng vt liu
chn chim khong 15-20% khi lng chu lc.
- Vt liu chn c phn theo t l sau:
20-40: 15%
10-20: 15%
5-10: 20 %
Ct 0.15-5: 50%
5. Yu cu vi nc: nc sch, khng ln bn rc
V.5.3. Yu cu v cng ngh thi cng;
Lu: phi c lu bnh st 5-6 tn, 8-10 tn, 10-12 tn
Thit b phun ti nc: xe phun ti nc hoc dng c th cng m
bo ti nc u.
2. Yu cu vi cng tc chun b thi cng: Bao gm cng tc kim tra kim tra
my mc thit b thi cng, cng tc kim tra cht lng v khi lng vt
liu, cng tc kim tra cht lng lng ng.
3. Yu cu vi cng tc ri vt liu:
- Vic ri chu lc c tin hnh bng c gii ( my ri hoc my san )
hoc bng th cng. m bo sau khi ri t c chiu dy v dc ngang
thit k. Chiu dy mt lp khng qu 16 cm.
- Vic ri chn c tin hnh bng th cng. Cc loi chn phi c
ri tng ng vi tng giai on lu ln. m bo vic ra phi ng u.
4. Yu cu vi cng tc lu ln:
55
- Phi m bo t c cht theo yu cu trn c s cng lu quy nh
i vi tng cp theo quy trnh.
- Phi tun th cc quy nh v quy trnh lu ln, loi lu, khi lng nc ti
trong cc giai on lu ln.
- Vi lp mng trn: Phi thc hin ng trnh t lu ln vi 3 giai on:
- Giai on 1: ln xp;
- Giai on 2: Ln cht;
- Giai on 3: Hnh thnh lp v cng.
- Vi lp mng di: Ch thc hin lu giai on 1 v giai on 2.
5. Yu cu vi cng tc bo dng: Trc khi thi cng lp mt pha trn ( lng
nha, thm nhp nha...) lp mt dm nc phi c bo dng. Hng
ngy phi qut vun ct b bay ra ngai vo trong mt ng duy tr lp ph
mt. Nu tri nng phi ti phun nc theo ng quy nh.

V.5.4. Yu cu v cng tc kim tra nghim thu
Cc hng mc kim tra, mt kim tra v sai s cho php chi tit bng V.21.

Bng V.18. Yu cu kim tra nghim thu

t.t Ch tiu kim tra Mt kim tra Sai s cho php

1 B dy 3 mt ct/ 1km,
mi mt ct 3 im:
tim v cch mp 1m
10%,
khng c ln
hn 20 mm
2 Chiu rng 10 mt ct/ 1km
10 cm
3 dc ngang 3 mt ct/ 1km

5% ca dc
ngang thit k
4 bng phng bng
thc 3 m
3 v tr/ 1km,
mi v tr 3 mt ct:
tim v cch mp 1m
Khe h ln nht:
10mm

V.5.5. Cc quy trnh ch yu lin quan n hng mc xy dng mng
dm nc
56
1. Quy trnh thi cng v nghim thu mng mt ng dm nc 22 TCN 06-
77


52
Chng VI
cng tc xy dng mt ng nha

VI.1 Mt ng b tng nha ri nng

VI-1.1 Phn loi b tng nha
1. B tng nha l mt hn hp vt liu bao gm , ct, bt khong c cht lng cao, phi
hp theo mt cp phi tt nht, trn nng vi nha theo mt ch qui nh cht ch, em
ri ra thnh tng lp v m nn thnh mt lp cht ch, ng nht
2. B tng nha c dng ph bin lm lp mt trn v lp mt di ca cc loi ng
t, sn bi, mt cu v tng ph sn bay.
3. B tng nha c phn loi tu theo cc tnh cht c trng ca bn thn hn hp hoc
cng ngh sn xut nh: theo phng php thi cng, theo hm lng dm c trong hn
hp, theo nhit khi trn v ri, theo c ht ln nht danh nh ca cp phi (tng
ng c sng trn tiu chun m c sng nh hn st ngay di n c c lng st tch lu
ln hn 5%)... v vic phn loi ph bin hin nay, theo 22 TCN 249-98, nh sau:
Theo rng cn d b tng nha c phn ra hai loi:
- B tng nha cht (BTNC) c rng cn d t 3% n 6% th tch. Trong thnh phn
hn hp bt buc phi c bt khong.
- B tng nha rng (BTNR) c rng cn d t ln hn 6 % n 10 % th tch.
- B tng nha rng (BTNR) ch dng lm lp di ca mt ng b tng nha hai lp,
hoc lm lp mng trn.
Ty theo cht lng ca vt liu khong ch to hn hp, b tng nha c phn ra
loi I v loi II.
- B tng nha loi II ch c dng cho lp mt ca ng cp IV tr xung hoc dng
cho lp di ca mt ng b tng 2 lp hoc dng cho phn ng dnh cho xe p,
xe my, xe th s.

VI.1.2 Cc yu cu v vt liu ch to b tng nha nng
1. Ct liu th ca mt ng btng nha c th l dm, si sn nghin. dm c
dng ph bin nht.
Yu cu chung i vi ct liu l cng , mi mn, hnh dng, nhm b mt v
kh nng dnh bm vi nha.
Nn chn ct liu c gc kim nh vi v chng c kh nng dnh bm tt vi nha.
Nu phi dng loi ct liu gc axit th phi c bin php ci thin kh nng dnh bm vi
nha bng cc cht tng hot tnh b mt nh trn thm vi bt hoc ximng vi liu
lng thch hp (thng vo khong 2%).
Phi cn c vo loi hn hp, v tr lp (lp mt hay lp di), lng giao thng chn
ct liu cho ph hp.
dm phi c cc ch tiu c l tho mn cc yu cu cho bng VI - 1.
Ct ch to b tng nha phi dng ct thin nhin hoc ct xay.
Ct phi cng, c cp phi tt, ht dng hnh khi, sch v khng ln tp cht.
Ct phi c kh nng dnh bm tt vi nha. Khng c dng ct thin nhin c hm
lng thch anh trn 60%, ct nghin t grant, thch anh v cc gc axit khc
lm mt ng cp cao.
Ct nghin phi c ch to t c cng khng nh hn ch to dm
Cc ch tiu yu cu i vi ct cho theo bng VI - 2.


53
Bng VI 1
Cc ch tiu c l quy nh cho dm dng trong b tng nha ri nng
(Theo 22 TCN 249 - 98)
Lp mt Lp Phng
Cc ch tiu c l ca Lp trn Lp mng php
Loi I Loi II di th nghim
Cng nn (daN/cm
2
), khng nh hn
a) dm xay t macma v bin cht
b) dm xay t trm tch
1000
800
800
600
800
600
600
400
TCVN 1771,1772
- 87
2 - p nt ( nn dp trong xi lanh ) ca
dm xay t cui si khng ln hn,%
8 12 12 16

TCVN
3 - p nt ca dm xay t x l cao:
+) Loi
+) Khng ln hn,%
1
15
2
25
2
25
3
35
1771, 1772-87
4 - hao mn LosAngeles ( LA ), khng ln
hn,%
25 35 35 45 aashto-t96
5 - Hm lng cui si c xay v trong
tng s cui si, % khi lng, khng nh
hn
100 80 80 70 Bng mt
6 - T s nghin ca cui si

R
c
= D
min
/ d
max
khng nh hn
4 4 4 4
Bng mt kt hp
vi xc nh bng
sng
Ghi ch : D
min
: C nh nht ca cui si em xay;
d
max
: C ln nht ca vin xay ra c.

Bng VI - 2
Cc ch tiu yu cu ca ct
(Theo 22 TCN 249 - 98)
Ch tiu Yu cu
Phng php th nghim
Mun ln ( M
K
) > 2 TCVN 342-86
H s ng lng ct ( ES ) ca
phn c ht 0-4,75 mm
Ct thin nhin >80
Ct xay >50
ASTM-D2419-79
Hm lng bi, bn, st
Ct thin nhin 3%
Ct xay 7%
TCVN 343,344,345-86

2. Bt khong c th c nghin t cc b nt ( vi canxit, l mt, du...), bt
than , bt x l cao dng baz, xi mng, vi... trong bt vi v lmt c dng
nhiu nht.
Bt khong nghin t vi, lmt phi c cng nn khng nh hn 200 daN/cm
2
.
Cc vt liu ch to bt khong phi sch, khng c cha cc cht bn v st qu 5%
theo trng lng.
Bt khong phi kh, xp, min v khng c vn cc khi trn vi nha.
Cc ch tiu yu cu ch yu theo bng VI -3.

3. Nha ng dng ch to hn hp b tng nha ri nng l loi nha ng c gc
du m.
Vi iu kin kh hu Vit nam, ch to b tng nha ri nng thng s dng loi
nha c c kim ln 40/60 v 60/70. Tuy nhin, dng loi nha no phi tun theo ch
dn k thut hoc cc tiu chun trong h s thu.
Tiu chun vt liu nha ng c dng cho ng b cho bng VI-4.


54
Bng VI - 3
Cc ch tiu k thut ca bt khong nghin t cacbonat
(Theo 22 TCN 249 - 98)
Cc ch tiu
Tr s
Phng php th
nghim
1 - Thnh phn c ht, % khi lng:

- Nh hn 1,25 mm
- Nh hn 0,315 mm
- Nh hn 0,071 mm
100
90
70 (1)
22 TCN 63 - 90
2 - rng, % th tch 35 22 TCN 62 - 84
3 - n ca mu ch to bng hn hp bt khong
v nha, %
2,5 22 TCN 62 - 84
4 - m, % khi lng 1,0 22 TCN 62 - 84
5 - Kh nng ht nha ca bt khong, KHN (Lng
bt khong c th ht ht 15 g bitum mc 60/70)
40 g NFP 98 -- 256
6 - Kh nng lm cng nha ca bt khong ( Hiu s
nhit mm ca va nha vi t l 4 nha mc
60/70 v 6 bt khong theo trng lng, vi nhit
mm ca nha cng mc 60/70)
10
0
TNDM 20
0
C
(2)
22 TCN 63 - 84
(th nghim vng
v bi)
Ghi ch : ( 1 ) Nu bt khong xay t c Rnn 400 daN / cm
2
th cho php gim i 5%;
( 2 ) Th nghim cha bt buc.

Bng VI - 4
Tiu chun vt liu nha ng c dng cho ng b
(Theo 22 TCN 249 - 98)
TT
Tr s tiu chun
theo kim ln

Cc ch tiu
th nghim kim tra
n v
40/60 60/70
Phng php
th nghim
A. Cc ch tiu bt buc
1 kim ln 25
o
C 0,1mm 40-60 60-70
22TCN 63-84, ASTM D5-86
AASHTO T49-89
2
ko di 25
o
C,
5cm/pht
cm 100 100
22TCN 63-84, ASTM
D133-86
AASHTO T51-89
3 Nhit ho mm
o
C 49-58 46-55
22TCN 63-84, AASHTO
T53-89
4 Nhit bt la
o
C 230 230
22TCN 63-84 ASTM D92-
85
AASHTO T48-89
5
T l kim ln ca nha
sau khi un 163
o
C trong
5h so vi kim ln 25
o
C
% 80 75
ASTM D6/D5

6
Lng tn tht sau khi un
163
o
C trong 5h
% 0,5 0,5
ASTM D6-80
AASHTO T47-83
7
Lng ho tan trong
Trichloroethylene (C
2
Cl
4
)
% 99,0 99,0
ASTM D2042-81
AASHTO T44-90
8 Khi lng ring 25
o
C g/cm
3
1,00-1,05 1,00-1,05
ASTM D70-82,
AASHTO T228-90
B. Cc ch tiu tham kho
1 dnh bm vi S c quy nh ring
2 Hm lng Paraphin S c quy nh ring

VI.1.3 Yu cu v cht lng hn hp B tng nha
1. Thnh phn cp phi ca cc loi hn hp theo tiu chun ca Vit nam c th tham kho
cho bng VI -5 .

55
Bng VI - 5
Thnh phn cp phi cc c ht ca hn hp b tng nha ri nng
(Theo 22 TCN 249 - 98)
C lng lt qua sng,% Lng
ht V tr Theo b sng l trn
(*)
( mm ) nha
Loi ln ca 40 31,5 25 20 15 10 5 2,5 1,25 0,63 0,315 0,14 0,071 tnh
nht cc Theo sng ASTM ( inch ) theo
b tng nha danh lp 1(1/4) 1 3/4 5/8 1/2 5/16 N
0
5 N
0
10 N
0
18 N
0
35 N
0
50 N
0
100 N
0
200 %
nh BTN Theo sng ASTM ( mm ) ct
31.5 25.0 19.0 16.0 12.5 8.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.15 0.075 liu
B tng nha cht (BTNC)
Ht nh BTNC 10 10 Lp trn 100 95-100 43 - 57 31- 44 22 - 33 16-24 12- 18 8 - 13 6 - 11 5,5 - 6,5
Ht nh BTNC 15 15
Lp trn hay
lp di
100 95-100 65 - 75
43
57
31- 44 22 - 33 16 - 24 12 -18 8 - 13 6 -11 5,5 - 6,5
Ht trung BTNC 20 20
Lp trn hay
lp di
100 95-100 81- 89 65- 75
43
57
31- 44 22 - 33 16 - 24 12- 18 8 - 13 5 - 10 5,0 - 6,0
Ht trung BTNC 25

25 Lp di 100 95-100 - 76 - 84 60 - 70
43
57
31 - 44 22 - 33 16 - 24 12- 18 8 - 13 5 - 10 5,0 - 6,0
BTN ct BTNC 5 5 ( 6 )
Va h, ln xe
p , th s
100 95-100 68 - 83 45 - 67 28 - 50 18 -35 11- 23 8 - 14 7,0 - 9,0
B tng nha rng (BTNR)
Ht trung BTNR 25 25 Lp di hay
lp mng trn
100 95-100 - - 50 - 70
30
50
20 - 35 13 - 25 9 - 18 6 - 13 4 - 9 0 - 4 4,5 - 5,5
Ht ln BTNR 31,5 31,5 Lp mng
100 95-100 75-95 - 55 - 75 40 - 60
25
45
15 - 35 - 5 - 18 4 - 14 3 - 8 0 - 4 4,0 - 5,0
Ht ln BTNR 40 40 Lp mng
95-100 - 75 - 95 - 55 - 75 40 - 60
25
45
15 - 35 - 5 - 18 4 - 14 3 - 8 0 - 4 4,0 - 5,0
Ghi ch :
(*)
: B sng l trn tiu chun gm cc sng l trn t 0,63mm tr ln, sng l vung t 0,315mm tr xung
Lp trn : Lp trn ca mt ng b tng nha 2 lp ( Wearing course )
Lp di : Lp di ca mt ng b tng nha 2 lp ( Binder course )
Lp mng trn : Phn trn ca tng mng ( Base)
Lp mng di : Phn di ca tng mng ( Subbase )

56
2. Thnh phn cp phi hn hp ca M thay i rt rng, tu thuc vo mc ch s dng
v v tr ca tng lp trong o ng. Cn c vo cc loi cp phi ct liu chun s dng
cho b tng nha theo AASHTO M43, Vin Asphalt kin ngh bng cp phi ct liu
s dng cho BTN. Chi tit xem bng VI-6.

Bng VI - 6
Cp phi hn hp btng nha thng dng ca Vin ASPHALT M
(Theo ......)
Loi thnh phn
cp phi theo kch
thc danh nh ln
nht
37.5 mm
(11/2 in)
25mm
(1 in)
19.0mm
(3/4 in)
12.5 mm (1/2
in)
9.5 mm
(3/8 in)
C sng
50mm (2in) 100
37.5 mm (11/2 in) 100 - 90 100 100
25mm (1 in) 90 -100 100
19.0mm (3/4 in) 56 - 80 90 -100 100
12.5 mm (1/2 in) 56 - 80 90 -100 100
9.5 mm (3/8 in) 56 - 80 90 - 100
4.74 mm (No 4) 23 - 53 29 - 59 35 - 65 44 -74 55 - 85
2.36 mm (No 8) 15 - 41 19 - 45 23 - 49 28 - 58 32 - 67
0.30 mm (No 50) 4 - 16 5 - 17 5 - 19 5 - 21 7 - 23
0.075nn (No 200) 0 - 5 1 - 7 2 - 8 2 - 10 2 - 10
Hm lng nha, % 3 - 8 3 - 9 4 - 10 4 -11 5 - 12
Ghi ch: Hm lng nha tnh theo % ca tng trng lng hn hp
Tham kho AASHTO M43-88 hoc ASTM D 448-86

VI.1.4 Yu cu i vi vic thit k thnh phn hn hp btng nha

1. Thit k thnh phn hn hp b tng nha theo phng php Marshall.
y l phng php c p dng ph bin hin nay Vit nam. Ni dung v yu cu ch
yu ca phng php ny bao gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Xc nh cht lng ca cc vt liu:
Cc ch tiu c l ca cht kt dnh, bt khong, ct, phi tho mn cc yu cu quy nh
cc bng VI.1, VI.2, VI.3, VI.4.
Bc 2: Thit k thnh phn hn hp ct liu:
Thnh phn cp phi cc c ht ca cc loi b tng nha c la chn phi nm trong gii
hn quy nh ca ng bao cp phi bng VI-5 hoc VI-6.
ng biu din cp phi ht c chn phi u n, t l thnh phn hai c ht k cn nhau
khng c bin i t gii hn trn (di) n gii hn di (trn).
Bc 3: c mu b tng nha:
Trn c s cp phi ct liu c phi hp nm trong ng bao chun ( bc 2 ), tin
hnh cn ong xc nh khi lng c th cc t l thnh phn cho t nht l 5 t mu vi
hm lng nha tng hoc gim vi s gia l 0.5% xung quanh gi tr hm lng nha trung
bnh yu cu bit ( bng VI.5).
Tin hnh c mu theo t l tnh ton trn. S chy c l 75 chy 1 mt, tng cng l
150 chy trn 2 mt.
Bc 4: Th nghim xc nh cc ch tiu c l ca mu b tng nha:

57
Tin hnh nn mu trn my nn Marshall chuyn dng xc nh cc ch tiu sau:
- bn Marshall
- do Marshall
Tin hnh th nghim v tnh ton xc nh cc ch tiu sau:
- rng d thc t ca cc t mu
- Khi lng th tch ca mu
Bc 5: Tnh ton, xc nh hm lng nha ti u
Cn c vo cc thng s th nghim : bn, do, rng d, khi lng th tch, tin
hnh v cc th quan h gia cc ch tiu vi hm lng nha. Trn c s cc th, tin
hnh la chn mt hm lng nha m bo cc thng s tho mn cc yu cu theo quy
nh ( bng VI.7 hoc bng VI.8 ).
Nu rng d khng ph hp phi tnh li lng nha trong rng ct liu khong vt
ly theo mu ca m hn hp va c kim tra.
Nu c mt vi ch tiu c l yu cu khng t th phi tin hnh thay i thnh phn cp
phi khong vt v tin hnh li t u.
Cng vic ny c th coi nh l kt thc khi chn c mt cp phi hn hp v hm lng
nha ti u m bo rng ca ct liu khong vt, rng d ca hn hp nm trong phm
vi cho php cng nh tt c cc ch tiu yu cu khc phi tho mn theo qui nh.
Mu b tng nha thit k ca loi hn hp b tng nha cht (BTNC) theo tiu chun ca
Vit nam phi tho mn cc ch tiu c l cho bng VI - 7 .
Mu b tng nha thit k theo tiu chun ca M phi tho mn cc ch tiu c l cho bng
VI- 8.

