Bai Tap Trac Nghiem Hoa Hoc 12

CHNG I.
ESTE - LIPIT
Cu 1.1 Khi un hn hp gm etanol v axit axetic (c mt H2SO4 c lm xc t c!" c th# thu $c e%te c t&n l '( )iet*l ete( +( ,t*l axetat( -( ,t*l .omiat( /( ,t*l axetic( Cu 1.2 - c c nh0n 1nh %au 2 (3! ,%te l %4n ph5m c6a ph4n 7ng gi8a axit v ancol9 (2! ,%te l hp ch:t h8u c; t<ong ph=n t> c nhm ? -OO ? 9 (@! ,%te no" ;n ch7c" mAch hB c cCng th7c ph=n t> - nH2nO2 " vDi n E 2 9 (4! Hp ch:t -H@-OO-2HF thuGc loAi e%te9 (F! S4n ph5m c6a ph4n 7ng gi8a axit v ancol l e%te( - c nh0n 1nh ng l '( (3!" (2!" (@!" (4!" (F!( +( (3!" (@!" (4!" (F!( -( (3!" (2!" (@!" (4!( /( (2!" (@!" (4!" (F!( Cu 1.3 HIt c c nh0n 1nh %au2 (3!J<ong ph4n 7ng e%te ho " axit %un.u<ic vKa lm xc t c vKa c t c LMng ht n$Dc" Lo lm tNng hiOu %u:t tAo e%te9 (2! KhCng th# iPu chQ $c vin*l axetat RSng c ch un %Ci hn hp ancol v axit c axit H 2SO4 c lm xc t c9 (@! )# iPu chQ e%te c6a phenol ThCng LUng axit cacRox*lic # thVc hiOn ph4n 7ng vDi phenol9 (4! Wh4n 7ng e%te ho l ph4n 7ng thu0n ? ngh1ch( - c nh0n 1nh ng gm '( chX (4!( +( (3! v (4!( -( (3!" (@!" v (4!( /( (3!" (2!" (@!" (4!( Cu 1.4 Hn hp H gm 2 e%te mAch hB , (-FHYO4! v Z (-4HYO2!( )un hn hp H vDi Lung L1ch [aOH L$" %au cC cAn Lung L1ch" thu ch:t <\n ]( [ung ] vDi [aOH (c mt -aO! th^ $c mGt ch:t Th_ l -H 4( `0* cCng th7c c:u tAo c6a , v Z l '( HOO-a-H b -Ha -OOa-H@ v -H@aOO- a -H b -H2( +( HOO- a -OO a -H2 a -H b -H2 v H a -OO a -H2 a -H b -H2( -( HOO- a -H b -H a -OO a -H@ v -H2 b -H a -OO a -H@( /( HOO- a -H2 a -OO a -H b -H2 v -H@ a -OO a -H b -H2( Cu 1.5 Jcng %d li&n TQt v %d veng t<ong ph=n t> e%te (ThCng ch7a nhm ch7c no Th c! tAo RBi glixe<ol v axit Renfoic l 2 '( @( +( 4( -( 34( /( 3F( Cu 1.6 gng vDi cCng th7c ph=n t> -4HhO2" %i tn tAi c c e%te vDi t&n gji 2 (3! et*l axetat9 (2! met*l p<opionat9 (@! met*l i%o?p<op*lonat9 (4! p<op*l .omiat9 (F! i%o?p<op*l .omiat( - c t&n gji ng 7ng vDi e%te c th# c c6a cCng th7c ph=n t> k cho l2 '( (3!" (2!" (4!" (F!( +( (3!" (@!" (4!" (F!( -( (3!" (2!" (@!" (4!( /( (2!" (@!" (4!" (F! Cu 1.7 Wh4n 7ng thul ph=n c6a e%te t<ong mCi t<$mng axit (3! v mCi t<$mng Raf; (2! Th c nhau B c c i#m 2 an (3! thu0n ngh1ch" cen (2! chX mGt chiPu9 Rn (3! tAo %4n ph5m axit" cen (2! tAo %4n ph5m mudi9 cn (3! con un nng" cen (2! ThCng con un nng( [h0n xIt ng l '( a" R( +( a" R" c( -( a" c( /( R" c( Cu 1.8 -Cng th7c tcng pu t c6a e%te tAo RBi mGt axit cacRox*lic v mGt ancol l '( -nH2nO2( +( q-OOqr( -( -nH2n a 2O2( /( qR(-OO!aRqra( Cu 1.9 -Cng th7c tcng pu t c6a e%te tAo RBi mGt axit cacRox*lic no ;n ch7c v mGt ancol no ;n ch7c (c4 axit v ancol Pu mAch hB! l '( -nH2ns2O2( +( -nH2n a 2O2( -( -nH2nO2( /( -nH2n s 3-OO-mH2m s3( Cu 1.10 ,%te c6a glixe<ol vDi axit cacRox*lic (q-OOH! $c mGt %d hjc %inh viQt nh$ %au2 (3! (q-OO!@-@HF9 (2! (q-OO!2-@HF(OH!9 (@! (HO!2-@HFOO-q9 (4! (qOO-!2-@HF(OH!9 (F! -@HF(-OOq!@( -Cng th7c k viQt ng l '( chX c (3!( +( chX c (F!( -( (3!" (F!" (4!( /( (3!" (2!" (@!( Cu 1.11 -Cng th7c tcng pu t c6a e%te thuon ch7c tAo RBi ancol no hai ch7c v axit ThCng no c mGt ndi Ci" Ra ch7c l '( -nH2n ? 3tOY( +( -nH2n ?3YO32( -( -nH2n ? YO4( /( -nH2n ? 3hO32( Cu 1.12 J<ong %d c c ph4n 7ng c th# c c6a e%te gm2 (3! ph4n 7ng t<Ung hp9 (2! ph4n 7ng cGng9 (@! ph4n 7ng thul ph=n9 (4! ph4n 7ng oxi ha" ph4n 7ng c t<$ng cho mji e%te l '( (3!( +( (4!( -( (@!( /( (@! v (4!( Cu 1.13 [h8ng ph t Ri#u %au =* 2 (3! -h:t RIo ThCng tan t<ong n$Dc9 (2! -h:t RIo ThCng tan t<ong n$Dc" nhu h;n n$Dc nh$ng tan nhiPu t<ong Lung mCi h8u c;9 (@! /ou Nn v mv RCi t<;n c cUng thnh phon ngu*&n td9 (4! -h:t RIo l e%te c6a glixe<ol v axit h8u c;( - c ph t Ri#u ng l '( (3!" (2!" (@!" (4!( +( (3!" (2!( -( (3!" (2!" (4!( /( (2!" (@!" (4!( Cu 1.14 J<ong thnh phon c6a mGt %d loAi %;n c t<ie%te c6a glixe<ol vDi axit linoleic - 3wH@3-OOH v axit linolenic -3wH2x-OOH( Sd l$ng cCng th7c c:u tAo c6a c c t<ie%te c th# c t<ong loAi %;n ni t<&n l2 '( Y( +( 3h( -( h( /( 32( Cu 1.15 ,%te mAch hB" ;n ch7c ch7a Fty- (vP Thdi l$ng! c t&n gji l '( et*l axetat( +( vin*l axtetat( -( met*l axetat( /( vin*l .omiat( Cu 1.16 ,%te H (-hHhO2! t c LMng vDi l$ng L$ Lung L1ch KOH thu $c 2 mudi h8u c; v H2O( H c t&n gji l '( met*l Renfoat( +( Renf*l .omiat( -( phen*l .omiat( /( phen*l axetat( Cu 1.17 -h:t H c cCng th7c ph=n t> -4HhO2( Khi H t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch [aOH %inh <a ch:t ] c cCng th7c -2H@O2[a( -Cng th7c c:u tAo c6a H l '( H-OO-@Hw +( -2HF-OO-H@ -( -H@-OO-2HF /( H-OO-@HF( Cu 1.18 Khi un hn hp 2 axit q3-OOH v q2-OOH vDi glixe<ol (axit H2SO4 lm xc t c! c th# thu $c m:* t<ie%te z '( Y( +( 4( -( 3h( /( 2( Cu 1.19 J<ong %d c c e%te2 (3! met*l axetat9 (2! met*l ac<*lat9 (@! met*l metac<*lat9 (4! met*l Renfoat" e%te m polime c6a n $c LUng # %4n xu:t ch:t L{o gm
+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(
'( (3!" (2!" (@!( +( (3!" (4!( -( (2!" (@!9 (4!( /( (@!" (4!( Cu 1.20 Sd ngu*&n t> cacRon tdi thi#u t<ong ph=n t> e%te ThCng no" mAch hB l '( 2( +( F( -( 4( /( @( Cu 1.21 Sd ngu*&n t> cacRon tdi thi#u t<ong ph=n t> e%te ($c tAo n&n tK axit v ancol! no a ch7c" mAch hB l2 '( 2( +( F( -( 4( /( @( Cu 1.22 )un nng hn hp gm x mol axit axetic v * mol et*len glicol (xt H2SO4 c!( JAi thmi i#m c=n RSng thu $c t"@t mol axit" t"2F mol ancol v t"wF mol e%te (ThCng t c LMng vDi [a!( x" * c gi t<1 l '( x b 3"tF9 * b t"wF( +( x b 3"2t9 * b t"xt( -( x b 3"tF9 * b 3"tt( /( x b 3"ht9 * b 3"tt( Cu 1.23 J<ong %d c c ng ph=n mAch hB c cCng th7c ph=n t> - 2H4O2" %d ng ph=n c Th4 nNng t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch [aOH" nat -@HYO2" mGt hjc %inh gji t&n c c ng ph=n e%te c th# c gm2 (3! et*l .omiat9 (2! met*l axetat9 (@! i%o p<op*l .omiat9 (4! vin*l .omiat( - c t&n gji ng l '( chX c (3!( +( (3! v (2!( -( chX c (@!( /( (3!" (2! v (@!( Cu 1.25 J&n gji c6a e%te ($c tAo n&n tK axit v ancol th_ch hp! c cCng th7c ph=n t> - 4HYO2 l '( |et*l ac<*lat( +( |et*l metac<*lat( -( |et*l p<opionat( /( ìn*l axetat( Cu 1.26 -ho 2 mol -H@-OOH thVc hiOn ph4n 7ng e%te ho vDi @ mol -2HFOH( Khi At t<Ang th i c=n RSng t<ong hn hp c 3"2 mol e%te tAo thnh( } nhiOt G hSng %d c=n RSng K c c6a ph4n 7ng e%te ho l2 '( 3( +( 3"2( -( 2"4( /( @"2( Cu 1.27 -h:t H t c LMng vDi [aOH cho Lung L1ch H3( -C cAn H3 $c ch:t <\n H2 v hn hp h;i H@( -h$ng c:t H@ thu $c ch:t H4( -ho H4 t< ng g$;ng $c %4n ph5m HF( -ho HF t c LMng vDi [aOH lAi thu $c H2( `0* cCng th7c c:u tAo c6a H l '( H-OO a-(-H@! b -H2( +( H-OO a -H b -H a -H@( -( -H2 b -H a -H2 a O-OH( /( -H2 b -H a O-O-H@( Cu 1.28 Hn hp J gm 2 ch:t H" ] mAch hB (-"H"O! ;n ch7c Pu ThCng t c LMng $c vDi [a" nh$ng Pu t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch [aOH Thi un nng( )dt ch * hon ton m g J" thu Y"w2 l_t (Ttc! -O 2 v F"4g H2O( `0* H" ] thuGc Lk* ng ~ng '( e%te ;n" no( +( e%te ;n no" c 3 ndi Ci( -( e%te ;n" c mGt ndi Ra( /( e%te ;n c 2 ndi Ci( Cu 1.29 Wh t Ri#u no %au =* sai z '( Wh4n 7ng x pheng ho l ph4n 7ng thul ph=n e%te t<ong mCi t<$mng TiPm" un nng( +( -h:t RIo l e%te c6a glixe<ol vDi c c axit RIo( -( lixe<ol Th> n$Dc hon ton cho %4n ph5m l ac<olein( /( - c axit RIo c mAch cacRon ThCng ph=n nh nh" %d ngu*&n t> cacRon chn( Cu 1.30 - ch no %au =* c th# LUng # iPu chQ et*l axetat z '( )un hi l$u hn hp etanol" gi:m v axit %un.u<ic c( +( )un hi l$u hn hp axit axetic" <$u t<\ng v axit %un.u<ic c( -( )un %Ci hn hp etanol" axit axetic v axit %un.u<ic c t<ong cdc thul tinh ch1u nhiOt( /( )un hi l$u hn hp etanol" axit axetic v axit %un.u<ic c( Cu 1.31 -h:t h8u c; H c cCng th7c ph=n t> l -FHYO4( Jhul ph=n H RSng Lung L1ch [aOH L$" thu $c mGt mudi v mGt ancol( -Cng th7c c:u tAo c6a H c th# l '( HOO-a-OOa-H2a-H b -H2( +( HOO-a-H2a-OOa-H b -H2( -( HOO-a-H b -HaOO-a-H@( /( HOO-a-H2a-H b -HaOO-H( Cu 1.32 Jhul ph=n e%te , c cCng th7c ph=n t> -4HhO2 vDi xc t c axit vC c; lokng" thu $c 2 %4n ph5m h8u c; H" ] (ch7a c c ngu*&n t> -" H" O!( JK H c th# iPu chQ t<Vc tiQp <a ] RSng mGt ph4n 7ng Lu* nh:t( -h:t , l2 '( et*l axetat( +( p<op*l .omiat( -( i%op<op*l .omiat( /( met*l p<opionat( Cu 1.33 -ho c c c=u %au 2 an -h:t RIo thuGc loAi hp ch:t e%te( Rn - c e%te ThCng tan t<ong n$Dc Lo chng nhu h;n n$Dc( cn - c e%te ThCng tan t<ong n$Dc v nci l&n t<&n mt n$Dc l Lo chng ThCng tAo $c li&n TQt hi<o vDi n$Dc v nhu h;n n$Dc( Ln Khi un ch:t RIo lng vDi hi<o c xc t c niTen t<ong ni h:p th^ chng chu*#n thnh ch:t RIo <\n( en -h:t RIo lng l c c t<iglixe<it ch7a gdc axit ThCng no t<ong ph=n t>( [h8ng c=u ng l p n no %au =* z '( a" L" e( +( a" R" L( -( a" c" L" e( /( a" R" c" L" e( Cu 1.34 -hX %d axit c6a ch:t RIo l '( Sd mol KOH con # x pheng ho mGt gam ch:t RIo( +( Sd miligam [aOH con # t<ung ho c c axit tV Lo c t<ong 3 gam ch:t RIo( -( Sd miligam KOH con # t<ung ho c c axit tV Lo c t<ong 3 gam ch:t RIo( /( Sd li&n TQt c t<ong gdc hi<ocacRon c6a axit RIo( Cu 1.35 -ho a mol ch:t RIo (-3wH@F-OO!@-@HF t c LMng hQt vDi [aOH thu $c 4Yg glixe<ol" a c gi t<1 l2 '( t"@ mol( +( t"4 mol( -( t"F mol( /( t"Y mol(
Cu 1.36 )un nng hn hp H v ] c cCng th7c -FHhO2 t<ong Lung L1ch [aOH" thu %4n ph5m 2 mudi -@HFO2[a" -@H@O2[a v 2 %4n ph5m Th c( -Cng th7c c:u tAo c6a H v ] l '( -H2b-Ha-H2a-H2 a -OOH v -H@a-H2a-Hb-Ha-OOH( +( -H@a-H2a-OOa-Hb-H2 v -H2b-Ha-OOa-H2a-H@( -( -H@a-H(OH!a-H(OH!a-Hb-H2 v -H2b-Ha-H2a-H2a-OOH( /( ObH-a-H2a-H2a-H2a-HbO v ObH-a-H(OH!a-H2a-Hb-H2( Cu 1.37 JK ngu*&n liOu ou l eten v Renfen (xc t c v iPu TiOn ph4n 7ng c 6!" # iPu chQ $c Ra polime gm poli%ti<en" poliRutaien v poli(Rutaien?%ti<en!" con thVc hiOn %d l$ng ph4n 7ng ho hjc _t nh:t l2 '( F( +(Y( -( w( /( h Cu 1.38 -ho 3t gam hn hp H gm etanol v et*l axetat t c LMng vKa 6 vDi Ftg Lung L1ch nat gm2 (3! LL R<om9 (2! LL [aOH9 (@! LL 'g[O@n[H@9 (4! axit axetic9 (F! cn iot( )# ph=n RiOt @ e%te2 anl*l axetat" vin*l axetat v et*l .omiat con ph4i LUng c c thudc th> l '( 3" 2" F( +( 3" @( -( 2" @( /( 3" 2" @( Cu 1.40 -ho t"3F mol e%te ;n ch7c H (-FHhO2! t c LMng vKa 6 vDi Lung L1ch [aOH" cC cAn Lung L1ch %au ph4n 7ng thu 23g mudi Than( -Cng th7c c:u tAo c6a H l
Cu 1.41 Z l ch:t h8u c; c cCng th7c ph=n t> -FHhO2( Z t c LMng vDi [aOH tAo <a mGt ancol J" Thi dt ch * mGt th# t_ch ancol J con @ th# t_ch oxi (o B cUng iPu TiOn!( 'xit tAo Z l '( axit axetic( +( axit vale<ic( -( axit ac<*lic( /( axit .omic( Cu 1.42 )dt ch * hon ton m g hn hp c c e%te no" ;n ch7c" mAch hB( S4n ph5m ch * $c Ln vo R^nh Vng Lung L1ch n$Dc vCi t<ong L$ th:* Thdi l$ng R^nh tNng Y"2g( Sd mol H2O %inh <a v Thdi l$ng TQt t6a tAo <a l2 '( t"3 mol9 32g( +( t"3 mol9 3tg( -( t"t3mol9 3tg( /( t"t3 mol9 3"2g( Cu 1.43 -ho ancol H t c LMng vDi axit ] thu $c e%te ( lm Ra* h;i h"Yg thu $c th# t_ch RSng th# t_ch c6a @"2g O2 B cUng iPu TiOn nhiOt G v p %u:t( +iQt |] |H( J&n gji c6a ] l '( axit .omic( +( axit metac<*lic( -( axit ac<*lic( /( axit axetic( Cu 1.44 -ho hn hp , gm 2 e%te c cCng th7c ph=n t> -4HhO2 v -@HYO2 t c LMng hon ton vDi [aOH L$ thu $c Y"34g hn hp 2 mudi v @"Yhg mGt ancol ] Lu* nh:t c tX Thdi %o vDi oxi l 3"4@wF( -Cng th7c c:u tAo mi e%te v %d gam t$;ng 7ng l '( -2HF-OO-H@ (Y"Yg!9 -H@-OO-H@ (3"4hg!( +( -H@-OO-2HF (4"4g!9 H-OO-2HF (2"22g!( -( -2HF-OO-H@ (4"4g!9 -H@-OO-H@ (2"22g!( /( -H@-OO-2HF (Y"Yg!9 H-OO-2HF (3"4hg!( Cu 1.45 )dt ch * Yg e%te , thu $c 4"4h l_t -O2 (Ttc! v @"Yg H2O( +iQt , c ph4n 7ng t< ng g$;ng vDi Lung L1ch 'g[O@n[H@( `0* cCng th7c c:u tAo c6a , l '( -H@-OO a -H2-H2-H@( +( H-OO a -H2-H2-H@( -( H-OO a -2HF( /( H-OO-H@( Cu 1.46 Jhul ph=n hon ton h"hg e%te ;n ch7c" mAch hB H vDi 3ttml Lung L1ch KOH 3| (vKa 6! thu $c 4"Yg mGt ancol ]( J&n gji c6a H l2 '( ,t*l .omiat( +( ,t*l p<opionat( -( ,t*l axetat( /( W<op*l axetat( Cu 1.47 m Ra* h;i w"4g mGt e%te H thu $c mGt th# t_ch h;i RSng th# t_ch c6a @"2g Th_ oxi B cUng iPu TiOn nhiOt G" p %u:t( Khi thVc hiOn ph4n 7ng x pheng ho w"4g H vDi Lung L1ch [aOH (ph4n 7ng hon ton! thu $c %4n ph5m c Y"hg mudi( J&n gji c6a H l2 '( et*l .omiat( +( vin*l .omiat( -( met*l axetat( /( i%op<op*l .omiat( Cu 1.48 )dt ch * hon ton 2"2hg H con @"@Y l_t oxi (Ttc! thu hn hp -O 2 v H2O c tX lO th# t_ch t$;ng 7ng Y 2 F( [Qu un H t<ong Lung L1ch H2SO4 lokng thu $c axit ] c dY / H 2 = 36 v ancol ;n ch7c ( -Cng th7c c6a H l '( -2HF-OO-2HF( +( -H@-OO-H@( -( -2H@-OO-2HF( /( -2H@-OO-@Hw( Cu 1.49 )dt hon ton 4"2g mGt e%te , thu $c Y"3Yg -O2 v 2"F2g H2O( -Cng th7c c:u tAo c6a , l 2 '( H-OO-2HF( +( -H@-OO-2HF( -( -H@-OO-H@( /( H-OO-H@( Cu 1.50 )un nng t"3 mol H vDi Lung L1ch [aOH (6!" thu 3@"4g mudi c6a axit a ch7c v x"2g ancol ;n ch7c" c th# t_ch h"@2 l_t (B 32wt-" Ytt mmHg!( H c cCng th7c '( -H(-OO-H@!@( +( -2H4(-OO-2HF!2( -( (-OO-2HF!2( /( (-OO-@HF!2( Cu 1.51 H pheng ho hon ton t"3 mol e%te H (chX ch7a 3 loAi nhm ch7c! con t"@ mol [aOH" thu x"2g ancol ] v 2t"4g mGt mudi (cho RiQt 3 t<ong 2 ch:t ] hoc l ;n ch7c!( -Cng th7c c6a H l '( -H@-H2OO-?-OO-H2-H@( +( -@HF(OO-H!@( -( -@HF(-OO-H@!@( /( -@HF(-OO-H@!@( Cu 1.52 )# x pheng ho hon ton 3x"4g hn hp 2 e%te ;n ch7c H" ] con 2ttml Lung L1ch [aOH 3"F|( Sau Thi ph4n 7ng hon ton" cC cAn Lung L1ch thu $c hn hp 2 ancol ng ~ng TQ tiQp nhau v m g mGt mudi Than Lu* nh:t ( -J-J" y Thdi l$ng c6a H t<ong hn hp Ran ou v gi t<1 m l '( H-OO-H@ YY"Ywy9 2t"4g( +( H-OO-2HF 3Y"3hy9 2t"4g( -( -H@-OO-H@ 3x"2ty9 3h"Yg( /( -H@-H2-OO-H@9 3x"tg(
