BI TP CHN LC V DANH PHP V LP TH CA HIROCACBON VNG NO ng Cng Anh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn L Qu n I. M U 1. L !

"#$% &' ()* Chng ti chn ti B)* (+, "#$% -$" .' /%# ,#0, .) -+, (#1 "2/ #*&3!"/"4!% .5%6 %! !"i nh#ng $% &' ! ()c %ch *+u ,y./t $ c0n c1 gi2' tr3nh 4 &5y hc *inh chuyn h1+6 7ng thi th8c hi9n nhi9( !) nghin c:u c2c chuyn ;7i &<ng hc *inh gi=i ( nh trng r+ tr'ng n>( hc ny? H+i $6 (@ng AiBn th:c ny !C+ $ trng t,( !C+ $ cD *E 4 nghin c:u nh#ng chuyn Ah2c6 nh hFG cht t8 nhin6 G'$i(H I J+ $6 thi hc *inh gi=i KuLc gi+ hi9n n+y c1 nhiu ;i t'2n $in Bn "78 9%6 ! /%# ,#0, cM+ c2c hFG cht h#u cD? :. N#*;< .= %6#*>% "?8 ThiBt AB6 chn $c c2c ;i tNG c1 h9 thLng ! &+nh Gh2G6 cu h3nh ! cu &5ng cM+ hir'c+c;'n !Ong n'? @. P#AB%6 ,#0, (*C% #)%# TNG hFG c2c ti $i9u th+( Ah@' c1 $in Ku+n Bn Li tFng nghin c:uPghin c:u cD *E $ thuyBt c1 $in Ku+n? LNG *D 7 nghin c:u-

Hir'c+c;'n !Ong n' .'n'Tic$'+nA+n Cng th:c cu t5' P'$iTic$'+nA+n

X+nh Gh2G

Cu h3nh

Cu &5ng

ThiBt $NG6 chn $c c2c ;i tNG GhQ hFG !"i ()c tiu r+? II. NDI DUNG B)* 1. Ric$'+nA+n $ g3S ThB n' $ ('n'Tic$'+nA+nS ThB n' $ G'$iTic$'+nA+n S Cng th:c chung cM+ ('n'Tic$'+nA+n $ g3 S Bi gii Ric$'+nA+n $ hir'c+c;'n n' (5ch !Ong? Ric$'+nA+n c1 (/t !Ong U!Ong DnV gi $ ('n'Tic$'+nA+n? W% &)-

Ric$'+nA+n c1 nhiu !Ong U+ !OngV gi $ G'$iTic$'+nA+n? W% &)- n';'n+n $ (/t ;iTic$'+nA+n?

;iTic$'YZ?Z?[\hHGt+n

.'n'Tic$'+nA+n c1 cng th:c chung $ CnHZn Un ]V? Lu - Tr'ng chDng tr3nh h1+ hc Gh^ thng6 Tic$'+nA+n Fc hi4u $ ('n'Tic$'+nA+n? B)* :. WiBt cng th:c Gh,n t_ ! c tn thH' `aPAC ch' c2c Tic$'+nA+n *+uU+V U;V

UcV
UHV

U&V
UbV

Bi gii Qui tcc c tn- Xiclo + tn mch chnh + an

U+V Tic$'Gr'G+n U;V Tic$';ut+n

UcV Tic$'GHnt+n

U&V Tic$'hHT+n

UHV

UbV

Tic$'hHGt+n

Tic$''ct+n

B)* @. WiBt cng th:c Gh,n t_ ! c tn thH' `aPAC ch' c2c Tic$'+nA+n *+u-

U+V

U;V

UcV

U&V

UHV

UbV

UgV

UhV

Bi gii Qui tcc c tn- s ch v tr + tn nhnh + xiclo + tn mch chnh + an

U+V U;V

(Hty$Tic$'Gr'G+n

[6Zd&i(Hty$Tic$';ut+n

UcV

U&V

[6[d&i(Hty$Tic$'GHnt+n

[6Z6edtri(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n

UHV

UbV

[di*'Gr'Gy$dZd(Hty$Tic$'hHGt+n

[dsecd;uty$dZdHty$Tic$''ct+n

UgV

UhV

(Hty$HnTic$'hHT+n

[d(Hty$d]d(Hty$Hncyc$'GHnt+n

B)* E. Ch' ;iBt cng th:c chung cM+ hir'c+c;'n c1 h+i !Ong n'6 Gh,n $'5i? Ch' ;iBt nguyn tcc c tn cM+ c2c $'5i ny? Bi gii Cng th:c chung cM+ hir'c+c;'n h+i !Ong n' $ CnHZndZ n e? P1 c1 ] $'5i6 1 $d H+i !Ong ri Ly !Ong $"n $( (5ch ch%nh6 cOn !Ong nh= $( nh1( thB? W% &)-