Bng VI - 7
Yu cu v cc ch tiu c l ca b tng nha cht (BTNC)
(Theo 22 TCN 249 - 98)
b) Th nghim theo phng php Marshall ( mu m 75 c mi mt)
1 n nh (Stability) 60
0
C, kN, khng nh hn 8,00 7,50
2 Ch s do quy c ( flow ) ng vi S = 8kN, mm,
nh hn hay bng

4,0

4,0

3 Thng s Marshall ( Marshall Quotient )
n nh ( Stability ) kN
Ch s do quy c ( flow ) mm

min 2,0
max 5,0

min 1,8
max 5,0

AASHTO-T 245
hoc
4 n nh cn li sau khi ngm mu 60
o
C, 24h
so vi n nh ban u, %, ln hn

75

75
ASTM - D1559-95
5 rng b tng nha ( Air voids ) 3 - 6 3 - 6
6 rng ct liu ( Voids in mineral aggregate ) 14 - 18 14 - 20
c) Ch tiu khc
1 dnh bm vt liu nha i vi Kh t yu
cu
22TCN 63-84


58
Bng VI - 8
Yu cu v cc ch tiu c l ca hn hp b tng nha theo phng php Marshal
(Theo Vin Asphalt)
Cng xe ln
Min Max
1. S c p mi u ca mu khi ch
b mu th nghim
75 75
2. n nh ( bn): kN 8 -
3. do (flow); 1/10mm 20 35
4. rng, %
Lp mt
Lp b tng nha ct
Lp mng
3
3
3
5
5
8
5. rng ca ct liu
Tu theo c ht ln nht m ly cho thch hp theo biu
hnh VI-3

2. Thit k thnh phn hn hp b tng nha theo phng php nn mu
Trong trng hp khng c thit b Marshall, vic thit k hn hp b tng nha xc nh
hm lng nha ti u c tin hnh trn c s cc thng s th nghim theo mu nn hnh
tr.
Mu b tng nha thit k ca loi hn hp b tng nha cht (BTNC) theo tiu chun ca
Vit nam phi tho mn cc ch tiu c l cho bng VI .9.a .
Mu b tng nha thit k ca loi hn hp b tng nha rng (BTNR) theo tiu chun ca
Vit nam phi tho mn cc ch tiu c l cho bng VI .9.b .

Bng VI - 9.a
Yu cu v cc ch tiu c l ca b tng nha cht (BTNC)
(Theo 22 TCN 249 - 98)
B tng nha loi Phng php T
T
Cc ch tiu
I II th nghim
a) Th nghim theo mu nn hnh tr
1 rng ct liu khong cht, % th tch 15 - 19 15 - 21
2 rng cn d, % th tch 3 - 6 3 - 6
3 ngm nc , % th tch 1,5 - 3,5 1,5 - 4,5
4 n, % th tch, khng ln hn 0,5 1,0 Quy trnh
5 Cng chu nn, daN / cm
2
, nhit
+) 20
0
C khng nh hn
+) 50
0
C khng nh hn

35
14

25
12
th nghim
b tng nha
22TCN 62-84
6 H s n nh nc, khng nh hn 0,90 0,85
7 H s n nh nc, khi cho ngm nc trong
15 ngy m, khng nh hn

0,85

0,75

8 n, % th tch, khi cho ngm nc trong 15
ngy m, khng ln hn

1,5

1,8


59
Bng VI - 9.b
Yu cu v cc ch tiu c l ca hn hp b tng nha rng (BTNR)
(Theo 22 TCN 249 - 98)
TT Cc ch tiu Tr s quy nh Phng php th
nghim
1 rng ca ct liu khong cht ; % th tch, 24
2 rng cn d, % th tch > 6 - 10 Quy trnh
3 ngm nc, % th tch 3 - 9 th nghim
4 n, % th tch, khng ln hn 1,5 b tng nha
5 H s n nh nc, khng nh hn 0,70 22TCN 62-84
6 H s n nh nc, khi cho ngm nc trong
15 ngy m, khng nh hn
0,60

VI.1.5 Yu cu v cng ngh sn xut v thi cng hn hp b tng nha.
1. Thit b thi cng
Lu c th l lu bnh cng, lu bnh lp hoc lu rung. Ti thiu trong mt dy truyn lu phi
c lu nh (5-8T), lu trung (10-12T) v lu nng (trn 16T). Lu phi c h thng chng
dnh bm.
My ri phi c h thng senso c hai bn iu chnh t ng chiu dy ri, c bit
l khi thi cng cc on ng cong, on siu cao v h thng m bn ca my ri
phi hot ng tt.
Hnh VI-3

60
Xe ti nha dnh bm phi c h thng bo n, bm p lc, khng ch c lng nha
ti dnh bm.
Phi c cc thit b ph tr khc nh my nn kh, xe xi-tec ch nc, my ct btng
nha, n kh ...
2. Trm sn xut BTN
H thng iu khin ca trm phi hot ng theo ch t ng.
H thng cc thit b kim sot v iu khin ca trm nh: nhit ca bn cha nha,
khi lng ca tng thnh phn vt liu trong hn hp, thi gian trn mt m phi hot
ng chnh xc.
Sai s cho php ca thit b cn i vi cc thnh phn vt liu khong khng ln hn 3%
v i vi nha khng ln hn 1.5%.
Phi tin hnh trn th kim tra s hot ng ng b ca ton b dy chuyn cng
thnh phn cp phi ca hn hp.
3. Chun b lp mng:
Lp mng phi c lm sch, kh v bng phng, dc ngang theo ng vi yu cu
thit k.
Cc cng vic sa cha ch li lm, v g, b vnh mt ng c, nu dng hn hp
nha ri ngui hoc b tng nha ri ngui phi tin hnh trc khi ri lp b tng nha
nng khng t hn 15 ngy.
Nu dng hn hp nha ri nng hoc b tng nha nng th cn m ln cht ngay
trc khi thi cng lp b tng nha tip theo.
Yu cu i vi cc c trng hnh hc ca mt lp mng c th tham kho bng VI- 10

Bng VI - 10
Sai s cho php i vi cc c trng ca mt lp mng
(Theo 22 TCN 249 - 98)
Cc c trng ca mt lp mng Sai s cho php
dng c v phng php
kim tra
Cao mt lp mng + 5 mm, -10mm Bng my thu bnh, mia
bng phng di thc di 3 m 5 mm 22 TCN 016 - 79
dc ngang sai khng qu 0,2%
Bng my thu bnh, mia
hoc thc o dc ngang
dc dc trn on di 25m sai khng qu 0,1% Bng my thu bnh, mia

4. Vn khun:
Vn khun phi c nh v chc chn hai bn cnh vt ri, b mt trn bng u v
c bi du chng dnh bm.
Trong trng hp b rng vt ri ln hn b rng thit k 20cm tr ln hoc li dng c
mp va (nu c) hoc mp vt ri trc bn mp vt ri no th cho php khng
dng vn khun bn mp vt ri .
5. Nha dnh bm:
Tu thuc vo loi b mt lp di v tnh trng ca n m chn loi nha dnh bm thch
hp, lng nha dnh bm thay i t 0,8-1,3l/m
2
.
C th s dng nha lng ng c nhanh hoc ng c va (RC-70; MC-70) hoc dng
nh tng cationic phn tch chm (CSS - 1), hoc nh tng anionic phn tch chm (SS-
1) hoc nha c 60/70 pha vi du ha theo t l du ha trn nha c l 80/100 (theo
trng lng) ti nhit nha 45
0
C 10
0
C.
Phi ti trc 4 - 6 h nha lng ng c li, hoc nh tng phn tch xong mi
c ri lp b tng nha ln trn.
Trn cc lp mng c dng nha (thm nhp nha, lng nha...) va mi thi cng xong
hoc trn lp b tng nha th nht va mi ri xong, sch v kh ro th ch cn ti

61
lng nha lng RC - 70 hoc MC - 250 hoc nh tng CSS - 1h hoc SS - 1h t 0,2 - 0,5
lt hn hp / m
2
; hoc nha c 60 / 70 pha du ha theo t l du ha trn nha c l
25/100 (theo trng lng) ti nhit nha 110
0
C 10
0
C.
6. Thi cng th im:
Trc khi thi cng i tr, phi tin hnh thi cng th im kim tra v xc nh tnh
trng hot ng ca trm, cng ngh ca qu trnh ri, lu ln. T rt ra phng n p
dng cho i tr.
7. Sn xut v thi cng hn hp btng nha.
Ch c thi cng trong nhng ngy khng ma, b mt lp di kh ro, nhit khng
kh ln hn + 5
0
C.
Nhit ca nha khi chuyn ln thng ong ca my trn. Nhit lm vic ca nha
phi nm trong phm vi 140
0
- 150
0
C.
Nhit ca hn hp b tng nha khi ra khi thng trn khng c ln hn 160
0
C .
Nhit ca hn hp b tng nha phi ln hn 120
0
C trc khi vo phu my ri
Ch c ri b tng nha nng bng my ri chuyn dng, nhng ch hp, khng ri
c bng my chuyn dng th cho php ri th cng.
Nhit hiu qu nht khi lu ln hn hp b tng nha nng l 130
0
- 140
0
C.
Vic lu ln phi t c cht yu cu trc khi nhit ca lp b tng nha h n
70
0
C.
Trng hp my ri ang lm vic b hng (thi gian phi sa cha ko di hng gi) th
phi yu cu tm ngng cung cp hn hp v cho php dng my san t hnh san ri nt
s hn hp cn li (nu b dy thit k ca lp hn hp b tng nha > 4 cm), hoc ri nt
bng th cng khi khi lng hn hp cn li t.
Trng hp my ang ri gp ma t ngt th yu cu tm ngng cung cp hn hp.
- Khi lp b tng nha c lu ln n khong 2/3 cht yu cu th cho php tip
tc lu trong ma cho ht s lt lu ln yu cu.
- Khi lp b tng nha mi c lu ln < 2/3 cht yu cu th ngng lu, san b hn
hp ra khi phm vi mt ng. Ch khi no mt ng kh ro li th mi c ri
hn hp tip.

VI.1.6 Kim tra v nghim thu
Cng tc ny phi tin hnh thng xuyn v nh k theo qui trnh hoc cc ch dn k thut
trong h s thu.
1. Cng tc kim tra phi tin hnh thng xuyn, lin tc theo tng bc v cc giai on
thi cng theo ng qui trnh, qui phm v ch dn k thut.
2. Yu cu kim tra trong qu trnh sn xut hn hp btng nha c th tham kho bng
VI- 11 :

Bng VI 11
Yu cu kim tra trong qu trnh sn xut hn hp btng nha
(Theo 22 TCN 249 - 98)
i tng kim tra Ch tiu yu cu S lng kim tra
dm
- Hm lng bi st, thnh phn c
ht, lng ht dt
- 5 ngy/ln v khi c mi
Ct
- M un ln ca ct (M
K
), thnh
phn ht, hm lng bi st.
- 3 ngy/ln v khi c ct mi.
Bt khong
- Mi ln nhp mi
- Thnh phn ht v m
- Tt c cc ch tiu
- 5 ngy/ln v khi c mi
Nha c
- Mi ln nhp mi
- kim ln 25
0
C
- Tt c cc ch tiu
- Hng ngy
Hn hp - Cng thc ch to hn hp - Hng ngy


62
3. Dung sai cho php so vi cp phi ht v lng nha ca hn hp b tng nha ri nng
tham kho bng VI- 12

Bng VI - 12
Dung sai cho php so vi cp phi ht v lng nha
ca hn hp b tng nha
(Theo 22 TCN 249 - 98)
C ht Dung sai cho php, % phng php kim tra
C ht t 15 mm tr ln 8
C ht t 10 mm n 5 mm 7
C ht t 2,5 mm n 1,25 mm 6 Bng sng
C ht t 0,63 mm n 0,315 mm 5
C ht di 0,074 2
Hm lng nha 0,1 Trng ct

4. Yu cu i vi cc yu t hnh hc ca lp b tng nha c th tham kho bng VI- 13,
VI-14, VI-15.

Bng VI - 13
Sai s cho php ca cc yu t hnh hc ca lp mt ng b tng nha
(Theo 22 TCN 249 - 98)

Cc kch thc hnh hc

Sai s
cho php

Ghi ch
1- B rng mt ng b tng nha - 5cm

Tng s ch hp khng vt
qu 5% chiu di ng
2- B dy lp b tng nha
- i vi lp di
- i vi lp trn
- i vi lp trn khi dng my ri c
iu chnh t ng cao

10%
8%

5%

p dng cho 95% tng s im
o; 5% cn li khng vt qu
10mm
3- dc ngang mt ng b tng nha
- i vi lp di
- i vi lp trn

0,005
0,0025
o
4- Sai s cao c khng vt qu
- i vi lp di
- i vi lp trn

-10mm,+5mm
5mm
o

Bng VI - 14
Tiu chun nghim thu bng phng mt ng b tng nha
(dng c v phng php kim tra: thc di 3m
(Theo 22 TCN 249 - 98)

Loi my ri
V tr
lp b
tng
nha
Phn trm cc khe h gia thc
di 3 m vi mt ng (%)
Khe h ln
nht (mm)
< 2mm <3mm 3mm 5mm
C iu khin t ng cao ri Lp trn
Lp di
90%
85%
-
-
5%
5%
-
-
6
-
Thng thng

Lp trn
Lp di
-
-
85
80
-
-
5
5
10
10


63
Bng VI - 15
tiu chun nghim thu chnh gia hai im dc theo tim ng
(Theo 22 TCN 249 - 98)

Loi my ri
Khong cch gia hai
im o (m)
Hiu s i s chnh ca hai im o so vi ng
chun (mm), khng ln hn
My ri c iu khin
t ng cao ri
5
10
20
5
8
16
My ri thng thng 5
10
20
7
12
24
Ghi ch: 90% tng cc im o tha mn yu cu trn

5. Kim tra bng phng theo ch s quc t (IRI) hoc bng thc di 3 m.
6. Kim tra nhm ca mt ng bng phng php rc ct, xe o lc, thit b con lc
Anh hoc bng thit b Laser v.v.
7. Kim tra cht lu ln
th nghim h s cht lu ln (K) ca lp mt ng b tng nha ri nng sau
khi thi cng bng phng php khoan ly 1 t 3 mu ng knh 101,6 mm. Ni
chung, h s cht lu ln (K) thng c yu cu khng nh hn 0,98.
H s cht lu ln ca b tng nha ngay mp khe ni dc ch c nh hn 0,01
so vi h s cht yu cu chung. S mu xc nh h s cht lu ln mp khe
ni dc phi chim 20% tng s mu xc nh h s cht lu ln ca ton mt ng
b tng nha.
Nn dng cc thit b th nghim khng ph hoi kim tra cht mt ng b
tng nha. Tuy nhin cn phi kim tra chnh xc ca thit b mt cch cht ch.
8. Kim tra cht lng cc mi ni c nh gi bng mt. Mi ni phi ngay thng, bng
phng, khng r mt, khng b khc, khng c khe h.
9. Kim tra dnh bm gia hai lp b tng nha hay gia lp b tng nha vi lp mng
c nh gi bng mt bng cch nhn xt mu khoan. S dnh bm phi tt.
10. Kim tra cc ch tiu c l ca b tng nha
Yu cu i vi cc ch tiu c l ca b tng nha nguyn dng ly mt ng v ca cc
mu b tng nha c ch b li t mu khoan hay o mt ng phi tha mn cc tr s
yu cu ghi ch dn k thut hoc cc qui trnh qui phm lin quan.
11. Khi lng v s lng, k hoch kim tra c th tham kho bng VI- 16
Bng VI - 16
Cc th nghim cn tin hnh xc nh cc ch tiu c l ca b tng nha
trong cc giai on khc nhau kim tra gim st v nghim thu
(Theo 22 TCN 249 - 98)

TT

Cc ch tiu cn th nghim

Khi
thit k
hn hp
Kim
tra trong
trm trn
Kim tra
v
nghim
thu mt
ng
1 Dung trng trung bnh ca b tng nha + + +
2 Dung trng trung bnh ca ct liu khong vt + 0 +
3 Dung trng thc ca hn hp BTN v BTN + - 0
4 rng ca ct liu khong vt trong b tng nha + 0 0
5 rng cn d ca b tng nha + 0 0

64
6 ngm nc ca b tng nha + + +
7 n th tch ca b tng nha + + +
8 Cng khng nn 20
o
C v 50
o
C ca b tng
nha

+

+

+
9 H s n nh nc ca b tng nha + + +
10 H s n nh nc sau khi ngm mu trong nc
15 ngy m

+

0

0
11 Thnh phn cp phi cc c ht ca b tng nha + + +
12 Hm lng nha trong hn hp b tng nha 0 + +
13 dnh bm ca nha vi + - 0
14 H s cht lu ln ca lp b tng nha 0 0 +
15 Cc ch tiu Marshall (+) (+) (+,0)
Ghi ch: + Bt buc xc nh;
- Nn tin hnh;
0 Khng cn tin hnh;
(+) Bt buc i vi cc phng th nghim c thit b Marshall;
(+,0) Ch lm cc ch tiu4, 5 v 6 mc b bng II-2a.