Cu 1.53 -ho 23"hg ch:t h8u c; H chX ch7a mGt loAi nhm ch7c t c LMng vDi 3 l_t Lung L1ch [aOH t"F| thu $c 24"Yg mudi v t"3 mol mGt ancol ]( $ng [aOH L$ $c t<ung ho hQt RBi t"2 mol H-l( -Cng th7c c:u tAo thu gjn c6a H l2 '( -H@-(-OO-H@!@( +( (-2HF-OO!@-2HF( -( (H-OO!@-@HF( /( (-H@-OO!@-@HF( Cu 1.54 Khi thul ph=n a g mGt e%te H thu $c t"x2g glixe<ol" @"t2g nat<i linoleat (- 3wH@3-OO[a! v m g mudi nat<i oleat (-3wH@@-OO[a!( i t<1 c6a a" m lon l$t l '( h"h2g 9 Y"thg( +( w"2g 9 Y"thg( -( h"h2g 9 w"2g( /( w"2g 9 h"h2g( Cu 1.55 J<ong ch:t RIo luCn c mGt l$ng axit RIo tV Lo( Sd miligam KOH LUng # t<ung ho l$ng axit RIo tV Lo t<ong mGt gam ch:t RIo gji l chX %d axit c6a ch:t RIo( )# t<ung ho 2"hg ch:t RIo con @ml Lung L1ch KOH t"3|( -hX %d axit c6a mu ch:t RIo t<&n l2 '( h( +( 3F( -( Y( /( 3Y( Cu 1.56 Jcng %d miligam KOH # t<ung ho hQt l$ng axit tV Lo v x pheng ho hQt l$ng e%te t<ong mGt gam ch:t RIo gji l chX %d x pheng ho c6a ch:t RIo( `0* chX %d x pheng ho c6a mu ch:t RIo c chX %d axit RSng w ch7a hxy t<i%tea<in l '( 3hF( +( 3wF( -( 3YF( /( 3FF( Cu 1.57 Khi thul ph=n (xc t c axit! mGt e%te thu $c glixe<ol v hn hp c c axit %tea<ic v axit panmitic theo tX lO mol t$;ng 7ng RSng 2 2 3( ,%te c th# c cCng th7c c:u tAo no %au =*z
-3w H @F-OO - H 2
-3w H @F-OO - H 2
-3w H @F-OO - H 2
-3w H @F-OO - H 2
H '( -3w H @F-OO -3w H @F-OO-H 2
H +( -3F H @3-OO -3w H @F-OO-H 2
H -( -3w H @@-OO -3F H @3-OO-H 2
H /( -3F H @3-OO -3F H @3-OO-H 2
Cu 1.58 J<ong ch:t RIo luCn c mGt l$ng axit RIo tV Lo( Khi thul ph=n hon ton 2"34FTg ch:t RIo" con LUng t"@Tg [aOH" thu t"tx2Tg glixe<ol" v mg hn hp mudi [a( Khdi l$ng x pheng Yty (vP Thdi l$ng! thu $c l2 '( w"h4Tg( +( @"x2Tg( -( 2"Y3Tg( /( @"whwTg( Cu 1.59 J<ong thnh phon c6a mGt loAi %;n c c c t<iglixe<it l t<ie%te c6a glixe<ol vDi axit linoleic - 3wH@3-OOH v axit linolenic -3wH2x-OOH( -Cng th7c c:u tAo c th# c c6a c c t<ie%te l 2 (3! (- 3wH@3-OO!2-@HFOO--3wH2x9 (2! -3wH@3-OO-@HF(OO--3wH2x!29 (@! (-3wH@3OO-!2-@HFOO--3wH2x9 (4! (-3wH@3O-O!2-@HF-OO-3wH2x( [h8ng cCng th7c ng l2 '( (3!" (2!" (@!" (4!( +( (3!" (2!( -( (3!" (2!" (4!( /( (2!" (@!" (4!( Cu 1.60 )un %Ci a g mGt t<iglixe<it H vDi Lung L1ch KOH cho Qn Thi ph4n 7ng hon ton" thu $c t"x2g glixe<ol v x"Fhg hn hp ] gm mudi c6a axit linoleic v axit oleic( i t<1 c6a a l '( h"h2g( +( x"x3g( -( 3t"xtg( /( h"x2g( Cu 1.61 Khdi l$ng x pheng thu $c tK 3 t:n mv Gng v0t (ch7a Fty t<ioleo*l glixe<ol" @ty t<ipanmito*l glixe<ol (panmitin! v 2ty t<i%tea<o*l glixe<ol (%tea<in! vP Thdi l$ng! Thi x pheng ho RSng nat hiOu %u:t pu t<^nh At xty l 2 '( xhhTg( +( hhx"2Tg( -( x2x"@Tg( /( x3wTg( Cu 1.62 Jhul ph=n hon ton ch:t RIo , RSng Lung L1ch [aOH thu $c 3"h4g glixe<ol v 3h"24g mudi c6a axit RIo Lu* nh:t( -h:t RIo l '( (-3wH@@-OO!@-@HF(+( (-3wH@F-OO!@-@HF( -( (-3FH@3-OO!@-@HF( /( (-3FH2x-OO!@-@HF( Cu 1.63 )dt ch * @"wg ch:t h8u c; H con LUng @"x2 l_t O2 (Ttc! thu $c -O2 v H2O c tX lO mol 323( +iQt H t c LMng vDi KOH tAo <a 2 ch:t h8u c;( `0* cCng th7c ph=n t> c6a H l '( -@HYO2( +( -4HhO2( -( -2H4O2( /( -@H4O2( Cu 1.64 )un nng 23Fg axit metac<*lic vDi 3ttg metanol (vDi Hp7 b Yty!( Khdi l$ng e%te met*l metac<*lat thu $c l2 '( 3ttg( +( 32Fg( -( 3Ftg( /( 3wFg( Cu 1.65 |Gt ch:t h8u c; H c d X CO2 = 2 ( Khi un nng H vDi Lung L1ch [aOH tAo <a mudi c Thdi l$ng lDn h;n Thdi l$ng H k ph4n 7ng( J&n H l '( i%o p<op*l .omiat( +( met*l axetat( -( et*l axetat( /( met*l p<opionat( Cu 1.66 ,%te H c d X n H 2 = 44 ( Jhul ph=n H tAo n&n 2 hp ch:t h8u c; H3" H2( [Qu dt ch * cUng mGt l$ng H3 ha* H2 %i thu $c cUng mGt th# t_ch -O2 (B cUng nhiOt G v p %u:t!( J&n gji c6a H l2 '( et*l .omiat( +( i%op<op*l .omiat( -( met*l p<opionat( /( et*l axetat( Cu 1.67 H pheng ho 22"2g hn hp gm 2 e%te ng ph=n" con LUng 32g [aOH" thu 2t"4x2g mudi Than (hao hMt Yy!( J<ong H ch\c ch\n c mGt e%te vDi cCng th7c v %d mol t$;ng 7ng l '( H -OO-2HF t"2 mol( +( -H@ -OO-H@ t"2 mol( -( H -OO-2HF t"3F mol /( -H@ -OO-2H@ t"3F mol( Cu 1.68 )un nng @"23g hn hp H gm hai ch:t h8u c; ] v cUng nhm ch7c vDi Lung L1ch [aOH L$" thu $c hn hp mudi nat<i c6a hai axit anTanoic TQ tiQp nhau t<ong Lk* ng ~ng v mGt ch:t lng (tX Thdi h;i
d L n CH 4 = @" Y2F !( -h:t ph4n 7ng vDi -uO un nng cho %4n ph5m c ph4n 7ng t< ng g$;ng( -ho
ph4n 7ng vDi [a $c t"t3F mol H2( [h0n 1nh no %au =* l sai z '( [ung mGt t<ong hai mudi thu $c vDi [aOH (vCi tCi a xt! %i tAo metan( +( J&n gji c6a l ancol anl*lic( -( J<ong hn hp H" hai ch:t ] v c %d mol RSng nhau( /( )dt ch * hn hp H %i thu $c nCO2 nH 2O = t" t2 (
3 l$ng ch:t 3t
Cu 1.69 Jcng %d li&n TQt v %d veng t<ong ph=n t> e%te (ThCng ch7a nhm ch7c no Th c! tAo RBi glixe<ol v axit aipic l2 '( t( +( Y( -( w( /( h( Cu 1.70 -ho w"4g e%te , thul ph=n t<ong Lung L1ch [aOH th^ thu $c h"2g mudi nat<iaxetat( -Cng th7c c6a e%te , l2 '( (-H@-OO!2-2H4( +( (-H@-OO!@-@HF( -( -H@(-H2!2-OO-H@( /( -H@-OO-H@( Cu 1.71 H l mGt e%te h8u c; ;n ch7c" mAch hB( -ho mGt l$ng H t c LMng hon ton vDi Lung L1ch [aOH vKa 6" thu $c mudi c Thdi l$ng RSng
43 Thdi l$ng e%te Ran ou( H l @w
'( H?-OO-H@( +( -H2b-Ha-OO-H@( -( -3wH@F-OO(-H2!3Y-H@( /( -H@-OO-H@( Cu 1.72 Jhul ph=n e%te H (-4HYO2! t<ong mCi t<$mng axit ta thu $c mGt hn hp c c ch:t Pu c ph4n 7ng t< ng g$;ng( -Cng th7c c:u tAo c6a H l '( -H2 b -H -OO -H@( +( -H@ -H b -H O-OH( -( -H2 b -H O-O-H@( /( H-OO -H2-H b -H2( Cu 1.73 |Gt e%te H tAo RBi axit ;n ch7c v ancol ;n ch7c c tX Thdi vDi He RSng 22( Khi un nng H vDi Lung L1ch [aOH tAo <a mudi c Thdi l$ng RSng
3w l$ng e%te k ph4n 7ng( J&n H l 22
'( ,t*l axetat( +( |et*l axetat( -( %op<op*l .omiat( /( |et*l p<opionat( s Cu 1.74 )un hp ch:t H vDi H2O (xc t c H ! $c axit h8u c; ] ( dY n N 2 = 2"Fw ! v ancol ( -ho h;i pua dng RGt Vng -u xc t c un nng th^ %inh <a ch:t J c Th4 nNng tham gia ph4n 7ng t< ng g$;ng( )# dt ch * hon ton 2"hg H th^ con @"x2 l_t O2 (Ttc! v thu $c VCO2 2 VH 2O = @ 2 2 ( +iQt l ancol ;n ch7c( J&n gji c6a H" ] lon l$t l '( axit ac<*lic9 ancol anl*lic( +( axit ac<*lic9 ancol Renf*lic( -( axit vale<ic9 ancol etanol( /( axit metac<*lic9 ancol i%op<op*lic( Cu 1.75 H pheng ho mGt e%te no ;n ch7c , RSng mGt l$ng vKa 6 Lung L1ch [aOH chX thu $c mGt %4n ph5m H Lu* nh:t( [ung H vDi vCi tCi xt thu $c ancol ] v mudi vC c; ( )dt ch * hon ton ] thu $c -O 2 v H2O c tX lO th# t_ch @ 2 4( +iQt oxi ho H RSng -uO un nng $c %4n ph5m c ph4n 7ng t< ng g$;ng( -Cng th7c c:u tAo c6a , l '( -H@O-O-Hb-H2( +( -H2-H2 -bO( -H2O -( -2HF-H-bO( /( -H@-H-H2 O O -bO( Cu 1.76 @"F2g mGt e%te , c6a axit cacRox*lic no ;n ch7c v ancol no ;n ch7c (c4 hai Pu mAch hB! ph4n 7ng vKa hQt vDi 4tml Lung L1ch [aOH 3|" thu $c ch:t H v ch:t ]( )dt ch * t"Yg ch:t ] cho 3"@2g -O 2( Khi R1 oxi ho ch:t ] chu*#n thnh anehit( -J-J c6a e%te , v ch:t ] l (gi4 %> c c ph4n 7ng Pu At 3tty! '( H-OO-H(-H@!-H@9 -H@-H2OH( +( -2HF-OO-H@9 -H@-H2OH( -( -H@-OO-H2-H@9 -H@-H2OH( /( H-OO-H2-H2-H@9 -H@-H2-H2OH Cu 1.77 Jhul ph=n hon ton t"3 mol e%te , (ch7a mGt loAi nhm ch7c! con LUng vKa 6 3ttg Lung L1ch [aOH 32y" thu $c 2t"4g mudi c6a axit h8u c; H v x"2g ancol ]( H c 1nh cCng th7c ph=n t> v gji t&n H" ]( +iQt <Sng mGt t<ong 2 ch:t (H hoc ]! tAo thnh e%te l ;n ch7c( '( H2 -@HYO2" axit p<opionic9 ]2 -@HhO@" glixe<ol( +( H2 -H2O2" axit .omic9 ]2 -@HhO@" glixe<ol( -( H2 -2H4O2" axit axetic9 ]2 -@HhO@" glixe<ol( /( H2 -2H4O2" axit axetic9 ]2 -@HhO" ancol p<op*lic( Cu 1.78 -ho 32"xg mGt e%te ;n ch7c (mAch hB! t c LMng vKa 6 vDi 3Ftml Lung L1ch KOH 3|" %au ph4n 7ng thu $c mGt mudi v mGt anehit( -J-J c6a e%te k !"# th# l '( H-OO-Hb-Ha-H@ v -H@-OO-Hb-H2( +( H-OO-H2-Hb-H2( -( -H@-OO-Hb-H2( /( H-OO-Hb-Ha-H@( Cu 1.79 )dt ch * 3"Ytg mGt e%te , ;n ch7c $c @"F2g -O2 v 3"3F2g H2O( -ho 3tg , t c LMng vDi l$ng [aOH vKa 6" cC cAn Lung L1ch %au ph4n 7ng thu $c 34"ttg mudi Than ( -ho t c LMng vDi axit vC c; lokng thu $c 3 ThCng ph=n nh nh( Sd l$ng -J-J tho4 mkn t_nh ch:t k n&u c6a , l2 '( 4( +( Y( -( 2( /( h( Cu 1.80 )# x pheng ho 3ttTg Lou Nn thuGc loAi t<ioleo*l glixe<ol c chX %d axit RSng w con 34"3tTg nat ph4n 7ng x4* <a hon ton" Thdi l$ng mudi nat - wHYO2 %inh <a hai %4n ph5m H v ]( H Th> $c 'g[O@ t<ong amoniac" cen ] t c LMng vDi n$Dc R<om %inh <a TQt t6a t<\ng( J&n gji c6a e%te l2 '( phen*l .omiat( +( Renf*l .omiat( -( vin*l pentanoat( /( anl*l Rut*<at( Cu 1.82 |udn thul ph=n F"Yg hn hp et*l axetat v et*l .omiat con 2F"xYml [aOH 3ty" (/ b 3"thgnml!( Jhnh phon y Thdi l$ng c6a et*l axetat t<ong hn hp l2 '( 4w"34y( +( F2"3Yy( -( @Y"3hy( /( Ft"2ty( Cu 1.83 )un a gam e%te mAch ThCng ph=n nh nh -nH2ns3-OO-2HF vDi 3ttml LL KOH( Sau ph4n 7ng ph4i LUng 2Fml LL H2SO4 t"F| # t<ung ho KOH cen L$( |t Th c mudn t<ung ho 2tml LL KOH Ran ou ph4i LUng 3Fml LL H2SO4 ni t<&n( Khi a b F"hg th^ t&n gji c6a e%te l '( et*l axetat( +( et*l p<opionat( -( et*l vale<at( /( et*l Rut*<at(
Cu 1.84 Jhudc chdng mui (/,W! thu $c Thi cho axit th;m (H! t c LMng vDi ancol ]( |udn t<ung ho Lung L1ch
ancol = ch7a t"xt@Fg H con F4"Fml [aOH t"2|( J<ong Lung L1ch ancol ] x4y (theo Thdi l$ng! tX %d mol n 14 ( +iQt H 2O
86
<Sng 100 < M X < 200 ( -J-J thu gjn c6a H" ] lon l$t l '( -2HFOa-YH4a-OO-2HF( +( -2HFOO-a-@H4a-OO-2HF( -( -2HFOO-a-YH4a-OO-2HF /( -H@a-YH4a-OO-2HF( Cu 1.85 )# thul ph=n t"t3 mol e%te c6a mGt ancol a ch7c vDi mGt axit cacRox*lic ;n ch7c con LUng 3"2g [aOH( |c Th c # thul ph=n Y"@Fg e%te con @g [aOH v thu $c w"tFg mudi( -J-J c6a e%te l '( (-H2b-(-H@!a-OO!@-@HF( +( (-H2b-Ha-OO!@-@HF( -( (-H@-OO!2-2H4( /( (Ha-OO!@-@HF( Cu 1.86 )un 2tg lipit vDi Lung L1ch ch7a 3tg [aOH( Sau Thi TQt thc ph4n 7ng" # t<ung ho
3 Lung L1ch thu 3t
$c" con LUng xtml Lung L1ch H-l t"2|( Wh=n t> Thdi t<ung R^nh c6a c c axit RIo t<ong thnh phon c:u tAo c6a lipit v chX %d x pheng ho c6a lipit v lon l$t l '( 22h9 3xt( +( 2hY9 3x3( -( 2w@9 3xY( /( 2hw9 3x2( Cu 1.87 )# x pheng ho hon ton 2"22g hn hp hai e%te l ng ph=n H v ]" con LUng @tml LL [aOH 3|( Khi dt ch * hon ton hn hp hai e%te th^ thu $c Th_ -O2 v h;i n$Dc vDi tX lO th# t_ch `H 2O 2`-O2 b 323 ( J&n gji c6a hai e%te l '( met*l axetat9 et*l .omiat( +( p<op*l .omiat9 i%op<op*l .omiat( -( et*l axetat9 met*l p<opionat( /( met*l ac<*lat9 vin*l axetat( Cu 1.88 )un nng hn hp hai ch:t ng ph=n (H" ]! vDi Lung L1ch H2SO4 lokng" thu $c hai axit anTanoic TQ tiQp nhau t<ong Lk* ng ~ng v hai anTanol( Ho tan 3g hn hp axit t<&n vo Ftml [aOH t"@|" # t<ung ho [aOH L$ ph4i LUng 3tml H-l t"F|( Khi cho @"xg hn hp ancol t<&n t c LMng hQt vDi [a thu $c t"tF mol Th_( +iQt <Sng c c gdc hi<ocacRon Pu c G ph=n nh nh cao nh:t( -J-J c6a H" ] l '( (-H@!2-H?-OO-2HF v (-H@!@-OO-H@( +( H-OO-(-H@!@ v -H@-OO-H(-H@!2( -( -H@-OO-(-H@!@ v -H@-H2-OO-H(-H@!2( /( (-H@!2-H?-OO-2HF v (-H@!2-H-H2-OO-H@( Cu 1.89 , l e%te c6a glixe<ol vDi mGt %d axit monocacRox*lic no" mAch hB( )un w"xg ' vDi [aOH cho tDi ph4n 7ng hon ton" thu $c h"Yg hn hp mudi( -ho hn hp mudi t c LMng H2SO4 L$ $c hn hp @ axit H" ]" 9 t<ong H v ] l ng ph=n c6a nhau9 l ng ~ng TQ tiQp c6a ] v c mAch cacRon ThCng ph=n nh nh( Sd -J-J c6a , v -J-J c6a c c axit H" ]" lon l$t l '( @9 (-H@!2-H-OOH9 -H@-H2-H2-OOH9 -H@(-H2!@-OOH( +( 29 (-H@!@--OOH9 -H@-H2-H2-H2-OOH9 (-H@!2-H-OOH( -( 29 (-H@!2-H-OOH9 -H@-H2-H2-OOH9 -H@(-H2!@-OOH( /( @9 (-H@!@--OOH9 -H@-H2-H2-H2-OOH9 (-H@!2-H-OOH( Cu 1.90 |udn tcng hp 32tTg poli(met*l metac<*lat! th^ Thdi l$ng c6a axit v ancol t$;ng 7ng con LUng l Rao nhi&u( +iQt hiOu %u:t pu t<^nh e%te ho v pu t<^nh t<Ung hp lon l$t l Yty v hty( '( hF"FTg v 43Tg( +( YFTg v 4tTg( -( 3wtTg v htTg( /( 23FTg v htTg( Cu 1.91 Sd gam iot c th# cGng vo li&n TQt RGi t<ong mAch cacRon c6a 3ttg ch:t RIo $c gji l chX %d iot c6a ch:t RIo( -hX %d iot c6a ch:t RIo $c tAo n&n tK axit linoleic l '( hY"hYh( +( xt"3hh( -( 3hh"x2t( /( 3w@"w@Y( Cu 1.92 |Gt mu ch:t RIo ch7a gm t<ilein v t<ipanmitin c chX %d iot l 3x"tF( Whon t<Nm vP Thdi l$ng c6a mGt t<ong hai glixe<it ph4i l '( 2t"3hy( +( 22"3y( -( 3h"2ty( /( 2t"3xy(
CHNG II. C$C%&HI'($T

Cu 2.1 J^m tK th_ch hp # iPn vo ch t<dng t<ong oAn vNn %au2 } LAng mAch hB glucof; v .<uctof; Pu c nhm cacRon*l" nh$ng t<ong ph=n t> glucof; nhm cacRon*l B ngu*&n t> - %d " cen t<ong ph=n t> .<uctof; nhm cacRon*l B ngu*&n t> - %d( J<ong mCi t<$mng Raf;" .<uctof; c th# chu*#n ho thnh v '( 3" 2" glucof;" ng$c lAi( +( 2" 2" glucof;" ng$c lAi( -( 2" 3" glucof;" ng$c lAi( /( 3" 2" glucof;" mantof;( Cu 2.2 -acRohi<at l g^z '( -acRohi<at l nh8ng hp ch:t h8u c; a ch7c v a %d chng c cCng th7c chung l - n(H2O!m( +( -acRohi<at l nh8ng hp ch:t h8u c; tAp ch7c v a %d chng c cCng th7c chung l - n(H2O!m( -( -acRohi<at l nh8ng hp ch:t h8u c; tAp ch7c( /( -acRohi<at l nh8ng hp ch:t h8u c; a ch7c v a %d chng c cCng th7c chung l - n(H2O!n( Cu 2.3 - m:* loAi cacRohi<at puan t<jngz'( 3 loAi( +( 2 loAi( -( @ loAi( /( 4 loAi( Cu 2.4 [h8ng th_ nghiOm no ch7ng minh $c c:u tAo ph=n t> c6a glucof;z