Tic$'GHnty$Tic$'hHT+n

H+i !Ong c1 chung (/t nguyn t_ (ct !Ong6 Ai4u *Gir'? .5ch c+c;'n Fc 2nh *L hBt !Ong nh= Bn !Ong $"n6 ;ct 0u tC (/t nguyn t_ E A nguyn t_ chung? Tn cM+ hir' Ai4u *Gir' g7( c2c ;/ GhNn hFG thnh thH' tr3nh t8 *+u ,y*Gir' f Yc2c *L nguyn t_ c+c;'n ring UtC *L $"n Bn *L nh=V\ f tn hir'c+c;'n (5ch hE tDng :ng? W% &)Z ] e [k j [ h g h i

*Gir'Ye?g\&Hc+n

H+i !Ong c1 chung c0u nLi6 Ai4u ;iTic$' .5ch c+c;'n Fc 2nh *L ;ct 0u tC (/t nguyn t_ chung UE (/t lnhV6 Bn c2c nguyn t_ cM+ c0u nLi &i nht6 tiBG Bn c2c c0u nLi ngcn hDn? Tn cM+ hir'c+c;'n Ai4u g7( c2c ;/ GhNn hFG thnh thH' th: t8 *+u;iTic$' f Y*L nguyn t_ C E c2c c0u nLi Ughi tC *L $"n Bn *L nh=V\ f tn cM+ hir'c+c;'n (5ch hE tDng :ng? W% &)j i m h e g [ Z ]

;iTic$'Ye?]?k\n'n+n

B)* F. Hny gi tn ch' c2c hFG cht *+u?

U+V U;V

UcV

U&V

Bi gii
U+V Tic$'Gr'Gy$Tic$'GHnt+n U;V Tic$';uty$Tic$';ut+n

UcV [dTic$'GHnty$ded(Hty$cyc$'hHT+n

U&V U]d(Hty$cyc$'GHnty$VTic$'hHT+n

B)* G. Hny gi tn c2c cht *+u-

U+V

U;V

UcV

U&V

UHV
Bi gii
U+V ;iTic$'Y[?[?[\GHnt+n UcV ;iTic$'YZ?Z?[\hHGt+n UHV ;iTic$'Y]?[?[\hHGt+n U;V

UbV

;iTic$'YZ?[?[\hHT+n U&V ;iTic$'YZ?Z?Z\'ct+n UbV ;iTic$'Ye?[?[\'ct+n

B)* H. oi tn c2c hFG cht *+u-

U+V

U;V

UcV
UHV
Ji gi@iU+V
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U&V
UbV

*Gir'YZ?]\hHT+n

UcV

U&V

*Gir'YZ?e\hHGt+n

*Gir'Y]?e\'ct+n

UHV

UbV

*Gir'Ye?g\&Hc+n *Gir'YZ?g\'ct+n B)* I. Ch' ;iBt cng th:c cu t5' cM+ c2c cht c1 tn *+uU+V *Gir'YZ6]\hHT+n U;V [d(Hty$*Gir'YZ?]\hHT+n UcV *Gir'Y]?e\'ct+n U&V gdHty$*Gir'Y]?e\'ct+n UHV *Gir'Ye?g\&Hc+n UbV idiGr'Gy$*Gir'Ye?g\&Hc+n

 Ji gi@i U+V *Gir'YZ6]\hHT+n

U;V [d(Hty$*Gir'YZ?]\hHT+n
Z ] [ h g e

*Gir'YZ?]\hHT+n UcV *Gir'Y]?e\'ct+n

[d(Hty$*Gir'YZ?]\hHT+nH U&V gdHty$*Gir'Y]?e\'ct+n

*Gir'Y]?e\'ct+n UHV *Gir'Ye?g\&Hc+n

gdHty$*Gir'Y]?e\'ct+n

UbV idiGr'Gy$*Gir'Ye?g\&Hc+n
m i h g ] j [k e [ Z

*Gir'Ye?g\&Hc+n

idiGr'Gy$*Gir'Ye?g\&Hc+n

B)* J. Wp cng th:c cu t5' cM+ c2c hir'c+c;'n h+i !Ong n' *+uU+V JiTic$'YZ?Z?[\hHGt+n U;V JiTic$'Yg?Z?k\n'n+n UcV JiTic$'Y]?[?[\hHGt+n U&V JiTic$'Y]?]?k\'ct+n Ji gi@i

U+V ;iTic$'YZ?Z?[\hHGt+n

U;V

;iTic$'Yg?Z?k\n'n+n

UcV

U&V

;iTic$'Y]6]6k\'ct+n ;iTic$'Y]?[?[\hHGt+n B)* 1K. Ch' ;iBt cng th:c cu t5' cM+ c2c cht c1 cng th:c *+uU+V ;iTic$';ut+n U;V Zd(Hty$;iTic$';ut+n UcV ;iTic$'Y]?Z?[\'ct+n U&V id(Hty$;iTic$'Y]?Z?[\'ct+n Ji gi@i U+V JiTic$';ut+n U;V Zd(Hty$;iTic$';ut+n
[ Z ] e