VI.7 Cc quy trnh lin quan mt ng btng nha ri nng
Qui trnh Vit nam

a - Ct
1. Phng php ly mu ct TCVN 337 - 86
2. Ct xy dng v cc yu cu k thut ca ct TCVN 1770 - 86
3. Xc nh m uyn ln v thnh phn ht ca ct TCVN 342 - 86
4. Xc nh hm lng bi bn st ( ht < 0,05 mm ) TCVN 343 - 86
5. Xc nh hm lng st ( ht < 0,005 mm) TCVN 344 - 86
6. Xc nh tp cht hu c TCVN 344 - 86
b - dm, cui si
Cc yu cu v k thut v phng php th ca dm,
si ( cng khng p, p v, hao mn ... )
TCVN 1771 87
TCVN 1772 - 87
c - Bt khong
1. Cc yu cu v bt khong 22 TCN 58 - 84
2. Xc nh rng. Ch s rng Rigden
3. Kh nng lm cng nha ca bt khong (th nghim vng
v bi )
22 TCN 63 - 84
d - Nha c
1. Tiu chun vt liu bi tum c dng cho ng b 22 TCN 227 - 95
2. Xc nh kim ln 22 TCN 63 - 84
3. ko di ,,
4. Nhit bt la ,,
5. Nhit ha mm (vng v bi ) 22 TCN 63 - 84
6. dnh bm vi vi 22 TCN 63 - 84
e - Cc ch tiu c l ca btng nha
1. rng ca ct liu; rng cn d; ngm nc; h
s n nh nc; dnh bm ca nha vi
22 TCN 62-84
2. Cng khng nn 22 TCN 62-84
3. n th tch khi ngm nc 22 TCN 62-84
4. M uyn n hi ca mu nt v 22 TCN 202 - 90
g - Cc tiu chun kim tra, nghim thu v thi cng
1. Qui trnh thi cng v nghim thu mt ng btng nha 22 TCN 249-98
2. bng phng bng thc di 3 m 22 TCN 016 - 79
3. PP nn tnh qua tm p 22 TCN 011-79
4. PP cn Ben ken man 22 TCN 012-79
5. Xc nh nhm theo vt ct 22 TCN 65-84

65

Qui trnh AASHTO v ASTM

a - Ct ASTM AASHTO
1. Phng php ly mu ct
2. Ct xy dng v cc yu cu k thut ca ct
3. Xc nh m uyn ln v thnh phn ht ca ct C1 - 36 - 84a -
4. Xc nh hm lng chung bi bn st ( ht < 0,05
mm )
C117 T 11
5. Xc nh hm lng st ( ht < 0,005 mm) C 142 T 112
6. Xc nh tp cht hu c C 40 T 21
7. Xc nh ng lng ct D2419 - 79 T 176
b - dm, cui si
1. Cc yu cu v k thut v phng php th ca
dm, si ( cng khng p, p v, hao
mn ... )
C 566 T 255
2. hao mn LosAngeles C131 T 96
c - Bt khong
1. Cc yu cu v bt khong D 242 -
2. Xc nh rng. Ch s rng Rigden
3. Kh nng lm cng nha ca bt khong (th nghim
vng v bi )
D 36 T53 - 89
d - Nha c
1. Tiu chun vt liu bi tum c dng cho ng b - M 20
2. Xc nh kim ln D 5 T49 - 89
3. ko di D 113 T151 - 89
4. Nhit bt la D - 92 T48 - 89
5. kim ln sau khi un 163 0 C trong 5 gi D6/D5 T 47
6. Lng tn tht sau khi un 163 0 C D6 T 47
7. Nhit ha mm (vng v bi ) D 36 T53 - 89
8. Lng ha tan trong C2Cl4 D 2042 T 44 - 90
9. Khi lng ring D 70 T 73
10. nht 2750F D2170 T 201
11. Th nghim mng mng nha trong l (1/8inch ,
3250F, 5 gi )
D 1754 (D
2872)
T 179
(T 240 )
e - Cc ch tiu c l ca btng nha
1. rng ca ct liu; rng cn d; ngm nc; h s n nh nc; dnh
bm ca nha vi
2. Cng khng nn D 1074 T 167
3. n th tch khi ngm nc - T 101
4. M uyn phc ( Modul complexe ) - TP 5
5. Cc ch tiu ca th nghim Marshall cho b tng
afphan
D1559 T 245
g - Cc tiu chun kim tra v nghim thu
1. nh gi bng phng E950,
E1364
E1082,
E1215,
E1448
2. cht lu ln
3. Xc nh nhm

66
VI. 2 Mt ng thm nhp nha

VI.2.1 Khi nim c bn
1. Lp mt ng hay mng ng thm nhp nha l mt lp dm kch c chn lc c
lu ln n mt mc nht nh v dng nha thm nhp n mt su quy nh.
2. Lp mt hay mng ng thm nhp nha c dng trong khi xy dng mt ng mi
hay trong khi gia cng mt ng c.
3. Tu theo chiu su thm nhp vo lp dm m phn ra:
Thm nhp su: Khi nha thm nhp xung lp dm c su t 6,5- 8 cm
Thm nhp nh: Khi nha thm nhp xung lp dm c su t 4 - 6 cm
Bn thm nhp: Lp dm bn thm nhp nha khc vi lp dm thm nhp nh
ch lp dm ri dy hn nhiu so vi chiu su thm nhp nha v thng ch dng khi
xo xi mt ng dm c ln ri dng nha x l gia cng.
4. Ni chung lp mt ng thm nhp sau khi thi cng xong rng cui cng vn cn ln
(ti 15 % th tch), v th cn lm lp lng mt hoc lp chng hao mn ln trn.

VI.2.2 Yu cu v cht lng vt liu
1. Ct liu:
Mt ng thm nhp nha lm vic theo nguyn l chn . dm dng lm cc lp kt
cu mt ng thm nhp phi phi ng nht v cng , kch c trong mi ln ri.
Cc yu cu v cht lng ca c th tham kho bng VI- 17 sau:
Bng VI- 17
YU CU V CHT LNG I VI LM MT ONG THM NHP
(Theo 22 TCN 09 -77)
Nhm
Cp

Cng khng nn bo ho
khng nh hn, kG/cm
2

mi mn
van (%)
dnh bm
vi nha
Ghi ch
1 1200 < 5
2 1000 < 6 Mc ma
3 800 < 8
1 1000 < 5
2 800 < 6
trm
tch ( vi,
dolomit) 3 600 < 8
1 1000 < 5
2 800 < 6
Cc loi
trm tch
khc 3 600 < 8
1 1200 < 5
2 1000 < 6
bin
cht
3 800 < 8
t cp 3 n
cp 5
(th nghim
A.L-xi-khi-
na)
dnh
bm vi
nha i
vi th
nghim
A.L-xi-
khi-na

Kch c thng dng lm mt ng thm nhp nha c th tham kho bng VI-
18 sau:
Lng ht dt (theo % trng lng) phi khng ln hn 10%.
Lng bi st (theo % trng lng) khng c ln hn 2 %, lng ht st dng cc (theo
% trng lng) khng c ln hn 0.25 %.
Lng ht c kch c ln hn D cng nh nh hn d khng c qu 10% theo khi lng
Lng ht ln hn c D+30mm cng nh lng ht nh qu c 0.63d khng c vt
qu 3% theo khi lng
Khi lm lp mng, cho php dng hn hp dm kch c t 5-40mm hay 5-25mm vi
h s khi lng gim dn k t 0,65 n 0,75 nht l khi dng nh tng nha thm
nhp.
Kch c ln nht ca vin dm khng c ln hn 0,85 chiu dy lp thm nhp nha.
67
Bng VI-18
KCH C DNG CHO MT ONG THM NHP NHUA
(Theo 22 TCN 09 -77)
C ht theo b sng tiu chun
(sng trn), mm
C ht theo b sng tiu chun
(sng trn), mm
Tn gi
Nm li trn
sng (d)
Lt qua sng
(D)
Tn gi
Nm li trn
sng (d)
Lt qua sng
(D)
40 60 20 - 40 20 40
50 70 10 - 20 10 20
dn
tiu chun
60 80 5 - 10 5 10
Ghi ch: Khi lm lp thm nhp nh th khng dng loi 40-60 mm.

2. Nha c v nh tng:
Vit nam, vic xy dng mt ng theo phng php thm nhp nha, thng dng
cc loi nha c 40/60 hoc 60/70 ch bin t du m hoc nh tng bitum gc axit
phn tch nhanh.
Cc ch tiu yu cu i vi nha c cho bng VI- 4 (phn VI - 1).
Nh tng bitum gc axit phn tch nhanh c hm lng nha 60, 65 hoc 69% ch to t
nha c 60/70.
Khi dng loi nh tng axit vi ct liu l si sn th cn gia cng trc si sn bng cc
cht tng hot tnh b mt nh vi bt hay xi mng... Lng vi bt hoc xi mng ly bng
1,5- 2,5 % khi lng si sn.
Cc ch tiu yu cu i vi nh tng bitum gc axit phn tch nhanh cho bng VI- 19
nh sau:
Bng VI- 19
YU CU I VI NH TONG BITUM GC AXIT PHN TCH NHANH
(theo 22 TCN 250-98)
Hm lng nha, %
Ch tiu
60 65 69
1. Hm lng nc, % 39 - 41 34 - 36 30 - 32
2. nht qui c Engler 25
0
C 2 - 15 > 6 -
3. nht qui c chun 25
0
C, giy
(ng knh l chy 4mm)
- - > 9
4. ng nht
Ht ln hn 0.63mm, % < 0.1
Ht gia 0.63 v 0.16mm, % < 0.25
5. n nh (bng cch lng), % < 5
6. dnh bm, %
a - Nh tng tn tr ngn hn (15 ngy)
Th nghim bc 1
90
Th nghim bc 2
75
b - Nh tng tn tr lu (ti 3 thng)
75
7. Ch s phn tch < 100
8. in tch cc ht dng

VI.3.3 Yu cu v cng ngh thi cng
1. Yu cu v thit b thi cng :
Phi c thit b lm v sinh mt ng my nn kh, thit b v sinh, xe ch nc (nu thi
cng trn lp mi ng c).
Phi c thit b nu nha c chng (nu dng nha c trnh nhim mi trng).
Thit b phun, ti nh tng (nu dng nh tng).
68
Khi thi cng vi khi lng ln, phi s dng loi thit b chuyn dng thi cng nh xe
un v ti nha c t hnh, xe ti nh tng, thit b ri .
My san, i hoc my ri (nu c, cho t c 20 40 tr xung).
Lu 6-8T , 10-12T.
Cc thit b trn phi trong trng thi hot ng tt.
2. Yu cu i vi cng tc chun b lp mng:
Cc lp nn, mng, mt ng chun b thi cng lp thm nhp phi m bo cng
, ng mui luyn, bng phng. Phi hon thnh vic x l trit cc h hng ca kt
cu c nh h cao su, g... trc khi tin hnh thi cng.
i vi nn, mng mi thi cng xong phi p ng c y cc qui nh ca cc tiu
chun k thut qui nh ca loi mt ng .
B mt lp di phi m bo sch. Khi dng nh tng th b mt lp di khng c
php ng nc cc k mt ng, khi dng nha c th b mt lp di phi thc
s kh ro.
Trng hp lp mng cn rng qu ln th trc khi ri lp dm thm nhp cn phi
ri 1,0 - 1,5 m
3
/ 100 m
2
chn v mt ln mt lp mng ri lu ln lp bt l
rng b mt ca lp mng.
Trng hp mt ng c qu nhiu bi bn hoc khi thi cng lp thm nhp nh th c
th ti mt lng nh tng axit phn tch nhanh t 0,5 - 0,8 l/m
2
ph bi, tng dnh
bm vi lp thm nhp.
Phi lm hai thnh chn hai bn mp mt ng khi lu ln khi b x ra ngoi. C
th dng cch p l trc, trng hay vn khun...
3. Yu cu i vi cng tc thi cng
phi c tp kt theo tng loi ring bit, khng c bn t ln vo v khng
nn qu lu trnh bi bn.
phi c san theo tng lp c b dy u nhau. Ri xong phi kim tra mui luyn
bng thc mu.
Tt hn l nn dng hn hp dm c 5 - 40 mm hay 5 - 25 mm ri lp c bn, khi
dng nh tng thm nhp.
Cn lu h s m nn ca lp dm c bn khong 1,25.
Khi lu ln khng c v qu nhiu lm lp cc l rng nha khng thm xung
c. Nhng ch no v qu nhiu th phi o ln thay v m bng th cng li
ri mi lu ln bng my lu.
Nu dng nha c th khng c ti nc trong qu trnh lu ln. Nu dng nh tng
nha th c th ti 3 - 5 l/m
2
nc trong khi lu ln.
C th kt thc giai on lu ln khi cc vin dm n nh v chn vo nhau, khng
b x chy di bnh xe lu nng.
Nha phi un n nhit thi cng trc khi ti. Tt nht l khong 140
0
C v khng
c qu 180
0
C (vi nha 40/60 v 60/70). Thi gian un nha khng c ko di qu 3
gi. Nhit ca nha khi ti khng c thp hn 120
0
C, nha phi lng u.
Trng hp dng nh tng nha th phi ti lng nh tng ca mi ln lm nhiu t,
nh tng ti t trc phi phn tch xong th mi ti ln tip theo, c vy cho n khi
ht lng nh tng cn ti ca ln .
Sau khi ti nha phi ri ngay lng theo quy nh ca ln tip theo.
Phi dng b chn cc vin con vo cc khe trng, khng con lm thnh mt lp
ring bit trn mt lp di.
Lng nha v mt sau cng s lp cc l trng cn li v hnh thnh mt v cng
tng i kn mt. Trng hp thi cng lp thm nhp dng lm lp mng ca mt
ng b tng nha th khng cn phi ri lt nha v cui cng ny.
Nu l loi con cng cao th c th dng ngay lu nng 10 - 12 Tn
69
Trong qu trnh lu ln phi thng xuyn kim tra dc ngang ca mt ng v
bng phng. Khe h di thc 3m khng c vt qu 7mm i vi lp mt v khng
qu 10mm i vi lp mng. Nhng ch li lm phi gt hoc b cho bng phng.
4. Thi cng theo phng php bn thm nhp:
Thng ch dng cho trng hp i tu ng khi cn phi xo xi lp dm c v gia
cng bng cch thm nhp nha n su 4 - 6 cm.
Chiu su xi ny tu thuc vo chiu su thm nhp nha v su ca g. Nu mt
ng c c g su th c th cy xi su hn chiu su cn thm nhp nha nhng phi
cha li t nht l 6 cm lp c.

|NH MC VT LIU DNG CHO MT ONG THM NHP
Bng VI- 20
Dng nha nng (Theo 22 TCN 09-77)
S c s dng trong lp thm nhp Loi thm
nhp
Th t ln ri
, ti nha
Kch c ,
mm Lng , l/m
2
Lng nha, kg/m
2
Ln 1 c bn theo chiu dy thit k 3.5
Ln 2 10 - 20 18-20 2.0-2.5
Na thm
nhp
Ln 3 5 - 10 13-15
Ln 1 c bn theo chiu dy thit k 5-6
Ln 2 10 - 20 18-20 2.0-3.0
Thm
nhp su
Ln 3 5 - 10 13-15
Ln 1 20-40 theo chiu dy thit k 4
Ln 2 10 - 20 18-20 2.0-3.0
Thm
nhp nh
Ln 3 5 - 10 13-15
Dng nh tng (Theo 22 TCN 10-77)
S c s dng trong lp thm nhp
Loi thm
nhp
Th t ln ri
, ti nha
Kch c ,
mm Lng , l/m
2

Lng nh tng
kg/m
2

Ln 1 c bn theo chiu dy thit k
6.0 (chia u cho 3
lt)
Ln 2 10 - 20 15-18
3.0 (chia u cho 2
ln)
Ln 3 5 - 10 10-12
3.0 (chia u cho 2
ln)
Na thm
nhp
Ln 4 5 - 10 4-5
Ln 1 c bn theo chiu dy thit k
10.0 (chia u cho 5
lt)
Ln 2 10 - 20 18-20
3.0 (chia u cho 2
ln)
Ln 3 5 - 10 10-12
3.0 (chia u cho 2
ln)
Thm
nhp su
Ln 4 5 - 10 4-5
Ln 1 20-40 theo chiu dy thit k
6.0 (chia u cho 3
ln)
Ln 2 10 - 20 15-18
3.0 (chia u cho 2
ln)
Ln 3 5 - 10 13-15
3.0 (chia u cho 2
ln)
Thm
nhp nh
Ln 4 5 - 10 4-5

70
S dm xo xi ln c gom thnh lung dc hai bn ri dng my san san u
thnh lp bng phng c mui luyn yu cu. Nu qu bn v v qu nhiu th phi
sng lc, ra sch hoc loi b trc khi san ra.
Thng phi thm mt lng dm mi ln trn lp c xo xi chiu dy
thm nhp v tng thm ma st.
chn v mt phi l loi mi.
Cng vic lu ln ti cc lt nha hay nh tng v ri cc lt tip theo phi tun th
cc yu cu nh m t trn.
5. nh mc vt liu dng cho mt ng thm nhp c th tham kho bng VI-20
(trang trc)
6. Yu cu v cng tc bo dng.
Phi tin hnh bo dng, iu chnh v hn ch tc xe, qut mt, con b bn ra
ngoi vo mt ng khong 2 - 3 tun, trng hp dng nh tng th sau 1 - 3 ngy mi
cho thng xe.
Trn mt ng thm nhp cn phi lm lp lng mt hay lp chng hao mn. C th lm
lp ny ngay sau khi thi cng lp thm nhp, nht l khi thi tit xu, c kh nng ma
trong nhng ngy tip sau.
Nu thm nhp bng nh tng th 2 - 3 ngy sau cho hi nc bc i, nh tng phn
tch ri mi lm li lp lng mt. Nu thm nhp su c bn lt ri hoc lp thm
nhp nh c ba lt ri th c th n nm sau mi lm lp lng mt.

VI.3.4 Yu cu v cng tc kim tra
Cng tc ny ch tin hnh sau khi mt ng thm nhp nha ht thi gian bo dng.
Mt ng thm nhp nha sau khi thi cng xong phi tho mn cc ch tiu ch yu cho
bng VI- 21 sau:

Bng VI- 21
QUI |NH V CC SAI S CHO PHP CA MT ONG THM NHP NHUA
(Theo 22 TCN 09 - 77)
Tn ch tiu Yu cu Phng php kim tra
Sai s cho php v b rng
mt ng, cm
10 Kim tra 10 mt ct ngang/1Km
Sai s cho php v chiu
dy mt ng, % 10
Kim tra 3 mt ct ngang/1Km, mi mt ct
ngang kim tra ti 3 im ti tim v 2 bn
mp cch mp mt ng 1m
Sai s cho php v dc
ngang mt ng, %
5 Bng my cao c
bng phng bng thc
di 3m (khe h), mm
< 7 Kim tra 3 v tr /1Km
Chiu su thm nhp o h kim tra

VI.5 Cc quy trnh lin quan n mt ng thm nhp nha

Qui trnh Vit nam

1. Qui trnh th nghim cc ch tiu c l ca 22 TCN 57-84
3. Qui trnh th nghim vt liu nha ng 22 TCN - 63 - 84
4. bng phng bng thc di 3 m 22 TCN - 016 - 79
5. Qui trnh thi cng v nghim thu mt ng nha di
hnh thc un nng
22 TCN 09-77
71
hnh thc nh tng
22-TCN 10-77
7. Tiu chun k thut thi cng v nghim thu mt ng
dm v dm cp phi lng nha nh tng axit
22 TCN 250 - 98


dm, si ( cng khng p, p v,
hao mn ... )
C 566 T 255
2. hao mn Los Angeles C131 T 96
3. Tiu chun vt liu bi tum c dng cho ng
b
- M 20
4. Xc nh kim ln D 5 T49 - 89
5. ko di D 113 T151 - 89
6. Nhit bt la D - 92 T48 - 89
10. Lng ha tan trong C
2
Cl
4
D 2042 T 44 - 90
12. nht 275
0
F D2170 T 201

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

72
VI. 3 Mt ng lng nha

VI.3.1 Khi nim c bn
1. Phun ti mt lp nha trn b mt ri ri mt lp vt liu v lu ln thnh mt lp
mng th gi l lng nha mt lp. Lp li qu trnh trn hai hoc ba ln th c mt
ng lng nha hai lp hay ba lp.
2. Lp lng mt bng nha v con c th dng cho mi loi ng lm mi hay c. N c
tc dng lm gim bt bo mn ca mt ng, nng cao nhm, gi mt ng
khng nc mt thm xung v nng cao iu kin v sinh.
3. Thng thng, khng lm mt ng lng nha trn cc lp mt ng b tng ht nh v
b tng xi mng lm mi.
4. Lp lng mt c tc dng lm gim bt bo mn ca mt ng, nng cao nhm,
gi mt ng khng nc mt thm xung v nng cao iu kin v sinh.
5. Chiu dy lp lng mt thng khng qu 4 cm. Trn mt ng cp cao dng lp lng
mt dy 1,0 - 2,5 cm. Trn mt ng gin n dng 2 hay 3 lp lng mt dy 2,5 - 4,0
cm.
6. Chiu dy lp lng nha khng c tnh vo chiu dy kt cu khi tnh ton kt cu o
ng.
7. Tui th ca lp lng nha thng t 3-6 nm

VI.3.2 Yu cu v cht lng vt liu
1. dm :
Ct liu trong mt ng lng nha lm vic theo nguyn l chn . dm dng lm
cc lp kt cu mt ng thm nhp phi phi ng nht v cng , kch c trong mi
ln ri.
Cc yu cu v cht lng ca c th tham kho bng VI- 22 sau:
Bng VI- 22
YU CU V CH TIU CO L I VI DM ( SI)
DNG LM LM MT ONG LNG NHUA
Loi
mi mn Los Angeles (LA), %
(Theo 22 TCN 250-98)
dnh bm vi nha hoc
nh tng
(Theo 22 TCN 09&10-77)
Mc ma < 30
Trm tch, bin cht < 40
t t cp 3 tr ln
(Phng php A.L-xi-khi-na)

Lng ht dt (theo % trng lng) phi khng ln hn 5%.
Lng bi st (theo % trng lng) khng c ln hn 1%, lng ht st dng cc (theo
% trng lng) khng c ln hn 0.25 %.
Lng ht ln hn c D+30mm cng nh lng ht nh qu c 0.63d khng c vt
qu 3% theo khi lng
Kch c thng dng lm mt ng thm nhp nha c th tham kho bng VI-
23 sau:
Bng VI-23
KCH C DNG CHO MT ONG LNG NHUA
(Theo 22 TCN 250-98)
C ht (sng vung), mm C
(d/D) Nm li trn sng (d) Lt qua sng (D)
Ghi ch
10/14 10 14
6/10 6 10
4/6 4 6
2/4 2 4
tnh i sang sng
trn th phi nhn vi h
s 1.25
Ghi ch: C 6/10 thng dng nht
73

2. Nha c v nh tng:
Vit nam, vic xy dng mt ng theo phng php lng nha, thng dng cc loi
nha c 40/60 hoc 60/70 ch bin t du m hoc nh tng bitum gc axit phn tch
nhanh.
Cc ch tiu yu cu i vi nha c cho bng VI- 4 (phn VI - 1).
Nh tng bitum gc axit phn tch nhanh c hm lng nha 60, 65 hoc 69% ch to t
nha c 60/70.
Khi dng loi nh tng axit vi ct liu l si sn th cn gia cng trc si sn bng cc
cht tng hot tnh b mt nh vi bt hay xi mng. Lng vi bt hoc xi mng ly bng
1,5- 2,5 % khi lng si sn.
Cc ch tiu yu cu i vi nh tng bitum gc axit phn tch nhanh cho bng VI- 19
(phn VI - 2).
Trng hp phi dng nh tng bitum gc axit phn tch nhanh khi ri si sn th cn gia
cng trc si sn bng cc cht tng hot tnh b mt nh vi bt hay xi mng...Lng
vi bt hoc xi mng ly bng 1,5- 2,5 % khi lng si sn.