'( ph4n 7ng vDi [a v vDi Lung L1ch 'g[O@ t<ong amoniac( +( ph4n 7ng vDi [aOH v vDi Lung L1ch 'g[O @ t<ong amoniac( -( ph4n 7ng vDi -uO v vDi Lung L1ch 'g[O@ t<ong amoniac( /( ph4n 7ng vDi -u(OH!2 v vDi Lung L1ch 'g[O@ t<ong amoniac( Cu 2.5 )# t< ng RAc mGt chiQc g$;ng %oi" ng$mi ta ph4i un nng Lung L1ch ch7a @Yg glucof; vDi l$ng vKa 6 Lung L1ch 'g[O@ t<ong amoniac( Khdi l$ng RAc k %inh <a R m vo mt T_nh c6a g$;ng v Thdi l$ng 'g[O @ con LUng lon l$t l (RiQt c c ph4n 7ng x4* <a hon ton! '( Yh"tg9 4@"2g( +( 23"Yg9 Yh"tg( -( 4@"2g9 Yh"tg( /( 4@"2g9 @4"tg( Cu 2.6 Wh$;ng n no L$Di =* c th# ph=n RiOt $c %acca<of;" tinh RGt v xenlulof; B LAng RGtz '( -ho tKng ch:t t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H[O @nH2SO4( +( -ho tKng ch:t t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch iot( -( Ho tan tKng ch:t vo n$Dc" %au un nng v th> vDi Lung L1ch iot( /( -ho tKng ch:t t c LMng vDi vCi %8a -a(OH!2( Cu 2.7 )# ph=n RiOt c c Lung L1ch glucof;" %acca<of; v anehit axetic c th# LUng ch:t no t<ong c c ch:t %au lm thudc th> z'( -u(OH!2nOH( +( [aOH( -( H[O@( /( 'g[O@n[H@( Cu 2.8 - Rdn lj m:t nhkn ch7a2 lixe<ol" ancol et*lic" glucof; v axit axetic( Jhudc th> no %au =* c th# LUng # ph=n RiOt c c Lung L1ch t<ong tKng lj t<&n z '( 'g([H@!2OH( +( [a Tim loAi( -( -u(OH!2 t<ong mCi t<$mng TiPm( /( [$Dc R<om( Cu 2.9 )# ph=n RiOt c c ch:t2 lucof;" glixe<ol" anehit axetic" leng t<\ng t<7ng v <$u et*lic" c th# chX LUng mGt thudc th> no %au =*z '( Lung L1ch H[O@( +( -u(OH!2nOH( -( Lung L1ch 'g[O@n[H@( /( Lung L1ch R<om( Cu 2.10 -hjn c ch ph=n RiOt c c Lung L1ch %au =*2 eng t<\ng t<7ng" h tinh RGt" glixe<ol( '( ot lm h tinh RGt ho xanh" glixe<ol t c LMng vDi -u(OH!2 B nhiOt G th$mng tAo Lung L1ch xanh lam c t<$ng" cen lAi leng t<\ng t<7ng( +( lixe<ol t c LMng -u(OH!2 B nhiOt G th$mng tAo Lung L1ch xanh lam c t<$ng" leng t<\ng t<7ng t c LMng -u(OH!2 cho mu xanh t_m" cen lAi h tinh RGt( -( ot lm h tinh RGt ho xanh" Thi un nng leng t<\ng t<7ng Cng tM" cen lAi glixe<ol( /( -4 +" - Pu ng( Cu 2.11 - 4 Lung L1ch lokng ThCng mu gm2 eng t<\ng t<7ng" glixe<ol" KOH v axit axetic( -hX LUng mGt thudc th> no %au =* # ph=n RiOt chng( '( Lung L1ch H-l( +( Lung L1ch -uSO4( -( Lung L1ch K|nO4( /( Lung L1ch H[O@ c( Cu 2.12 -hjn c=u ph t Ri#u %ai2 '( Sacca<of; l mGt i%acca<it( +( Jinh RGt v xenlulof; Pu l poli%acca<it" chX Th c nhau vP c:u tAo c6a gdc glucof;( -( Khi thul ph=n Qn cUng %acca<of;" tinh RGt v xenlulof; Pu cho mGt loAi mono%acca<it( /( Khi thul ph=n Qn cUng" tinh RGt v xenlulof; Pu cho glucof;( Cu 2.13 -Ung l ch:t <\n TQt tinh" ThCng mu" ThCng mUi" L tan t<ong n$Dc" c v1 ngjt l t_nh ch:t v0t l_ v t<Ang th i tV nhi&n c6a nhm ch:t no %au =*z '( glucof; v %acca<of;( +( glucof; v tinh RGt( -( glucof; v xenlulof;( /( %acca<of; v tinh RGt( Cu 2.14 -ho c c ch:t glucof;" .<uctof;" %acca<of;" tinh RGt" xenlulof;( -h:t vKa c t_nh ch:t c6a ancol a ch7c" vKa c t_nh ch:t c6a anehit l '( chX c glucof;( +( glucof; v .<uctof;( -( glucof;" .<uctof; v %acca<of;( /( t:t c4 c c ch:t k cho( Cu 2.15 )# t< ng RAc mGt %d <uGt ph_ch" ng$mi ta ph4i LUng 3ttg %acca<of;( Khdi l$ng 'g[O @ con LUng v Thdi l$ng 'g tAo <a lon l$t l (gi4 thiQt <Sng" %V chu*#n ho c6a .<uctof; l ThCng ng T# v hiOu %u:t c c ph4n 7ng Pu At xty!2 '( hh"w4g9 Ft"w4g( +( 3t2"tg9 F2"Fg( -( F2"Fg9 x3"hg( /( x3"hg9 Y4"hg( Cu 2.16 Khi dt ch * hon ton mGt hp ch:t h8u c; thu $c hn hp Th_ -O 2 v h;i n$Dc c tX lO mol l 323( -h:t n* c th# l&n men <$u (ancol!( -h:t l ch:t no t<ong c c ch:t %au z '( axit axetic( +( glucof;( -( %acac<of;( /( hex?@?en( Cu 2.17 Khi thul ph=n 3Tg RGt gAo c hty tinh RGt" th^ Thdi l$ng glucof; thu $c l Rao nhi&u z i4 thiQt <Sng" ph4n 7ng x4* <a hon ton( '( t"htTg( +( t"xtTg( -( t"xxTg( /( t"hxTg( Cu 2.18 J_nh Thdi l$ng glucof; tAo thnh Thi thul ph=n 3Tg mUn c$a c Fty xenlulof;( i4 thiQt hiOu %u:t ph4n 7ng l hty( '( t"FFFTg( +( t"444Tg( -( t"FttTg( /( t"YxtTg( Cu 2.19 [hm gluxit Pu tham gia ph4n 7ng thul ph=n l
'( Sacca<of;" mantof;" glucof;( +( Sacca<of;" .<uctof;" xenlulof;( -( |antof;" tinh RGt" xenlulof;( /( Sacca<of;" glucof;" tinh RGt( Cu 2.20 [hm gluxit Pu c Th4 nNng tham gia ph4n 7ng t< ng g$;ng l '( lucof;" .<uctof;" %acca<of;( +( lucof;" .<uctof;" tinh RGt( -( lucof;" .<uctof;" xenlulof;( /( lucof;" .<uctof;" mantof;( Cu 2.21 -ho glucof; l&n men tAo thnh ancol" Th_ -O2 tAo thnh $c Ln pua Lung L1ch n$Dc vCi t<ong L$" thu $c Ftg TQt t6a" RiQt hiOu %u:t l&n men l hty" Thdi l$ng ancol thu $c l '( 2@"tg( +( 3h"4g( -( 2w"Yg( /( 2h"tg( Cu 2.22 -hjn %; ph4n 7ng ng c6a glucof; '( -YH32OY s -u(OH!2 TQt t6a gAch
men +( -YH32OY -H@a-H(OH!a-OOH men
-( -YH32OY s -uO /ung L1ch mu xanh /( -YH32OY -2HFOH s O2 Cu 2.23 [hm gluxit Thi thul ph=n hon ton Pu chX tAo thnh glucof; l2 '( Sacca<of;" mantof;" tinh RGt( +( Sacca<of;" mantof;" xenlulof;( -( |antof;" tinh RGt" xenlulof;( /( Sacca<of;" mantof;" tinh RGt" xenlulof;( Cu 2.24 Wh t Ri#u no %au =* ThCng ng z '( lucof; v .<uctof; l ng ph=n c:u tAo c6a nhau( +( |et*l ? glucofit ThCng th# chu*#n %ang LAng mAch hB( -( J<ong Lung L1ch" glucof; tn tAi B LAng mAch veng $u ti&n h;n LAng mAch hB( /( - th# ph=n RiOt glucof; v .<uctof; RSng ph4n 7ng t< ng RAc( Cu 2.25 +iQt -O2 chiQm t"t@y th# t_ch ThCng Th_" th# t_ch ThCng Th_ (Ttc! con cung c:p cho c=* xanh puang hp # tAo 3Y2g tinh RGt l '( 332(3t@ l_t( +( 44h(3t@ l_t( -( @@Y(3t@ @ l_t( /( 224(3t l_t( Cu 2.26 lucof; t c LMng $c vDi t:t c4 ch:t t<ong nhm ch:t no %au =*z '( H2n[i " nhiOt G9 -u(OH!29 'g([H@!2OH9 H2OnHs" nhiOt G( +( 'g([H@!2OH9 -u(OH!29 H2n[i" un nng9 -H@-OOHnH2SO4 c" un nng( -. H2n[i " nhiOt G9 'g([H@!2OH9 [aOH9 -u(OH!2( /( H2n[i " nhiOt G9 'g([H@!2OH9 [a2-O@9 -u(OH!2( Cu 2.27 -hjn c=u ph t Ri#u %ai2 '( Wh=n RiOt glucof; v %acca<of; RSng ph4n 7ng t< ng g$;ng( +( Wh=n RiOt mantof; v %acca<of; RSng ph4n 7ng t< ng g$;ng( -( Wh=n RiOt tinh RGt v xenlulof; RSng 2( /( Wh=n RiOt %acca<of; v glixe<ol RSng -u(OH! 2( Cu 2.28 -hjn c=u ph t Ri#u ng2 '( Wh=n RiOt glucof; v .<uctof; RSng ph4n 7ng t< ng g$;ng( +( Jinh RGt c c:u t<c ph=n t> mAch ThCng ph=n nh nh( -( /ung L1ch mantof; c t_nh Th> v R1 thul ph=n thnh glucof;( /( Wh=n RiOt %acca<of; v glixe<ol RSng ph4n 7ng thul ph=n(
(-YH3tOF!n s YnO2" l ph4n 7ng ho hjc ch_nh c6a pu t<^nh Cu 2.29 Wh$;ng t<^nh2 Yn-O2 s FnH2O Clorofin no %au =*z '( pu t<^nh hC h:p( +( pu t<^nh puang hp( -( pu t<^nh Th>( /( pu t<^nh oxi ho ( Cu 2.30 -ho %; ph4n 7ng2 Jhudc %ng ThCng Thi H ] %oRit( J&n gji H" ] lon l$t l '( xenlulof;" glucof;( +( tinh RGt" etanol( -( mantof;" etanol( /( %acca<of;" etanol( Cu 2.31 Wh4n 7ng Th> glucof; l ph4n 7ng no %au =* z
asmt
men /( lucof; etanol. Cu 2.32 )# iPu chQ 4Fg axit lactic tK tinh RGt v pua con $mng l&n men lactic" hiOu %u:t thul ph=n tinh RGt v l&n men lactic t$;ng 7ng l xty v hty( Khdi l$ng tinh RGt con LUng l2 '( Ftg( +( FY"2Fg( -( FYg( /( Ytg( Cu 2.33 Wh4n 7ng chu*#n glucof;" .<uctof; thnh nh8ng %4n ph5m gidng nhau l '( ph4n 7ng vDi -u(OH!2( +( ph4n 7ng t< ng g$;ng( o -( ph4n 7ng vDi H2n[i( t ( /( ph4n 7ng vDi Tim loAi [a( Cu 2.34 Jhudc th> ph=n RiOt glucof; vDi .<uctof; l
'( lucof; s H2n[i " to(
+( lucof; s -u(OH!2(
-( lucof; s 'g([H@!2OH(
'( 'g([H@!2OH( +( -u(OH!2( -( Lung L1ch +<2( /( H2( Cu 2.35 -acRohi<at (gluxit! l nh8ng hp ch:t h8u c; tAp ch7c v c cCng th7c chung l '( -n(H2O!m( +( -(nH2O( -( -xH*Of( /( q(OH!x(-HO!*( Cu 2.36 -Cng th7c ph=n t> v cCng th7c c:u tAo c6a xenlulof; lon l$t l '( (-YH32OY!n" -YHwO2(OH!@n( +( (-YH3tOF!n" -YHwO2(OH!@n( -( -YHwO2(OH!@n" (-YH3tOF!n( /( (-YH3tOF!n" -YHwO2(OH!2n( Cu 2.37 |Gt poli%acca<it (-YH3tOF!n c Thdi l$ng ph=n t> l 3Y2tttu" n c gi t<1 l '( xtt( +( xFt( -( 3ttt( /( 3Ftt( Cu 2.38 luxit ThCng th# thul ph=n $c n8a l '( lucof;" mantof;( +( lucof;" tinh RGt( -( lucof;" xenlulof;( /( lucof;" .<uctof;( Cu 2.39 -acRohi<at Thi thul ph=n tAo <a 2 ph=n t> mono%acca<it l '( Sacca<of;" tinh RGt( +( %acca<of;" xenlulof;( -( |antof;" %acca<of;( /( Sacca<of;" glucof;( Cu 2.40 Sacca<of; v glucof; c c i#m gidng nhau l '( Pu l:* tK c6 c4i $mng( +( Pu tham gia ph4n 7ng t< ng g$;ng( -( Pu ho tan -u(OH!2 B nhiOt G th$mng tAo Lung L1ch mu xanh c t<$ng( /( Pu c t<ong RiOt L$c hu*Qt thanh ngjt( Cu 2.41 Woli%acca<it Thi thul ph=n Qn cUng tAo <a nhiPu mono%acca<it l '( Jinh RGt" amilof;( +( Jinh RGt" xenlulof;( -( Henlulof;" amilof;( /( Henlulof;" amilopectin( Cu 2.42 -h:t ThCng ph4n 7ng vDi glucof; l '( 'g([H@!2OH( +( -u(OH!2( -( H2n[i( /( 2( Cu 2.43 J<ong m u ng$mi" nng G c6a glucof; c gi t<1 hou nh$ ThCng ci l '( t"3y(+( t"2y( -( t"@y(/( t"4y( Cu 2.44 )# x c 1nh t<ong n$Dc ti#u c6a ng$mi R1 ROnh ti#u $mng c ch7a mGt l$ng nh glucof;" c th# LUng 2 ph4n 7ng ho hjc l '( ph4n 7ng t< ng g$;ng" ph4n 7ng cGng hi<o( +( ph4n 7ng t< ng g$;ng" ph4n 7ng l&n men ancol et*lic( -( ph4n 7ng t< ng g$;ng" ph4n 7ng Th> -u(OH!2( /( ph4n 7ng t< ng g$;ng" ph4n 7ng thul ph=n( Cu 2.45 SoRit (%oRitol! l %4n ph5m c6a ph4n 7ng '( Th> glucof; RSng H2n[i" to( +( oxi ho glucof; RSng 'g([H@!2OH( -( l&n men <$u et*lic( /( glucof; t c LMng vDi -u(OH!2( Cu 2.46 luxit chu*#n ho thnh glucof; t<ong mCi t<$mng TiPm l '( %acca<of;( +( mantof;( -( .<uctof;( /( tinh RGt( Cu 2.47 Jinh RGt t<ong gAo nQp ch7a Tho4ng xhy l '( amilof;( +( amilopectin( -( glixe<ol( /( alanin( Cu 2.48 Wh4n 7ng ch7ng t glucof; c nhiPu nhm OH B c c ngu*&n t> cacRon li&n tiQp nhau l ph4n 7ng vDi '( Lung L1ch 'g[O@ t<ong Lung L1ch [H@( +( -u(OH!2 B nhiOt G th$mng( -( t c LMng vDi axit tAo e%te c F gdc axit( /( -u(OH!2 B nhiOt G cao( Cu 2.49 Wh4n 7ng ch7ng minh glucof; c nhm ch7c anehit l '( t c LMng vDi -u(OH!2 tAo Lung L1ch c mu xanh c t<$ng( +( t c LMng vDi axit tAo %oRitol( -( ph4n 7ng l&n men <$u et*lic( /( ph4n 7ng t< ng g$;ng( Cu 2.50 Wh=n t> glucof; t c LMng vDi -u(OH!2 cho " v0* t<ong ph=n t> B J$;ng tV nh$ glucof;" cGng vDi hi<o cho " R1 oxi ho RBi t<ong mCi t<$mng Raf;( -acRohi<at l nh8ng v a %d chng c cCng th7c chung l (3! Lung L1ch mu xanh lam9 (2! c nhiPu nhm OH9 (@! v1 t<_ TP nhau9 (4! .<uctof;9 (F! poliancol9 (Y! ph7c RAc amoniac9 (w! hp ch:t h8u c; tAp ch7c9 (h! - n(H2O!m( JK ha* cMm tK th_ch hp B nh8ng ch t<dng t<ong c c c=u B oAn vNn t<&n lon l$t l '( (2!" (@!" (3!" (4!" (F!" (Y!" (w!" (h!( +( (3!" (2!" (4!" (F!" (@!" (Y!" (w!" (h!( -( (3!" (2!" (@!" (4!" (F!" (Y!" (w!" (h!( /( (3!" (2!" (@!" (4!" (h!" (Y!" (w!" (F!( Cu 2.51 Khi no ROnh nh=n $c t<u*Pn t<Vc tiQp Lung L1ch glucof; (cen $c gji vDi RiOt Lanh hu*Qt thanh ngjt!( '( Khi ROnh nh=n c l$ng glucof; t<ong m u t"3y( +( Khi ROnh nh=n c l$ng glucof; t<ong m u t"3y( -( Khi ROnh nh=n c l$ng glucof; t<ong m u b t"3y(
/( Khi ROnh nh=n c l$ng glucof; t<ong m u tK t"3y t"2y( Cu 2.52 Wh$;ng ph p iPu chQ etanol no %au =* chX LUng t<ong pheng th_ nghiOm z '( &n men glucof;( +( Jhul ph=n Ln xu:t et*l halogenua t<ong mCi t<$mng TiPm( -( -ho etilen t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H2SO4 lokng" nng( /( -ho hn hp etilen v h;i n$Dc pua th p ch7a H@WO4( Cu 2.53 Z<uctof; ThCng ph4n 7ng vDi ch:t no %au =*z '( H2n[i" to( +( -u(OH!2( -( Lung L1ch R<om( /( 'g[O@n[H@( Cu 2.54 Wh4n 7ng no %au =* ch7ng t glucof; c LAng mAch vengz '( ph4n 7ng vDi -u(OH!2( +( ph4n 7ng vDi 'g[O@n[H@( o -( ph4n 7ng vDi H2n[i" t ( /( ph4n 7ng vDi -H@OHnH-l( Cu 2.55 Wh4n 7ng tcng hp glucof; t<ong c=* xanh con $c cung c:p nNng l$ng l 2h3@T cho mi mol glucof;
2 2 Y 32 Y 2 tAo thnh( 2 [Qu t<ong mGt pht" mi cm l xanh nh0n $c Tho4ng 2"tx nNng l$ng mt t<mi" nh$ng chX 3ty $c %> LMng vo ph4n 7ng tcng hp glucof;( `Di mGt ng* n\ng (tK Yhtt a 3whtt! LiOn t_ch l xanh l 3m2" l$ng glucof; tcng hp $c Rao nhi&uz'( hh"2Yg( +( hh(@2g( -( xt"2Yg( /( xt"@2g( Cu 2.56 -ho 3tTg glucof; ch7a 3ty tAp ch:t" l&n men thnh ancol et*lic( J<ong pu t<^nh chQ RiQn" ancol R1 hao hMt Fy( Khdi l$ng ancol et*lic thu $c RSng Rao nhi&uz '( 4"YFTg( +( 4"@wTg( -( Y"h4Tg( /( F"FYTg( Cu 2.57 &n men a g glucof;" cho ton RG l$ng -O2 %inh <a h:p thM vo Lung L1ch n$Dc vCi t<ong tAo thnh 3tg TQt t6a( Khdi l$ng Lung L1ch %o vDi Ran ou gi4m @"4g( +iQt hiOu %u:t c6a pu t<^nh l&n men l xty" gi t<1 c6a a l2 '( 32( +( 3@( -( 34( /( 3F( Cu 2.58 -ho 4 ch:t h8u c; H" ]" " J( Khi oxi ho hon ton tKng ch:t Pu cho cUng TQt pu42 -7 tAo <a 4"4g -O 2 th^ Tm theo 3"hg H2O v con mGt th# t_ch oxi vKa ng RSng th# t_ch -O2 thu $c( JX lO ph=n t> Thdi c6a H" ]" " J lon l$t l Y232@22 v %d ngu*&n t> cacRon t<ong mi ch:t ThCng nhiPu h;n Y( -Cng th7c ph=n t> c6a H" ]" " J lon l$t l '( -YH32OY" -@HYO@" -H2O" -2H4O2( +( -YH32OY" -@HYO@" -2H4O2" -H2O( -( -YH32OY" -H2O" -@HYO@" -2H4O2( /( -YH32OY" -H2O" -2H4O2" -@HYO@( Cu 2.59 Sacca<of; Pu t c LMng $c vDi nhm ch:t no %au =* z (3! H2n[i" to9 (2! -u(OH!29 (@! 'g([H@!2OH9 (4! -H@-OOH (H2SO4 c! '( (3!" (2!( +( (2!" (4!( -( (2!" (@!( /( (3!" (4!( Cu 2.60 |Gt cacRohi<at (! c c c ph4n 7ng Lin <a theo %; chu*#n ho %au
Y-O s YH O
- H O s YO
-u(OH!2n[aOH
Lung L1ch xanh lam
to
TQt t6a gAch