;iTic$'Y[?[?k\;ut+n UcV ;iTic$'Y]?Z?[\'ct+n

Zd(Hty$;iTic$'Y[?[?k\;ut+n

U&V id(Hty$;iTic$'Y]?Z?[\'ct+n

[ i m

Z ] h

;iTic$'Y]?Z?[\'ct+n

id(Hty$;iTic$'Y]?Z?[\'ct+n

B)* 11. c tn c2c cht *+u-

U+V

U;V

UcV

U&V

Bi gii Ch : Hai nhm th c n! "ha l# $%n! "h&n cis' c(n )hc "ha l# $%n! "h&n trans*

cisd[6Zd&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n

cisd[6]d&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n

transd[6ed&i(Hthy$cyc$'hHT+n

transd[dHty$d]d(Hhy$Tic$'GHnt+H

B)* 1:. Ric$'+nA+n n' c1 7ng Gh,n ci* q tr+n* S PBu c1 !p c@ h+i 7ng Gh,n 1? U+V [6]d&i(Hty$Tic$'G+nt+n U;V rty$Tic$'G+nt+n UcV [dHty$dZd(Hty$Tic$';ut+n Bi gii U+V [6]d&i(Hty$Tic$'G+nt+n? C1 7ng Gh,n ci* q tr+n* CH] CH] H]C CH]
cisd[6]d&i(Hty$Tic$'GHnt+n CH] H]C CH]

CH]

transd[6]d&i(Hty$Tyc$'GHnt+n U;V rty$Tic$'G+nt+n? shng c1 7ng Gh,n ci*dtr+n*? CZHg CZHg

H+i cht trn $ (/t? UcV [dHty$dZd(Hty$Tic$';ut+n- C1 7ng Gh,n ci*dtr+n*

CH]

CZHg

CH]

H]C

CZHg

CZHg

H]C

CZHg

cisd[dHty$dZd(Hty$Tic$';ut+n transd[dHty$dZd(Hty$Tic$';ut+n B)* 1@. H+i hFG cht h#u cD A ! J u c1 cng th:c Gh,n t_ C gH[k? C@ h+i u Ahng Gh@n :ng !"i C$Z tr'ng tLi ! $5nh? A Gh@n :ng !"i C$ Z c1 2nh *2ng6 nhng ch' (/t *@n Ght( &uy nht $ C gHjC$? COn hFG cht J cung t2c &)ng !"i C$ Z tr'ng cQng iu Ai9n nhng ch' h 7ng Gh,n C gHjC$ Ah2c nh+u6 c1 th4 Gh,n ;i9t ;vng GhDng Gh2G !Nt $? Hny T2c wnh cu trc cM+ A6 J ! c2c *@n Ght( ('n'c$' 1? Bi gii: A ! J c1 cng th:c CgH[k nn chng c1 th4 $ +nAHn h'c Tic$'+nA+n? ThH' u ;i6 c2c cht ny Ahng t2c &)ng !"i C$Z tLi ! $5nh nn A ! J $ c2c Tic$'+nA+n? A t2c &)ng !"i C$Z ch' (/t ('n'c$' &uy nht nn A $ Tic$'GHnt+n

C$Z

+*

C$

HC$

J t2c &)ng !"i C$Z U2nh *2ngV t+' r+ h &xn Tut ('n'c$'6 nn J Gh@i $ (Hty$Tic$';ut+n? CH] CHZC$ CH] C$ C$Z dHC$ CH] C$ C$ CH]

CH]

CH]

C$ C$ B)* 1E. y:c c>ng J+HyHr $ g3S Bi gii Rut Gh2t tC h+i tin $ c2c !Ong n' c1 cu trc Ghzng ! g1c ;3nh thng cM+ hir'c+c;'n n' $ [kjkZi{6 n>( [iig6 J+HyHr ch' rvng *8 |' nh= h+y trDng r/ng c2c g1c cM+ !Ong n' u &xn Bn (/t *:c c>ng $ ch' t%nh ;n cM+ !Ong gi@( i? Pgi t+ gi 1 $ *:c c>ng J+HyHr? y:c c>ng cng $"n6 !Ong tDng :ng cng %t ;n? / (5nh cM+ *:c c>ng Fc 2nh gi2 ;vng ? Fc t%nh thH' cng th:c ( n Z) [ik [ = [kj k Zi} Z n !% &)n ] e g h m i j k k k k k k Ze ee{ j ee{ k ee{ dg ee{ j ]]{ [Z eh{ d[gkkh{ B)* 1F. W3 *+' n1i $in ABt CdC tr'ng Ti$'Gr'G+n Fc gi $ $in ABt Ku@ chuLi S Bi gii Ric$'Gr'G+n $ hFG cht !Ong n' &uy nht c1 cu t5' Ghzng? ThH' Ku+n ni9( hi9n 5i6 Gh0n THn GhM c8c 5i cM+ c2c 2( (,y H$Hctr'n Ahng nv( trn ng thzng nLi $in h+i nguyn t_ c+c;'n ( c1 *8 uLn c'ng? y8 uLn c'ng ny $( ch' Gh0n THn GhM 2( (,y H$Hctr'n c1 gi@( i6 nhng *cG TBG nh thB c1 $Fi ! (t n>ng $Fng? C2c $in ABt CdC ny Fc gi $ $in ABt Ku@ chuLi 6 n1 (+ng t%nh cht trung gi+n gi#+ $in ABt ! ;3nh thng? X' *8 uLn c'ng nh !Ny6 th8c tB g1c $in ABt cM+ !Ong chl ;vng [khk ch: Ahng Gh@i [kjkZi{ ! $"n hDn nhiu *' !"i g1c cu t5' Ghzng cM+ t+( gi2c u UhkkV? Ric$'Gr'G+n rt &~ ;w (E !Ong &"i t2c &)ng cM+ hir'h+$'gHnu+6 JrZ ! ;w hir' h'2 c1 cht Tc t2c?