VI.3.3 Yu cu v cng ngh thi cng
1. Yu cu v thit b thi cng :
Phi c thit b lm v sinh mt ng my nn kh, thit b v sinh, xe ch nc (nu thi
cng trn lp mi ng c).
Phi c thit b nu nha c chng (nu dng nha c trnh nhim mi trng).
Thit b phun, ti nh tng (nu dng nh tng).
Khi thi cng vi khi lng ln, phi s dng loi thit b chuyn dng thi cng nh xe
un v ti nha c t hnh, xe ti nh tng, thit b ri .
Phi c lu lp vi ti trng mi bnh t 1.5 - 2.5T (nu khng c lu lp th c th cho php
dng lu bnh thp 8T).
Cc thit b trn phi trong trng thi hot ng tt.
2. Yu cu i vi cng tc chun b lp mng:
Cc lp mng, mt ng chun b thi cng lp lng mt phi m bo cng , ng
mui luyn, bng phng. Phi hon thnh vic x l trit cc h hng ca kt cu c nh
g, b vnh, cc v tr rn nt cc b ... trc khi tin hnh thi cng.
i vi nn, mng mi thi cng xong phi p ng c y cc qui nh ca cc tiu
chun k thut qui nh ca loi mt ng .
B mt lp di phi m bo sch. Khi dng nh tng th b mt lp di khng c
php ng nc cc k mt ng, khi dng nha c th b mt lp di phi thc
s kh ro.
i vi mt ng dm nc mi lm xong th cn phi ri 4/6 vi tiu chun 8l/m
2

ri lu ln lp bt l rng b mt ca lp dm nc.
tng cng dnh bm, i vi mng cp phi dm, mt ng dm nc mi lm
xong phi ti nh tng phn tch chm (loi c ch s phn tch >120%) vi liu lng
2.0 - 2.5 kg/m
2
tng cng dnh bm.
Trng hp mt ng c qu nhiu bi bn th c th ti mt lng nh tng axit phn
tch nhanh t 0,5 - 0,8 l/m
2
ph bi, tng cng dnh bm vi lp lng mt .
3. Yu cu i vi cng tc thi cng
Khi dng nha c lm lp lng mt th nha phi un n nhit thi cng trc khi
ti. Tt nht l khong 140
0
C v khng c qu 180
0
C (vi nha 40/60 v 60/70). Thi
gian un nha khng c ko di qu 3 gi. Nhit ca nha khi ti khng c thp
hn 120
0
C, nha phi lng u.
Khi dng nh tng phn tch nhanh c hm lng 65 hay 69%, thi cng vo ma ng,
cn hm nng nhit 50-80
0
C m bo linh ng.
74
Khu ti nha hoc nh tng l mt trong nhng khu quyt nh cht lng ca lp
lng mt. Nha hoc nh tng phi c phun u khp b mt, liu lng phi ng vi
quy nh trong ch dn k thut hoc cc qui trnh cng ngh lin quan. Cn lu cc v
tr xe bt u chy v dng li, lng nha hoc nh tng thng khng u.
Nu dng nha c un nng th sau khi ti nha phi ri ngay lng theo quy nh,
tt nht l dng xe chuyn dng va ti nha va ri , ng thi c th tin hnh ngay
cng tc lu ln.

Bng VI-24
|NH MC VT LIU CHO MT ONG LNG NHUA DNG NH TONG
(Theo 22 TCN 250-98)
Lng nh tng yu cu, kg/m
2
vi hm lng
nha
C 60% 65% 69%
Lng yu cu (lt/m
2
)
Lng nha mt lp
4/6 1.30 1.20 1.10 6.0-7.0
6/10 1.62 1.50 1.40 8.0-9.0
10/14 - - 1.85 11.5-13.0
Lng nha hai lp
Lp 2 10/14 1.20 1.10 1.00 10-11
Lp 1 4/6 1.60 1.50 1.30 6-7

Lp 2 6/10 1.10 1.00 0.90 8-9
Lp 1 2/4 1.40 1.30 1.20 5-6
Lng nha ba lp
Lp 1 4/6 1.50 1.38 1.30 7
Lp 2 6/10 1.50 1.38 1.30 9
Lp 3 10/14 1.83 1.69 1.59 14

|NH MC VT LIU DNG CHO MT ONG LNG NHUA DNG NHUA NNG
(Theo 22 TCN 09-77)
Bng VI- 25
Hnh thc
lng nha
Th t ln ri
, ti nha
Kch c ,
mm
Lng nha, kg/m
2
Lng , l/m
2

Trn mt
ng
dm va thi
cng xong
Ln 1 10 - 20 3-3.5 18-20
Trn mt
ng
dm s
dng mt
thi gian
Ln 1 10 - 20 2.5-3.0 15-18
Ln 1 10 - 20 2.5-3.0 15-18 Lng hai
lp trn mt
ng
dm
Ln 2 10 - 20 2.0-2.5 12-15
Ln 1 10 - 20 2.5-3.0 15-18
Ln 2 10 - 20 2.0-2.5 12-15
Lng ba lp
trn mt
ng
dm
Ln 3 5-10 1.5-2 10-12
Lng trm
mt ng
b bc u
Ln 1 5-10 1.5 10-12

75
Nu dng nh tng phn tch nhanh v ti bng th cng hoc bn th cng th nn ri
30-50 % tng s lng cn thit ln mt ng ri ti lng nh tng yu cu.
iu ny cn c bit lu khi thi cng ti cc v tr mt ng c dc ln.
Khi lu ln khng c v qu nhiu, nn dng lu lp lu. Nhng ch no b dp
nt qu nhiu th phi gt b v thay bng khc v chn li loi lu v cng lu ph hp.
Ti cc v tr cc b khng u, c th dng chi qut tay hoc xe c gn chi qut i mt
lt trn khp b rng mt ng.
i vi kt cu lng nha 2 hoc 3 lp th vic lu ln ch tin hnh khi ri cc lp.
4. nh mc vt liu cho mt ng lng nha c th tham kho bng VI-24 v VI-25
(trang trc)
5. Yu cu v cng tc bo dng.
Phi hn ch v iu chnh cho xe c th chy u khp trn mt ng lng mt vi tc
xe khng qu 20 km/gi trong 7-15 ngy u. ng thi, phi b tr cng nhn qut
con, si sn b tung ra hai bn l vo li mt ng v b sung nhng ch thiu nha
hoc ri thm 2/4mm hay 4/6mm vo nhng ch nha ni nhiu.

VI.3.4 Yu cu v cng tc kim tra

1. Yu cu kim tra trong qu trnh thi cng c th tham kho bng VI- 26 sau:
Bng VI- 26
Yu cu kim tra trong qu trnh thi cng lp lng mt
(Theo 22 TCN 250 - 98)
i tng kim tra Ch tiu yu cu S lng kim tra hoc sai s cho
php
Cc ch tiu c l theo bng VI-22 - 2000Tn/ln v khi c ct liu mi
Kch c ht theo bng VI-23 v cc
ch tiu v hm lng ht dt,
lng bi bn, hu c, lng t st
- Hng ngy v khi c ct liu mi.
Ct liu
dnh bm - Khi c ct liu mi.
Nh tng
Tt c cc ch tiu theo VI-19
Hm lng nha
- Khi c nh tng mi Mi ln nhp
- Mi ln nhp
Nha c
Tt c cc ch tiu theo bng VI-4
kim ln 25
0
C
- Mi ln nhp mi
- Hng ngy
Thit b thi cng Cc tnh nng c bn - u ca sn xut
Lng nha hoc
nh tng ti
Lng ti trn mt n v din tch
(bng phng php ri giy)
< 100g/m
2

Lng ct liu
Khi lng ti v ri trn mt n
v din tch (bng phng php t
khay hng lng )
< 1 l/m
2

2. Mt ng lng nha sau khi thi cng xong:
Sau khi thi cng xong, khong 15 ngy, yu cu tin hnh cc cng tc kim tra mt
ng lng nha. Cc ch tiu ch yu cho bng VI- 27 sau:
Bng VI - 27
CC CH TIU YU CU CA MT ONG LNG NHUA SAU KHI THI CNG XONG
(Theo 22 TCN 250 - 98)
Tn ch tiu Yu cu Phng php kim tra
Sai s cho php v b rng mt ng,
cm
10
Sai s cho php v dc ngang mt ng
v l ng, %
5
Kim tra 10 mt ct
ngang/1Km
bng phng bng thc di 3m (khe
h), mm
< 5 (i vi ng cp IV
cho php n 7)
Kim tra 5 v tr /1Km
76

VI.5 Cc quy trnh lin quan mt ng lng nha

Cc qui trnh Vit nam

1. Qui trnh th nghim cc ch tiu c l ca 22 TCN 57-84
3. Qui trnh th nghim vt liu nha ng 22 TCN - 63 - 84
4. bng phng bng thc di 3 m 22 TCN - 016 - 79
hnh thc un nng
22 TCN 09-77
hnh thc nh tng
22-TCN 10-77
7. Tiu chun k thut thi cng v nghim thu mt ng
dm v dm cp phi lng nha nh tng axit
22 TCN 250 - 98


dm, si ( cng khng p, p v,
hao mn ... )
C 566 T 255
2. hao mn LosAngeles C131 T 96
3. Tiu chun vt liu bi tum c dng cho ng
b
- M 20
4. Xc nh kim ln D 5 T49 - 89
5. ko di D 113 T151 - 89
6. Nhit bt la D - 92 T48 - 89
10. Lng ha tan trong C
2
Cl
4
D 2042 T 44 - 90
12. nht 275
0
F D2170 T 201

77

Chng VII.
Xy dng mt ng b tng xi mng

VII.1 Cc thut ng

1. Kt cu mt ng b tng xi mng ( cn gi l mt ng cng ) gm lp mt l tm b
tng xi mng( BTXM ) v lp mng to thnh. Mt ng BTXM bao gm mt ng b
tng thng, mt ng b tng ct thp, mt ng b tng lu ln, mt ng b tng
si kim, mt ng b tng ct thp lin tc, mt ng b tng hn hp...
2. Mt ng b tng thng ( cn gi l mt ng b tng khng ct thp hoc mt ng
b tng thun ) l loi mt ng BTXM khng b tr ct thp, tr hai khu vc khe ni
v cc v tr cc b.
3. Mt ng b tng ct thp l loi mt ng BTXM c b tr ct thp hoc li thp
khng cho cc ng nt c th pht sinh m rng.
4. Mt ng b tng lu ln l loi mt ng dng t nc so vi mt ng b tng thng,
hn hp b tng tng i kh c em ri v lu ln thnh mt ng.
5. Mt ng b tng si kim loi l loi mt ng BTXM c trn thm c si kim loi
ngn tng cng b tng .
6. Mt ng b tng ct thp lin tc l loi mt ng BTXM b tr ct thp lin tc theo
hng dc v ch b tr khe dn ti ch giao nhau vi cc ng t khc, cc ch tip ni
vi cng trnh v cc khe thi cng.
7. Mt ng b tng hn hp l loi mt ng b tng hai lp hoc trn hai lp bng b
tng cng khc nhau hay loi khc nhau hp thnh.
8. Lp tng cng mt ng b tng l lp mt BTXM ri trn mt ng b tng hin hu
tng nng lc chu ti v ci thin cht lng b mt.
9. Lp tng cng dnh cht vi mt ng b tng hin hu l lp b tng c ri trn
mt ng c sau khi to nhm, qut va xi mng hoc epoxy dnh cht vi mt
ng c.
10. Lp tng cng kiu cch ly l lp b tng c ri trn mt lp cch ly t trn mt
ng hin hu.

VII.2 Yu cu i vi nn mng di mt ng BTXM

VII.2.1 Yu cu i vi nn ng
1. Nn ng di mt ng BTXM phi cht, n nh v ng u.
2. Nc mt v nc ngm nh hng n cng v n nh ca nn ng nn phi
c bin php ngn cch hoc thot ra ngoi phm vi nn ng
3. Yu cu nn ng di mt ng BTXM phi trng thi kh hoc m va theo tiu
chun bng VII.1. Nn ng trng thi m t theo tiu chun bng VII.1 cn phi
c bin php x l.
Loi kh m ca nn ng phi cn c vo st trung bnh Bm trong su 80 cm
di y lng ng o c ma bt li nht xc nh theo bng VII.1
78

st trung bnh Bm ca t tnh theo cng thc:
Bm = ( 1 - m )/ ( l - p ) ( 7.1 )
Trong :
l - m gii hn chy ( %) ( AASHTO T88 - 90 )
p - m gii hn do (%) ( AASHTO T 90 - 87 )
l - m trung bnh ca t

Bng VII.1 : Loi kh m ca nn ng

Loi kh m
ca nn ng
st trung bnh Bm c trng

Kh > 1,00
Nn ng kh n nh, cng
nn ng khng chu nh
hng ca nc mt, nc
ngm, H > H1
m va

0,75 1,00
Lp t pha trn nn ng
chu nh hng ca nc mt ,
nc ngm H2<HH1
m t 0,50 0,75
Lp trn nn ng chu nh
hng ca nc mt v nc
ngm H3<HH2
Qu m < 0,5
Nn ng khng n nh
HH3

Ghi ch: Trong bng VII.1, Hi l tr s tham kho v chiu cao gii hn ca nn ng
khi nn ng bng t bi st:
H1 = 1,7 1,8 m
H2 = 1,4 1,5 m
H3 = 1,1 1,2 m
4. Nn ng phi cht nh yu cu chng III i vi nn ng thng thng.

VII.2.2 Yu cu i vi lp m
1. Gia nn ng v lp mng cc on nn ng c ch thu nhit bt li phi b tr
lp m. Lp m phi c cng v n nh i vi nc nht nh.
2. Vt lit lm lp m thng dng l ct, ct si. Khi dng ct, ct si th yu cu lng lt
qua sng 0,075 mm. Khng c ln hn 5 %. Cng c th lm lp m bng t gi c
vi hoc t gia c xi mng.
3. Chiu dy nh nht ca cc lp m l 15 cm, chiu dy mi bn phi ln hn chiu rng
ca lp mng t nht l 25cm hoc bng chiu rng ca nn ng.
79

VII.2.3 Yu cu i vi lp mng
1. Yu cu c bn
Lp mng phi cng v n nh, mt ct ngang chnh xc, b mt bng
phng. Vt liu lp mng c th l b tng ngho, cp phi gia c xi mng, cp phi
dm khng gia c, dm chm chn, t gia c xi mng, ct gia c xi mng ..
Yu cu k thut i vi lp mng phi ph hp vi cc Tiu chun k thut thi
cng lp mng ca mt ng t hin hnh ( xem chng V )
Chiu rng lp mng mi bn phi rng hn mt ng BTXM t 25 - 35cm ( khi
b tng bng vn khun c nh ) hoc 50 - 60 cm ( khi b tng bng vn khun
trt ).
2. Lp mng ca mt ng mi
Chiu dy nh nht ca lp mng di mt ng BTXM lm mi l 15 cm
M uyn n hi tng ng trn nh lp mng khng c thp hn quy nh
bng VII.2.
Khi tm b tng t trn lp mng dm hoc trn nn th phi b tr lp lm
bng phng. Chiu dy lp lm bng phng thng t 6 - 100 cm.
Bng VII.2: M uyn n hi tng ng trn nh lp mng

Cp giao thng ng cao tc ng cp 1 ng cp 2-3 ng cp 4 tr
xung
M uyn n hi
tng ng trn
nh lp mng
(MPa )

120

100

80

60

3. Lp mng l mt ng mm hin hu
Khi lm mt ng BTXM trn mt ng mm hin hu th mt ng hin hu phi
bng phng, cht, c dc ngang ph hp yu cu, m uyn n hi tng ng
trn nh lp mng phi bng m uyn n hi quy nh bng VII.2.
Khi m uyn n hi tng ng ca mt ng hin hu khng ph hp quy nh
ca bng 7.2 hoc khi ct ngang khng ph hp yu cu th phi lm lp tng cng
hoc lp b vnh. Chiu dy lp tng cng c th tnh ton theo Quy trnh thit k
mt ng mm 22 TCN - 211 - 93 nhng khng c nh hn chiu dy ti thiu
ca lp tng cng cho bng VII.3.
BngVII.3: Chiu dy ti thiu ca lp tng cng

Tn lp tng cng Chiu dy ti thiu, cm
Cp phi dm, cp phi si sn 8,0
dm chm chn 8,0
t gia c xi mng 10,0

80

VII.3 Yu cu vt liu
VII.3.1 Ct liu
VII.3.1.1 Ct liu nh
1. Ct liu nh ch to BTXM 400/50 l ct thn nhin c thnh phn ht ph hp vi cp
phi sau ( TCVN 338 - 86 ) ( bng VII.4 )
Bng VII.4. Yu cu vi ct liu nh

Kch thc mt
sng vung
( mm )

5

2,5

1,25

0,63

0,315

0,14
Lng st tch lu
trn sng
( % khi lng )