`0* ThCng th# l2 '( glucof;( +( %acca<of;( -( .<uctof;( /( mantof;( Cu 2.61 )dt ch * hon ton t"t3 mol mGt cacRohi<at (H!" thu $c F"2hg -O2 v 3"xhg H2O( +iQt <Sng" tX lO Thdi l$ng H v O t<ong H l t"32F23( -Cng th7c ph=n t> c6a H l '( -YH32OY( +( -32H24O32( -( -32H22O33( /( (-YH3tOF!n( Cu 2.62 -ho m g tinh RGt l&n men # %4n xu:t ancol et*lic" ton RG l$ng -O2 %inh <a cho pua Lung L1ch -a(OH!2 L$" thu $c wFt"tg TQt t6a( +iQt hiOu %u:t mi giai oAn l&n men l hty( i t<1 m con LUng l Rao nhi&u z '( x4t"t( +( x4x"2( -( xFt"F( /( 3ttt"t( Cu 2.63 -ho %; chu*#n ci %au (," " H" ]" l hp ch:t h8u c;" mi mi t&n Ri#u th1 mGt ph4n 7ng ho hjc!(
, -2HFOH H ]
-O2 -Cng th7c c6a ," " H" ]" phU hp vDi %; %au l , H ] '( -32H22O33 -YH32OY -H@-OOH -H@-OO-2HF +( (-YH3tOF!n -YH32OY -H@-HO -H@-OOH -( (-YH3tOF!n -YH32OY -H@-HO -H@-OO[H4 /( '" +" - Pu %ai(
-H@-OO[a -H@-OO-2HF -H@-OOH
3t
Cu 2.64 Henlulof; t<init<at l ch:t L ch * v nc mAnh" $c Pu chQ tK xenlulof; v axit nit<ic( |udn iPu chQ 2x"wtTg xenlulof; t<init<at (hiOu %u:t xty! th^ th# t_ch axit nit<ic xYy (/b3"F2 gnml! con LUng l Rao nhi&u z '( 34"@x l_t( +( 3F"tt l_t( -( 3F"@x l_t( /( 24"@x l_t( Cu 2.65 -hjn c=u ng t<ong c c c=u %au2 '( Henlulof; v tinh RGt c ph=n t> Thdi nh( +( Henlulof; c ph=n t> Thdi nh h;n tinh RGt( -( Henlulof; v tinh RGt c ph=n t> Thdi gon RSng nhau( /( Henlulof; v tinh RGt Pu c ph=n t> Thdi <:t lDn" nh$ng ph=n t> Thdi c6a xenlulof; lDn h;n nhiPu %o vDi tinh RGt( Cu 2.66 )# %4n xu:t ancol et*lic ng$mi ta LUng ngu*&n liOu l mUn c$a v v Ro tK g ch7a Fty xenlulof;( [Qu mudn iPu chQ mGt t:n ancol et*lic" hiOu %u:t pu t<^nh l wty th^ Thdi l$ng ngu*&n liOu x:p xX2 '( Ft@3Tg( +( FtttTg( -( F3ttTg( /( Y2ttTg( Cu 2.67 -hjn ph t Ri#u %ai2 '( - th# ph=n RiOt mantof; v $mng nho RSng v1 gi c( +( Jinh RGt v xenlulof; ThCng th# hiOn t_nh Th> v^ t<ong ph=n t> ThCng c nhm ch7c anehit (a-HbO!( -( Jinh RGt c ph4n 7ng mu vDi iot Lo tinh RGt c c:u tAo mAch B LAng xo\n c l <ng( ? o /( - th# ph=n RiOt glucof; v %acca<of; RSng ph4n 7ng vDi -u(OH! 2 nOH " t ( Cu 2.68 -ho xenlulof; ph4n 7ng vDi anhi<it axetic (xc t c H 2SO4 c!" thu $c 33"3g hn hp H gm xenlulof; t<iaxetat" xenlulof; iaxetat v Y"Yg -H@-OOH( Jhnh phon y theo Thdi l$ng c6a xenlulof; t<iaxetat v xenlulof; iaxetat t<ong H lon l$t l2 '( wwy v 2@y( +( ww"h4y v 22"3Yy( -( wY"h4y v 2@"3Yy( /( wty v @ty( Cu 2.69 &n men 3 t:n tinh RGt ch7a Fy tAp ch:t t<; thnh ancol et*lic" hiOu %u:t c6a mi pu t<^nh l&n men l hFy( Khdi l$ng ancol thu $c l2 '( 4ttTg( +( @xh"hTg( -( @hx"hTg( /( @xtTg( o Cu 2.70 Wha lokng @hx"hTg ancol et*lic thnh ancol 4t " RiQt Thdi l$ng <i&ng c6a ancol et*lic l t"h gncm@( Jh# t_ch Lung L1ch ancol thu $c l2 '( 32tY"2F l_t( +( 324Y"2F l_t( -( 323h"32F l_t( /( t:t c4 Pu %ai( Cu 2.71 Kh_ cacRonic chiQm tX lO t"t@y th# t_ch ThCng Th_( |udn tAo <a Fttg tinh RGt th^ con Rao nhi&u l_t ThCng Th_ (Ttc! # cung c:p 6 l$ng -O2 cho ph4n 7ng puang hpz i4 thiQt hiOu %u:t pu t<^nh l 3tty '( 3@h2YYY"w l_t( +( 3@h2Ytt l_t( -( 34t2YYY"w l_t( /( t:t c4 Pu %ai( Cu 2.72 )dt ch * hon ton t"thFFg mGt cacRohi<at H( S4n ph5m $c Ln vo n$Dc vCi t<ong thu $c t"3g TQt t6a v Lung L1ch '" ng thmi Thdi l$ng Lung L1ch tNng t"th3Fg( )un nng Lung L1ch ' lAi $c t"3g TQt t6a n8a( +iQt Thi lm Ra* h;i t"43t4g H thu $c th# t_ch Th_ ng RSng th# t_ch t"tFF2g hn hp h;i ancol et*lic v axit .omic o t<ong cUng iPu TiOn( -Cng th7c ph=n t> c6a H l '( -32H22O33( +( -YH32OY( -( (-YH3tOF!n( /( -3hH@YO3h(
CHNG III. $)IN * $)IN& $+IT * P(&TEIN

Cu 3.1 SV %\p xQp theo t<0t tV tNng Lon t_nh Raf; gi8a et*lamin" phen*lamin v amoniac ng l '( amoniac et*lamin phen*lamin( +( et*lamin amoniac phen*lamin( -( phen*lamin amoniac et*lamin( /( phen*lamin et*lamin amoniac( Cu 3.2 - ch thu0n li nh:t # nh0n RiQt lj Vng Lung L1ch -H@[H2 l '( nh0n RiQt RSng mUi( +( th&m vi gijt Lung L1ch H2SO4( -( th&m vi gijt Lung L1ch [a2-O@ /( )$a ou a thul tinh k nhng vo Lung L1ch H-l 0m c l&n ph_a t<&n miOng lj Vng Lung L1ch -H @[H2( Cu 3.3 Sd l$ng ng ph=n 7ng vDi cCng th7c ph=n t> -@Hx[ l2 '( 2( +( @( -( 4( /( F( Cu 3.4 Sd l$ng ng ph=n amin R0c 2 7ng vDi cCng th7c ph=n t> -4H33[ l '( 2( +( @( -( 4( /( F( Cu 3.5 Sd l$ng ng ph=n amin c ch7a veng Renfen 7ng vDi cCng th7c ph=n t> -wHx[ l '( 2( +( @( -( 4( /( F( Cu 3.6 'mino axit l mGt hp ch:t h8u c; tAp ch7c" t<ong ph=n t> c6a n vKa c nhm (3!vKa c nhm (2! n&n vKa c t_nh ch:t (@!vKa c t_nh ch:t (4!( 'mino axit th$mng tn tAi L$Di LAng (F!c=n RSng vDi LAng (Y! (3! (2! (@! (4! (F! (Y! '( amin cacRon*l oxi ho 'xit ph=n t> ph=n t> +( amino cacRox*l Raf; 'xit ion l$vng cVc ph=n t> -( hi<ox*l met*len Th> oxi ho cation anion
33
/( xeton met*l axit l$vng t_nh ngu*&n t> cation Cu 3.7 - @ ch:t h8u c; gm [H2-H2-OOH" -H@-H2-OOH v -H@-H2@[H2( )# nh0n <a Lung L1ch c6a c c hp ch:t t<&n" chX con LUng thudc th> no %au =*z'( [aOH( +( H-l( -( -H@OHnH-l( /( pu t_m( Cu 3.8 ,%te ' $c iPu chQ tK amino axit + (chX ch7a -" H" O" [! v ancol met*lic( JX Thdi h;i c6a ' %o vDi H 2 l 44"F( )dt ch * hon ton h"xg e%te ' thu $c 3@"2g -O2" Y"@g H2O v 3"32 l_t [2 (Ttc!( -Cng th7c c:u tAo thu gjn c6a '" + lon l$t l '( -H([H2!2-OO-H@9 -H([H2!2-OOH( +( -H2([H2!-OOH9 -H2([H2!-OO-H@( -( -H2([H2!-OO-H@9 -H2([H2!-OOH( /( -H([H2!2-OOH9 -H([H2!2-OO-H@( Cu 3.9 Jhudc th> no L$Di =* LUng # ph=n RiOt c c Lung L1ch glucof;" glixe<ol" etanol v leng t<\ng t<7ngz '( [aOH( +( 'g[O@n[H@( -( -u(OH!2( /( H[O@( Cu 3.10 Khi thul ph=n Fttg p<otein ' thu $c 3wtg alanin( [Qu ph=n t> Thdi c6a ' l Ft(ttt" th^ %d m\t x_ch alanin t<ong ph=n t> ' l Rao nhi&uz '( 3hx( +( 3xt( -( 3x3( /( 3x2( Cu 3.11 -h:t no %au =* ThCng c ph4n 7ng vDi Lung L1ch -2HF[H2 t<ong H2Oz '( H-l( +( H2SO4( -( [aOH( /( pu t_m( Cu 3.12 lixin ph4n 7ng $c vDi t:t c4 c c ch:t t<ong nhm ch:t no %au =* (iPu TiOn ph4n 7ng xem nh$ c 6!2 '( u t_m " H-l " [H@ " -2HFOH( +( [aOH" H-l" -2HFOH" H2[? -H2 ? -OOH -( Whenoltalein " H-l " -2HFOH " [a( /( [a " [aOH " +<2 " -2HFOH( Cu 3.13 J^m cCng th7c c:u tAo c6a hp ch:t h8u c; H ch7a @2y -9 Y"YYwy H9 42"YYwy O9 3h"YYYy [( +iQt ph=n t> H c mGt ngu*&n t> [ v H c Th4 nNng tham gia ph4n 7ng t<Ung ng$ng( '( H2[-H2-OOH( +( -2HF[O2( -( H-OO[H@-H@( /( -H@-OO[H4( Cu 3.14 Hp ch:t h8u c; ' c cCng th7c ph=n t> l -@HwO2[" ' t c LMng $c vDi Lung L1ch [aOH" Lung L1ch H-l v lm m:t mu Lung L1ch R<om( -Cng th7c c:u tAo ng c6a ' l '( -H@-H([H2!-OOH( +( -H2b-H-OO[H4( -( H-OO-H2-H2[H2( /( H2[-H2-H2-OOH( Cu 3.15 -ho c c ch:t2 et*len glicol (3!" axit aminoaxetic (2!" axit oxalic (@!" axit ac<*lic (4!( [h8ng ch:t c th# tham gia ph4n 7ng t<Ung ng$ng l2 '( (3!" (2!" (@!( +( (3!" (2!( -( -hX c (2!( /( -4 Rdn ch:t( Cu 3.16 - c c Lung L1ch ch7a t<ong c c lj m:t nhkn %au2 eng t<\ng t<7ng" h tinh RGt" glixe<ol( Jhudc th> c th# LUng # ph=n RiOt c c Lung L1ch t<&n l2 '( -u(OH!2( +( 2( -( 'g[O@( /( c4 '" + Pu ng( Cu 3.17 Sd ng ph=n c6a hp ch:t h8u c; th;m c cCng th7c ph=n t> - wHw[O2 l2 '( w( +( Y( -( F( /( h( Cu 3.18 Sd ng ph=n c6a c c ch:t c cCng th7c ph=n t> - 4H3tO (3!" -4Hx-l (2!" -4H3t (@!" -4H33[ (4! theo chiPu tNng Lon l2 '( (@!" (2!" (3!" (4!( +( (4!" (3!" (2!" (@!( -( (2!" (4!" (3!" (@!( /( (4!" (@!" (2!" (3!(
NaOH Cu 3.19 -ho %; ph4n 7ng2 -xH3wO4[ (H! -FHwO4[[a2 (]! s 2-2HFOH(
-Cng th7c c:u tAo thu gjn c6a H" ] lon l$t l '( -2HFOO--H2-H([H2!-H2-OO-2HF" [aOO--H2-H([H2!-H2-OO[a( +( -H@OO--H2-H([H2!-H2-OO-@Hw" [aOO--H2-H([H2!-H2-OO[a( -( HOO--H2-H([H2!-H2-OO-4Hx" [aOO--H2-H([H2!-H2-OO[a( /( -H@OO--H2-H([H2!-H2-OO-H(-H@!2" [aOO--H2-H([H2!-H2-OO[a( Cu 3.20 -hjn ph t Ri#u ng vP hp ch:t tAp ch7c2 '( Hp ch:t h8u c; c tK hai loAi nhm ch7c t<B l&n( +( Hp ch:t h8u c; c tK hai nhm ch7c t<B l&n( -( Hp ch:t h8u c; c nhiPu nhm ch7c( /( Hp ch:t h8u c; c hai nhm ch7c( Cu 3.21 J<ong %; %au" cCng th7c c:u tAo thu gjn phU hp c6a '" +" -" /" , lon l$t l
+ O2 + Cl 2 + O2 + Cl 2 + NH 3 + dd NaOH / ' - , ,tan + lixin( 1:1 Cu 1:1 Mn2+
'( -2HF-l" -2HFOH " -H@-HO" -H@-OOH " -H@-OO-l( +( -2HF-l" -2HFOH " -H@-HO" -H@-OOH" -H2-l-OOH( -( -2HF-l" -2HFOH " -H@ -O-H@" -H@-OOH" -H2-l-OOH( /( -2HF-l" -2HFOH " -H@-OOH" -H@-O-H@" -H2-l-OOH( Cu 3.22 -ho @ ch:t h8u c;2 [H2-H2-OOH (3!9 -H@-H2-H2-H2[H2 (2!9 -H@-H2-OOH (@!( [hiOt G nng ch4* c6a chng $c xQp theo t<^nh tV gi4m Lon l '( (2! (@! (3!( +( (3! (@! (2!( -( (@! (2! (3!( /( (2! (3! (@!(
32
Cu 3.23 Hp ch:t a ch7c v hp ch:t tAp ch7c gidng nhau B ch '( Pu l hp ch:t c nhiPu nhm ch7c( +( Pu l hp ch:t ch7a c c nhm ch7c gidng nhau( -( ph=n t> luCn c li&n TQt ( /( mAch cacRon t<ong ph=n t> c li&n TQt ( Cu 3.24 H l mGt axit ?monoamino monocacRox*lic" c tX Thdi h;i %o vDi ThCng Th_ l @"tw( H l '( glixin( +( alanin( -( axit ? aminoRuti<ic( Cu 3.25 Khi un nng ch:t RIo vDi Lung L1ch TiPm (((( '( luCn thu $c glixe<ol v ph4n 7ng x4* <a thu0n ngh1ch( +( luCn thu $c glixe<ol" ph4n 7ng x4* <a nhanh h;n v mGt chiPu( -( luCn thu $c mudi c6a axit RIo v ph4n 7ng x4* <a thu0n ngh1ch( /( luCn thu $c x pheng" ph4n 7ng x4* <a ch0m h;n( Cu 3.26 'mino axit l '( hp ch:t h8u c; a ch7c" c ch7a 2 nhm ch7c -OOH v [H2( +( hp ch:t h8u c; a ch7c" c ch7a 2 loAi nhm ch7c -OOH v [H 2( -( hp ch:t h8u c; tAp ch7c" c ch7a 2 nhm ch7c -OOH v [H 2( /( hp ch:t h8u c; tAp ch7c" c ch7a 2 loAi nhm ch7c -OOH v [H 2( Cu 3.27 -Cng th7c tcng pu t c6a amino axit l '( q-H([H2!-OOH( +( q([H2!x(-OOH!*( -( q([H2!(-OOH!( Cu 3.28 -hjn c=u ph t Ri#u %ai2 '( 'mino axit l hp ch:t h8u c; tAp ch7c( +( J_nh Raf; c6a -YHF[H2 *Qu h;n [H@( -( -Cng th7c tcng pu t c6a amin no" mAch hB" ;n ch7c l - nH2n s @[ (n 3!( /( /ung L1ch c6a c c amino axit Pu lm pu t_m chu*#n %ang mu ( Cu 3.29 Hai ph$;ng t<^nh ph4n 7ng ho hjc %au" ch7ng minh $c nh0n 1nh <Sng2 H2[-H2-OOH s [aOH H2[-H2-OO[a s H2O( /( axit glutamic(
/( q-H([H@-l!-OOH(
H2[-H2-OOH s H-l HOO--H2[H@-l( '( lixin l mGt axit( +( lixin l mGt Raf;( -( lixin l mGt ch:t l$vng t_nh( /( lixin l mGt ch:t t<ung t_nh( Cu 3.30 Hp ch:t h8u c; H c cCng th7c c:u tAo thu gjn2 HOO--H2-H2-H([H2!-OOH( J&n gji c6a H l '( glixin( +( alanin( -( axit aipic( /( axit glutamic( Cu 3.31 -ho %; chu*#n ho %au2
H2SO4 ? [a2SO4
-2HFOH" H2SO4" to ? [a2SO4
-H@
-H
-OO
-2HF
[H@HSO4
-H -OO[a" -H@ -H -OOH(
-Cng th7c c:u tAo phU hp c6a H" ] lon l$t l

'( -H@ -( -H@ -H -OO[a" -H@ -H -OOH( +( -H@ /( -H@ [H2 -H -OO[a" -H@ [H2 [H2 -H -OOH( [H@HSO4
Hs" to
[H@HSO4 -H -OOH" -H@ [H@HSO4
[H2 -H -OOH( [H2
Cu 3.32 Wh$;ng t<^nh ph4n 7ng ho hjc %au ch7ng minh $c <Sng2
H2[-H2-OOH s -2HFOH
H2[-H2-OO-2HF s H2O(
'( H ndi vDi O c6a ancol linh Gng h;n axit( +( lixin c nhm [H2( -( H ndi vDi O c6a axit linh Gng h;n ancol( /( lixin c nhm -OOH( Cu 3.33 )iPu Th~ng 1nh no %au =* l %ai z '( Wh=n t> Thdi c6a mGt amin ;n ch7c luCn l %d chn( +( 'mino axit c t_nh l$vng t_nh( -( 'mino axit tham gia ph4n 7ng t<Ung ng$ng( /( 'min ;n ch7c Pu ch7a mGt %d l{ ngu*&n t> H t<ong ph=n t>( Cu 3.34 |udi c6a axit glutamic LUng lm RGt ngjt (cen gji l m^ ch_nh!" c cCng th7c c:u tAo thu gjn l '( HOO- a -H2 a -H2 a -H([H2! a -OOH( +( [aOO- a -H2 a -H2 a -H([H2! a -OOH(
3@
-( HOO- a -H2 a -H2 a -H([H2! a -OO[H4( /( [aOO- a -H2 a -H2 a -H([H2! a -OO[a( Cu 3.35 -Cng th7c c:u tAo thu gjn c6a axit 2 a amino a @ a phen*lp<opanoic l '( -H2 -H -OOH( +( -H2 -H -OOH(
[H2 -YHF -( -H@ -H2 -H -YHF [H2
-OOH(
-YHF [H2 /( -H@ -H2 -H [H2 -Y HF
-OOH(
Cu 3.36 -hjn c=u ph t Ri#u %ai2 '( W<otein c t<ong mji RG ph0n c6a c; th# Gng v0t l hp ch:t h8u c; a ch7c( +( - c p<otein Pu ch7a c c ngu*&n td - " H " O " [( -( } nhiOt G th$mng L$Di t c LMng c6a men" p<otein R1 thul ph=n tAo <a c c amino axit( /( |Gt %d p<otein R1 Cng tM Thi un nng( Cu 3.37 )# iPu chQ glixin theo %; 2 'xit axetic axit cloaxetic glixin( -on LUng th&m c c ch:t ph4n 7ng no %au =* (ThCng T# xc t c!2 '( Hi<oclo<ua v amoniac( +( -lo v amin( -( 'xit clohi<ic v mudi amoni( /( -lo v amoniac( Cu 3.38 J_nh Raf; c6a amin no t<ong %d c c amin %au =* l *Qu nh:t z '( anilin( +( iphen*lamin( -( t<iphen*lamin( /( ThCng x c 1nh $c( Cu 3.39 S4n ph5m c6a ph4n 7ng e%te ho gi8a amino axit H v metanol thu $c e%te c tX Thdi h;i %o vDi p<opin RSng 2"22F( J&n gji c6a H l '( alanin( +( glixin( -( axit glutamic( /( t:t c4 '" +" - Pu %ai( Cu 3.40 -ho Lung L1ch met*lamin Qn L$ vo c c Lung L1ch %au2 Ze-l @" -uSO4" n([O@!2" -H@-OOK th^ %d l$ng TQt t6a thu $c l2 '( t( +( 3( -( 2( /( @( Cu 3.41 -ho 3Fg hn hp c c amin gm anilin" met*lamin" imet*lamin" iet*lmet*lamin t c LMng vKa 6 vDi Ftml Lung L1ch H-l 3|( Khdi l$ng %4n ph5m thu $c c gi t<1 l '( 3Y"h2Fg( +( 2t"3hg( -( 23"32@g( /( ThCng 6 L8 TiOn # t_nh( Cu 3.42 -ho Lung L1ch met*lamin Qn L$ vo c c Lung L1ch %au2 (-H@-OO!2-u" (-H@-OO!2WR" (-H@-OO!2|g" -H@-OO'g" th^ %d l$ng TQt t6a thu $c l2 '( t( +( 3( -( 2( /( @( Cu 3.43 Khi n:u canh cua" <i&u cua nci l&n $c gi4i th_ch l Lo2 '( - c ch:t R5n t<ong cua ch$a $c lm %Ach hQt( +( - ph4n 7ng ho hjc c6a [a-l vDi ch:t c t<ong n$Dc ljc Thi xa* (gik! cua( -( SV Cng tM c6a p<otit( /( J:t c4 c c ngu*&n nh=n n&u B '" +" -( Cu 3.44 )iPu chQ anilin RSng c ch Th> nit<oRenfen th^ LUng ch:t Th> no %au =* z '( [H@( +( Th_ H2( -( cacRon( /( Ze s Lung L1ch H-l( Cu 3.45 Hn hp (H! gm hai amin ;n ch7c( -ho 3"F2g H t c LMng vKa 6 vDi 2ttml Lung L1ch H-l thu $c 2"xhg mudi( Jcng %d mol hai amin v nng G molnl c6a Lung L1ch H-l l '( t"t4 mol v t"2|( +( t"t2 mol v t"3|( -( t"tY mol v t"@|( /( TQt pu4 Th c( Cu 3.46 -ho @"t4g hn hp ] gm hai amin ;n ch7c" no" mAch hB t c LMng vKa 6 vDi Lung L1ch H-l thu $c F"xYg mudi( +iQt t<ong hn hp" %d mol hai amin RSng nhau( -Cng th7c ph=n t> c6a hai amin l '( -HF[ v -2Hw[( +( -@Hx[ v -2Hw[( -( -@Hx[ v -4H33[( /( TQt pu4 Th c( Cu 3.47 Hp ch:t h8u c; (H! c cCng th7c ph=n t> -xH*[O c Thdi l$ng ph=n t> RSng 33@u( H c c i#m c:u tAo v c c t_nh ch:t %au2 ph=n t> c mAch cacRon ThCng ph=n nh nh" ThCng lm m:t mu Lung L1ch +< 2" Thi t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch [aOH chX thu $c %4n ph5m h8u c; Lu* nh:t( [goi <a" H cen c Th4 nNng tham gia ph4n 7ng t<Ung hp( -Cng th7c c:u tAo c6a H l