B)* 1G. ThB n' $ $8c ty PitHS Bi gii Th8c tB6 c2c !Ong n' UtrC Tic$'Gr'G+nV Ahng Gh@i $ nh#ng !Ong Ghzng? Tr'ng (/t !Ong ng'i *:c c>ng g1c J+HyHr c1 c1 (/t $8c ty n#+ 1 $ $8c ty gi#+ c2c nguyn t_ hir' E tr5ng th2i chH Ahut (/t Gh0n h+y t'n Gh0n g,y nn6 ' 1 (/t !i nguyn c+c;'n cM+ !Ong ;w $9ch r+ Ah=i (t Ghzng !Ong? L8c ty 1 gi $ $8c ty PitH B)* 1H. Pguyn nh,n n' 4 Tic$';ut+n t7n t5i E &5ng Ahng GhzngS Bi gii ThH' Ku+n ni9( hi9n n+y6 Tic$';ut+n c1 cu t5' Ahng Ghzng g1c gG c1 gi2 trw Ah'@ng ZkdZgk? T%nh Ahng Ghzng cM+ Tic$';ut+n Fc ch:ng t= tC c2c &# Ai9n th8c nghi9( cM+ gi@n 7 DnghHn6 gi@n 7 H$Hctr'n6 ('(Hn $<ng c8c6 Gh^ c/ng hEng tC h5t nh,n ! (/t *L GhDng Gh2G Ah2c? Pguyn nh,n chM yBu 4 Tic$';ut+n t7n t5i &5ng Ahng Ghzng $ 4 gi@( *:c c>ng Pit?

B)* 1I. Ric$'GHnt+n t7n t5i h+i cu &5ng Ahng Ghzng- &5ng Gh'ng ;3 ! &5ng n_+ ghB ? Hny !p h+i cu &5ng ny ! ch' ;iBt &5ng n' c1 t,( Li T:ng6 &5ng n' c1 tr)c Li T:ng? Bi gii PBu gi@ *_ Gh,n t_ Tic$'GHnt+n nv( trn (/t (t Ghzng th3 g1c $9ch kkee6 &' 1 c'i nh Ahng c1 *:c c>ng J+HyHr? Phng E ,y g $in ABt CdC E &5ng chH Ahut nn $5i Tut hi9n *:c c>ng Pit? Th8c tB Tic$'GHnt+n t7n t5i h+i cu &5ng Ahng Ghzng $ cu &5ng Gh'ng ;3 c1 (t Ghzng Li T:ng nn cOn gi $ cu &5ng C*? Cu &5ng n_+ ghB c1 tr)c Li T:ng ;Nc h+i nn cOn gi $ cu &5ng CZ? Cg CZ +,- : .hi th/c hi0n "h1" 2-a3 "h&n t4 x-n! 2-anh tr5c $i x6n! Cn m7t !c =
Z sao cho "h&n t4 n

tr n! v8i chnh n* 9r5c 2-a3 Cn !:i l# tr5c $i x6n! c;" n* B)* 1J. X8+ !' gi@n 7 thB n>ng *+u6 ch' ;iBt cu &5ng n' cM+ Tic$'hHT+n ;n nht S oi@i th%ch S

 Bi gii Cu &5ng ghB ;n hDn cu &5ng thuyn6 !3 n1 c1 thB n>ng thG nht? Pguyn nh,n &xn Bn *8 Ah2c nh+u ! / ;n gi#+ h+i &5ng ghB ! thuyn $ $8c ty tDng t2c gi#+ c2c nguyn t_ hir' cM+ !Ong? &5ng ghB tt c@ u Fc Gh,n ;L thH' h3nh th4 THn Ap? Tr'ng Ahi 1 E &5ng thuyn chl c1 e h9 thLng UC[dCZ6 C]dCe6 CedCg ! ChdC[V $ Gh,n ;L THn A6 cOn h+i h9 thLng cOn $5i CZdC] ! CgdChV th3 Gh,n ;L chH Ahut? k HDn n#+ nguyn t_ H E C[ ! Ce chl c2ch nh+u [6ie A nn n1 c1 (/t $8c ty Ah'@ng ] Ac+$('$? T^ng c/ng thB n>ng cM+ &5ng thuyn $"n hDn &5ng ghB h6i Ac+$('$?