0 - 5

0 - 20

15- 45

35- 70

70 - 90

90 - 100

2. Cht lng ct phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:
M uyn ln ( TCVN 342 - 86 ) khng nh hn 2,5
sch ca ct:
a) Hm lng st ( % khi lng ct ) ( TCVN 344 - 86 ) khng ln hn 2%
b) Khng c st v cc tp cht khc di dng cc hoc
c) ng lng ct ( ASTM D 2419 ), ES 75 %
Hm lng cc mui sunfat v sulfit tnh i ra SO
3
( tnh bng % khi lng ct ),
( TCVN 346 - 86 ): Khng ln hn 1 %
Hm lng mica ( tnh bng % khi lng ct ) (TCVN 4376 - 86 ) khng ln hn 1
%

VII.3.1.2 Ct liu ln
1 Ct liu ln dng ch to BTXM lm ng l dm c nghin t cc nham thch
phn xut hoc trm tch c c ht ln nht Dmax = 40 mm v c chia thnh 2 nhm
ht 20 - 40 mm v 5 - 20 mm, ph hp vi yu cu cp phi sau: ( bng 7.5 )
Bng VII.5. Yu cu vi ct liu ht ln

Kch thc mt
sng vung, mm
50 40 5 20 10 5 2,5

20 - 40

100

90 - 100

20 - 55

0 - 15

0 - 5

-

-
T l %
lt qua
sng
ca
nhm ht

5 - 20

-

-

100

90 - 100

20 - 55

0 - 10

0 - 5

81

2. dm dng ch to BTXM 400/50 phi c bo mn Los Angeles (theo AASHTO
T96 ) LA khng ln hn 25 % i vi phn xut v 40 % i vi trm tch..
3. Hm lng cc ht dt v di tnh bng % khi lng ( TCVN 1772 - 87 hoc ASTM D
4791 ) khng ln hn 25% hoc h s dt xc nh theo NFP 18 - 561 khng ln hn 30
% hoc theo 22 TCN 57 - 84 khng qu 10 %.
4. dm khng c cha cc tp cht c hi vt qu cc quy nh sau:
Hm lng cc ht st bi, tnh bng % khi lng ( TCVN 1772 - 87 ): khng ln
hn 1%
Hm lng tp cht hu c, xc nh bng phng php so mu ( TCVN 1772 - 87 ):
Khng thm hn mu chun
Hm lng cc mui sulfat v sulfit tnh i ra SO
3
, tnh bng % khi lng ( TCVN
346 - 86 ) : Khng ln hn 1 %.
VII.3.1.3 Yu cu kim tra
1. Nhng quy nh chung
Phi tin hnh nh gi cht lng ct liu v kh nng m bo cung cp ct liu bo
m cht lng v s lng yu cu trc khi k hp ng mua vt liu.
Vic kim tra cht lng ca ct liu phi tin hnh ti m v c kim tra li ti cc
ng vt liu ch n. Nu ct liu khng m bo cht lng th hu hp ng cung
cp.
2. C 500 m
3
vt liu nu ly t mt m hoc khi thay m phi t chc kim tra cc yu
cu 7.3.1.1. v7.3.1.2. Nu mt trong cc tnh cht quy nh ca ct liu th nghim
c khng m bo yu cu th phi lm li th nghim mi vi l vt liu . Nu hai
mu kim tra mi ny vn khng t yu cu th ct liu xem nh khng t yu cu.

VII.3.2 Xi mng
VII.3.2.1 Xi mng dng ch to b tng 400/50 l xi mng poc lng (TCVN 2682-92 )
VII.3.2.2 Cht lng xi mng c th nghim theo TCVN 4029 - 85 n TCVN 4032- 85
kt qu th nghim phi t yu cu k thut ca c quan thit k v c nh gi theo cc
ch tiu sau:
1. Cng chu nn ( TCVN 2682 - 92 ), Cng un ( TCVN 4032 - 85 ) phi ph hp
vi yu cu ca c quan thit k
2. Thi gian ngng kt ( TCVN 4031 - 85 )
- Bt u ngng kt : Khng di hai gi
- Kt thc ngng ht: Khng di 3 gi 30 pht
- n nh th tch o theo phng LeChatelier < 10 mm
3. Hm lng C
3
A ca xi mng phi thp hn cc tr s sau ( bng VII.6 ), ph thuc vo bn
cht thch hc ca ct liu v nhit ln nht khi b tng .

82

Bng VII.6

Bn cht ct liu Silice mc ma vi
25
0
- 30
0
C 6 % 7 % - 8 % 10 % Nhit ln
nht khi b
tng
< 25
0

6 % 8 % 12 %

4. Hm lng SO
3
( TCVN 141 - 86 ): Khng ln hn 3 %
5. Hm lng mt khi nung ( TCVN 144- 86 ): Khng ln hn 5%

VII.3.3 Ph gia
Dng ph gia tng do gim lng nc v v c thin tnh d thi cng ca hn hp
BTXM. Ph gia tng do phi ph hp vi ASTM - C494 -90 Cc quy nh k thut ca ph
gia ho hc cho b tng ,theo tiu chun ca M ( hoc BS 5075 Ph gia tng do v gim
nc cho b tng , theo tiu chun Anh hoc NFP18-336 Ph gia cho b tng v va -
gim lng nc, tngdo theo tiu chun ca Php ).

VII.3.4 Nc
1. Nc s dng trn v bo dng b tng phi sch, khng ln du, mui acid, cc tp
cht hu c v cc cht c hi khcv phi tho mn cc yu cu ca TCVN 4506-87 vi
cc ch tiu sau:
- Lng tp cht hu c khng vt qu 15mg/l ( TCVN 2671-78 )
- pH khng nh hn 4 v khng ln hn 12,5 ( TCVN 2655-78)
- Lng mui ho tan 5 g/l ( TCVN 2656-78 )
- Lng SO
4
3g/l ( TCVN 2659-78)
2. Ch c th dng nc khng ung c trn b tng nu cng ca mu va ch to
vi nc 7 ngy v 28 ngy tui c cng bng cng ca mu ch to vi nc
ct khi th nghim ph hp vi quy nh ca ASTM C 109 Phng php chun th
nghim cng chu nn ca va xi mng .

VII.3.5 Cht to mng bo dng b tng
Cht to mng bo dng b tng phi c mu sng v phi ph hp vi cc quy nh ca
ASTM C309-89 Quy nh k thut i vi vt liu to mng bo dng b tng

VII.3.6 Vt liu chn khe
Vt liu chn khe gm c:
1. Cht n khe
Cht n khe phi ph hp vi quy nh ca ASTM D5249-92 Quy nh k thut i vi
cht n khe ca mt ng BTXM
83

2. Mastic chn khe
Mastic chn khe s dng phi ph hp vi quy nh k thut ca ASTM D3405-78
Mastic chn nng dng cho mt ng b tng xi mng

VII.3.7 Ct thp
1. Ct thp dng lm li thp: l thp tit din c g ph hp vi TCVN 1651-85, c cng
chu ko > 2700 kg/cm
2
theo TCVN 179-85
2. Ct thp ca thanh chu ko ca khe dc: l thp tit din c g ph hp vi TCVN 1651-
85, c cng chu ko gii hn > 2700 kg/cm
2
theo TCVN 179-85
3. Ct thp ca thanh truyn lc: l thp trn trn ph hp vi yu cu ca TCVN 1651-85,
c cng chu ko gii hn > 2100 kg/cm
2
theo TCVN 179-85
Ct thp ca thanh truyn chu lc phi thng v phi qut mt lp chng r trn 2/3 chiu
di
4. Ct thp phi khng dnh bn, khng dnh du m, sn, khng b r nh hng xu n s
dnh bm vi b tng .

VII.4 Yu cu i vi hn hp b tng xi mng

VII.4.1 Hn hp b tng thit k phi p ng cc yu cu sau:
1. Cng ko un 28 ngy tui ( TCVN 3105 n 3120-93 ) khng nh hn cng
thit k.
Khi thit k phi xc nh cng trung bnh ca 6 mu 7 ngy v 28 ngy tui. Cng
ko un trung bnh 28 ngy tui ca mu ch to phng th nghim phi cao hn
cng thit k l 10 %.
Ngoi ra phi c mu xc nh cng ko un 28 ngy tui vi lng nc dao ng
10 lt xung quanh liu lng l thuyt v 10 % xung quanh t s ( ct / ct + ) . Mi
th nghim c 3 mu. Sai s ca cc kt qu ca cng mt th nghim phi thp hn 20 %
tr s trung bnh thu c, nu khng phi lm li.
Cng ko un trung bnh 28 ngy tui ca 3 mu ng vi lng nc v t s ( ct /
ct + ) dao ng trn y so vi thnh phn phi hp thit k phi cao hn 90 % cng
ko un trung bnh 28 ngy tui.

2. Lng xi mng v lng nc thng dng khi bt u c mu thit k cng thc phi
hp ca hn hp b tng :
- Lng xi mng: 330 kg/m3
- Lng nqc : 160 l /m
3

3. st, cng ca hn hp
st hnh nn ( 22 TCN 60-84 hoc ASTM C143 ) v cng ca hn hp b tng
( TCVN 3907-93 ) c chn ph thuc vo thit b thi cng s dng v phi p ng cc
yu cu quy nh bngVII.7.
84

BngVII.7. Yu cu v st v cng

Phng php ri mt ng
d thi cng My ri b tng dng vn
khun trt
Vn khun c nh
st hnh nn ( mm ) 12 25 - 50
cng ( sec ) 30 - 40 15 - 20

VII.5 Sn xut hn hp b tng xi mng
VII.5.1 Trm trn b tng
1. Hn hp b tng c sn xut ti hin trng trong cc trm trn hoc mua ca nh my
sn xut hn hp b tng.
2. Trm trn b tng phi l trm trn t ng c lp cc thit b kim tra lin tc qu trnh
trn v phi bo m cc quy nh sau:
a) Cn: Loi cn c chnh xc trung bnh, sai s ( theo trng lng ) quy nh nh
sau:
+ Ct liu chnh ( dm ): 3 %
+ Tng ct liu: 2 %
+ Xi mng: 2 %
+ Nc cho vo ln 1 v ln 2: 1 %
+ Nc tng cng: 5 %
+ Ph gia: 2 %
b) Phi c thit b t ghi liu lng cn ong v ghi cng sut ca my trn
VII.5.2 Kim tra hn hp b tng ch to ra trc khi thi cng i tr
1. Phi tin hnh cc th nghim kim tra cc c trng ca hn hp b tng ch to ra xem
c ph hp vi cc c trng thit k vi thnh phn cp phi b tng chn hay khng,
trc khi thi cng i tr.
2. Ly hn hp b tng c mu 3 m b tng trn, mi m ly 3 ln ( lc bt u,
gia v khi kt thc vic tho m trn ) v mi ln c 3 mu.
3. Cc c trng ca b tng ch to ra xem nh ph hp vi thit k nu tho mn ba iu
kin sau:
- st hnh nn ( hoc cng ) trong 9 ln ly mu ph hp vi cc quy nh cho
bng VII.7
- Cng ko un trung bnh 7 ngytui ( R
7
ku
) ca 27 mu phi cao hn hoc bng
cng thit k.
- lch chun ca cc R
7
ku
( vi 27 mu ) phi thp hn 6 daN/cm
2
.

85

VII.5.3 Kim tra vic ch to hn hp b tng trong qu trnh thi cng
Trong qu trnh thi cng, T vn gim st phi thng xuyn tin hnh nhng kim tra sau:
1. Kim tra st hnh nn hoc cng, c 200 m
3
b tng lm 1 th nghim.
2. Kim tra cng :
- Mi ngy c 3 nhm mu, mi nhm 3 mu m. Nu kt qu kim tra sau hai tun
lin tc u m bo th gim s mu kim tra xung 3 mu mi ngy ca mt trm.
- Cng trung bnh 7 ngy tui ca nhm 3 mu kim tra khng c thp hn 7
daN/cm
2
so vi cng sau 7 ngy tui cu cc th nghim xc nh cng thc phi
hp b tng .

VII.6 Yu cu v cng ngh thi cng
VII.6.1 Vn chuyn hn hp b tng
1. Hn hp b tng c vn chuyn n ni thi cng bng xe ben, xe va chuyn va trn
li ( khi thi gian gia khi trn v ri trn 45 pht). Khi vn chuyn bng xe ben phi ph
bt khng b t khi gp tri ma v khng b bay hi nc di nng gi.
2. Hn hp b tng vn chuyn n cng trng phi m bo cc tnh cht yu cu, khng
b phn tng, khng b mt nc..
3. t nht sau 3 ngy phi c ra thng xe.

VII.6.2 X l mt ng hin hu
Trc khi b tng phi kim tra nhng vic sau:
1 Sa cha nhng h hng, khuyt tt ca mt ng c: Sa cha cc ng nt, cc ch
st m gc cnh, chn li khe ni..
2 V sinh mt ng c.

VII.6.3 Lm lp cch ly
1. Khi lm lp cch ly bng giy du th phi kim tra vic ri bng giy sau trng ln bng
giy trc khong 10 cm. Yu cu lp giy du phi bng phng, khng ln sng, khng
gp np.
2. Trng hp lp mng lm bng vt liu khng thm nc (ct gia c xi mng, b tng
ngho...) th cn ri mt lp nha lng hoc nh tng lm lp cch ly.

VII.6.4 t vn khun
1 Vn khun phi lm bng thp v c t theo tng di
2 Vn khun phi t ng v tr thit k: mt nh vn khun bng cao thit k ca mt
ng. V tr ca vn khun trn mt bng c xc nh bng my kinh v, cao c
xc nh bng my cao c thu bnh.
3 Sau khi t vn khun chnh xc ng v tr v cao thit k th phi chn kn khe h
gia y vn khun v mt ng hin hu, bo m vn khun khng b x dch khi thi
cng v khng b chy nc xi mng.
86

4 Trc khi b tng phi dng du nhn qut thnh vn khun chng dnh v dng
nha bitum qut cc mp tm b tng thay th vn khun.
5 Khi thi cng cc di xen gia th dng mp ca cc tm b tng thi cng trc thay
cho vn khun. Thi gian cho php b tng ca di xen gia l thi gian m tm bn
cnh cng cho php xe my thi cng i li trn .
6 Vn khun t xong phi c nghim thu theo cc ch tiu sau:
- Sai s cho php ca nh vn khun so vi cao thit k ca tm b tng : 3 mm
- Sai s ca v tr vn khun trn mt bng: 5 mm
- Vn khun phi thng ng, sai s khng qu 100
- Vn khun phi vng chc, khng x dch v tr khi thit b thi cng lm vic

VII.6.5 Thi cng lp ngn cch

1 Lp ngn cch l 2 lp giy du gia khng qut nha. Cc bng giy du cng mt
lp khng c ri trm ln nhau. Lp giy du pha trn ri lch so vi lp di 50 cm
2 Yeu cu lp ngn cch t xong phi bng phng, khng phng rp, khng gp np,
khngb rch.

VII.6.6 B tr cc ph kin ca khe ni v li thp
1 Cc ph kin ca khe ni: thanh truyn lc, thanh lin kt, gi v tm g m ca khe
co dn .. phi c gia cng ng theo bn v thit k.
2 Cc ph kin trn y phi c b tr v c nh v tr theo ng bn v thit k.
3 Li thp c gia cng v t vo v tr ng nh bn v thit k.
Ghi ch: C 2 phng n b tr li thp
a) Nu b tng bng my c thit b m cht n 30 cm th t li thp trc khi
b tng .
b) Nu b tng bng th cng kt hp c gii ( dng m bn, m di, m ng .. )
th b tng thnh 2 lp v t li thp ln trn lp th nht ( chiu dy sau khi m
cht khong 20 cm ). Sau lp th 2 v m cht vi thi gian gin cch khong
30 pht.

VII.6.7 b tng
1 Hn hp b tng c bng mt thit b thch hp tip nhn b tng t xe vn
chuyn v ri chng thnh lp khng b phn tng v c dung trng khi cha lu ln ng
u trn ton b din tch ca tm. v tr khe ni c t thanh truyn lc phi v san
u b tng ra c 2 bn , trnh lm x dch v tr thanh truyn lc.
2 Ri b tng n u phi m ngay n . Khi b tng bng my th vic m cht
c tin hnh bng b thit b chn ng trn ton chiu rng v chiu su ca vt ri.
Thit b chn ng su phi c tn sut chn ng thay i t 7000 n 12000 ln /pht
vi bin chn ng 0,6 - 1,5 mm. Thit b chn ng phi c b sung bng thnh
chn ng b mt vi tn sut khng nh hn 3500 ln/pht.
87

3 Khi b tng bng th cng th trnh t lm nh sau:
- Dng m di ( tn sut chn ng > 3500 ln/ pht ) m ton b tm b tng.m
di phi th thng ng ti mt su nht nh trnh lm hng lp ngn cch. Thi
gian m mi im khng qu 45 sec, sau nng m ln t t trnh to thnh l
v chuyn sang v tr mi cch v tr trc 1,5 bn knh tc dng ca m.
- Dng m bn ( tn xut chn ng > 3500 ln/pht ) m t mp ngoi vo gia.
Thi gian m ti mt ch khong t 45 - 60 sec. Hai v tr vt m sau v trc phi
trm ln nhau khong 10 cm.
Trong khi m nu pht hin c ch cao hoc thp th phi sa cha ngay.
- Dng dm nga ( m thanh ) m ln cui cng trn ton chiu ngang tm b tng
. Sau khi m nga i qua th b mt tm b tng xi mng bng cao ca nh
vn khun.
4 Sau khi cng tc m kt thc phi tin hnh ngay vic hon thin b mt tm b tng
- Phi dng ng ln 100 nng 40 kg gt bng s b b mt, sau dng ng ln nh
100 nng 20 kg gt phng ln cui.
- m n u phi gt phng n y s va tha phi gt v pha ang m hoc vt
b i , nhng ch li lm nhiu phi gt i gt li li nhiu ln cho n khi hon ton
t yu cu v bng phng mi thi.

VII.6.8 To nhm
Vic to nhm mt ng phi c tin hnh bng bn chi mm ngay sau khi hon thin
mt ng. Bn chi mm phi c chiu rng t nht l 450 mm c thao tc theo hng
ngang ca tm b tng to thnh cc vt nhm su trung bnh khong 2 mm 0,25 u n.