'(
-H2 -H2
-H2 -H2
-H2 - b O( [H
+( -H@
-H2
-H2
-H2
- [H2( O
-( H2[-H24 -HO( /( TQt pu4 Th c( Cu 3.48 Hk* chX <a c=u %ai t<ong c c c=u %au2 '( - c amin Pu TQt hp vDi p<oton( +( J_nh Raf; c6a c c amin Pu mAnh h;n [H@( -( |et*lamin c t_nh Raf; mAnh h;n anilin( /( -Cng th7c tcng pu t c6a amin no" mAch hB l - nH2ns2sT[T(
34
Cu 3.49 )dt ch * hon ton hn hp hai amin no" ;n ch7c" l ng ~ng li&n tiQp" thu $c 2"24 l_t Th_ -O 2 (Ttc! v @"Yg H2O( -Cng th7c ph=n t> c6a 2 amin l '( -HF[ v -2Hw[( +( -2Hw[ v -@Hx[( -( -@Hx[ v -4H33[( /( TQt pu4 Th c( Cu 3.50 - hai amin R0c mGt gm ' (ng ~ng c6a anilin! v + (ng ~ng c6a met*lamin!( )dt ch * hon ton @"23g amin ' %inh <a Th_ -O2" h;i H2O v @@Y cm@ Th_ [2 (Ttc!( Khi dt ch * amin + th:* `-O2 2 `H2O = 2 2 @ ( +iQt <Sng t&n c6a ' c tiQp ou ng8 pa<a( -Cng th7c c:u tAo c6a '" + lon l$t l
NH2 NH2
'(
CH3
" -4Hx?[H2(
+(
CH3
" -H@?-H2?-H2?[H2(
-( -H@?-YH4?[H2 " -H@?-H2?-H2?[H2(
/( -H@?-YH4?[H2 " -H@?-H?[H2(

CH3
Cu 3.51 )dt ch * hon ton m g mGt amin ' RSng l$ng ThCng Th_ vKa 6" thu $c 3w"Yg Th_ cacRonic" 32"Yg h;i n$Dc v Yx"44 l_t Th_ nit;( i4 thiQt ThCng Th_ chX gm nit; v oxi" t<ong nit; chiQm hty th# t_ch (c c ` o B Ttc!( i t<1 m v t&n gji c6a amin l '( x" et*lamin( +( w" imet*lamin( -( h" et*lamin( /( x" et*lamin hoc imet*lamin( Cu 3.52 Khi dt ch * hon ton mGt amin ;n ch:t H" ng$mi ta thu $c 3t"32Fg H2O" h"4 l_t Th_ -O2 v 3"4 l_t [2 (c c ` o B Ttc!( H c cCng th7c ph=n t> l '( -4H33[( +( -2Hw[( -( -@Hx[( /( -FH3@[( Cu 3.53 -ho 2tg hn hp gm @ amin no" ;n ch7c l ng ~ng li&n tiQp c6a nhau" t c LMng vKa 6 vDi Lung L1ch H-l" cC cAn Lung L1ch thu $c @3"Yhg hn hp mudi( [Qu @ amin t<&n $c t<Gn theo tX lO %d mol 323t2F v th7 tV ph=n t> Thdi tNng Lon th^ cCng th7c ph=n t> c6a @ amin l '( -2Hw[" -@Hx[" -4H33[( +( -@Hx[" -4H33[" -FH3@[( -( -@Hw[" -4Hx[" -FH33[( /( -H@[" -2Hw[" -@Hx[( Cu 3.54 /ung L1ch H ch7a H-l v H2SO4 c pH b 2( )# t<ung ho hon ton t"Fxg hn hp 2 amin no" ;n ch7c" R0c (c %d ngu*&n t> - nh h;n hoc RSng 4! ph4i LUng mGt l_t Lung L1ch H( -Cng th7c ph=n t> c6a hai amin lon l$t l2 '( -H@[H2 v -4Hx[H2( +( -@Hw[H2 v -4Hx[H2( -( -2HF[H2 v -4Hx[H2( /( ' v - ng( Cu 3.55 Khi dt ch * mi ng ~ng c6a anT*lamin" th^ tX lO th# t_ch H b `-O2 2 `H2O RiQn ci nh$ thQ no theo %d l$ng ngu*&n t> cacRon tNng Lon t<ong ph=n t> z '( t"4 H 3"2( +( t"h H 2"F( -( t"4 H 3( /( t"wF H 3( Cu 3.56 )dt ch * hon ton mGt amin th;m H thu $c @"thg -O2" t"xxg H2O v @@Yml [2 (Ttc!( )# t<ung ho t"3 mol H con Yttml Lung L1ch H-l t"F|( +iQt H l amin R0c " cCng th7c c:u tAo thu gjn c th# c c6a H l '( -H@-YH2([H2!@( +( -H@[H-YH@([H2!2( -( H2[-H2-YH@([H2!2( /( c4 '" - Pu ng( Cu 3.57 - c ch:t '" +" - c cUng cCng th7c ph=n t> -4HxO2[( +iQt ' t c LMng vDi c4 H-l v [a2O9 + t c LMng vDi H mDi %inh tAo <a +r9 +r t c LMng vDi H-l tAo <a +9 + t c LMng vDi [aOH tAo <a +r9 - t c LMng vDi [aOH tAo <a mudi v [H@( -Cng th7c c:u tAo thu gjn c6a '" +" - lon l$t l '( -4Hx[O2" H2[-@HY-OOH" -@HF-OO[H4( -( -@HF-OO[H4" H2[-@HY-OOH" -4Hx[O2( +( H2[-@HY-OOH" -@HF-OO[H4" -4Hx[O2( /( H2[-@HY-OOH" -4Hx[O2" -@HF-OO[H4(
Cu 3.58 |Gt hp ch:t h8u c; ' mAch th~ng c cCng th7c ph=n t> l - @H3tO2[2( ' t c LMng vDi TiPm tAo thnh [H@( |t Th c" ' t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch axit tAo thnh mudi amin R0c ( -Cng th7c c:u tAo c6a ' l '( H2[-H2-H2-OO[H4( +( -H@-H([H2!-OO[H4( -( ' v + Pu ng( /( ' v + Pu %ai( Cu 3.59 [h8ng tK ha* cMm tK th_ch hp vDi nh8ng ch t<dng B c c c=u t<ong oAn vNn %au l 'min l nh8ng hp ch:t h8u c; $c tAo thnh (3!mGt ha* nhiPu (2!t<ong ph=n t> amoniac RBi (@!( 'mino axit l loAi hp ch:t h8u c; ((((4!m ph=n t> ch7a (F!( `^ c nhm (Y! v nhm (w! t<ong ph=n t>" amino axit Ri#u hiOn t_nh ch:t (h!v t_nh ch:t c RiOt l ph4n 7ng (x! (3! '( Thi tha* thQ (2! ngu*&n t> hi<o (@! mGt ha* nhiPu gdc hi<ocacRon (4! luvng t_nh (F! ng thmi nhm cacRox*l v nhm amino (Y! tAp ch7c (w! cacRox*l (h! amino (x! t<Ung ng$ng
3F
mGt ha* ng thmi nhm tAp ngu*&n luvng t<Ung nhiPu gdc cacRox*l v amino ch7c t> hi<o t_nh ng$ng hi<ocacRon nhm amino mGt ha* ng thmi nhm Thi tha* ngu*&n t> tAp luvng t<Ung -( nhiPu gdc cacRox*l v amino cacRox*l thQ hi<o ch7c t_nh ng$ng hi<ocacRon nhm amino mGt ha* ng thmi nhm ngu*&n Thi tha* thQ tAp luvng t<Ung /( nhiPu gdc cacRox*l v amino cacRox*l t> hi<o ch7c t_nh ng$ng hi<ocacRon nhm amino Cu 3.60 'mino axit H ch7a mGt nhm ch7c amin R0c t<ong ph=n t>( )dt ch * hon ton mGt l$ng H thu $c -O2 v [2 theo tX lO th# t_ch 423( H l hp ch:t no %au =*z '( H2[-H2-OOH( +( H2[-H2-H2-OOH( -( H2[-H([H2!-OOH(/( t:t c4 Pu %ai( +( Thi tha* thQ cacRox*l Cu 3.61 Khi dt ch * hon ton ng ~ng H c6a axit aminoaxetic" thu $c `-O2 2 `H2O = Y 2 w ( -Cng th7c c:u tAo thu gjn c th# c c6a H l '( -H@-H([H2!-OOH" H2[-H2-H2-OOH" -H@[H-H2-OOH( +( H2[-H2@-OOH" -H@-H([H2!-H2-OOH" -H@[H-H22-OOH( -( H2[-H24-OOH" H2[-H([H2!-H22-OOH" -H@[H-H2@-OOH( /( TQt pu4 Th c( Cu 3.62 Hp ch:t H ch7a c c ngu*&n td -" H" O" [ v c ph=n t> Thdi l hx( Khi dt ch * 3 mol H thu $c h;i n$Dc" @ mol -O2 v t"F mol [2( +iQt <Sng" H vKa t c LMng $c vDi Lung L1ch H-l vKa t c LMng $c vDi Lung L1ch [aOH" ngoi <a cen t c LMng $c vDi n$Dc R<om( H l hp ch:t no %au =*z '( H2[?-Hb-H?-OOH( +( -H2b-([H2!?-OOH( -( -H2b-H?-OO[H4( /( c4 '" +" - Pu %ai( Cu 3.63 Hp ch:t h8u c; H c ph=n t> Thdi nh h;n ph=n t> Thdi c6a Renfen" chX ch7a ngu*&n td -" H" O" [ t<ong hi<o chiQm x"txy" nit; chiQm 3h"3hy( )dt ch * w"wg ch:t H" thu $c 4"x2h l_t Th_ -O 2 (o B 2w"@o-" 3atm!( +iQt H t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch [aOH v Lung L1ch H-l( -Cng th7c c:u tAo thu gjn c6a H l '( H2[-H2-OOH( +( -H@-OO[H4 hoc H-OO[H@-H@( -( -2HF-OO[H4 hoc H-OO[H@-H@( /( c4 '" +" - Pu %ai( Cu 3.64 -ho a g hn hp hai amino axit '" + Pu no" mAch hB" ThCng ph=n nh nh " ch7a 3 ch7c axit" 3 ch7c amino t c LMng vDi 4t"3Fg Lung L1ch H-l 2ty $c Lung L1ch '( )# t c LMng hQt vDi c c ch:t t<ong Lung L1ch '" con 34tml Lung L1ch KOH @|( |t Th c" dt ch * a g hn hp hai amino axit t<&n v cho %4n ph5m ch * pua Lung L1ch [aOH L$" th^ th:* Thdi l$ng R^nh n* tNng th&m @2"hg( +iQt <Sng" Thi dt ch * thu $c Th_ nit; B LAng ;n ch:t( -ho tX lO ph=n t> Thdi c6a chng l 3"@w( -Cng th7c c:u tAo thu gjn c6a hai amino axit lon l$t l '( H2[-H2@-OOH" H2[-H2-OOH( +( H2[-H2-OOH" H2[-H2@-OOH( -( H2[-H24-OOH" H2[-H2-OOH( /( c4 '" + Pu ng( Cu 3.65 ' l mGt amino axit t<ong ph=n t> ngoi c c nhm cacRox*l v amino ThCng c nhm ch7c no Th c( +iQt t"3 mol ' ph4n 7ng vKa hQt vDi 3ttml Lung L1ch H-l 3| tAo <a 3h"@Fg mudi( |t Th c" 22"tFg ' Thi t c LMng vDi mGt l$ng [aOH L$" tAo <a 2h"YFg mudi Than( +iQt ' c c:u tAo mAch ThCng ph=n nh nh v nhm amino B v1 t<_ ( -Cng th7c c:u tAo thu gjn c6a ' l '( HOO--H([H2!-OOH( +( HOO--H2-H([H2!-OOH( -( HOO--H2-H2-H([H2!-OOH( /( -H@-H2-H([H2!-OOH( Cu 3.66 H l mGt ?amino axit no chX ch7a mGt nhm a[H2 v mGt nhm a-OOH( -ho 3F"3g H t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H-l L$" thu $c 3h"wFg mudi c6a H( -Cng th7c c:u tAo c6a H l '( -H@-H([H2!-OOH( +( H2[-H2-H2-OOH( -( -H@-H2-H([H2!-OOH( /( TQt pu4 Th c( Cu 3.67 -hjn ph t Ri#u %ai2 '( Jhul ph=n p<otein RSng axit Thi un nng %i cho mGt hn hp c c amino axit( +( Wh=n t> Thdi c6a mGt amino axit (gm 3 ch7c amino v 3 ch7c cacRox*l! luCn luCn l %d l{( -( - c amino axit Pu tan t<ong n$Dc( /( /ung L1ch amino axit ThCng lm gi:* pu ci mu( Cu 3.68 Hk* iPn nh8ng tK hoc cMm tK th_ch hp vo c c ch t<dng B c c c=u %au ? W<otein c t<ong ? - c p<otein Pu ch7a c c ngu*&n td
3Y
? } nhiOt G th$mng L$Di t c LMng c6a men" p<otein tAo <a c c amino axit( ? |Gt %d p<otein R1 Thi un nng hoc Thi cho th&m mGt %d ho ch:t( (3! mji RG ph0n c6a c; th#9 (2! R1 thul ph=n9 (@! cacRon" hi<o" oxi" nit;9 (4! Cng tM [h8ng tK hoc cMm tK th_ch hp theo t<^nh tV tK t<&n xudng l '( (3!" (2!" (@!" (4!( +( (3!" (@!" (2!" (4!( -( (3!" (4!" (@!" (2!( /( (4!" (2!" (@!" (3!( Cu 3.69 -=u Th~ng 1nh no %au =* luCn ng2 '( Wh=n t> Thdi c6a mGt amin ;n ch7c luCn l %d chn( +( 'min luCn luCn ph4n 7ng vDi Hs( -( |ji amin ;n ch7c Pu ch7a mGt %d l{ %d ngu*&n t> H t<ong ph=n t>( /( + v - Pu ng( Cu 3.70 -ho c c ch:t2 (3! amoniac9 (2! anilin9 (@! p?nit<oanilin9 (4! p?nit<otoluen9 (F! met*lamin9 (Y! imet*lamin( J<^nh tV t_nh Raf; tNng Lon theo chiPu tK t< i %ang ph4i l '( (3! (4! (@! (2! (F! (Y!( +( (2! (3! (@! (4! (F! (Y!( -( (4! (@! (2! (3! (F! (Y!( /( (3! (2! (4! (@! (F! (Y!( Cu 3.71 )dt ch * hon ton t"t2 mol mGt amin R0c (H! vDi l$ng oxi vKa 6" thu ton RG %4n ph5m pua R^nh ch7a n$Dc vCi t<ong L$" th:* Thdi l$ng R^nh Vng n$Dc vCi t<ong tNng @"2g v cen lAi t"44h l_t (Ttc! mGt Th_ ThCng R1 h:p thM" Thi ljc Lung L1ch thu $c 4"tg TQt t6a( H c cCng th7c c:u tAo no %au =*z '( -H@-H2[H2( +( H2[-H2-H2[H2( -( -H@-H([H2!2( /( +" - Pu ng( Cu 3.72 'mino axit (]! c cCng th7c LAng [-xH*(-OOH!m( :* mGt l$ng axit aminoaxetic (H! v @"h2g (]!( Hai ch:t (H! v (]! c cUng %d mol( )dt ch * hon ton l$ng (H! v (]! t<&n" th# t_ch Th_ oxi con LUng # dt ch * hQt (]! nhiPu h;n # dt ch * hQt (H! l 3"@44 l_t (Ttc!( -Cng th7c c:u tAo thu gjn c6a (]! l '( -H@[H-H2-OOH( +( H2[-H2-H2-OOH( -( [(-H2-OOH!@( /( [-4Hh(-OOH!2( Cu 3.73 Hp ch:t H ch7a c c ngu*&n td -" H" O" [ vDi tX lO Thdi l$ng t$;ng 7ng l @23242w( +iQt ph=n t> H c 2 ngu*&n t> nit;( -Cng th7c ph=n t> c6a H l2 '( -H4O[2( +( -@HhO[2( -( -@HhO2[2( /( TQt pu4 Th c(
CHNG I,. P&LI)E

Cu 4.1 Hp ch:t ou v c c hp ch:t t<ung gian t<ong pu t<^nh iPu chQ <a cao %u Runa (3! l2 etilen (2!" metan (@!" <$u et*lic (4!" ivin*l (F!" axetilen (Y!( Hk* %\p xQp c c ch:t theo ng th7 tV x4* <a t<ong pu t<^nh iPu chQ '( @ Y 2 4 F 3( +( Y 4 2 F @ 3( -( 2 Y @ 4 F 3( /( 4 Y @ 2 F 3( Cu 4.2 J; nilon a Y"Y c cCng th7c l '( [H-H2F-O n ( +( [H-H2Y-O n (
-( [H-H2Y[H-O-H24-O n ( /( [H-H(-H@!-O n (
Cu 4.3 KhCng n&n 6i (l! pu nng puon o RSng nilon9 len9 t; tSm" v^2 '( en" t; tSm" t; nilon TIm RPn vDi nhiOt( +( en" t; tSm" t; nilon c c c nhm (? -O ? [H ?! t<ong ph=n t> TIm RPn vDi nhiOt( -( en" t; tSm" t; nilon mPm mAi( /( en" t; tSm" t; nilon L ch *( Cu 4.4 [h8ng ph=n t> no %au =* c th# tham gia ph4n 7ng t<Ung hp z -H2b-H2(3!9 -H -H(2!9 -H2b-Ha-l(@!9 -H@a-H@(4! '( (3!" (@!( +( (@!" (2!( -( (3!" (2!" (@!" (4!( /( (3!" (2!" (@!( Cu 4.5 Khi H2SO4 0m c <;i vo puon o RSng v4i %i RCng" ch v4i R1 en lAi Lo c %4n ph5m tAo thnh l '( cacRon( +( S( -( WRS( /( H2S( Cu 4.6 -ho %; %au2 -H4 H ] cao %u Runa( J&n gji c6a H " ] " t<ong %; t<&n lon l$t l '( 'xetilen" etanol" Rutaien( +( 'nehit axetic" etanol" Rutaien( -( 'xetilen" vin*laxetilen" Rutaien( /( ,tilen" vin*laxetilen" Rutaien( Cu 4.7 -ao %u Runa a S c cCng th7c l
'( -H2 -( -H2 -H -H -H2 n ( -H -H -H2 -H -H2 -YHF ( +( -H2 -(-OO-H@! -H@ n /( -H -H2 -YHF n ( n (
3w
Cu 4.8 -ao %u Runa ? S $c iPu chQ RSng 2 '( Wh4n 7ng t<Ung hp( -( Wh4n 7ng t<Ung ng$ng( Cu 4.9 Jhul tinh plexigla% l polime no %au =*z '( Wolimet*l metac<*lat (W||!( -( Wolimet*l ac<*lat (W|'!(
OH
+( Wh4n 7ng ng t<Ung hp( /( Wh4n 7ng ng t<Ung ng$ng( +( Wolivin*l axetat (W`'!( /( J:t c4 Pu %ai(
-H2 n
Cu 4.10 J&n c6a polime c cCng th7c %au l '( nhVa phenol?.omanehit( +( nhVa RaTel_t( -( nhVa L{o( /( poli%ti<en( Cu 4.11 J; enang thuGc loAi '( t; axetat( +( t; poliamit( -( t; polie%te( /( t; tSm( Cu 4.12 Wh4n 7ng no %au =* tAo <a %4n ph5m l cao %u Runa a Sz
'( n-H2 +( n-H2 -( n-H2 /( n-H2 -H -H -H2 -H - -H2 -l -H - -H2 -H@
to" p" xt to" p" xt to" p" xt
-H2 -H2
-H -H -H2 n ( -H - -H2 -l -H2 n n ( ( m (
-H2 -H to" p" xt
-H@ -H2 -YHF
-H -H -H2 s m-H -H2
-H -H -H2
-H -H2 -YHF
Cu 4.13 Wh4n 7ng no %au =* tAo <a %4n ph5m l cao %u i%op<enz
'( n-H2 -H -H -H2 +( n-H2 -H - -H2 -l -( n-H2 -H - -H2 -H@
-H2 -H -H -H2 n ( -H2 -H - -H2 n ( -l ( -H2 -H - -H2 n -H@ -H2 -H -H -H2 n -H -H2 -YHF ( m
o /( n-H2 -H -H -H2 s m-H -H2 t " p" xt
-YHF
Cu 4.14 Wh4n 7ng no %au =* tAo <a %4n ph5m l cao %u clo<op<enz
'( n-H2 +( n-H2 -( n-H2 /( n-H2 -H -H -H -H -H -H2
-H2 -H2 -H2 -H2
-H -H
-H -H2 n ( - -H2 -l -H2 n n ( ( m (
- -H2 -l - -H2 -H@ -H
-H -
-H@
to" p" xt
-H2 s m-H -YHF
-H2 -H
-H -H2
-H -YHF
-H2
Cu 4.15 Hi<o ho hp ch:t h8u c; H $c i%opentan( H tham gia ph4n 7ng t<Ung hp $c mGt loAi cao %u( -Cng th7c c:u tAo thu gjn c6a H l ( '(-H@ -H2 - -H +(-H@ - - -H2 (
-(-H2 -H -H2 ( /(-H2 -H@ -H -H -H2 (
-H@ Cu 4.16 )# iPu chQ nilon ? Y"Y ng$mi ta LUng axit no # t<Ung ng$ng vDi hexamet*len iamin z '( axit axetic( +( axit oxalic( -( axit %tea<ic( /( axit aipic( Cu 4.17 Wh4n 7ng no %au =* tAo <a %4n ph5m l cao %u Runa a [z
3h
'( n-H2 -H - -H2 -H@ +( n-H2 -H - -H2 -l
to" p" xt
-H2 -H - -H2 -H@ -H2
to" p" xt