Cng th:c PH(+n &5ng ghB Cng th:c PH(+n &5ng thuyn B)* :K. Tr'ng Tic$'hHT+n6 T2c inh $in ABt tr)c U+Ti+$V ! $in ABt ;in UHKu+t'ri+$V? y' *2nh t%nh ;n cM+ ad(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n ! ed(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n? oi@i th%ch? Bi gii Tr'ng Tic$'hHT+n6 *+u nguyn t_ c+c;'n E &5ng ghB Fc Gh,n ;L trn h+i (t Ghzng *'ng *'ng? .t Ghzng th: nht ch:+ C[6 C] ! Cg (t Ghzng th: h+i ch:+ CZ6 Ce ! Ch? Tr)c Li T:ng ;Nc ;+ cM+ Gh,n t_ thzng g1c !"i h+i (t Ghzng? [Z $in ABt CdH Fc chi+ $( h+i nh1(- nh1( th: nht g7( h nguyn t_ H *'ng *'ng !"i tr)c Li T:ng ;Nc ;+ U ] $in ABt h"ng $n ! ] $in ABt h"ng TuLngV? T+ gi 1 $ $in ABt tr)c6 A hi9u $ + U+Ti+$V? Ph1( th: h+i g7( h $in ABt cOn $5i6 chng h"ng r+ ng'i ;in Gh,n t_ Ut5' !"i tr)c Li T:ng (/t g1c [kjk Fc gi $ $in ABt ;in6 A% hi9u $ H UHKu+t'ri+$V?

sBt Ku@ Ah@' *2t $ thuyBt cung nh th8c nghi9( ed(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n ;n hDn ad(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n? nhi9t / thng ed(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n chiB( jg cOn ad(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n chiB( g? +d(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n A|( ;n !3 c1 Bn h+i tDng t2c *yn6 tr'ng Ah' 1 ed(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n Ahng c1 tDng t2c *yn n' c@?

ed(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n B)* :1. R|t cu &5ng *+u-

ad(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n

g e ]

[ Z

U+V Ph1( (Hty$ gcn Gh%+ &"i Cdh $ $in ABt tr)c U+Ti+$V h+y $in ABt ;in UHKu+t'ri+$V S U;V y' *2nh / ;n Ahi nh1( (Hty$ gcn Gh%+ &"i Cd[ ! Cde? UcV shi nh1( (Hty$ gcn !' C] th3 t5' r+ cu &5ng ;n6 !Ny n1 gcn !' &"i h+y trnS Bi gii U+V Ph1( CH] $ $in ABt tr)c U+V
h

CH3

U;V Cd[ A|( ;n hDn Cde6 !3 $in ABt tr)c A|( ;n hDn $in ABt ;in UHV?
CH3
[

H3C
e

UcV Ph1( CH] gcn !' Cd] t5' r+ cu &5ng ;n th3 Gh@i $ $in ABt ;in6 tDng :ng !"i !w tr% ny $ gcn !' Gh%+ &"i?
H

H3C

B)* ::. R2c wnh cu trc ;n tr'ng (i cG cu &5ng ch' &"i ,yS

 Bi gii: C2c cu &5ng ;n $-

B)* :@. Lt ch2y h'n t'n Hty$Tic$'Gr'G+n ! (Hty$Tic$';ut+n6 *' *2nh n>ng $Fng gi@i Gh1ng cM+ (i 7ng Gh,n? Bi gii rty$Tic$'Gr'G+n ! (Hty$Tic$';ut+n $ 7ng Gh,n Uu c1 cng th:c Gh,n t_ CgH[ZV? 7ng Gh,n n' ;n gi@i Gh1ng n>ng $Fng thG? rty$Tic$'Gr'G+n c1 *:c c>ng g1c $"n ! A|( ;n hDn (Hty$Tic$';ut+n?

CHZCH]

CH]

(Hty$Tic$';ut+n Hty$Tic$'Gr'G+n iki6i Ac+$('$ ik[6Z Ac+$('$ B)* :E. y' *2nh t%nh ;n cM+ 7ng Gh,n $NG th4 [6]6gdtri(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n? H H H H
H]C H CH] CH] H]C H] C H CH]

cisd[6]6gdtri(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n transd[6]6gdtri(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n

Bi gii Tt c@ nh1( CH] $ HKu+t'ri+$ tr'ng cisd[6]6gdtri(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n nn n1 ;n hDn transd[6]6gd tri(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n c1 ch:+ (/t nh1( CH] $ +Ti+$? H H CH] CH ] H]C H]C CH] H H H H CH]
H H]C H]C H cisd[6]6gdtri(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n H CH] H

CH] H CH]

CH] H

transd[6]6gdtri(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n B)* :F. WiBt cu trc Gh,n t_ c1 cu &5ng ;n nht ch' (i hFG cht *+uU+V transd[dtertd;uty$d]d(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n U;V cisd[dtertd;uty$d]d(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n UcV transd[dtertd;uty$ded(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n U&V cisd[dtertd;uty$ded(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n Bi gii

U+V 4 c1 7ng Gh,n cu &5ng ;n nht th3 nh1( tHrtd;uty$ $ HKu+t'ri+$? y+u 1 th( nh1( CH] U+Ti+$V !' Cd] cM+ !Ong Tic$'hHT+n?