VII.6.9 Lm khe
1 Khe dc
Khe dc phi c to thnh bng vn khun c ngm t dc theo vt thi cng. Rnh
chn mastic nh khe c to thnh bng cch x khe trong b tng kh.
Ring 2 khe dc ca 2 di b tng st l c b tr thm cc thanh lin kt gi cho cc tm
b tng khng b chuyn v ra l. Cc thanh lin kt ring c t theo ng v tr thit k
v cm xuyn qua vn khun.
2 Khe ngang
Khe ngang c chia thnh myloi sau:
- Khe thi cng: Khe c lm im kt thc thi cng bng cch t mt vn khun
ngang c b tr cc thanh lin kt
- Khe co ngang: Cc khe ny c to thnh bng cch x mt rnh gim yu tit din
trn nh tm b tng. Cc rnh ny c th c to thnh trong b tng t bng cch
chn ng mt thanh t khe dy t 3 - 5 mm, cao bng 1/5 chiu dy tm b tng
hoc x rnh bng ca a trong b tng ng cng.
Thi gian x rnh trong b tng mi ng cng khng c lm xut hin cc ng
nt do co rt trong b tng. Thi gian s rnh thch hp phi tu theo iu kin kh hu
a phng m nh, thng phi hon thnh sau khi b tng t 8 - 18 gi.
88

VII.6.10 Bo dng
Sau khi to nhm, ton b din tch ca b tng phi c ph mt lp bo dng theo mt
trong cc phng php sau:
1. Bo dng bng ct m:
- Sau khi b tng xe mt ph mt lp ct dy t 5 cm v tui m trong vng 7 ngy,
mi ngy tui 4 ln ( 3 ln ban ngy v 1 ln ban m ).
- T 7 - 14 ngy th khng cn ti nc nhng gi nguyn lp ct
- Nu nhit trn 28
0
C, tri nng v nhiu gi th phi che kn bng mi che trc khi
ph ct.
2. Bo dng bng bao ti:
Ph kn ton b b mt di b tng mi bng mt thm vi bao ti v ti nc gi m
trong thi gian 7 ngy nh bo dng bng ct m.
3. Bo dng bng mng polytylen.
Mng polytylen c ph kn ln b mt b tng cn m. Nu b mt tm b tng b kh
th phi phun m trc khi ph lp polytylen. Gi lp ph kn trong thi gian 7 ngy.
4. Bo dng bng lp to mng.
Ngay sau khi to nhm v trc khi b tng ngng kt th phun u mt lp dung dch
mng trng bng my phun. Dung dch to mng ny s hnh thnh mt mng ng cng
sau khi phun khong 30 pht gi cho nc trong hn hp b tng chm bay hi mi to
mi trng m cho b tng cng sau phi ph bao ti m trong 3 ngy. Trong thi gian
bo dng cm xe ti i li trn tm b tng.

VII.6.11 Tho vn khun
1. Ch c tho vn khun sau khi b tng t c trn 25 % cng thit k. Thi gian
cho php tho vn khun c th tham kho bng VII.8

Bng VII.8. Thi gian cho php tho vn khun

Nhit trung bnh ngy
m (
0
C )
15 20 25
30
Thi gian cho php tho d
vn khun ( h )
36 30 24 18

2. Khi tho vn khun phi cn thn, khng lm st m, gc mp tm b tng v phi gi vn
khun tt quay vng s dng.

VII.6.12 Chn khe
1. Sau khi kt thc thi k bo dng phiv sinh khe bng cc phng php:
- Dng nc cao p xi sch tp cht, bn bn bm vo thnh khe.
- Dng hi p thi sch lm kh khe trc khi chn mastic
89

2. Vic chn mastic phi c tin hnh lin tc trn ton chiu di ca khe, khng c t
qung. Khi s dng mastic chn nng hay chn ngui vic chn khe u phi c tin
hnh trong thi gian kh ro.
3. Mastic chn nng khng c un nng vt qu nhit an ton vi thi gian un lu
hn thi gian un an ton. Nhit un v thi gian un an ton do nh ch to mastic
quy nh. Cui ngy phi nh sch thng un v khng c s dng mastic c un
li.
4. Khi dng mastic ri ngui th cc thnh phn ca n phi c phi hp theo ng t l
ca nh ch to. Sau khi trn mastic phi c chn vo khe trong thi gian quy nh: khi
chn bng my phi kt thc trong 3 gi, khi chn bng tay phi kt thc trong vng 12
gi.

VII.7 Kim tra cc vt liu thnh phn ca b tng

Vic kim tra cc thnh phn ca b tng nhm m bo cho cc c trng ca chng ph
hp vi cc c trng s dng khi thit k hn hp b tng bo m cho cc c trng ny
khng thay i trong ton b qu trnh cung cp, vn chuyn v bo qun.

1. Xi mng:
Chng ch khi nhp xi mng v cc c trng sau:
- Hm lng C
3
A hoc tc co rt ln nht
- Thi gian ngng kt
- mn Blaine
- Cng sau 24 gi
- Th nghim trn cc mu kim tra cng sau 1, 7, 28 ngy
2. Ct liu nh, ct liu ln.
- Kim tra thnh phn ht, m uyn ln ( ch vi ct liu nh ), sch ti m ( 1
nhm mu/ 1000 tn vt liu ).
- Kim tra thnh phn ht v sch ti ng vt liu ( 1 nhm mu / 1 ln nhp )

VII.7.2 Kim tra vic ch to hn hp
Mc ch ca vic kim tra l bo m t l ca nhng vt liu thnh phn thc t khi trn
ph hp v t l thit k.
1. m ca ct liu: m ca ct liu nht l m ca ct nh hng trc tip n s
lng cn ong, do nh hng n t l cc thnh phn ca hn hp. Phi xc nh
m ca ct 2 ln mi ngy ( sng v chiu ) v sau khi ma to.
2. Kim tra liu lng cn ong vt liu ti trm trn
- Kim tra lng xi mng, ct, , nc trn cc bng t ghi ca trm trn
- Tng hp liu lng hng ngy
3. Kim tra thi gian trn ca cc m b tng ghi lai bng t ghi hng ngy.
90

VII.7.3 Kim tra cc c trng ca b tng
1. Vi hn hp b tng
- Xc nh st hnh nn v cng ca hn hp b tng trc khi c mu ti trm
trn
- Ti ni thi cng phi xc nh st ( cng ) cho tng l 200 m
3
b tng hoc t
nht 1 ln trong na ngy.
2. Vi b tng
Thi gian khi cng
- Mi ngy 4 t mu, mi t mu gm ba mu ( 15 x 15 x 60 ) cm, 3 t mu xc
nh cng ko un 7 ngy tui.
- 1 t mu xc nh cng 28 ngy.
- Sau 15 ngy, nu cc kt qu kim tra cng u t yu cu th s mu c gim
xung 2 t mu/ngy: 1 t mu xc nh cng ko un sau 7 ngy tui, 1 t
mu xc nh cng sau 28 ngy tui.

VII.7.4 Kim tra cng tc b tng
Vic kim tra nhm xc nh xem b tng trong tm mt ng c m cht nh th
no v tm b tng t cng bao nhiu.
1. Trc khi khi cng phi kim tra s lm vic ca cc thit b chn ng.
Trong khi thi cng phi kim tra thng xuyn s lm vic ca tt c cc thit b chn
ng, v d bng cch quan st s xut hin ca cc bt kh di m di.
2. Khoan mu kim tra chiu dy dung trng ca b tng ti ch v cng p ch vi cc
li khoan 150 mm c 10000 m
2
khoan 3 mu.
3. Sau khi b tng 24 gi phi dng thc 3 m xc nh bng phng ca tm b
tng theo hng dc v ngang.
nh du tt c cc ch li lm trn 3 mm gia tm v 5 mm mp tm.

VII.7.5 Kim tra cng tc to nhm v bo dng b tng

1. Kim tra cng tc to nhm
Kim tra bng mt ton b b mt thi cng v khoanh vng cc khu vc c nhm
khng r
Xc nh cht lng to nhm mt ng bng th nghim o chiu cao ct ( 22 TCN 65-
84 ), th nghim nhm mt ng bng phng php rc ct ( 22 TCN 65-84 ) t nht 1
ch trong 1 ngy b tng.
2. Kim tra cng tc bo dng ( bng vt liu to mng )
- Quan st bng mt xem cc tm b tng c c ph kn lp mng bo dng lin tc
hay khng.
- Kim tra liu lng vt liu bo dng s dng.
91

VII.7.6 Kim tra khe ni

1. nh k kim tra chiu su v chiu rng ca rnh gim yu tit din ca khe co ti mt s
im trn trc ngang
2. Kim tra trng thi ca khe
- S khe b st m ln v nhiu
- S khe xut hin ng nt sau khi b tng 24 gi
- S khe xut hin ng nt sau khi b tng 48 gi
- S khe xut hin ng nt sau khi b tng 7 ngy
Nu t l s khe xut hin ng nt sau 24 gi v 48 gi chim t l cao th cn kim tra
li xi mng v ph gia.

VII.8 Tiu chun nghim thu
VII.8.1 Mt ng b tng sau khi hon thnh phi c nghim thu theo cc tiu chun hu
quan ca nh nc, theo h s thit k, cc s liu hon cng v h s hon cng do n v thi
cng lp.
VII.8.2 Tiu chun nghim thu cht lng lp mt b tng cho bng VII.9
Bng VII.9. Tiu chun nghim thu cht lng mt ng BTXM

Hng mc
kim tra
Tiu chun cht lng
v sai s cho php
S ln kim tra Phng php
kim tra
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Cng ko un Khng nh hn cng
quy nh ca thit k
Theo iu 7.5.2
mi ngy c 2 t
mu
1 - Mu m ( 15 x 15 x
60 ) cm
2 - Khoan mu hnh tr
ti hin trng so snh
thng ca khe
dc
10 mm 100 m di khe o 1
ln
Cng dy di 20 m o
lch ln nht
thng ca khe
ngang
10 mm C 20 khe co o
2 khe
Cng dy theo chiu rng
tm, o lch ln nht
thng ng ca
mp tm
5 mm vi khe dn
khng c sai s
100 m o 2 ch Th qu dc thng ng
theo mp tm v o ch
lch nhiu nht
bng phng 3 mm C 50 m di o
theo hng ngang
3 ch
Mi ch dng thc 3 m
o lin 3 ln, ly tr s
khe trung bnh ln nht.
Chnh lch cao
ca cc tm k nhau
2 mm Mi khe dn o 2
ch c 20 khe
ngang ly 2 khe o
2 ch
o bng thc thp
92

(1) (2) (3) (4)
Cao tim ng
5 mm

20 m o 1 im o bng my cao c
dc ngang
0,15 %
C 100 m di o
mt ct, mi mt
ct o 7 im
o bng my cao c
Chiu dy tm
5 mm
100 m o 2 ch Dng thc hoc khoan
l hin trng
B rng tm 1/2000 100 m o 2 ch Dng thc o ton
chiu rng
Chiu dy tm
10 mm
100 m o 2 ch Dng thc o khong
cch gia 2 khe co
su rnh to
nhm trn mt tm
2 mm 0,25
100 m o 2 ch Th nghim xc nh
chiu cao ct

93
Chng IX.
Cng tc kim tra nh gi cht lng
xy dng ng t
phc v cho nghim thu tng th

XI.1. mc ch
Cng tc nghim thu tng th c tin hnh sau khi vic xy dng ng t hon
thnh trn ton b d n hoc trn tng on ca d n nhm mc ch sau:
nh gi tng th cht lng xy dng cng trnh phc v cho cng tc nghim thu
cui cng cp cao nht;
Pht hin cc sai st, khim khuyt m trong cc t kim tra cht lng trc cha
thy hoc cha xut hin nhm ra cc gii php sa cha kp thi trc khi
nghim thu ln cui;
Cung cp cc s liu k thut lin quan n cht lng ng t cho c quan
qun l ng t c c s theo di trong qu trnh khai thc.
XI.2. nguyn tc
1. C quan thc hin vic kim tra: L cc c quan c nh gi c iu kin v
trnh chuyn mn, thit b kim tra, c kinh nghim trong cng tc kim tra.
Thng thng, cc c quan m nhn cng tc t vn thit k, t vn gim st v
cc nh thu ca chnh cc d n th khng c ch nh lm cng tc kim tra.
2. cng kim tra: Vic lp cng kim tra bao gm ni dung cc hng mc, s
lng, v tr cn kim tra c tin hnh da trn tnh cht quan trng ca cng
trnh, cht lng xy dng thc t ca cng trnh qua cc bo co theo di v qua
kim tra thc t hin trng ca cc c quan chc nng trc khi tin hnh kim
tra. C quan quyt nh cng kim tra tu theo tnh cht quan trng ca cng
trnh s l: Hi ng Nghim thu cp nh nc hoc Cc Gim nh v QLCL.
3. Quy trnh kim tra: Cn c vo ni dung kim tra trong Ch dn k thut ca H
s thu c duyt, nu khng c th s do c quan lp cng quyt nh (
theo cc quy trnh ca AASHTO, TCVN, TCN ca B GTVT...)
4. C quan kim tra phi thc hin theo ng ni dung, tin c duyt trong
cng kim tra. Vic kim tra s c Ban QLDA bo trc cho TVGS, Nh thu
bit v chun b to iu kin cho vic kim tra c tin hnh thun li. Vic
kim tra c tin hnh di s gim st ca i din Hi ng Nghim thu cp
nh nc hoc Cc Gim nh v QLCL, i din ca Ban QLDA. Cn c vo thc
t cng trnh, nu cn thit phi b sung thm cc hng mc v v tr kim tra th
i din Hi ng Nghim thu cp nh nc hoc Cc Gim nh v QLCL s xem
xt v quyt nh.
94
XI.3. ni dung kim tra
Cc hng mc kim tra s c cn c vo tnh cht quan trng ca cng trnh v c
c th hoc trong Ch dn k thut ca H s thu, hoc trong cng kim tra.
Cc hng mc kim tra thng bao gm:
1. Kim tra cht lng tng th nn mt ng bng cc phng php th nghim
khng ph hu: bao gm:
Th nghim xc nh vng n hi mt ng;
Th nghim o nhm mt ng.
Th nghim o bng phng mt ng;
2. Kim tra cht lng vt liu v cht lng thi cng: bao gm cc hng mc trh
nghim c th tu thuc vo thc t cng trnh nh: nn, cc lp mng, cc lp
mt, l ng v mi dc ta luy, h thng thot nc... Cn c vo tnh cht quan
trng ca cng trnh, cn c vo kt qu kim tra t trc ca TVGS, cn c vo kt
qu kim tra bng mt hin trng m cc c quan chc nng s quyt nh c
th hng mc ny c cn kim tra theo tnh cht phc tra hay khng v c th bng
cng kim tra.

XI.4. Th nghim xc nh vng n hi mt ng

XI.4.1. Tm tt cc phng php th nghim
Phng php o vng n hi mt ng di tc dng ca ti trng l phng
php th nghim khng ph hoi kt cu ( Non Destructive Deflection Testing- NTD )
c s dng rng ri trn th gii.
Tr s vng n hi mt ng v m un n hi nhm phn nh nng lc
chng bin dng ca h nn mt ng, qua c th nh gi c nng lc chu ti
hay cht lng ca kt cu nn mt ng.
Phng php o vng n hi mt ng di tc dng ca ti trng c nhng u
im sau:
- L mt thc o tin cy phn nh kh nng lm vic ca cu trc mt ng;
- L phng php o d thao tc, nht l vi cc thit b hin i c c gii ho th
nng xut o rt cao.
Nhn chung, cc loi thit b o vng n hi trn th gii c th phn thnh 2
nhm sau:
Nhm 1:Thit b o vng trng thi tnh, L nhng thit b c kh nng o
c vng n hi ca mt ng di tc dng ca bnh xe o chuyn ng
chm. Bao gm cc loi sau:
Cn o vng Benkelman: L loi thit b o vng kinh in, c s dng t
nhiu nm trn th gii cng nh Vit nam.
Thit b o vng di ng ( Travelling Deflectograph )
95
V nguyn tc, thit b loi ny tng t nh cn Benkelman, nhng c t ng
ho trong qa trnh o vng. c trng cho loi thit b kiu ny l:
- Thit b o vng di ng California.
- Thit b o vng di ng La Croix.
- Thit b o vng di ng TRL ( Anh ).
Nhm 2: Thit b o vng trng thi ng: c chia lm hai loi:
Thit b o vng ng hc trng thi n nh: l thit b c kh nng gy ra
mt ti trng ng trn mt ng thay i v bin dng dao ng hnh sin vi
tn s dao ng nht nh. vng mt ng gy ra do tc ng ca ti trng s
c cc u o ghi li lm c s tnh ton sau ny thng qua cc chng trnh tnh
ton chuyn dng. Cc loi thit b c trng ca nhm ny l:
- Dynaflect.
- Road Rater.
Thit b o vng kiu xung lc: l thit b c kh nng gy ra mt ti trng ng
dng xung trn mt ng do tc dng ca mt qu nng ri cao nht nh
xung mt ng. vng mt ng gy ra do tc ng ca ti trng s c cc
u o ghi li lm c s tnh ton sau ny thng qua cc chng trnh tnh ton
chuyn dng Thit b c s dng rng ri l:
- Dynatest FWD,
- Kuab FWD,
- Phoenix FWD.
XI.4.2. Nguyn tc la chn phng php th nghim
Mc d c nhiu phng php th nghim o vng n hi c p dng trn th
gii ( gii thiu mc 5.1 ) nhng thc t Vit nam hin ch c phng php o
vng bng cn Benkelman l c s dng rng ri v km theo l quy trnh o v tiu
chun nh gi cht lng c ban hnh ( 22 TCN 211-93, 22 TCN 251-98 ). Thit
b o vng n hi ng kiu xung lc FWD v km theo l quy trnh o ca
AASHTO hin nay c v tng lai gn s tr nn tng i ph bin Vit Nam.
V vy, vic la chn quyt nh phng php th nghim o vng n hi mt
ng s da trn c s sau:
Vi cc D n xy dng ng t vay vn trong nc, cc D n xy dng
ng t vay vn nc ngoi m trong Ch dn k thut ca H s thu quy
nh c th phng php kim tra bng cn o vng hoc khng quy nh r
phng php o vng n hi mt ng th vic kim tra s tin hnh theo
phng php cn o vng Benkelman.
Vi cc D n xy dng ng t vay vn nc ngoi, trong Ch dn k thut
ca H s thu quy nh phng php o vng n hi mt ng theo FWD v
c quy nh r tiu chun nh gi th vic kim tra s tin hnh theo FWD. Nu
trong Ch dn k thut ca H s thu khng quy nh r tiu chun nh gi
th cc c quan chc nng s xem xt c th quyt nh hoc nh ra tiu chun
nh gi cht lng FWD, hoc s s dng phng php o bng cn o vng
Benkelman.
96

XI.4.3. Phng php o vng n hi bng cn o vng
XI.4.3.1. Quy trnh p dng:
Quy trnh th nghim: Vit nam , 22 TCN 251-98
Tiu chun nh gi: Vit Nam, 22 TCN 211-93
XI.4.3.2. Nguyn tc thc hin
Trnh t o vng n hi mt ng v x l s liu a ra gi tr gi tr vng
c trng cho tng on v tnh ton xc nh ga tr m un n hi c trng c
tin hnh theo ng quy trnh 22 TCN 251-98.
nh gi cht lng: vic nh gi cht lng tng th kt cu nn mt ng thng
qua tr s m un n hi c trng c tin hnh trn c s so snh vi gi tr m
un n hi c trng o vi gi tr m un n hi yu cu c nu trong Ch
dn k thut ca h s thu hoc theo yu cu ca 22 TCN 211-93 tu thuc vo cp
ng, ti trng xe tnh ton.
XI.4.3.3. Trnh t tin hnh
c tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1. Cc cng tc chun b
1. La chn mt im o:
o trn cc on ng nht: Phi tin hnh xem xt cc h s ca cc c quan qun l
v cc s liu thu thp c qua kho st thc t hin trng xc nh cc on
ng nht. Trn mi on ng nht, chn on i din c chiu di t 500 n 1000
mt v tin hnh o t nht 20 im o. Vi nhng on ng nht c bit ngn nhng
c tnh cht khc hn cc on xung quanh ( iu kin a cht thy vn phc tp hoc
cc on nn t mm yu ), thm ch nh hn 100 mt cng phi o ti thiu 15
im .

o ri u: tin hnh o ri u trn ton tuyn vi mt 20 im o / 1km. Cn ch
phi o ng u trn cc ln xe chy.
2. Kim tra cn o vng:
Dng cn o vng Benkelman c chiu di t gi ta pha trc n mi o t nht l
2,5 m . Trc mi ca lm vic phi kim tra chnh xc s c chuyn v thng
ngca cn o. Nu kt qu gia chuyn v ca u o v chuyn v ca ng h
thin phn k sai khc nhau qu 5% th phi kim tra li cn hoc phi thay cn o
khc.