-H - -H2 n ( -l -H2 -H -H -H2 -H -H2 n ( -[ -H2 -H -H -H2 n -H -H2 -YHF ( m
o -( n-H2 -H -H -H2 s n-H -H2 t " p" xt
-[ /( n-H2
o -H -H -H2 s m-H -H2 t " p" xt
-YHF
-H@ -H2 n -OOH
Cu 4.18 J&n c6a monome tAo <a polime c cCng th7c l '( axit ac<*lic( +( met*l ac<*lat( -( axit metac<*lic( /( met*l metac<*lat( Cu 4.19 S4n ph5m c6a ph4n 7ng t<Ung hp met*l metac<*lat $c gji l '( nhVa RaTel_t( +( nhVa W`-( -( ch:t L{o( /( thul tinh h8u c;( Cu 4.20 J; cap<on $c iPu chQ tK monome no %au =* z '( axit metac<*lic( +( cap<olactam( -( phenol( /( axit cap<oic( Cu 4.21 J; enang $c iPu chQ RSng c ch '( t<Ung hp axit ac<*lic( +( t<Ung ng$ng alanin( -( t<Ung ng$ng H2[?(-H2!Y?-OOH( /( t<Ung ng$ng HOO-?(-H2!4?-OOH( Cu 4.22 [hVa WS $c iPu chQ tK monome no %au =*z '( axit metac<*lic( +( cap<olactam( -( phenol( /( %ti<en( Cu 4.23 -h:t c Th4 nNng t<Ung hp thnh cao %u l
'(-H2 -(-H@ -H -H2( +( -H@ /(-H2 - -H2( -H2 -H@( -H@ -H2 -H@ -H -H2
- -H(
Cu 4.24 JK monome no %au =* c th# iPu chQ $c poli(vin*l ancol! z '(-H2 -H -OO-H@( +(-H2 -H O-O-H@(
-(-H2 -H -OO-2HF( /(-H2 -H -H2 OH(
Cu 4.25 J; poliamit l nh8ng polime tcng hp c ch7a nhiPu nhm '( a-Oa[Ha t<ong ph=n t>( +( a-Oa t<ong ph=n t>( -( a[Ha t<ong ph=n t>( /( a-H(-[!a t<ong ph=n t>( Cu 4.26 |Gt polime ] c c:u tAo mAch nh$ %au2 -H2-H2-H2-H2-H2-H2-H2-H2 -Cng th7c mGt m\t x_ch c6a polime ] l '( -H2-H2-H2( +( -H2-H2-H2-H2( -( -H2( /( -H2-H2( Cu 4.27 JiQn hnh clo ho poli(vin*l clo<ua! thu $c mGt loAi polime H LUng # iPu chQ t; clo<in( J<ong H c ch7a YY"3hy clo theo Thdi l$ng( `0*" t<ung R^nh c Rao nhi&u m\t x_ch W`- ph4n 7ng $c vDi mGt ph=n t> clo z '( 3( +( 2( -(
@( /( 4(
Cu 4.28 J; cap<on (nilon a Y! c cCng th7c l

'( -( [H-H2F-O n ( [H-H2Y[H-O-H24-O n ( +( /( [H-H2Y-O n ( [H-H(-H@!-O n (
Cu 4.29 JiQn hnh ph4n 7ng ng t<Ung hp gi8a %ti<en v Ruta a 3"@ a ien (Rutaien!" thu $c polime H( -7 2"h@4 gam H ph4n 7ng vKa hQt vDi 3"w@3 gam +<2( JX lO %d m\t x_ch (Rutaien 2 %ti<en! t<ong loAi polime t<&n l '( 3 2 3( +( 3 2 2( -( 2
2 @( /( 3 2 @(
3x
Cu 4.30 -hjn c=u ph t Ri#u %ai2 '( - c v0t liOu polime th$mng l ch:t <\n ThCng Ra* h;i( +( Hou hQt c c polime ThCng tan t<ong n$Dc v c c Lung mCi thCng th$mng( -( Wolime l nh8ng ch:t c ph=n t> Thdi <:t lDn Lo nhiPu m\t x_ch li&n TQt vDi nhau( /( Wolietilen v poli(vin*l clo<ua! l loAi polime thi&n nhi&n" cen tinh RGt v xenlulof; l loAi polime tcng hp( ] xt " t o " p H 2O Cu 4.31 -ho %; ph4n 7ng %au2 H polime( H c cCng th7c ph=n t> -hH3tO ThCng t c LMng vDi [aOH( -Cng th7c c:u tAo thu gjn c6a H" ] lon l$t l2 '( -YHF-H(-H@!OH" -YHF-O-H@( +( -YHF-H2-H2OH" -YHF-H2-HO( -( -YHF-H2-H2OH" -YHF-Hb-H2( /( -H@?-YH4-H2OH " -YHF-Hb-H2( Cu 4.32 HO %d t<Ung hp (%d m\t x_ch! c6a t; nilon a Y"Y c ph=n t> Thdi (| b 2Ftt! l '( 3t( +( 33( -( 32( /( 3@( Cu 4.33 )iPu chQ nhVa phenol?.omanehit (3!" c c ch:t ou v ch:t t<ung gian t<ong pu t<^nh iPu chQ l2 metan (2!" Renfen (@!" anehit .omic (4!" phenol (F!" Renf*l clo<ua (Y!" nat<i phenolat (w!" axetilen (h!" etilen (x!" phen*l clo<ua (3t!( -hjn c c ch:t th_ch hp cho %; l '( (3!" (2!" (h!" (x!" (@!" (F!" (Y!( +( (3!" (2!" (h!" (4!" (@!" (3t!" (w!" (F!( -( (3!" (2!" (@!" (4!" (F!" (Y!" (w!( /( (3!" (@!" (F!" (w!" (x!" (Y!" (2!" (4!( Cu 4.34 )un nng poli (vin*l axetat! vDi TiPm B iPu TiOn th_ch hp ta thu $c %4n ph5m t<ong c2 '( ancol vin*lic( +( ancol et*lic( -( poli(vin*l ancol!( /( axeton( Cu 4.35 -ho c c polime 2 W," W`-" cao %u Runa" amilof;" amilopectin" xenlulof;" cao %u l$u ho ( Wolime c LAng c:u t<c mAch ThCng ph=n nh nh l '( W," W`-" cao %u l$u ho " amilof;" xenlulof;( +( W," W`-" cao %u Runa" amilopectin" xenlulof;( -( W," W`-" cao %u Runa " amilof; " amilopectin( /( W," W`-"cao %u Runa" amilof;" xenlulof;( y y y = 3F ' H = xF + H = xt W`-( +iQt -H4 chiQm Cu 4.36 -h:t L{o W`- $c iPu chQ theo %; %au2 -H4 H xFy th# t_ch Th_ thi&n nhi&n" v0* # iPu chQ mGt t:n W`- th^ %d m@ Th_ thi&n nhi&n (Ttc! con l2 '( @ @ @ @ Fhh@ m ( +( 4FwY m ( -( Y2@F m ( /( w22F m ( Cu 4.37 )ng t<Ung hp imet*l Rutaa3"@aien vDi ac<ilonit<in(-H2b-Ha-[! theo tX lO t$;ng 7ng x 2 *" thu $c mGt loAi polime( )dt ch * hon ton mGt l$ng polime n*" thu $c hn hp Th_ v h;i (-O2" H2O" [2! t<ong c Fw"Yxy -O2 vP th# t_ch( JX lO x 2 * Thi tham gia t<Ung hp l Rao nhi&u z x 3 x 2 x @ x @ '( = ( +( = ( -( = ( /( = ( y @ y @ y 2 y F Cu 4.38 -ho c c ch:t %au2 Rutan (3!" etin (2!" metan (@!" etilen (4!" vin*l clo<ua (F!" nhVa W`- (Y!( Hk* cho RiQt %; chu*#n ho no %au =* c th# LUng # iPu chQ poli(vin*l clo<ua! z '( (3! (4! (F! (Y!( +( (3! (@! (2! (F! (Y!( -( (3! (2! (4! (F! (Y!( /( c4 ' v +( Cu 4.39 Khi cho hai ch:t H v ] t<Ung ng$ng tAo <a polime c cCng th7c
O -H2 -H2 O -YH4 - n O O
-Cng th7c c6a H" ] lon l$t l '( HO?-H2?-H2?OH9 HOO-?-YH4?-OOH( +( HO?-H2?-OOH9 HO?-YH4?-OOH( -( HOO-?-H2-H2?-OOH9 HO?-YH4?OH( /( c4 '" +" - Pu ng( Cu 4.40 - th# ph=n RiOt c c LUng lm RSng La th0t v La nh=n tAo (W`-! RSng c ch no %au =*z '( So % nh Th4 nNng th:m n$Dc c6a chng" La th0t L th:m n$Dc h;n( +( So % nh G mPm mAi c6a chng" La th0t mPm mAi h;n La nh=n tAo( +i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32( 2t
-( )dt hai mu La" mu La th0t cho mUi ThIt" cen La nh=n tAo ThCng cho mUi ThIt( /( /Ung Lao c\t ngang hai mu La" La th0t B vQt c\t R1 x;" cen La nh=n tAo th^ nhn Rng( Cu 4.41 )un nng vin*l axetat vDi TiPm B iPu TiOn th_ch hp" ta thu $c %4n ph5m t<ong c2 '( ancol vin*lic( +( ancol et*lic( -( anehit axetic( /( axeton( Cu 4.42 HIt c c ph4n 7ng %au =*" ph4n 7ng no thuGc loAi ph4n 7ng t<Ung ng$ng z
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'( chX ph4n 7ng (3!( +( chX ph4n 7ng (@!( -( hai ph4n 7ng (3! v (2!( /( hai ph4n 7ng (2! v (@!( Cu 4.43 )# ph=n RiOt lMa %4n xu:t tK t; nh=n tAo (t; vi%co" t; xenlulof; axetat! v t; thi&n nhi&n (t; tSm" len! ng$mi ta LUng c ch no %au =*z '( So % nh G Rng c6a lMa" lMa %4n xu:t tK t; thi&n nhi&n c G Rng cao h;n lMa %4n xu:t tK t; nh=n tAo( +( So % nh G mPm mAi c6a chng" t; thi&n nhi&n (t; tSm" len!" mPm mAi h;n t; nh=n tAo( -( )dt hai mu lMa" mu lMa %4n xu:t tK t; thi&n nhi&n cho mUi ThIt" cen mu lMa %4n xu:t tK t; nh=n tAo ThCng cho mUi ThIt( /( /Ung Tim ma* (m * ma*! ma* th> vi $mng chX t<&n lMa" lMa %4n xu:t tK t; thi&n nhi&n L ma* h;n lMa %4n xu:t tK t; nh=n tAo( Cu 4.44 Wolime H (ch7a -" H" -l! c hO %d t<Ung hp l FYt v ph=n t> Thdi l @F(ttt( -Cng th7c mGt m\t x_ch c6a H l '( a -H2 a -H-l a ( +( a -H b --l a ( -( a --l b --l a ( /( a -H-l a -H-l a ( Cu 4.45 J; lap%an thuGc loAi2 '( t; axetat( +( t; vi%co( -( t; polie%te( /( t; poliamit( Cu 4.46 Wolime ( -H 2 -H(OH! ! n l %4n ph5m c6a ph4n 7ng t<Ung hp %au thul ph=n t<ong mCi t<$mng TiPm c6a monome no %au =* z '( -H2 b -H a -OO-H@( +( -H@-OO-H b -H2( -( -2HF-OO-H2-H b -H2( /( -H2 b -H-OO-H2-H b -H2( Cu 4.47 |udn tcng hp 32tTg poli(met*l metac<*lat! th^ Thdi l$ng c6a axit v ancol t$;ng 7ng con LUng l Rao nhi&u z +iQt hiOu %u:t pu t<^nh e%te ho v t<Ung hp lon l$t l Yty v hty( '( 23FTg v htTg( +( 3w3Tg v h2Tg( -( YFTg v 4tTg( /( 3wFTg v wtTg( Cu 4.48 -ho c c polime %au =*2 (3! t; tSm9 (2! %i RCng9 (@! %i a*9 (4! t; enang9 (F! t; vi%co9 (Y! nilon a Y"Y9 (w! t; axetat( oAi t; c ngun gdc xenlulof; l '( (3!" (2!" (Y!( +( (2!" (@!" (F!" (w!( -( (2!" (@!" (Y!( /( (F!" (Y!" (w!( Cu 4.49 Khi dt ch * mGt loAi polime chX thu $c Th_ -O2 v h;i H2O vDi tX lO n -O2 2 n H 2O = 323 ( `0*" polime t<&n thuGc loAi no t<ong %d c c polime %au z '( poli(vin*l clo<ua!( +( polietilen( -( tinh RGt( /( p<otein(
23
CHNG ,. '-I CNG ,. /I) L&-I

Cu 5.1 `1 t<_ c6a ngu*&n t> | ( b 2Y! t<ong R4ng hO thdng tuon hon l '( C 2Y" chu T^ 4" nhm `+( +( C 2Y" chu T^ 4" nhm `'( -( C 2Y" chu T^ 4" nhm +( /( C 2Y" chu T^ 4" nhm '( Cu 5.2 on |2s c c:u h^nh elect<on B lDp ngoi cUng l @%2@pY( `1 t<_ | t<ong R4ng hO thdng tuon hon l '( C 2t" chu T^ 4" nhm '( +( C 2t" chu T^ 4" nhm +( -( C 3h" chu T^ @" nhm `'( /( C 3h" chu T^ @" nhm `+( Cu 5.3 J<ong mAng tinh th# Tim loAi c '( c c ngu*&n t> Tim loAi( +( c c elect<on tV Lo( -( c c ion L$;ng Tim loAi v c c elect<on tV Lo( /( ion =m phi Tim v ion L$;ng Tim loAi( Cu 5.4 -ho c:u h^nh elect<on2 3%22%22pY@%2@pY( /k* gm c c ngu*&n t> v ion c c:u h^nh elect<on t<&n l2 '( -a2s" -l" '<( +( -a2s" Z" '<( -( Ks" -l" '<( /( Ks" -l?" '<( s Y Cu 5.5 -ation | c c:u h^nh elect<on B ph=n lDp ngoi cUng l 2p ( [gu*&n t> | l '( K( +( -l( -( Z( /( [a( Cu 5.6 Ho tan 3"44g mGt Tim loAi ho t<1 t<ong 3Ftml Lung L1ch H2SO4t"F|( |udn t<ung ho axit L$ t<ong Lung L1ch thu $c ph4i LUng hQt @tml Lung L1ch [aOH 3|( Kim loAi l '( |g( +( +a( -( -a( /( +e( Cu 5.7 Ho tan hon ton 3F"4g hn hp |g v n t<ong Lung L1ch H-l L$ th:* c t"Yg Th_ H2 Ra* <a( Sd g mudi tAo <a l2 '( @F"w( +( @Y"w( -( Y@"w( /( F@"w( Cu 5.8 i&n TQt Tim loAi l '( li&n TQt %inh <a RBi lVc ht tnh iOn gi8a c c ion L$;ng v c c elect<on tV Lo( +( li&n TQt %inh <a RBi lVc ht tnh iOn gi8a ion L$;ng v c c ion =m( -( li&n TQt gi8a c c ngu*&n t> RSng c c cp elect<on LUng chung( /( li&n TQt %inh <a RBi lVc ht tnh iOn gi8a ngu*&n t> H t_ch iOn L$;ng v ngu*&n t> O t_ch iOn =m( Cu 5.9 J<ong hp Tim 'l? [i" c7 3t mol 'l th^ c 3 mol [i( Whon t<Nm Thdi l$ng c6a 'l t<ong hp Tim l2 '( h3y( +( h2y( -( h@y( /( h4y( Cu 5.10 [g=m 2"@@g hp Tim Ze? n t<ong Lung L1ch H-l Qn ph4n 7ng hon ton thu $c t"hxY l_t H 2 (Ttc!( Jhnh phon y c6a Ze l2 '( wF"3y( +( w4"3y( -( w@"3y( /( w2"3y( Cu 5.11 Ho tan t"Fg hp Tim c6a 'g vo Lung L1ch H[O@( Jh&m Lung L1ch H-l vo Lung L1ch t<&n" thu $c t"@xhg TQt t6a( Jhnh phon y'g t<ong hp Tim l '( Yty( +( Y3y( -( Y2y( /( Y@y( Cu 5.12 J_nh ch:t v0t l_ chung c6a Tim loAi l '( J_nh L{o" Ln iOn" Ln nhiOt" nh Tim( +( J_nh mPm" Ln iOn" Ln nhiOt" nh Tim( -( J_nh c7ng" Ln iOn" Ln nhiOt" nh Tim( /( [hiOt G nng ch4* cao" Ln iOn" Ln nhiOt" nh Tim( Cu 5.13 Hp Tim c '( t_nh c7ng h;n Tim loAi ngu*&n ch:t( +( t_nh Ln iOn" Ln nhiOt cao h;n Tim loAi ngu*&n ch:t( -( t_nh L{o h;n Tim loAi ngu*&n ch:t( /( nhiOt G nng ch4* cao h;n Tim loAi ngu*&n ch:t( Cu 5.14 |Gt hp Tim -u?'l ch7a 32"@y 'l( -Cng th7c ho hjc c6a hp Tim l '( -u@'l( +( -u@'l2( -( -u'l( /( -u'l@( Cu 5.15 |Gt ph$;ng ph p ho hjc lm %Ach mGt loAi thul ng=n c ln n" Sn" WR l ng=m hn hp t<ong Lung L1ch H L$( H c th# l2 '( n([O@!2( +( Sn([O@!2( -( WR([O@!2( /( Hg([O@!2(
22
Cu 5.16 [g=m mGt l Tim nh t<ong mGt Lung L1ch c ch7a 2"24g ion |2s( Wh4n 7ng xong" Thdi l$ng l Tim tNng th&m t"x4g( | l2 '( Ze( +( -u( -( -L( /( 'g( Cu 5.17 )# R4o vO v tu i Ri#n phon ng=m L$Di n$Dc ng$mi ta ndi n vDi '( n( +( -u( -( [i( /( Sn( Cu 5.18 -ho l %\t vo Lung L1ch H-l lokng c mGt l$ng nh -uSO4 th:* H2 tho t <a cng lc cng nhanh Lo '( %\t R1 Nn men Ti#u ho hjc( +( %\t R1 Nn men Ti#u iOn ho ( 2s -(Ze Th> -u thnh -u( /(Ze tan t<ong Lung L1ch H-l tAo Th_ H2( Cu 5.19 [g=m mGt l [i lon l$t t<ong nh8ng Lung L1ch mudi %au 2 |gSO 4" [a-l" -uSO4" 'l-l@" n-l2" WR([O@!2" 'g[O@( [i Th> $c c c ion Tim loAi '( |g2s" 'gs" -u2s( +( [as" 'gs" -u2s( -( WR2s" 'gs" -u2s( /( 'l@s" 'gs" -u2s( Cu 5.20 -ho RGt -u Qn L$ vo Lung L1ch hn hp gm Ze([O@!@ v 'g[O@ thu $c ch:t <\n H v Lung L1ch ]( H" ] lon l$t l '( H ( 'g" -u!9 ] ( -u2s" Ze2s!( +( H ( 'g!9 ] ( -u2s" Ze2s!(-( H ( 'g!9 ] (-u2s!( /( H (Ze!9 ] (-u2s!( Cu 5.21 -hjn mGt Lk* ch:t t_nh oxi ho tNng '( 'l@s" Ze2s" -u2s" Ze@s" 'gs( +( 'gs" Ze@s" -u2s" Ze2s" 'l@s( @s 2s 2s s @s -( Ze " -u " Ze " 'g " 'l ( /( 'l@s" -u2s" Ze2s" Ze@s" 'gs( Cu 5.22 [g=m mGt l n t<ong 2ttml Lung L1ch 'g[O@ t"3|( Khi ph4n 7ng TQt thc Thdi l$ng l n2 '( gi4m 3"F3g( +( tNng 3"F3g( -( gi4m t"4@g( /( tNng t"4@g( 2s 2s @s s Cu 5.23 -ho c c ion 2 Ze " -u " Ze " 'g v c c Tim loAi 2 Ze" -u" 'g( -hjn mGt Lk* iOn ho gm c c cp oxi ho ? Th> xQp theo chiPu t_nh oxi ho c6a ion Tim loAi tNng" t_nh Th> c6a Tim loAi gi4m2 '( Ze2sn Ze" -u2sn-u" Ze@sn Ze2s" 'gsn'g( +( Ze2sn Ze" -u2sn-u" 'gsn'g" Ze@sn Ze2s( s @s 2s 2s 2s -('g n'g" Ze n Ze " -u n -u" Ze n Ze( /( 'gsn 'g" Ze2sn Ze" Ze@snZe2s" -u2sn-u( Cu 5.24 - mGt hn hp gm2 Ze" 'g" -u( J ch 'g <a Thi hn hp vDi Thdi l$ng ThCng ci ng$mi ta LUng Lung L1ch2 '( 'g[O@( +( -u([O@!2( -( Ze-l@(( /( Ze-l2( s s 2s 2s Cu 5.25 J<ong mGt Lung L1ch ' c ch7a ng thmi c c cation %au 2 K " 'g " Ze " +a ( J<ong Lung L1ch ' chX ch7a mGt loAi anion l2 '( SO42?( +( [O@?( -( -l?( /( -O@2?( @s 2s 2s Cu 5.26 -ho c c cp oxi ho ? Th> 2 'l n'l" Ze n Ze" -u n -u" Ze@sn Ze2s" 'gsn'g( Kim loAi Th> $c ion Ze@s thnh Ze l2 '( Ze( +( -u( -( -u( /( 'l( Cu 5.27 -ho c c cp oxi ho ? Th> 2 'l@sn'l" Ze2sn Ze" -u2sn -u" Ze@sn Ze2s" 'gsn'g( Kim loAi -u Th> $c c c ion t<ong c c cp oxi ho t<&n l '( Ze@s" 'gs( +( Ze@s" Ze2s( -( Ze2s" 'gs( /( 'l@s" Ze2s( Cu 5.28 Khi nung Ze(OH!2 t<ong ThCng Th_ 5m Qn Thdi l$ng ThCng ci" ta thu $c ch:t <\n l '( ZeO( +( Ze2O@( -( Ze@O4( /( Ze(OH!@( Cu 5.29 Jh4 [a vo Lung L1ch -uSO4 puan % t th:* hiOn t$ng '( c Th_ tho t <a" xu:t hiOn TQt t6a xanh" %au TQt t6a tan( +( c Th_ tho t <a" xu:t hiOn TQt t6a xanh" %au TQt t6a ThCng tan( -( Lung L1ch m:t mu xanh" xu:t hiOn -u mu ( /( Lung L1ch c mu xanh" xu:t hiOn -u mu ( Cu 5.30 - 2 dng nghiOm Vng Lung L1ch -uSO4( -ho vo dng nghiOm (3! mGt miQng nh [a" dng nghiOm (2! mGt inh Ze k lm %Ach( on -u2s R1 Th> thnh -u t<ong th_ nghiOm '( (3!( +( (2!( -( (3! v (2!( /( ThCng R1 Th>( Cu 5.31 -ho 3"32g RGt Ze v t"24g RGt |g vo mGt R^nh ch7a %n 2Ftml Lung L1ch -uSO4( Sau ph4n 7ng Thdi l$ng Tim loAi c t<ong R^nh l 3"hhg( [ng G molnl_t c6a Lung L1ch -uSO4 t<$Dc ph4n 7ng l2 '( t"3|( +( t"t4|( -( t"tY|( /( t"32|( Cu 5.32 [hng mGt pue %\t nng Fg vo Ftml Lung L1ch -uSO4 3Fy (/ b 3"32 gnml!( Khi pue %\t k $c mA T_n th^ c Thdi l$ng l F"3F4g( [ng G -y c6a Lung L1ch -uSO4 cen lAi l '( h"hwy( +( x"Yy( -( h"xy( /( x"F@y( Cu 5.33 [g=m mGt l Tim loAi c Thdi l$ng Ftg t<ong Lung L1ch H-l( Sau Thi thu $c @@Yml H 2 (Ttc! th^ th:* Thdi l$ng l Tim loAi gi4m 3"Yhy( Kim loAi l '( Ze( +( -u( -( |g( /( +a( Cu 5.34 )# Th> hon ton @tg hn hp gm -uO" Ze" ZeO" Ze2O@ Ze@O4" |gO con LUng wg Th_ -O( Sd gam ch:t <\n thu $c %au ph4n 7ng l 2 '( 2@( +( 24( -( 2F( /( 2Y( Cu 5.35 -ho %; 2 -a-O@ -aO -a-l2 -a( )iPu TiOn ph4n 7ng v ho ch:t th_ch hp cho %; t<&n lon l$t l '( xttt-" Lung L1ch H-l" iOn ph=n Lung L1ch -a-l2( +( xttt-" Lung L1ch H2SO4 lokng" iOn ph=n -aSO4 nng ch4*( -( xttt-" Lung L1ch H[O@" iOn ph=n -a([O@!2 nng ch4*( /( xttt-" Lung L1ch H-l" iOn ph=n -a-l2 nng ch4*( Cu 5.36 JK Lung L1ch -uSO4 # iPu chQ -u" ng$mi ta LUng2 '( [a( +( 'g( -( Ze( /( Hg( Cu 5.37 )iOn ph=n [a-l nng ch4* vDi iOn cVc t<;" c mng ngNn 2 iOn cVc" ng$mi ta thu $c '( [a B catot" -l2 B anot( +( [a B anot" -l2 B catot( -( [aOH" H2 B catot" -l2 B anot( /( [a-lO(