H CUCH]V] CH]

H CUCH]V]

H transd[dtertd;uty$d]d(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
U;V Tr"c tin !p Tic$'hHT+n E &5ng ghB !"i (/t nh1( tHrtd;uty$ E !w tr% HKu+t'ri+$? 4 t5' r+ cisd[d tertd;uty$d]d(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n th3 Gh@i gcn nh1( (Hty$ !' Cd] E !w tr% HKu+t'ri+$? H H
CUCH]V] H]C cisd[dtertd;uty$d]d(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n

UcV transd[dtertd;uty$ded(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n c@ h+i nh1( tHrtd;uty$ ! Cde (Hty$ u $ HKu+t'ri+$? H

H]C CUCH]V]

H transd[dtertd;uty$ded(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n U&V L0n n#+6 nh1( tHrtd;uty$ E !w tr% HKu+t'ri+$6 tuy nhin6 tr'ng cisd[dtertd;uty$ded(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n6 Ced(Hty$ Gh@i E !w tr% +Ti+$? H H CH] cisd[dtertd;uty$ded(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n CUCH]V]

B)* :G. Wp c2c 7ng Gh,n ! gi tn cM+ hir'c+c;'n c1 h+i !Ong nhng Ahng ch:+ nh1( thB +nAy$ c1 cng th:c Gh,n t_ CgHi? Bi gii

*Gir'GHnt+n

;iTic$'YZ?[?k\GHnt+n

;iTic$'Y[?[?[\GHnt+nH

B)* :H. WiBt c2c 7ng Gh,n ! gi tn cM+ hir'c+c;'n c1 h+i !Ong nhng Ahng ch:+ nh1( thB +nAy$ c1 cng th:c Gh,n t_ ChH[k Bi gii

*Gir'YZ?]\hHT+n

;iTic$'YZ6Z6k\hHT+n

;iTic$'Y]6[6k\hHT+n

Tic$'Gr'Gy$Tic$'Gr'G+n ;iTic$'YZ6[6[\hHT+n B)* :I. Hny !p (/t ( h3nh Gh,n t_ ch' n';'n+n U;iTic$'YZ6Z6[\hHGt+nV? WOng h c5nh E &5ng thuyn h+y ghBS HFG cht ('n'c$' n';'n+n c1 ;+' nhiu 7ng Gh,n Ah2c nh+uS Bi gii n';'n+n

WOng h c5nh cM+ n';'n+n E &5ng thuyn? ('n'c$' n';'n+n c1 e 7ng Gh,nC$

C$

C$ C$ A B C D A ! J c1 th4 c1 7ng Gh,n Ku+ng hc B)* :J. Phi9t Lt ch2y cM+ (/t *L Tic$'+nA+n nh *+uRic$'+nA+n Ric$'+nA+n H UAc+$('$V H UAc+$('$V Ric$'Gr'G+n ejj6i] Ric$'n'+n [eZj6gk Ric$';ut+n hgg6ih Ric$'Hc+n [gih6kk Ric$'GHnt+n mj]6gZ Ric$'unHc+n [meZ6ek Ric$'hHT+n jee6ei Ric$'Hc+n [ijZ6ek Ric$'hHGt+n [[ki6Zk Ric$triHc+n Zkg[6ek Ric$''ct+n [Zhj6Zk Ric$'tHtr+Hc+n ZZk]6hk Hny t%nh nhi9t Lt ch2y cM+ nh1( (Hty$Hn tr'ng (i Tic$'+nA+n? Hny t%nh *:c c>ng g1c tr'ng c2c Tic$'+nA+n trn? JiBt rvng Tic$'hHT+n $ tFng trng ch' h9 Ahng c1 *:c c>ng g1c U*:c c>ng g1c t8 &'V? Hny $i9t A c2c $'5i *:c c>ng g1c tr'ng c2c !Ong c1 A%ch th"c Ah2c nh+u? U;V Hny gi@i th%ch t5i *+' nh#ng !Ong c1 A%ch th"c trung ;3nh UCmdC[[V Fc t^ng hFG !"i hi9u *ut thG hDn *' !"i !Ong nh= UC]dChV h'c !Ong $"n UC[ZdCnVS Bi gii U+V 4 t%nh nhi9t Lt ch2y cM+ (i nh1( CHZ c1 tr'ng c2c Tic$'+nA+n t+ $y nhi9t Lt ch2y cM+ Tic$'+nA+n 1 chi+ ch' *L nguyn t_ C? HHT+n c1 *:c c>ng g1c ;vng Ahng nn nhi9t Lt ch2y cM+ nh1( CHZ Ahi Ahng c1 *:c c>ng g1c $ [gm6e[ Ac+$('$? TC 1 t+ c1 th4 t%nh Fc nhi9t Lt ch2y cM+ c2c Tic$'+nA+n tDng :ng Ahi Ahng c1 *:c c>ng g1c ;vng c2ch $y [gm6e[ nh,n ch' *L nguyn t_ c+c;'n? sBt Ku@ th4 hi9n tr'ng ;@ng *+u? n Phi9t Lt ch2y Phi9t Lt ch2y cM+ Phi9t Lt ch2y y:c c>ng g1c Ac+$('$ CHZ Ac+$('$ Ahng c1 *:c c>ng Ac+$('$ g1c Ac+$('$ ejj?i] ] [hh?h[ emZ?Ze Zm?gj hgg?ih e [h]?jm hZj?hg Zh?Z[