3. Kim tra xe o:
Xe o vng l xe hai trc, trc sau l trc n, bnh i vi khe h ti thiu gia hai
bnh i l 5 cm . Vic cht ti trn xe phi m bo sao cho vt liu cht ti dn u,
cn bng, v gi nguyn ti trng khng thay i trong sut qu trnh o vng. Phi c
97
bt che vt cht ti khng b nc ma thm t lm tng ti trng. Ti trng c
cht trn xe m bo khng sai khc qu 5 % so vi ti trng quy nh.
4. Xc nh in tch vt bnh xe:
Trc mi t o phi kim tra li din tch vt bnh i bng cch bi m vo lp v
kch trc sau xe ln, quay phn lp xe c m xung pha, h kch in vt lp ln giy
k xc nh din tch tip xc.

Bc 2: Tin hnh o

Khng o ti cc im qu xu ( cao su, nt ... ).
o vng vo khong thi gian nhit mt ng nh hn 40
o
C .
Ti mi im o, thc hin cc thao tc sau:
Cho xe o tin vo v tr o vng, t u o ca cn t ln mt ng gia khe h
ca cp bnh i trc sau xe o ; cho thanh cn rung nh ; theo di kim chuyn v k
cho ti khi vng n nh ( trong 10 giy kim khng chuyn dch qu 0,01mm ) th
ghi ly s c ban u chuyn v k ( i
0
) .
Cho xe o chy chm ln pha trc vi tc khong 0,5 m / giy cho n khi trc
sau ca bnh xe cch im o t nht 5 mt , g nh ln thanh cn kim tra nhy
chuyn v k; theo di chuyn v k cho ti khi vng n nh, ghi ly s c cui
chuyn v k ( i
5
) . Hiu s ca hai s c chuyn v k nhn vi t s chuyn ca
cn o l tr s vng n hi ca mt ng ti im o ( l
i
).
Phi o nhit khng kh v nhit mt ng, khong 1 gi mt ln, trong sut
thi gian o vng dc tuyn.
Ghi r l trnh ca im o, thi tit, iu kin gy m v cc nhn xt v tnh trng
mt ng ti im o .

Bc 3. X l kt qu o vng

1. Xc nh vng tnh ton vi tng im o:
Gi tr vng o c ( L
i
) s c hiu chnh v vng tnh ton ( L
i
tt ) thng
qua cng thc :

L
i
tt = Kq . km

. Kt

. L
i

Trong :
Kq- H s hiu chnh ti trng.
Km - H s hiu chnh ma.
Kt - H s hiu chnh nhit .

2. Xc nh vng c trng cho mi on ng th nghim:

Tr s vng n hi c trng (Lt ) ca tng on ng th nghim c tnh
theo cng thc :

Lt = Ltb + K
Trong :

98
Ltb: vng trung bnh ca on th nghim
Litt : vng tnh ton ti v tr th nghim th i.
: lch bnh phng trung bnh ca on th nghim.

K: H s xc sut ly ty thuc vo cp hng ng.

3. Xc nh m un n hi c trng cho mi on ng:

Tr s vng n hi c trng (Eh ) ca tng on ng th nghim c tnh
theo cng thc :
PD (1- 2 )
Eh = 0.693
Lt
Trong :
P : p lc bnh xe tiu chun xung mt ng (daN/cm2 ) ; p = 6 daN/cm2.
D : ng knh tng ng ca din tch vt bnh xe tiu chun (cm); D=33 cm.
: H s poat-xng (=0.3 )
Lt: vng n hi c trng
XI.4.3.4. Tiu chun nh gi
Kt qu tnh ton gi tr m un n hi c trng trn c s th nghim v x l kt
qu o vng c nh gi thng qua vic i chiu vi gi tr m un n hi yu cu
ti thiu tng ng vi cp ng t theo quy trnh 22 TCN 211-93 c trch dn
bng sau.
M un n hi yu cu ti thiu ( daN/cm
2
)
tng ng vi cp o ng
Cp hng
ng t
Cp A1 Cp A2 Cp B1
Cp I 1780
Cp II 1570 1280
Cp III 1400 1150
Cp IV 1270 980 720
Cp V 770 850

Ghi ch:
Quy trnh AASHTO- T 256 c a ra phng php o o vng n hi mt ng
bng cn o vng Benkelman, nhng c nhng im khc vi quy trnh Vit nam 22
TCN 251-98 cc im sau:
- Trng lng trc xe o: 8,2 Tn
- Kt qu o v bo co: gi tr vng n hi c trng ( khng a ra gi tr m
un n hi c trng ).
- nh gi cht lng: thng qua tr s vng n hi c trng nhng khng c
tiu chun nh gi c th.
99
Vic thc hin o theo AASHTO ch c th c thc hin ch vi cc cng trnh theo
D n vay vn nc ngoi m trong Ch dn k thut ca h s thu yu cu v
phi nu r gi tr vng n hi gii hn cho php.

XI.4.4. Phng php o vng n hi bng FWD
XI.4.4.1. Quy trnh p dng
Quy trnh th nghim:
Vit Nam : Cha ban hnh
Nc ngoi: AASHTO- T 256 ( v cc hng dn s dng thit b FWD
)
Tiu chun nh gi:
Vit Nam: Cha ban hnh
Nc ngoi: Khng c tiu chun chnh thc.
XI.4.4.2. Nguyn tc thc hin
Vic o vng n hi mt ng bng thit b o vng kiu xung lc FWD ( Falling
Weight Deflectormeter ) theo tiu chun ca AASHTO c p dng th im trong
vi nm gn y v trong tng lai gn thit b ny s c nhp tng i ph bin
Vit Nam. Do hin nay, tiu chun nh gi cht lng mt ng bng thit b FWD
cha c ban hnh Vit Nam nn vic la chn phng php FWD lm c s kim
tra ch c thc hin khi c quy nh r trong ni dung ca Tiu chun k thut
ca H s thu v phi c cc c quan chc nng cho php, c th trong cng
kim tra.
XI.4.4.3. Cu to thit b
Thit b o FWD thng thng l mt chic moc ko theo, c thit k t ng
o theo hnh trnh t trc bng my tnh v c cc h thng km theo nh:
H thng o vng: Bao gm cc u o vng c nhy cao, vi chnh xc
c l 0, 2 m. Cc u o c ti cc v tr cch im trung tm ca a ti
trng vi khong cch theo th t l: 0; 20; 30; 45; 60; 90 v 120 cm.
H thng o nhit : Nhm xc nh nhit khng kh v nhit mt
ng ti im o.
H thng thu lc : iu khin cc hnh trnh nng h thit b cng nh nng
h chiu cao vt nng ri.
H thng khoan thu lc : khoan ly mu ti v tr o.
H thng o ti trng: xc nh chnh xc ti trng ng tc dng ln mt
ng c xt n nh hng b mt tip xc gia mt ng v tm cao su.
H thng lu tr, s l s liu o: Bao gm my tnh xch tay, phn mm
chuyn dng v cc cp ni truyn d liu o, my in.
Thng thng, cc loi FWD s dng nh gi cht lng ng t thng c cc
thng s sau:
Ti trng ng ln nht: 5000 Kg
Cp ti trng: 4 cp tng ng vi 4 chiu cao ri xc nh;
Thi gian tc dng ti trng : T 25- 70 msec
100
ng knh ca a ti trng : 300mm .


Vic tin hnh o, thu nhn v tnh ton kt qu c t ng tin hnh trn c s cc
lnh trong my tnh. Ti v tr mun o, xe dng li, trnh t o c tin hnh t ng
theo cc bc sau:
Tm a ti trng, b m, h o vng c h xung mt ng.
Qu ba c nng ln n cao quy nh ph thuc vo ln ca ti trng
yu cu.
Qu ba c th ri t do xung b m, a ti trng, v truyn xung mt
ng.
H o vng vi cc u o s t ng ghi li vng mt ng ti tm v ti
cc im cch xa tm.
Hnh trnh o c, cng nh lu gi s liu c o c iu khin thng
qua h thng my tnh vi phn mm chuyn dng thit b c iu khin
bng my tnh t trn xe t.

XI.5. Th nghim xc nh nhm mt ng
Trong nhng nm gn y, mt vn ln ca chuyn ngnh ng t c cc
nc trn th gii quan tm l an ton giao thng. Nhng tai nn giao thng ng b
xy ra ngoi cc nguyn nhn do t chc giao thng cha tt, iu kin a hnh hn
ch th mt nguyn nhn khng nh l do tnh trng mt ng xu, nhm km d
xy ra hin tng trn trt khi mt ng b m t.
Sc chng trt ca mt ng l mt yu t quan trng m bo an ton cho xe
chy vi vn tc cao, c bit trong iu kin mt ng b m t lm cho bm
ca bnh xe vi mt ng b suy gim ng k.
nhm mt ng v sc chng trt mt ng di tc dng ca xe chy c lin
quan mt thit vi nhau.
Cc phng php th nghim kim tra cht lng b mt mt ng c chia thnh
2 nhm:
- Nhm 1. Phng php th nghim xc nh cu trc nhm b mt ng;
- Nhm 2. Phng php th nghim xc nh sc khng trt mt ng.
Di y trnh by mt s phng php c p dng rng ri trn th gii v c tnh
kh thi trong iu kin Vit nam.
1. Phng php rc ct

Nguyn l o: Mt th tch ct V xc nh 25 cm
3
, c c ht 0,15 0,3 mm kh sch
c ng trong 1 hp hnh tr kim loi ( ng knh trong 20 mm, chiu cao 79,5 mm
) c y c ra trn mt ng kh ro v sch. Dng mt bn xoa dng dg a
dt hnh trn ( ng knh 65 mm ) y cao su xoa vng trn theo mt chiu nhm san
101
bng ct, sao cho to thnh mt vt hnh trn lp y ct vo cc l ca b mt mt
ng. Dng thc di o 2 ng knh vt ct vung gc vi nhau.
nhm b mt biu th bng gi tr chiu su trung bnh bng ct H c tnh nh
sau:

2
40
d
V
H
= , ( mm )
Trong H : Chiu su trung bnh bng ct ( mm )
V : Th tch ct (cm
3
)
d : ng knh trung bnh vng trn ct (cm)
2. Phng php o nhm mt ng theo nguyn l khng tip xc
L thit b o lin tc gi tr nhm b mt mt ng tc cao trn c s cng
ngh laser nhm khc phc c cc hn ch ca phng php rc ct.
B o laser khng tip xc c lp t trn xe r-moc, o lin tc khong cch
u o n mt ng khi xe chy. Kt qu o s c x l bng phn mm chuyn
dng trn my tnh km theo a ra c gi tr nhm trung bnh cho mi vt xe
i qua.
Kt qu o c gi l chiu su cu trc nhm v l gi tr trung bnh trn mt
on lin tc.
Nhn chung , gi tr chiu su cu trc nhm v gi tr chiu su trung bnh bng
ct H o c bng phng php rc ct c s khc nhau do gi tr chiu su cu
trc nhm c o v tnh trn mt on di lin tc cn gi tr chiu su trung
bnh bng ct H c o trn 1 im. Chnh v vy chuyn i tr s chiu su
cu trc nhm v tr s chiu su trung bnh bng ct H theo phng php rc ct
truyn thng cn phi c xc lp thng qua tng quan thc nghim.
chnh xc ca thit b o chiu su cu trc nhm tc cao c khng
nh. Tng quan thc nghim gia phng php o chiu su cu trc nhm v
chiu su trung bnh bng ct H trong phng php rc ct c thit lp cho mt
ng b tng nha c khng nh c h s tng quan cao.
3. Phng php Con lc Anh (British Pendulum Tester )
Quy trnh p dng: AASHTO- T 278, ASTM- D403
Nguyn l o: Mt con lc c khi lng P =1500 30 g, mt di c gn 1 tm trt
bng cao su tiu chun ( kch thc 6.35*25.4*76.2 mm ) ri t mt cao xc nh H
= 411 5 mm v trt trn b mt ng m t vi chiu di trt khng i L = 125
+2 mm, sau con lc s vng ln ti cao h.
Tu thuc vo tnh trng x x ( nhm ) b mt khc nhau, tn tht nng lng ca con
lc cng khc nhau dn ti chiu cao vng ln h thay i Mt chic kim o ko theo
nhm xc nh chiu cao vng h ca con lc c thit k thng qua bng chia . S
c ca kim o trn bng chia c k hiu l ch s SRT (Skid Resistance Tester).
Gi tr h cng nh th tr s SRT cng ln v mt ng cng nhm.
Th nghim con lc Anh nhm xc nh sc khng trt mt ng tng ng vi iu
kin xe chy trn ng m t vi tc v = 50 km/h.
102
C th tham kho thit b con lc Anh hnh di y

4. Phng php xc nh h s bm dc bng thit b moc ko theo chuyn dng
Quy trnh p dng: ASTM E1844
Nguyn l o: Mt chic moc hai bnh chun c km theo mt bnh xe o vi b
phn hm phanh hin i c ko theo bi t con. Trong qu trnh o, nc s c
t ng phun ln ng m phng iu kin mt ng b m t bt li. Ti thi im
tin hnh o, h thng phanh s lm vic v bnh o s b hm li.v trt trn ng.
Lc hm phanh s F c ghi bng thit b c bit qua xc nh c h s bm.
H s bm f
ms
s c tnh nh sau:
100 =
P
F
f
ms

Trong :
- F, lc trt ca moc khi phanh;
- P, ti trng hu hiu tc dng ln bnh moc.
Thit b o c th o lin tc trn tng on 10m di vi tc o n 100 km/h. Gi
tr h s bm dc f
ms
tng ng vi tc o c bo co chnh xc v i cc khong
chiu di 10 m.
Thit b tiu biu c s dng rng ri trn th gii l Grip Tester ( Anh, an Mch,
Na Uy, Phn Lan ).

XI.5.2. Nguyn tc la chn phng php th nghim
Cc phng php th nghim nhgi cht lng nhm v sc khng trt mt
ng gii thiu mc 4.1 trong tng lai rt gn s c kh thi Vit nam.
103
Hin nay, phng php rc ct ang c s dng rng ri v c quy trnh th
nghim chnh thc c ban hnh ( 22TCN - 65 - 84 ). Phng php con lc Anh
c p dng bc th nghim thng qua cc ti nghin cu cp nh nc v cc
d n xy dng ng vay vn nc ngoi chng t c tnh vit ca n v hin
nay ang bc bin son quy trnh. Phng php o nhm bng nguyn l khng tip
xc s dng cng ngh o laser ang tin hnh bc th nghim trn c s thit b
hin c v d kin s xut lp quy trnh th nghim. Vi phng php xc nh
h s bm dc bng thit b moc ko theo chuyn dng, l phng php o phn nh
ng nht cht lng nhm mt ng, hin nay c thit b o, s tin hnh th
nghim a ra quy trnh.
V vy, vic la chn quyt nh phng php th nghim s da trn c s sau:
Trong thi gian hin ti, tt c cc D n xy dng ng t vay vn trong nc
v nc ngoi cn phi thc hin kim tra cht lng nhm mt ng bng
phng php rc ct theo quy trnh hin hnh 22TCN - 65 - 84 trong bc nghim
thu tng th.
Trong tng lai gn, khi quy trnh th nghim bng con lc Anh, bng phng php
o nhm theo nguyn l khng tip xc s dng cng ngh o laser, bng thit b
moc ko theo chuyn dng c ban hnh, vic quyt nh phng php th
nghim s tu theo tnh cht ca cng trnh, theo Ch dn k thut ca H s
thu quyt nh.

XI.5.3. Phng php rc ct
XI.5.3.1. Quy trnh p dng
Quy trnh th nghim:
Vit Nam : 22TCN - 65 - 84
Nc ngoi: ASTM- E965
Tiu chun nh gi:
Vit Nam: 22TCN - 65 - 84
Nhn chung vic th nghim xc nh nhm mt ng bng phng php rc ct
theo quy trnh Vit nam 22TCN - 65 - 84 v quy trnh ASTM- E965 khng c g khc
nhau.
Cc ch khi tin hnh th nghim:
- Mt ng khi th nghim phi kh, sch.
- Phi c dng c che chn gi.
- Phi c bin bo, cnh gii m bo an ton giao thng.
XI.5.3.3. nh gi cht lng nhm mt ng
104
Cht lng mt ng b tng nha thng thng khng thit k to nhm c bit cn
phi t gi tr nhm thng qua chiu su rc ct H 0,4 (mm) ( yu cu ca quy
trnh thi cng v nghim thu b tng nha 22 TCN 249-98 ).
Vi ng cao tc v cc on ng c thit k nhm c bit, yu cu v chiu su
rc ct H s c quyt nh theo thit k v trong Hng dn k thut ca h s
thu.
Cht lng nhm ng thng qua gi tr H theo quy trnh 22 TCN 65 - 84 c chi
tit bng sau:

Chiu su trung bnh bng ct
H (mm )
c trng
g gh ca b mt
Phm vi s dng
H 0,20
Rt nhn Khng nn dng
0,20 < H 0,40
Nhn V < 80 km/h
0,40 < H 0,80
Trung bnh 80 < V < 120 km/h
0,80 < H 1,20
Th V > 120 km/h
H > 1,20 Rt th Dnh cho khu vc nguy
him ( d xy ra tai nn )