2@
Cu 5.38 |Gt loAi pung %\t ch7a hty Ze2O@ v 3ty SiO2( Jhnh phon y theo Thdi l$ng c6a Ze v Si t<ong pung n* lon l$t l '( FYy" 4"wy( +( F4y" @"wy( -( F@y" 2"wy( /( F2y( 4"wy( Cu 5.39 )iOn ph=n (iOn cVc t<;! Lung L1ch mudi %un.at c6a mGt Tim loAi ho t<1 vDi c$mng G Leng iOn @'" %au 3x@t gi=* th:* Thdi l$ng catot tNng 3"x2 gam( J&n Tim loAi l '( Ze( +( -u( -( 'l( /( [i( Cu 5.40 Ho tan m g +a vo n$Dc thu $c 3 l_t Lung L1ch c pH b 32( i t<1 c6a m l '( t"YhFg( +( 2"3Fg( -( @"w4g( /( @"3Fg( Cu 5.41 )iOn ph=n mudi clo<ua nng ch4* c6a Tim loAi | thu $c 32g Tim loAi v t"@ mol Th_( Kim loAi | l2 '( -a( +( |g( -( 'l( /( Ze( Cu 5.42 )iOn ph=n nng ch4* mudi clo<ua c6a Tim loAi |( } catot thu $c w"2 gam Tim loAi v Y"w2 l_t Th_ (Ttc!( |udi clo<ua l2 '( -a-l2( +( |g-l2( -( [a-l( /( K-l( Cu 5.43 )iOn ph=n Lung L1ch [aOH vDi iOn cVc t<;" ThCng c mng ngNn 2 iOn cVc" ng$mi ta thu $c %4n ph5m l2 '( [aOH( +( [a-lO( -( -l2( /( [a-l( 2s Cu 5.44 on |g R1 Th> t<ong t<$mng hp '( )iOn ph=n Lung L1ch |g-l2( +( )iOn ph=n |g-l2 nng ch4*( -( Jh4 [a vo Lung L1ch |g-l2( /( -ho LL |g-l2 t c LMng LL [a2-O@( Cu 5.45 Sau mGt thmi gian iOn ph=n Lung L1ch -u-l2 thu $c 3"32 l_t Th_ (Ttc! B anot( [g=m mGt inh Ze t<ong Lung L1ch cen lAi %au iOn ph=n" ph4n 7ng xong th:* Thdi l$ng inh Ze tNng th&m 3"2g( Sd gam -u iPu chQ $c tK c c th_ nghiOm t<&n l2 '( 32"hg( +( @"2g( -( x"Yg( /( 2g( Cu 5.46 Ho tan hon ton 3tg hn hp 'l v |g t<ong Lung L1ch H-l thu $c t"Fg Th_ H2( Khi cC cAn Lung L1ch thu $c %d gam mudi Than l '( 2w"wFg( +( 2w"2Fg( -( 2h"2Fg( /( 2h"wFg( Cu 5.47 -ho 3Y"2g Tim loAi | (ho t<1 ThCng ci! t c LMng vDi t"3F mol O2" -h:t <\n %au ph4n 7ng tan t<ong Lung L1ch H-l L$ tAo 3@"44 l_t Th_ (Ttc!( | l2 '( [a( +( 'l( -( -a( /( |g( Cu 5.48 - F mu Tim loAi2 |g" +a" 'l" Ze" -u( [Qu chX LUng th&m Lung L1ch H2SO4 lokng th^ c th# nh0n RiQt '( |g" +a" -u( +( |g" 'l" +a( -( |g" +a" 'l" Ze( /( |g" +a" 'l" Ze" -u( Cu 5.49 -ho 3x"2g -u vo Ftt ml Lung L1ch [a[O@ 3|" %au th&m Fttml Lung L1ch H-l 2|( Jh# t_ch Th_ [O (Ttc! thu $c l2 '( 2"24 l_t( +( @"@Y l_t( -( 4"4h l_t( /( Y"w2 l_t( Cu 5.50 - Lung L1ch H-l t"3|( qt 2Ftml Lung L1ch n* vo cdc Vng mAt %\t( Sau mGt thmi gian" ng$mi ta ljc l:* Lung L1ch c pH b 2( Khdi l$ng %\t k tham gia ph4n 7ng l2'( t"wg( +( t"34g( -( 3"2Yg( /( t"Y@g( Cu 5.51 -ho t"33 mol Th_ -O2 i pua Lung L1ch [aOH %inh <a 33"44g hn hp 2 mudi( Sd g mi mudi t<ong hn hp l '( t"h4 v 3t"Y( +( t(42 v 33"t2( -( 3"Yh v x"wY( /(2"F2 v h"x2( Cu 5.52 -ho Leng Th_ -O2 li&n tMc i pua cdc Vng Lung L1ch -a(OH!2" l$ng TQt t6a thu $c lDn nh:t l '( n -O2 b n -a(OH!2 ( +( n -O2 n -a(OH!2 ( -( n -O2 n -a(OH!2 ( /( n -O2 b 2 n -a(OH!2 ( Cu 5.53 HiOn t$ng tAo thnh c c thAch nh t<ong c c hang Gng $c gi4i th_ch RSng ph4n 7ng '( -O2 s -a(OH!2 -a-O@ s H2O( +( -a(H-O@!2 -a-O@ s -O2 s H2O( -( [a2-O@ s -a(OH!2 -a-O@ s 2 [aOH( /( -aO s -O2 -a-O@( Cu 5.54 |Gt hn hp H gm [a v 'l $c t<Gn theo tX lO mol 32 2( -ho H vo mGt l$ng n$Dc L$" %au Thi TQt thc ph4n 7ng thu $c h"xY l_t Th_ H2 v m g mGt ch:t <\n( i t<1 c6a m l2 '( 2"wg( +( t"2wg( -( F"4g( /( t"F4g( Cu 5.55 Ho tan 3"hg mudi %un.at c6a mGt Tim loAi nhm ' t<ong n$Dc <i pha lokng cho 6 Ftml Lung L1ch( )# ph4n 7ng hQt vDi Lung L1ch n* con 2tml Lung L1ch +a-l 2 t"wF|( -Cng th7c c6a mudi %un.at l2 '( +eSO4( +( |gSO4( -( -aSO4( /( +aSO4( Cu 5.56 Ho tan 2"tg mGt Tim loAi ho t<1 t<ong Lung L1ch H-l" %au cC cAn Lung L1ch thu $c F"FFg mudi Than( J&n Tim loAi l2 '( canxi( +( Tim( -( magie( /( Ra<i( Cu 5.57 Ho tan Fhg mudi -uSO4(FH2O t<ong n$Dc $c Fttml Lung L1ch( [ng G molnl c6a Lung L1ch -uSO 4 k pha chQ l2 '( t"4Y4|( +( t"w2F|( -( t"2@2|( /( t"@Y2F|( Cu 5.58 -ho c c ch:t2 -a-O@" Lung L1ch [aOH" Lung L1ch [aH-O@" Lung L1ch H-l( Sd ph$;ng t<^nh ph4n 7ng ho hjc (LAng ph=n t>! x4* <a Thi cho c c ch:t t c LMng vDi nhau tKng Ci mGt l2 '( 3( +( 2( -( @( /( 4( Cu 5.59 /Ung mGt thudc th> ph=n RiOt Ze2O@ v Ze@O4" thudc th> l '( /ung L1ch H-l( +( /ung L1ch H2SO4 lokng( -( /ung L1ch H[O@( /( /ung L1ch -uSO4( Cu 5.60 -ho ph$;ng t<^nh ph4n 7ng 2 a H s R ]([O@!a a H([O@!R s R ] +iQt Lung L1ch H([O@!R c mu xanh( Hai Tim loAi H" ] lon l$t l '( -u" Ze( +( -u" 'g( -( 'g" -u( /( |g" Ze( Cu 5.61 -ho a g Tim loAi | t c LMng vKa 6 vDi ` l_t Lung L1ch H-l 2| thu $c (a s 23"@! g mudi |-l n( ` c gi t<1 l2 '( t"Y l_t( +( t"4 l_t( -( t"@ l_t( /( t"2 l_t( Cu 5.62 )iOn ph=n nng ch4* wYg mudi |-l2 thu $c t"Y4 mol Th_ -l2 B anot( +iQt hiOu %u:t ph4n 7ng iOn ph=n l hty( J&n c6a | l2 '( |g( +( -a( -( -u( /( n( Cu 5.63 Khu:* mGt thanh Tim loAi | ho t<1 2 t<ong 2ttml Lung L1ch -u([O@!2 t"4| Qn Thi Lung L1ch hQt mu xanh( +iQt <Sng ton RG -u %inh <a Pu R m hQt vo thanh |" Thdi l$ng thanh | tNng t"Y4g( [gu*&n t> Thdi c6a | l2 '( 24( +( FY( -( YF( /( 2w( 2s Cu 5.64 Khi ph4n 7ng vDi Ze t<ong mCi t<$mng axit L$" Lung L1ch K|nO4 R1 m:t mu l Lo '( |nO4? R1 Th> thnh |n2s( +( |nO4? tAo thnh ph7c vDi Ze2s(
24
-( |nO4? R1 oxi ho ( /( |nO4? ThCng mu t<ong mCi t<$mng axit( Cu 5.65 - c c Tim loAi -u" 'g" Ze v c c Lung L1ch mudi -u([O@!2" 'g[O@" Ze([O@!2( Sd ph$;ng t<^nh ph4n 7ng ho hjc x4* <a Thi cho Tim loAi v mudi t c LMng vDi nhau l2 '( 3( +( 2( -( @( /( 4( Cu 5.66 |Gt Tim loAi LUng # loAi R tAp ch:t Ze2(SO4!@ t<ong Lung L1ch ZeSO4 l '( Ze( +( 'g( -( -u( /( +a( Cu 5.67 -ho hn hp H gm |g v Ze vo Lung L1ch axit H2SO4 c nng Qn Thi c c ph4n 7ng x4* <a hon ton" thu $c Lung L1ch ] v mGt phon %\t ThCng tan( -h:t tan c t<ong Lung L1ch ] l '( |gSO4" Ze2(SO4!@" ZeSO4( +( |gSO4" Ze2(SO4!@( -( |gSO4" ZeSO4( /( |gSO4( Cu 5.68 J<ong mGt cdc n$Dc ch7a a mol 'l@s" R mol -u2s" c mol -l?" L mol SO42?( +i#u th7c li&n hO gi8a a" R" c" L l2 '( 2a s @R b 2c s L( +( @a s 2R b c s 2L( -( @a s 2R b c s L( /( 2a s 2R b c s L( Cu 5.69 -ho -u vo hn hp gm [a[O@ v H2SO4 lokng( ài t<e c6a ion [O@? l '( R1 Th>( +( R1 oxi ho ( -( vKa R1 Th> vKa R1 oxi ho ( /( ThCng R1 Th> ThCng R1 oxi ho ( Cu 5.70 m g phoi %\t # ngoi ThCng Th_ l=u ng* R1 gX tAo thnh hn hp ' c Thdi l$ng 32g gm 4 ch:t <\n( -ho ' t c LMng hQt vDi Lung L1ch H[O@ lokng" L$ thu $c t"3 mol Th_ Lu* nh:t [O (Ttc!( i t<1 m l2 '( x"hg( +(3t"thg( -( 3t"htg( /( x"thg( Cu 5.71 33"2g %\t # ngoi ThCng Th_ R1 gX thnh 3@"Yg ch:t <\n '( -ho ' t c LMng hQt vDi Lung L1ch H[O @ lokng" L$ thu $c ` l_t [O (Ttc! Lu* nh:t( i t<1 c6a ` l '( 2"24 l_t( +( t"224 l_t( -( @"@Y l_t( /( t"@@Y l_t( Cu 5.72 Oxi ho m g %\t ngoi ThCng Th_" $c @g hn hp <\n gm 4 ch:t( Ho tan hQt H RSng Lung L1ch H[O @ th:* c t"t2F mol Th_ [O tho t <a( i t<1 m l '( 2"F2g( +(t"2F2g( -( 2F"2g( /(2"2Fg( Cu 5.73 [ung nng 3Y"hg RGt %\t ngoi ThCng Th_" %au mGt thmi gian thu $c m g hn hp H gm c c oxit v %\t L$( Ho tan hQt hn hp H RSng H2SO4 c" nng thu $c F"Y l_t SO2 (Ttc!( i t<1 m l2 '( 24g( +( 2Yg( -( 2tg( /( 22g( Cu 5.74 Hn hp H gm 2 Tim loAi Pu c ho t<1 ThCng ci( -hia H thnh phon RSng nhau2 ? Whon 32 ho tan hQt t<ong Lung L1ch ch7a H-l v H2SO4 lokng thu $c @"@Y l_t H2 (Ttc!( ? Whon 22 ho tan hQt t<ong Lung L1ch H[O@ lokng thu $c ` l_t Th_ [O (Ttc!( ` c gi t<1 l '( 2"24 l_t( +( @"@Y l_t( -( 4"4h l_t( /( F"Y l_t( Cu 5.75 Hn hp H gm 2 Tim loAi H3" H2 c ho t<1 ThCng ci" ThCng t c LMng vDi n$Dc v 7ng t<$Dc -u( -ho H tan hQt t<ong Lung L1ch -uSO4 L$" thu $c -u( )em -u cho tan hQt t<ong Lung L1ch H[O@ lokng L$" $c 3"32 l_t [O Lu* nh:t (Ttc!( [Qu cho H t c LMng hQt vDi Lung L1ch H[O @ lokng" L$ th^ th# t_ch [2 (Ttc! l2 '( t"224 l_t( +( t"242 l_t( -( @"Y@ l_t( /( t"@@Y l_t( Cu 5.76 -ho @Y"hg hn hp 2 mudi cacRonat c6a 2 Tim loAi thuGc nhm B 2 chu T^ TQ tiQp nhau Thi t c LMng hQt vDi Lung L1ch H-l thu $c t"4 mol Th_ -O2( `0* 2 Tim loAi l '( -a v S<( +( S< v +a( -( |g v -a( /( +e v |g( Cu 5.77 -ho 3t"2g hn hp @ Tim loAi |g" n" 'l t c LMng hQt vDi Lung L1ch H-l L$ thu $c F"Y l_t Th_ (Ttc!( -C cAn Lung L1ch th^ %d gam mudi Than thu $c l2 '( 2hg( +( 2w"xFg( -( 2wg( /( 2xg( Cu 5.78 -ho 33g hn hp nhiPu Tim loAi t<$Dc hi<o t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H 2SO4 lokng" L$ thu $c Y"w2 l_t Th_ (Ttc!( -C cAn Lung L1ch th^ %d gam mudi Than thu $c l2 '( @"xhg( +( @x"hg( -( @Fg( /( @"Fg( Cu 5.79 -ho 22g hn hp mudi cacRonat c6a Tim loAi ' v ' t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H-l L$ thu $c t"@ mol Th_ (Ttc!( -C cAn Lung L1ch th^ %d gam mudi Than l2 '( 3"hwg( +( 2"F@g( -( 3h"wg( /( 2F"@g( Cu 5.80 -ho @"hwg hn hp H gm |g v 'l vo 2Ftml Lung L1ch ] ch7a axit H-l 3| v H2SO4 t"F| $c Lung L1ch v 4"@Yh l_t H2 (Ttc!( Jhnh phon y vP Thdi l$ng |g t<ong hn hp H l '( @w"23 y( +( 2Yy( -( @F"t3y( /( @Yy( Cu 5.81 Ho tan hon ton 2"h3g hn hp gm Ze2O@" 'l2O@" |gO" nO t<ong Fttml Lung L1ch axit H2SO4 t"2| (vKa 6!( -C cAn Lung L1ch %au ph4n 7ng" mudi %un.at Than thu $c c Thdi l$ng l2 '( Y"h3g( +( 3t"h3g( -( F"h3g( /( 4"h3g( Cu 5.82 -ho 3"x@Fg hn hp gm 2 Tim loAi |g v 'l t c LMng vDi 32Fml Lung L1ch gm H-l 3| v H2SO4 lokng t"2h|" thu $c Lung L1ch H v 2"3h4 l_t H2 (Ttc!( -C cAn Lung L1ch" thu $c %d gam mudi l2 '( x"w@2Fg( +( x"@w2Fg( -( x"wF@2g( /( x"2@Fwg( Cu 5.83 -ho 3tg hn hp gm 'l v mGt Tim loAi | (ho t<1 x! t c LMng vDi 3ttml Lung L1ch gm H 2SO4 a| v H-l @a|" thu $c F"Y l_t H2 (Ttc!" Lung L1ch H v 3"wg ch:t <\n( Khdi l$ng mudi thu $c l2 '( 2"hFg( +( 2"hFFg( -( 2h"FFg( /( 2h"Fg( Cu 5.84 -ho w"2g |g t c LMng hQt vDi Lung L1ch H[O@ lokng" L$ thu $c Y"w2 l_t Th_ ] v Lung L1ch ( m Ra* h;i thu $c 4w"4g ch:t <\n Than( -Cng th7c ph=n t> c6a Th_ ] l2 '( [2O( +( [O( -( [2( /( [O2( Cu 5.85 )dt nng mGt hn hp H gm 'l v Ze@O4 t<ong iPu TiOn ThCng c ThCng Th_ $c hn hp ]( -hia ] lm 2 phon RSng nhau2 Whon 32 t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch [aOH L$ thu $c @"@Y l_t H 2 (Ttc!( Whon 2 2 t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H-l L$ thu $c 3@"44 l_t H2 (Ttc!( Jhnh phon y vP Thdi l$ng c6a 'l t<ong hn hp H l (hiOu %u:t ph4n 7ng 3tty! '( 2w"xFy( +( 2"wxFy( -( w2"tFy( /( w"2tFy( Cu 5.86 -ho hn hp ' gm RGt 'l v Ze@O4( [ung nng ' B nhiOt G cao t<ong mCi t<$mng ThCng c ThCng Th_ # ph4n 7ng x4* <a hon ton thu $c hn hp +( [ghiPn nh + <i chia lm 2 phon2
2F
? Whon 3 (_t! t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch [aOH L$ thu $c 3"3wY l_t H2 (Ttc!( J ch <i&ng ch:t ThCng tan em ho tan t<ong Lung L1ch H-l L$ thu $c 3"tth l_t Th_ (Ttc! ? Whon 2 (nhiPu! t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H-l L$ thu $c Y"FF2 l_t Th_ (Ttc!( Khdi l$ng hn hp ' l2 '( 22"t2g( +( h"3g( -( 3@"x2g( /( @"4YFg( Cu 5.87 |Gt hn hp gm [a" +a c tX lO mol 323 vo n$Dc $c Lung L1ch ' v t"@ mol Th_ +( Jh# t_ch Lung L1ch H-l t"3 | # t<ung ho
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Cu 5.88 -ho m gam hn hp H gm K v 'l t c LMng vDi n$Dc L$ thu $c t"2F mol Th_( [Qu cho m gam H t c LMng vDi +a(OH!2 L$ thu $c t"4 mol Th_ (c c ph4n 7ng Pu x4* <a hon ton!( m c gi t<1 l2 '( 32"hg( +( 3Yg( -( 3hg( /( 3t"xFg( Cu 5.89 /Ung -O Th> m g Ze2O@ B nhiOt G cao $c t"4 mol -O2 v hn hp <\n H (gm 4 ch:t!( Ho tan hQt H con t"x l_t Lung L1ch H-l 3| th:* c t"2F mol Th_ tho t <a( i t<1 m l2 '( @2g( +( 4tg( -( htg( /( @"2g( Cu 5.90 /Ung -O Th> m g Ze2O@ B nhiOt G cao thu $c 3"3 gam -O2 v ch:t <\n H gm @ oxit( H ph4n 7ng vKa 6 vDi t"2F l_t Lung L1ch H2SO4 lokng t"F|( i t<1 m l2 '( h"tg( +( 4"tg( -( 3"Yg( /( @"2g( Cu 5.91 -ho t"3 mol -O (Ttc! tK tK i pua dng %7 nung nng Vng 4 gam mGt oxit %\t Qn Thi ph4n 7ng x4* <a hon ton( Hn hp Th_ thu $c %au ph4n 7ng c tX Thdi h;i %o vDi H2 RSng 2t( -Cng th7c c6a oxit %\t v thnh phon y -O2 theo th# t_ch t<ong hn hp Th_ %au ph4n 7ng l '( ZeO 9 wFy +( Ze2O@ 9 wFy -( Ze2O@ 9 YFy /( Ze@O4 9 wFy Cu 5.92 |Gt Lung L1ch c ch7a 2 cation l Ze2s (t"3 mol!9 'l@s (t"2 mol! v 2 anion -l? (x mol!" SO42? (* mol!( Khi cC cAn Lung L1ch thu $c 4Y"x gam ch:t <\n Than( x v * c gi t<1 lon l$t l '( t"t2 v t"t@( +( t"t@ v t"t2( -( t"2 v t"@( /( t"@ v t"2( Cu 5.93 Jh&m ` l_t Lung L1ch [a2-O@ 3| vo mGt Lung L1ch c ch7a ng thmi c c ion %au2 +a2s9 -a2s9 |g2s9 t"2 mol -l9 t"@ mol [O@( )# tAo l$ng TQt t6a lDn nh:t th^ gi t<1 c6a ` l2 '( t"2F l_t( +( 2"F l_t( -( t"F l_t( /( F l_t( Cu 5.94 Ho tan 3Y"2g 'l t<ong Lung L1ch H[O@ lokng" L$ thu $c hn hp Th_ gm [O v [2 c tX Thdi h;i %o vDi H2 l 34"4( Jh# t_ch (t_nh theo l_t! c6a [O" [2 lon l$t l '( 2"24 v @"@Y( +( t"224 v t"@@Y( -( 22"4 v @@"Y( /( 2"24 v 4"4h( Cu 5.95 -ho 3@"Fg nhCm t c LMng vKa 6 vDi Lung L1ch H[O@ t"hY| thu $c hn hp Th_ gm [O v [2O c tX Thdi h;i di vDi H2 RSng 3x"2( Jh# t_ch Lung L1ch H[O@ con LUng l '( 2"2 l_t( +( t"22 l_t( -( t"4Y l_t( /( 4"YF l_t( Cu 5.96 Ho tan mGt hp Tim +a?[a vDi tX lO mol 323 vo n$Dc $c Lung L1ch ' v t"@ mol Th_( Jh&m m g [aOH vo