mj]?gZ g [gi?m mim?km h?eg jee?ei h [gm?e[ jee?ei k [[ki?Z m [gi?][ [[k[?ij h?][ [Zhj?Z i [gi?hg [Zgj?][ j?ij [eZj?g j [gi?i] [e[h?mZ [Z?mi [gih [k [gi?h [gme?[] [[?im [meZ?e [[ [gi?e [m][?gg [k?ig [ijZ?e [Z [gm?m [iii?jh ]?ee Zkg[?e [] [gm?i Zkeh?]m g?k] ZZk]?h [e [gm?e ZZk]?mj dk?[j PhNn T|t y:c c>ng g1c gi@( &0n tC Tic$'Gr'G+n Bn Tic$'hHT+n? W3 c1 *8 ABt hFG *:c c>ng g1c U*:c c>ng J+yHrV ! *8 ty tDng h gi#+ c2c nh1( thB E !w tr% chH Ahut U*:c c>ng PitHrV? C2c !Ong $"n n [Z *:c c>ng g1c nh= Ahng 2ng A4? C2c !Ong trung ;3nh UCmdC[[V c1 *:c c>ng g1c? U;V rntr'Gi @nh hEng Bn cu &5ng cM+ !Ong nh=? Ph#ng !Ong ny c1 Ah@ n>ng 1ng !Ong $"n ng+y c@ Ahi c1 *:c c>ng? Ph#ng !Ong $"n c1 th4 t5' r+ !"i hi9u *ut hFG $ !3 chng c1 *:c c>ng g1c ;| ! yBu tL Hntr'Gi c1 th4 !Ft Ku+ ;vng *8 $8+ chn iu Ai9n Gh@n :ng GhQ hFG? C2c !Ong trung ;3nh ! (t Hntr'Gi ! *:c c>ng u Ahng thuNn $Fi nn hi9u *ut Gh@n :ng nh=? B)* @K. y' *2nh / ;n cM+ h+i cu &5ng *+u6 gi@i th%ch S H H CH CH
] ]

CH] H]C HH UAV H H H]C

H CH] H UJV

Bi gii Cu &5ng J ;n hDn cu &5ng A !3 c1 Z CH] q H [6]d&i+Ti+$ rHGu$*i'n* tr'ng Ahi 1 cu &5ng A c1 (/t CH]dCH] [6]d&i+Ti+$ rHGu$*i'n ! h+i CH]dH [6]d&i+Ti+$ rHGu$*i'n? B)* @1. Wp c2c cu &5ng ghB cM+ tr+n*d[6Zd&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n ! ci*d[6Zd&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n? y' *2nh / ;n cM+ c2c cu &5ng 1? Bi gii
CH3 U+V CH3 UHV CH3

UHV

b n h n transd[6Zd&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
CH3 UHV

CH3 U+V

UHV CH3
CH3 U+V CH3 U+V

cisd[6Zd&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n Hai cu dng ny c b n nh nhau B)* @:. Wp c2c cu &5ng ghB cM+ tr+n*d[6]d&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n ! ci*d[6]d&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n? y' *2nh / ;n cM+ c2c cu &5ng 1?

CH3 (a) CH3 UHV H3C

UHV

CH3 U+V

transd[6]d&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n Hai cu dng ny c b n nh nhau

CH3 UHV H3C UHV

b n h n

cisd[6]d&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n

U+V CH3

U+V CH3

B)* @@. Wp c2c cu &5ng ghB cM+ transd[6ed&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n ! cisd[6ed&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n? y' *2nh / ;n cM+ c2c cu &5ng? Bi gii
CH3 U+V

UHV
H3C CH3 UHV

b n h n
CH3 UHV

U+V CH3

transd[6ed&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n
H3C

UHV
CH3 U+V

U+V CH3

cisd[6ed&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n Hai cu dng ny c b n nh nhau. B)* @E. U+V Zd`*'Gr'Gy$dgd(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n'$ c1 e 7ng Gh,n ci* q tr+n*6 hny !iBt c2c 7ng Gh,n 1? U;V Wp cu &5ng cM+ c2c 7ng Gh,n 1? Tr'ng *L e 7ng Gh,n 1 7ng Gh,n n' ;n nhtS Bi gii U+V Cng th:c cM+ e 7ng Gh,n

U;V Ji4u &i~n c2c cu &5ng

UcV Cu &5ng ;n nht $ tr+n*dZd`*'Gr'Gy$dci*dgd(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n'$? W3 tt c@ c2c nh1( thB u E &5ng H?