XI.6. Th nghim xc nh bng phng mt ng
XI. 6.1.1. Cc nh ngha
1. bng phng mt ng:
c nh ngha l sai lch cao theo phng thng ng ca b mt mt ng so
vi mt mt chun, phn nh bin dng li lm ca mt ng, l mt tham s chn
on chc chn cht lng ca ng, l nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra cm gic khng
bng phng, gy xc cho ngi li xe v nh hng n cht lng hng ho chuyn
ch cng nh chi ph bo dng xe c.
2. bng phng quc t IRI:
bng phng Quc t IRI c nh ngha l mt m phng ton hc ca s phn
ng xc ca t chun Golden car khi chy dc theo mt mt ct dc ca ng
vi tc 80 km/h bng vic s dng m hnh m phng 1/4 xe "quater-car ".
u im ni bt ca ch s IRI ch n l mt s o n nh theo thi gian v c th
chuyn i c vi s o trc dc tuyt i ca ng, trn mt vt bnh xe. Vic s
dng IRI trn ton th gii lm cho yu t ho nhp gia cc nc chu u, chu M
v chu tr nn d dng.
n v o ca IRI l m/km. IRI cng cao th mt ng cng km bng phng.
XI.6.1.2. Cc loi thit b o
105
Cc thit b o o bng phng mt ng theo chun IRI bao gm 2 nhm sau:
Nhm 1: Loi thit b o bng phng kiu trc tip
Bao gm cc thit b c kh nng o c tun t, lin tip cc tr s cao mt ct
dc ca ng vi vn tc cao v c th thay i trong khong t 30 km/h n 130
Km/h. Thng qua phn mm chuyn dng x l kt qu o v a ra c trc tip
ch s IRI.
Trong qu trnh o, c mi hnh trnh 50 mm, h thng o ng thi o c 4 thng
s sau:
- Chuyn dch thng ng gia u o vi mt ng;
- Gia tc thng ng ca u o;
- Thi gian v qung ng khi 2 u o thu nhn gi tr ca 2 thng s trn.
Chuyn dch thng ng gia u o v mt ng c xc nh da trn nguyn l
laser, siu m hoc quang hc ( tu thuc vo loi thit b ) bao gm c 2 thng s l
hnh dng mt ct dc b mt mt ng v chuyn dch thng ng ca u o khi xe
b ny ln khi chy trn mt ng khng bng phng. B phn o gia tc thng ng
c tc dng loi tr nh hng chuyn ng thng ng ca u o khi xe b ny ln
khi chy. Chnh v vy, kt qu cui cng a ra c thng s mt ct dc chnh xc
ca ng.
bng phng IRI s c phn mm chuyn dng t ng x l tnh ton v a ra
trc tip gi tr IRI trn 2 vt bnh xe v gi tr IRI trung bnh ca ln xe theo m hnh
ton hc 1/4 xe trn cc khong chiu di ng tu chn ( thng thng t 100 m n
1000 m ).
Nhm 2 : Loi thit b o bng phng theo kiu phn ng
Bao gm cc loi xe o c kh nng o c s dch chuyn thng ng tng i
gia thn xe v trc bnh xe ( xc cng dn ) trn c s phn ng v s khng
bng phng ca mt ng khi xe o c gn thit b chy dc trn ng. Thng gi
nhm ny l h thng o bng phng kiu phn ng. Cc s liu xc cng dn khi
xe chy c ghi li trn bng giy hoc cc tp tin lu tr trn my tnh.
in hnh ca loi thit b o nhm ny c th k n: Mays Ride Meter ( M ), TRL
Bump Intergrator Unit ( Anh ) hoc cc thit b c tnh nng tng t.
Mc d loi thit b ny c tc o cao, nhng c nhc im l: mi loi thit b c
thng c cc thang o khc nhau, thuc tnh ng lc khc nhau v khng n nh
vi thi gian. Ngoi ra, cc kt qu o xc ca cc thit b o phn ng ny khng trc
tip a ra c gi tr IRI, v vy cn thit phi tin hnh chuyn i kt qu o xc
v IRI trn c s tng quan thc nghim bng vic s dng cc thit b nh chun
IRI.
Cc loi thit b nh chun IRI phi c cc tnh nng k thut sau:
o c mt ct dc ca ng mt cch tun t, lin tc vi cc bc o khng
i ( thng thng hoc 100mm, hoc 300 mm, hoc 1 inch ).
chnh xc ca php o cao phi nh hn hoc bng 0, 5 mm.
106
C b vi x l thu thp, lu tr s liu o. Kt qu o c t ng x l thng
qua phn mm chuyn dng a ra gi tr IRI trn on o.
Cc thit b loi ny c th l Dipstick, TRL Profile Beam... hoc cc loi thit b khc
c tnh nng tng t.
XI.6.2. Nguyn tc thc hin vic kim tra bng phng IRI
Nhn chung, phng php th nghim o bng phng mt ng theo IRI c thc
hin Vit nam thng qua cc D n vi TVGS nc ngoi nh D n QL1, QL5. Do
cht lng thi cng mt ng th hin rt r thng qua th nghim IRI nn hin nay
cc c quan chc nng xut p dng hng mc th nghim IRI vo trong cng tc
nghim thu rng ri trn tt c cc D n.
Hin nay, ang tin hnh bin son Tiu chun ngnh v quy trnh o bng phng
mt ng theo IRI v tiu chun nh gi cht lng mt ng thng qua IRI.
Nguyn tc thc hin vic kim tra bng phng mt ng theo IRI nh sau:
Vi cc D n xy dng ng t vay vn nc ngoi, cc D n xy dng
ng t vay vn trong nc c quy nh c th hng mc kim tra bng
phng IRI trong Ch dn k thut ca H s thu th bt buc phi tin hnh
kim tra trong bc nghim thu tng th.
Vi cc D n xy dng ng t vay vn trong nc, trong Ch dn k thut
ca H s thu khng quy nh c th hng mc kim tra bng phng IRI th
tu thuc vo tnh cht cng trnh v iu kin thi cng thc t, cc c quan chc
nng s quyt nh. -
Tiu chun nh gi cht lng bng phng IRI c th da theo yu cu ca
Ch dn k thut , thng thng vi ng xy dng mi th IRI 2, vi ng
nng cp th IRI 3.
XI.6.3. o bng phng mt ng bng thit b o kiu trc
tip
XI.6.3.1. Quy trnh th nghim
Quy trnh th nghim:
Nc ngoi: ASTM E950, ASTM E1364
Cc hng dn s dng thit b lin quan.
Vit nam: Quy trnh th nghim ( ang bin son )
Tiu chun nh gi:
Nc ngoi: HDM3 ( Ngn Hng Th Gii )
Vit nam: Tiu chun nh gi ( ang bin son )
Bao gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1. Cng tc chun b
107
Sau khi lp t thit b theo Hng dn s dng km theo, trc khi tin hnh th
nghim, cn thit phitin hnh kim tra tra cc b phn o ca thit b nhm m
bo chnh xc cho php. Cng tc chun b bao gm:
1. Kim tra b phn o cao :
Vic kim tra b phn o cao c tin hnh theo ng trnh t ca Hng dn
s dng v cc quy trnh th nghim lin quan.
Cn phi kim tra trc v tnh trng lm vic ca b phn o cao m bo thit
b hot ng tt, khng mc sai s.
Sai s ca php o phi nh hn 0.5 mm
2. Kim tra b phn o gia tc
Vic kim tra b phn o gia tc c tin hnh theo ng trnh t ca Hng dn
s dng v cc quy trnh th nghim lin quan.
Sai s ca php o phi nh hn 0.5 mm/s2.
3. Kim tra b phn o hnh trnh
Vic kim tra b phn o hnh trnh c tin hnh theo ng trnh t ca Hng
dn s dng v cc quy trnh th nghim lin quan. Thng thng vic kim tra c
tin hnh nh sau:
La chn mt on ng thng, dc dc nh hn 3%, chiu di t nht 1000m.
Tin hnh o chnh xc chiu di bng thc thp hoc thc vi. nh du im u
v im cui ca on o bng sn.
Chy xe t nht 3 ln trn on ng thng . Ghi li s c ca thit b o khong
cch mi ln chy.
So snh gia gi tr trung bnh ca cc s c ca thit b vi chiu di thc. Nu sai s
trong khong 1% th thit b o khong cch hnh trnh ca xe o c chp nhn.
Nu sai s vt qu gi tr cho php cn thit phi tin hnh kim tra li hoc hiu
chnh thit b thng qua phn mm iu khin thit b.
4. Kim tra b phn o tc
Vic kim tra b phn o tc xe chy c tin hnh theo ng trnh t ca
Hng dn s dng v cc quy trnh th nghim lin quan. Thng thng vic kim
tra c tin hnh nh sau:
La chn mt on ng thng, dc dc nh hn 3%, chiu di t nht 1000m.
Tin hnh o chnh xc chiu di bng thc thp hoc thc vi. nh du im u
v im cui ca on o bng sn.
Chy xe vi tc khng i t nht 3 ln trn on ng thng o. Dng ng h
bm dy ghi li thi gian ca mi ln chy, tnh tc thc ca mi ln chy. Ghi li
s c tc trn thit b o vn tc ca xe tng ng vi mi ln chy.
So snh gi tr trung bnh ca s c trn thit b o vn tc vi vn tc trung bnh thc
ca cc ln chy. Nu sai s nm trong khong 3,0 km/h th thit b o c chp
nhn, nu sai s vt qu gi tr trn th cn thit phi kim tra, nh chun li thit b.
108
Phn mm qun l thit b o ny phi c kh nng hin th vn tc o, nh du cc
s liu c thu nhn ti thi im vn tc nm ngoi phm vi cho php.
Ghi ch: Hng mc kim tra ny c th c b qua khi thit b c phn mm a ra
c vn tc chy xe ( hin th trn mn hnh ) trn c s hnh trnh v thi gian chy.
5. Kim tra xe
Trc khi bt u mt t th nghim di ngy cn lp lp mi v chy trc vi tun.
Hng ngy, trc khi tin hnh th nghim cn kim tra p lc cc bnh xe bng ng
h o p lc nhm m bo p lc ca cc bnh xe o khng i (thng thng p lc
lp bnh xe la chn theo quy nh ca tng loi xe iu kin xe chy bnh thng ).
m bo ti trng ca xe khng i ng nh c d kin trong sut qu trnh th
nghim.
m bo an ton, phi gn n bo hiu trn nc xe.
Bc 2. Cng tc th nghim xc nh bng phng ton tuyn
Chy xe c gn thit b o bng phng trn cc ln xe ca tuyn cn o. Trong qu
trnh o, my tnh s t ng truy cp, x l v lu tr s liu o. Trong qu trnh o
cn ch cc vn sau:
- Phi m bo xe chy ng ln cn kho st.
- Vn tc xe chy khi th nghim phi m bo nm trong phm vi cho php ca thit
b. Nu ti on ng no , do tr ngi giao thng m khng chy c ng
tc th nghim qui nh th phi hu kt qu v tin hnh chy li trn on .
- Trong qu trnh kho st, cn phi nh du, ghi ch cc v tr c bit ca tuyn
nh cu, ni giao ct vi ng st, cc v tr sa cha, cc ct kilmt. Vic nh
du c thc hin trc tip trn my tnh km theo.
Bc 3. Bo co kt qu th nghim o bng phng IRI
Kt qu o bng phng theo IRI c t ng tnh ton v lu tr trong my tnh.
Trong bo co kt qu o cn phi nu r cc mc c bn sau:
- Chiu di v c im ca tuyn kho st;
- Thit b th nghim v tnh nng k thut.
- Kt qu IRI chi tit ca tng ln xe theo tng on vi chiu di khng i (t
100m n 500 m) cng vi tc khi o, IRI trung bnh ca tng on ng (IRI
trung bnh ca cc ln xe trn on ng) theo cc on ng u thng k.
- Cc v tr c bit ca tuyn nh cu, ni giao ct vi ng st, cc v tr sa cha,
cc ct kilmt ...
XI.6.4. o bng phng mt ng bng thit b kiu phn ng
XI.6.4.1. Quy trnh th nghim
Quy trnh th nghim:
Nc ngoi: ASTM E1082, ASTM E1215, ASTM E1448, ASTM E1364
Cc hng dn s dng thit b lin quan.
109
Vit nam: Quy trnh th nghim ( ang bin son )
Tiu chun nh gi:
Nc ngoi: HDM3 ( Ngn Hng Th Gii )
Vit nam: Tiu chun nh gi ( ang bin son )
Bao gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1. Cng tc chun b
Sau khi lp t thit b theo Hng dn s dng km theo, trc khi tin hnh th
nghim, cn thit phitin hnh kim tra tra thit b nhm m bo chnh xc
cho php. Cng tc chun b bao gm:
1. Kim tra thit b o mt ct dc chuyn dng:
Cn phi kim tra trc v tnh trng lm vic ca thit b m bo thit b hot
ng tt, chnh xc ca php o cao phi nh hn hoc bng 0, 5 mm... Vic
kim tra v hiu chnh chi tit xem hng dn s dng thit b lin quan.
2. Kim tra thit b o bng phng kiu phn ng:
Sau khi lp t thit b trn t hoc mc ko theo, tin hnh kim tra cc hng mc
sau:
- Kim tra b phn o hnh trnh: thc hin tng t nh vi ni dung kim tra
mc 6.3.3., bc 1, ni dung 3.
- Kim tra b phn o tc : thc hin tng t nh vi ni dung kim tra mc
6.3.3., bc 1, ni dung 4.
- Kim tra xe: thc hin tng t nh vi ni dung kim tra mc 6.3.3., bc 1,
ni dung 5.

Bc 2: Thit lp tng quan thc nghim gia IRI v xc cng dn trn cc
on nh chun.
Vic thit lp tng quan thc nghim gia IRI v xc cng dn trn cc on nh
chun c tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
1. La chn tc th nghim
Tc th nghim l tc d kin khi o xc bng thit b o kiu phn ng. Thng
thng, l tc ca dng xe trn cc on ng c tnh trng lu thng bnh thng
v tc hn ch trong tnh trng lu thng kh khn.
Phi la chn 2 n 3 tc d kin, tc nh nht la chn l 25 km/h. Cn phi
th st trc trn d kin tc kho st bng phng ca tuyn sau ny.
Ghi ch: Nu c th c, nn chn tc th nghim ph hp vi tng loi thit b o
xc kiu phn ng ( nu c khuyn ngh trong hng dn s dng ca thit b o ).
.2. La chn cc on nh chun
110
S on nh chun t nht l 4. Cc on nh chun c chn m bo sao cho gi
tr bng phng ca cc on bao ph c ton b thang bng phng ca ton
tuyn ng cn th nghim ( cc on chun la chn c bng phng vi gi tr
max, min v trung gian ). Cn phi th st trc xc nh cc on nh chun. Mi
on nh chun la chn cn m bo cc thng s k thut sau:
on nh chun phi nm trn ng thng, dc dc khng qu 2%, c kch
thc hnh hc y c trc v sau on m bo xe chy vi tc khng
i trn on. Chiu di on nh chun t nht l 200 m, thng thng l 300m.
Tnh trng g gh b mt ca on cn phi ng u trn dc c chiu di on,
m bo trnh phn chia thnh cc on con cc b c tnh trng g gh b mt
khc nhau.
B mt ca on nh chun khng b nt, v hoc g.
Trn mt on nh chun khng c xen k cc loi mt ng khc nhau: cng,
mm hoc lp ph ri bng my v bng tay dn ti s c thuc tnh g gh khc
nhau.
u v cui on nh chun cn phi c nh du bng sn.
3. Xc nh ch s IRI ca cc on nh chun
S dng thit b o mt ct dc chuyn dng o bng phng IRI trn cc on
nh chun. Vi mi on nh chun, trnh t tin hnh nh sau:
Dng sn hoc phn vch 2 ng thng dc theo on nh chun. Khong cch t
ng thng pha ngoi n mp l thng thng t 80 cm n 100 cm, khong
cch ca 2 ng thng bng chiu rng ca hai vt bnh xe th nghim o xc
bng thit b o phn ng.
S dng thit b o mt ct dc chuyn dng o bng phng IRI trn hai vt
vch ca on nh chun. Kt qu o s a ra hai gi tr IRI tng ng vi 2
vt bnh xe.
Gi tr IRI ca on nh chun s c tnh l trung bnh ca IRI ca 2 vt bnh
( thng thng chng trnh x l s t ng tnh v a ra kt qu ).
4. Xc nh gi tr xc cng dn trn cc on nh chun.
S dng thit b o xc kiu phn ng o xc cng dn trn cc on nh
chun. Vi mi on nh chun, vi mi tc th nghim, trnh t tin hnh nh sau:
Chy xe c gn thit b o xc trn on nh chun vi s ln chy t nht l 5 ln.
Thng k cc gi tr xc cng dn ca cc ln chy tng ng.
Tnh gi tr xc cng dn trung bnh.
Ghi ch: nu gi tr xc cng dn ca mt ln chy no sai khc qu 10% so vi
gi tr xc cng dn trung bnh th hu b kt qu ca ln chy , chy thm cho
5 ln v tnh ton li gi tr xc cng dn trung bnh.
5. Thit lp phng trnh tng quan thc nghim gia IRI v xc cng dn.
111
Trn c s kt qu o bng phng IRI v xc cng dn trung bnh tng ng ca
cc on nh chun v tng tc th nghim nhn c t 6.3 v 6.4, thit lp cc
tng quan thc nghim gia IRI v xc cng dn tng ng vi tng tc th
nghim. C th s dng cc cng c ton hc nh Exel, Asses hoc cc phn mm tnh
ton tng t xc nh tng quan thc nghim ny.
Phng trnh tng quan gia IRI v xc cng dn thng c dng bc nht hoc
bc hai. H s tng quan R ca phng trnh phi m bo ln hn 0,9.
Nu R < 0,9, cn thit phi tin hnh cc cng tc sau: kim tra li thit b, trnh t th
nghim; b xung thm cc th nghim trn cc on nh chun chn; thm on
nh chun mi...
Ghi ch: Cc phng trnh tng quan trn ch m bo chnh xc trong khong
thi gian xe o xc ny hot ng nh hn 1 thng hoc qung ng xe o xc ny
hot ng nh hn 3000 km.
Bc 3. Th nghim o bng phng trn ton tuyn
S dng thit b o bng phng mt ng kiu phn ng chy trn cc ln xe ca
tuyn ng. Trong qu trnh th nghim, cn thit phi chy xe vi vn tc khng i
d kin trc.
Kt qu o xc cng dn phi c th hin theo cc khong chiu di khng i nh
trc, thng thng t 100 mm n 500 m.
nh du cc v tr cn ghi nh nh: cc cy s, cc v tr u cu, on ng xu...
Nu ti on ng no , do tr ngi giao thng m khng chy c ng tc
th nghim d kin th phi hu kt qu v tin hnh chy li.
Ghi ch: Cn ch ng d kin trc cc on th nghim vi tc khc nhau ng
vi tc chn trc.
Bc 4. Tnh ton v bo co kt qu th nghim o bng phng IRI
1.Tnh ton bng phng IRI
Trn c s cc s liu th nghim o xc cng dn ca cc ln xe ng vi tc th
nghim, s dng phng trnh tng quan tng ng thit lp trn tnh ra
bng phng IRI ng vi khong chiu di khng i ( thng thng t 100m n
500m ).
2.Bo co kt qu
Trong h s cn phi bo co r cc phn sau:
Chiu di v c im ca tuyn cn th nghim,
Tc th nghim d kin,
Cc thit b th nghim v tnh nng k thut,
L trnh v tnh trng k thut ca cc on nh chun,
Cc kt qu th nghim trn cc on nh chun, cc phng trnh tng quan thc
nghim tng ng vi tng tc th nghim,
112
Bng v th kt qu IRI chi tit ca tng ln xe theo tng on khng i ( t
100m n 500 m ), IRI trung bnh ca tng on ng ( IRI trung bnh ca cc ln
xe trn on ng ) theo cc on ng u thng k v cc ghi ch cn ghi nh.
Ghi ch: Kt qu tnh IRI trn cc on khng bao hm cc on cc b nh on qua
cu, on giao vi ng st...
XI.7. Kim tra cht lng vt liu v cht lng thi
cng:
Cn c vo tnh cht quan trng ca cng trnh, cn c vo kt qu kim tra t trc
ca TVGS ng vi tng hng mc ca cng trnh, cn c vo kt qu kim tra bng
mt hin trng sau khi cng trnh thi cng xong, cc c quan chc nng s quyt
nh c th xem c cn thit phi kim tra theo tnh cht phc tra hay khng.
Vi cc cng trnh xy dng ng hoc c cp hng khng cao, hoc trong qu trnh
nghim thu tng phn khng nh cht lng vt liu v thi cng m bo th trong
bc kim tra nghim thu tng th khng cn thc hin.
Vi cc cng trnh cp hng cao, qua thc t xem xt, cc c quan chc nng s quyt
nh cn phi kim tra theo tnh cht phc tra trong bc nghim thu tng th cui
cng. Vic kim tra nghim thu bao gm cc hng mc th nghim c th tu thuc
vo thc t cng trnh nh: nn, cc lp mng, cc lp mt, l ng v mi dc ta luy,
h thng thot nc... Chi tit th hin trong cng kim tra.

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