B)* @F. oi@i th%ch t5i *+u [6Zd&i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n c1 7ng Gh,n h3nh hc tr'ng Ahi 1 [6Zd &i(Hty$Tic$'&'&Hc+n th3 Ahng S

Xi !Ong Tic$'&'&Hc+n M $"n 4 c2c nh1( nguyn t_ c1 th4 Ku+y t8 &'6 !3 thB n1 Ahng th4 t7n t5i 7ng Gh,n ci*dtr+n*? B)* @G. WiBt cng th:c c2c 7ng Gh,n $NG th4 Ahng Li Ku+ngU7ng Gh,n $NG th4 i d + V cM+ Z d c$' d [6] d i(Hty$Tic$'hHT+n ! ch' ;iBt cu trc *@n Ght( t5' thnh Ahi ch' c2c 7ng Gh,n 1 t2c &)ng !"i CH]P+? Bi gii
CH3 Cl CH3 CH3 Cl CH3 I II CH3 CH3 Cl III CH3 CH3 Cl

H H H3C CH3 H3C H

H Cl CH3

CH3

H CH3

Cl C5 6 H ) C b*n cnh u %ch & c. CH3

#h$ng %ch & c '( H )C b*n cnh +h$ng ,ng -h. ng ' u ) '/ 01ci2 3i '4 i cl".

Cl Ch7 c 1 H l %ch & c.

CH3

CH3 1,3 - im e yl!icl"he!en

CH3 1,3 - ime yl!icl"he!en

B)* @H. y2u hir'c+c;'n A6 J6 C6 X6 r6 u c1 cng th:c Gh,n t_ CeHi? Ch' tCng cht !' ;r'( tr'ng CC$e Ahi Ahng chiBu *2ng th3 thy A6 J6 C6 X t2c &)ng rt nh+nh?6 r t2c &)ng chN( hDn6 cOn th3 h0u nh Ahng Gh@n :ng? C2c *@n Ght( thu Fc tC J ! C $ nh#ng 7ng Gh,n Ku+ng hc Ahng Li Ku+ngU7ng Gh,n $NG th4 i d +V cM+ nh+u? shi ch' t2c &)ng !"i HZUP&6 tkV th3 A6 J6 C u ch' cQng (/t *@n Ght( o? J c1 nhi9t / *i c+' hDn C? [? R2c wnh cng th:c cM+ h hir'c+c;'n trn? oi@i th%chS Z? y' *2nh nhi9t / *i cM+ r ! ? ]? PBu c1 C6 X6 r6 ? Hny nu GhDng Gh2G h'2 hc nhNh ;iBt chng? Bi gii. [? C2c 7ng Gh,n c1 th4 c1 cM+ CeHi-

CH3 CH3

CH6

CH

CH6 CH3

CH3 CH3 CH6

C CH3 CH

CH6

CH H6C

CH

CH CH3

CH6

H6C CH6 H6C CH CH3 d W3 h0u nh Ahng Gh@n :ng !"i JrZCC$e6 nn $-

H6C H6C

CH6 CH6

d r t2c &)ng chN( !"i JrZCC$e6 nn r $-

CH6

H6C

CH

CH3

d W3 A6 J6 C Fc hir' h'2 u ch' cQng (/t *@n Ght( o ch:ng t= A6 J6 C c1 Ahung C nh nh+u6 nn cOn $5i X-

CH3

CH6

CH3
W3 J6 C t2c &)ng !"i JrZCC$e ch' nh#ng 7ng Gh,n Ku+ng hc Ahng Li Ku+ng cM+ nh+uUc1 %t nht ZCV6 nn J ! C $ 7ng Gh,n cis < trans cM+ nh+u? X' J c1 nhi9t / *i c+' hDn C nn J $ 7ng Gh,n cis UGh,n c8c hDnV?

89 CH3 C H C

CH3 H

C9

CH3 C H C

H CH3

A- CH] d CHZ d CH CHZ III. LMT LUN Pghin c:u ti ny6 chng ti n thu Fc (/t *L ABt Ku@ *+u[? T^ng Ku+n Fc $ thuyBt cM+ ti nghin c:u? Z? Chng ti n thiBt AB ! chn $c ]m ;i tNG ! &+nh Gh2G ! $NG th4 cM+ hir'c+c;'n !Ong n' c1 $i gi@i6 tr'ng 1Ji tNG ! Ah2i ni9(- j ;i Ji tNG ! &+nh Gh2G- j ;i Ji tNG ! cu h3nh- e ;i Ji tNG ! cu &5ng- [[ ;i Ji tNG t^ng hFGe ;i ]? R,y &8ng Fc h9 thLng ;i tNG tC &~ Bn Ah16 tC Dn gi@n Bn Gh:c t5G6 giG ch' c2c H( hc *inh &~ tiBG thu? ti ny $ (/t ti $i9u giG c2c H( hc *inh t8 hc6 t8 nghin c:u6 $ ti $i9u th+( Ah@' ch' gi2' !in ;7i &<ng hc *inh gi=i c2c cG? siBn nghwX+nh Gh2G ! $NG th4 cM+ c2c hFG cht Ah2c6 nh - hir'c+c;'n Ahng n'6 hir'c+c;'n thD( ! c2c &xn Tut cM+ hir'c+c;'n *p tiBG t)c nghin c:u *+u ny?

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