3 Lung L1ch ' ta $c Lung L1ch +( -ho Lung L1ch + t c LMng vDi 3ttml Lung L1ch 'l 2(SO4!@ t"2| $c TQt 3t
t6a -( i t<1 m # $c TQt t6a - lDn nh:t" nh nh:t lon l$t l '( 2"4g v 4g( +( 4g v 2"4g( -( 4"hg v Y"4g( /( Y"4g v 4"hg( Cu 5.97 qt 3Ftml Lung L1ch [aOH w| vo Ftml Lung L1ch 'l2(SO4!@ 2|( Khdi l$ng ch:t L$ %au th_ nghiOm l2 '( 3tg( +( 34g( -( 32g( /( 3Yg( Cu 5.98 /ung L1ch ch7a 3Y"hg [aOH t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch ch7a hg Ze2(SO4!@" th&m vo 3@"Yhg 'l2(SO4!@ thu $c TQt t6a v Lung L1ch '( )un nng TQt t6a Qn Thdi l$ng ThCng ci $c ch:t <\n +( Khdi l$ng ch:t <\n + l2 '( 2"32g( +( 23"2g( -( 42"2g( /( 4"22g( Cu 5.99 -ho 3h"xg mudi [a2SO@ t c LMng hQt vDi Lung L1ch H-l thu $c Th_ ' (Ttc!( /n Th_ ' vo Lung L1ch +a(OH!2 L$( Sau Thi h:p thM" Thdi l$ng Lung L1ch %i '( tNng 22"xFg( +( gi4m 22"xFg( -( tNng 2t"2Fg( /( gi4m 2t"2Fg( Cu 5.100 )dt ch * hon ton t"@@Y l_t -@Hh (Ttc! RSng l$ng oxi vKa 6( Jhu $c ton RG %4n ph5m ch * cho vo @F ml Lung L1ch -a(OH!2 3|( Sau Thi h:p thM" Thdi l$ng Lung L1ch '( tNng t"FYg( +( gi4m t"FYg( -( tNng F"Yg( /( gi4m F"Yg( Cu 5.101 m g hn hp |g" 'l t c LMng vDi 2Ftml Lung L1ch H ch7a hn hp H-l 3| v H2SO4 t"F| %inh <a F"@2 l_t H2 (Ttc! v Lung L1ch ] (coi `Lung L1ch ThCng ci!( Lung L1ch c pH l '( 3( +( w( -( 2( /( Y( Cu 5.102 J<Gn 3ttml Lung L1ch gm +a(OH!2 t"3| v [aOH t"3| vDi 4ttml Lung L1ch gm H2SO4 t"t@wF| v H-l t"t32F| thu $c Lung L1ch H( pH c6a Lung L1ch H l '( 2( +( w( -( Y( /( 3( Cu 5.103 Su:t iOn Gng chu5n ,t (pin! t_nh RSng '( ,t (pin! b ,t (catot! a ,t (anot!( +( ,t (pin! b ,t (catot! s ,t (anot!( t t t -( , (pin! b , (anot! s , (catot!( /( ,t (pin! b ,t (anot! ,t (catot!( Cu 5.104 J<ong pin iOn ho " anot l n;i x4* <a '( %V oxi ho ch:t Th> +( %V Th> ch:t oxi ho ( -( %V iOn li Lung L1ch mudi( /( %V iOn ph=n Lung L1ch mudi( Cu 5.105 J<ong pin iOn ho " catot l n;i x4* <a '(%V oxi ho ch:t Th>( +( %V Th> ch:t oxi ho ( -( %V iOn li Lung L1ch mudi( /( %V iOn ph=n Lung L1ch mudi( Cu 5.106 J<ong cou mudi c6a pin iOn ho n a -u x4* <a %V Li chu*#n c c
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'( ion( +( elect<on( -( ngu*&n t> -u( /( ngu*&n t> n( Cu 5.107 Wh4n 7ng x4* <a t<ong pin iOn ho $c c:u tAo RBi cp oxi ho ? Th> 'g sn'g v Ze2snZe l2 '( 2'gs s Ze Ze2s s 2'g +( Ze2s s 2'g 2'gs s Ze @s @s -( Ze s @'g Ze s @'g /( Ze@s s @'g Ze s @'g@s Cu 5.108 Su:t iOn Gng chu5n c6a pin iOn ho Sn 'g l2 '( t"YY`( +( t"wx`( -( t"x4`( /( 3"tx`( Cu 5.109 +iQt ,t pin (n a -u! b 3"3t` v ,t(-u2sn-u! b st"@4`" thQ iOn cVc chu5n (,t! c6a cp oxi ho a Th> n2snn l2 '( t"wY`( +( s t"wY`( -( a3"44`( /( s 3"44`(
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Cu 6.1 -ation |s c c:u h^nh elect<on B lDp ngoi cUng l @%2@pY( |s l cation2 '( 'gs( +(-us( -( [as( /( Ks( Cu 6.2 J_nh ch:t ThCng ph4i c6a Tim loAi TiPm l '( - nhiOt G nng ch4* th:p nh:t t<ong t:t c4 Tim loAi( +( - %d oxi ho s3 t<ong c c hp ch:t( -( Kim loAi TiPm c t_nh Th> mAnh( /( )G c7ng cao( Cu 6.3 [ng G phon t<Nm c6a Lung L1ch tAo thnh Thi ho tan w"h gam Tali Tim loAi vo @Y"2 gam n$Dc l2 '( 2F"Fwy( +( 32"wxy( -( 2F"4Fy( /( 32"w2y( Cu 6.4 )iOn ph=n mudi clo<ua Tim loAi TiPm nng ch4* thu $c t"t4 mol Th_ B anot v @"32 gam Tim loAi B catot( -Cng th7c ph=n t> c6a mudi Tim loAi TiPm l2 '( K-l( +( [a-l( -( i-l( /( qR-l( Cu 6.5 -ho 2ttg -a-O@ t c LMng hon ton vDi Lung L1ch H2SO4 lokng # l:* Th_ -O2 %Mc vo Lung L1ch ch7a Ytg [aOH( Khdi l$ng mudi nat<i thu $c l2 '( 32Yg( +( 32"Yg( -( 3Yhg( /( 3Y"hg( Cu 6.6 -ho 3xwg +a-O@ t c LMng hon ton vDi Lung L1ch H-l # l:* Th_ -O2 %Mc vo Lung L1ch ch7a h4g KOH( Khdi l$ng mudi thu $c l2 '(33xg( +( Ftg( -(Yxg( /( 33"xg( Cu 6.7 [ung 3ttg hn hp gm [a2-O@ v [aH-O@ cho Qn Thi Thdi l$ng c6a hn hp ThCng ci $c Yxg ch:t <\n( Jhnh phon y theo Thdi l$ng c6a [a 2-O@ v [aH-O@ lon l$t l '( h4y 9 3Yy( +( 3Yy 9 h4y( -( @2y 9 Yhy( /( Yhy 9 @2y( Cu 6.8 -ho @"3g hn hp 2 Tim loAi TiPm B hai chu T^ TQ tiQp nhau t<ong R4ng tuon hon t c LMng hQt vDi n$Dc thu $c 3"32 l_t H2 (Ttc! v Lung L1ch TiPm( Khdi l$ng TiPm l2'( 4hg( +( 4"hg( -( 24g( /( 2"4g( Cu 6.9 /ung L1ch mudi c pH w l 2 '( K-l( +( [H4-l( -( [aHSO4 /( [a2-O@( Cu 6.10 -ho a mol [O2 h:p thM hon ton vo Lung L1ch ch7a a mol [aOH( /ung L1ch thu $c c pH2 '( pH w( +( pH w( -( pH b w( /( pH b F"2F( Cu 6.11 -ho 2"hg -aO t c LMng vDi mGt l$ng n$Dc L$ thu $c Lung L1ch H( SMc 3"Yh l_t Th_ -O 2 (Ttc! vo Lung L1ch H" Thdi l$ng TQt t6a thu $c l2 '( 2"Fg( +( 4"tFg( -( Y"FFg( /( w"Fg( Cu 6.12 Ho tan hon ton 3"44g Tim loAi ho t<1 t<ong 3Ftml Lung L1ch H2SO4 t"F|( )# t<ung ho axit L$ ph4i LUng hQt @tml Lung L1ch [aOH 3|( Kim loAi l2 '( +a( +( |g( -( -a( /( +e( Cu 6.13 Khi l:* 34"2Fg mudi clo<ua c6a mGt Tim loAi ho t<1 v mGt l$ng mudi nit<at c6a Tim loAi c %d mol RSng %d mol mudi clo<ua th^ th:* Th c nhau w"xFg( Kim loAi l2 '( +a( +( -a( -( |g( /( +e( Cu 6.14 -ho 4"t gam Tim loAi nhm ' t c LMng hQt vDi Lung L1ch H-l tAo <a 33"3 gam mudi clo<ua( Kim loAi l2 '( +e( +( |g( -( -a ( /( +a( Cu 6.15 Ho tan h"2g hn hp RGt -a-O@ v |g-O@ t<ong n$Dc con 2"t3Y l_t -O2 (Ttc!( Sd gam -a-O@ v |g-O@ lon l$t l2 '( 4 v 4"2( +( 4"2 v 4( -( @"@Y v 4"4h( /( 4"4h v @"@Y( Cu 6.16 -ho 2"h4g hn hp -a-O@ v |g-O@ t c LMng hQt vDi Lung L1ch H-l thu $c t"t@ mol Th_ -O2( Jhnh phon y theo Thdi l$ng c6a -a-O@ v |g-O@ t<ong hn hp lon l$t l '( wt"4y v 2x"Yy( +( 2x"Yy v wt"4y( -( Fx"3Fy v 4t"hFy( /( 4t"hFy v Fx"3Fy( Cu 6.17 - F ch:t RGt t<\ng l2 [a-l" [a2-O@ " [a2SO4 " +a-O@ " +aSO4 ( -hX LUng n$Dc v Th_ -O2 ph=n RiOt $c %d ch:t l2 '( 2( +( @( -( 4( /( F( Cu 6.18 Kim loAi thuGc nhm ' ThCng t c LMng vDi n$Dc nga* c4 B nhiOt G cao l '( +e( +( |g( -( -a ( /( +a. Cu 6.19 J<$mng hp ion canxi R1 Th> thnh -a l '( )iOn ph=n Lung L1ch -a-l2 vDi iOn cVc t<;" c mng ngNn( +( )iOn ph=n -a-l2 nng ch4*( -( -ho Lung L1ch -a-l2 t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch 'g[O@( /( -ho Lung L1ch -a(OH!2 t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H-l( Cu 6.20 Wh=n RiOt Lung L1ch -a(H-O@!2 vDi Lung L1ch -a-l2 RSng '( /ung L1ch H-l( +( /ung L1ch [a2-O@( -( /ung L1ch [a@WO4( /( /ung L1ch [a-l( Cu 6.21 Khi nung 4tg pung ClCmit thu $c 33"2 l_t Th_ -O2 (to-9 t"h atm!( Jhnh phon y theo Thdi l$ng c6a -a-O@.|g-O@ t<ong pung l2 '( x2y( +( Fty( -( 4ty( /( 3tty( Cu 6.22 -ho 3t l_t hn hp Th_ (Ttc! gm -O v -O2 t<ong -O2 chiQm @x"2y (theo th# t_ch! i pua Lung L1ch ch7a w"4g -a(OH!2 ( Sd g ch:t TQt t6a %au ph4n 7ng l2 '( 4"tFg( +( 34"YFg( -( 2"Fg( /( 32"2Fg( Cu 6.23 |Gt loAi n$Dc c ch7a nhiPu mudi -a(H-O@!2 thuGc loAi
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'( [$Dc c7ng vnh c>u ( +( [$Dc c7ng ton phon( -( [$Dc c7ng tAm thmi( /( [$Dc Tho ng( Cu 6.24 /ung L1ch lm mPm n$Dc c7ng tAm thmi v vnh c>u l '( -a(OH!2( +( H-l( -( [a2-O@( /( [a[O@( Cu 6.25 J<ong mGt R^nh n$Dc c ch7a t"t3 mol [as9 t"t2 mol -a2s9 t"t3 mol |g2s9 t"tF mol H-O@a9 t"t2 mol -la ( [$Dc t<ong R^nh c2 '( J_nh c7ng tAm thmi( +( J_nh c7ng vnh c>u( -( J_nh c7ng ton phon( /( J_nh mPm( s 2s 2s a Cu 6.26 )un %Ci n$Dc ch7a t"t3 mol [a 9 t"t2 mol -a 9 t"t3 mol |g 9 t"tF mol H-O@ 9 t"t2 mol -la ta $c n$Dc c7ng2 '( tAm thmi( +( vnh c>u( -( ton phon( /( n$Dc mPm( Cu 6.27 |Gt ph$;ng t<^nh ph4n 7ng ho hjc gi4i th_ch viOc LUng Lung L1ch [a2-O@ lm mPm n$Dc c7ng vnh c>u l '( [a2-O@ s -a-l2 -a-O@ s 2[a-l( +( [a2-O@ s -a(H-O@!2 -a-O@ s 2[aH-O@( -( [a2-O@ s 2H-l 2[a-l s H2O s -O2( /( [a2-O@ s -a(OH!2 -a-O@ s 2[aOH( Cu 6.28 J<ong ph$;ng ph p t<ao ci ion # lm mPm n$Dc c7ng ng$mi ta LUng '( eol_t( +( [a2-O@( -( [a@WO4( /( -a(OH!2( Cu 6.29 on 'l@s R1 Th> t<ong t<$mng hp '( )iOn ph=n Lung L1ch 'l-l@ vDi iOn cVc t<; c mng ngNn( +( )iOn ph=n 'l2O@ nng ch4*( -( /Ung H2 Th> 'l2O@ B nhiOt G cao( /( Jh4 [a vo Lung L1ch 'l2(SO4!@( Cu 6.30 Wh$;ng t<^nh ph4n 7ng ho hjc ch7ng minh 'l(OH!@ c t_nh axit l '( 'l(OH!@ s @H-l -( 'l(OH!@ s [aOH 'l-l@ s @H2O( [a'l(OH!4( +( 2'l(OH!@ /( 2'l(OH!@ 'l2O@ s @H2O( 2'l s @H2O s
@ O2( 2
Cu 6.31 -ation |@s c c:u h^nh elect<on B lDp ngoi cUng l 2%22pY( `1 t<_ | t<ong R4ng tuon hon l2 '( C 3@" chu T^ @" nhm '( +( C 3@" chu T^ @" nhm +( -( C 3@" chu T^ @" nhm '( /( C 3@" chu T^ @" nhm +( Cu 6.32 -hjn c=u k !"# ng '( [hCm l Tim loAi nhu" Ln iOn" Ln nhiOt tdt( +( [hCm R1 ph h6* t<ong mCi t<$mng TiPm( -( [hCm c t_nh Th> mAnh chX %au Tim loAi TiPm v TiPm thc( /( [hCm l Tim loAi l$vng t_nh( Cu 6.33 J<ong nh8ng ch:t %au" ch:t ThCng c t_nh l$vng t_nh l '( 'l(OH!@ ( +( 'l2O@( -( nSO4( /( [aH-O@( Cu 6.34 -ho %; 2
sH s] s
+a [ 'l(OH! 4 ] 2 'l 'l2(SO4!@ 'l(OH!@ 'l(OH!@ 'l2O@ 'l( H" ]" " , (Lung L1ch! v (3!" (2! lon l$t l '( H2SO4 c nguGi" [aOH" +a(OH!2" H-l" tt" pnc( +( H2SO4 lokng" [aOH 6" +a(OH!2" H-l" tt" pnc( t -( H2SO4 lokng" [aOH L$" +a(OH!2" H-l" t " pnc( /( H2SO4 c nng" [aOH L$" +a(OH!2" H-l" tt" pnc( Cu 6.35 )# lm TQt t6a hon ton 'l(OH!@ ng$mi ta thVc hiOn ph4n 7ng '( 'l-l@ s @H2O s @[H@ 'l(OH!@ s @[H4-l( +( 'l-l@ s @[aOH 'l(OH!@ s @[a-l( -( [a'lO2 s H2O s H-l 'l(OH!@ s [a-l( /( 'l2O@ s @H2O 2'l(OH!@( Cu 6.36 -ho Lon tKng gijt Lung L1ch [aOH (3!" Lung L1ch [H@ (2! lon l$t Qn L$ vo dng Vng Lung L1ch 'l-l@ th:* '( c ou Pu c TQt t6a Teo t<\ng" %au TQt t6a tan <a( +( c ou Pu c TQt t6a Teo t<\ng" %au TQt t6a ThCng tan <a( -( c ou Pu c TQt t6a Teo t<\ng" B (3! TQt t6a tan" B (2! TQt t6a ThCng tan( /( c ou Pu c TQt t6a Teo t<\ng" B (3! TQt t6a ThCng tan" B (2! TQt t6a tan( Cu 6.37 -ho Lon tKng gijt Lung L1ch H-l (3! " -O2 (2! lon l$t vo dng Vng Lung L1ch [a'l(OH!4 th:* '( c ou Pu c TQt t6a Teo t<\ng" %au TQt t6a tan <a( +( c ou Pu c TQt t6a Teo t<\ng" %au TQt t6a ThCng tan <a( -( c ou Pu c TQt t6a Teo t<\ng" B (3! TQt t6a tan" B (2! TQt t6a ThCng tan( /( c ou Pu c TQt t6a Teo t<\ng" B (3! TQt t6a ThCng tan" B (2! TQt t6a tan( Cu 6.38 Whn chua c cCng th7c l '( K2SO4('l2(SO4!@(24H2O( +( |gSO4('l2(SO4!@(24H2O( -( 'l2O@(nH2O( /( [a@'lZY( Cu 6.39 -ho tK tK Qn L$ Lung L1ch [aOH lon l$t vo c c Lung L1ch Vng [a s (3!" 'l@s (2!" |g2s (@! ta puan % t th:* '( B (3! ThCng hiOn t$ng" B (2! xu:t hiOn TQt t6a t<\ng <i tan" B (@! xu:t hiOn TQt t6a t<\ng ThCng tan( +( B (3! ThCng hiOn t$ng" B (2! v (@! xu:t hiOn TQt t6a t<\ng <i tan( -( B (3! ThCng hiOn t$ng" B (2! xu:t hiOn TQt t6a t<\ng" ThCng tan( /( B (3! ThCng hiOn t$ng" B (@! xu:t hiOn TQt t6a t<\ng" ThCng tan( Cu 6.40 - 2 lj ThCng ghi nhkn Vng Lung L1ch 'l-l@ (3! v Lung L1ch [aOH (2!( KhCng LUng th&m ch:t Th c" ng$mi ta ph=n RiOt chng RSng c ch '( -ho tK tK tKng gijt Lung L1ch (3! vo Lung L1ch (2! th:* (2! c TQt t6a <i tan <a" nh0n <a (3! l 'l-l @ " (2! l [aOH( +( -ho tK tK tKng gijt Lung L1ch (3! vo Lung L1ch (2! th:* (2! c TQt t6a" <i TQt t6a ThCng tan" nh0n <a (3! l 'l-l@ " (2! l [aOH( +i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32( 2h
-( -ho tK tK tKng gijt Lung L1ch (2! vo Lung L1ch (3! th:* (3! c TQt t6a t<\ng" TQt t6a t<\ng tNng Lon <i tan" nh0n <a (3! l 'l-l@ " (2! l [aOH( /( -ho tK tK tKng gijt Lung L1ch (2! vo Lung L1ch (3! th:* (3! c TQt t6a t<\ng" TQt t6a t<\ng tNng Lon" th^ %d Tim loAi c th# ph=n RiOt $c l2 '( 3( +( 2( -( @( /( 4( Cu 6.42 -ho 3ttml Lung L1ch 'l-l@ 3| t c LMng vDi 2ttml Lung L1ch [aOH( KQt t6a tAo thnh $c lm ThC v nung Qn Thi Thdi l$ng ThCng ci c=n nng 2"FFg( [ng G molnl c6a Lung L1ch [aOH Ran ou l '( 2"wF| v t"wF|( +( 2"wF| v t"@F|( -( t"wF| v t"@F|( /( t"@F| v t"wF|( Cu 6.43 Ho tan F"4g RGt 'l vo 3Ftml Lung L1ch hn hp ch7a Ze([O@!@ 3| v -u([O@!2 3|( KQt thc ph4n 7ng thu $c %d gam ch:t <\n l2 '( 3@"2( +( 3@"h( -( 3t"xF( /( 3F"2( Cu 6.44 )iOn ph=n 'l2O@ nng ch4* vDi Leng iOn c$mng G x"YF' t<ong thmi gian @ttt gi=* thu $c 2"3Yg 'l( HiOu %u:t iOn ph=n l2 '( Yty( +( wty( -( hty( /( xty( Cu 6.45 |Gt thudc th> ph=n RiOt @ ch:t <\n |g" 'l" 'l2O@ Vng t<ong c c lj <i&ng RiOt l Lung L1ch2 '( H2SO4 c nguGi( +( [aOH( -( H-l c( /( amoniac( Cu 6.46 -hX LUng c c ch:t Ran ou l [a-l" H2O" 'l (iPu TiOn ph4n 7ng coi nh$ c 6! c th# iPu chQ $c2 '( 'l(OH!@( +( 'l-l@ " 'l2O@ " 'l(OH!@( -( 'l2O@ /( 'l-l@( Cu 6.47 |Gt ho ch:t # ph=n RiOt 'l" |g" -a" [a" l '( /ung L1ch [a2-O@( +( H2O( -( /ung L1ch H-l( /( /ung L1ch [aOH( Cu 6.48 |Gt ho ch:t # ph=n RiOt c c Lung L1ch <i&ng RiOt [a-l" -a-l 2 " 'l-l@ l '( /ung L1ch [a2-O@( +( Lung L1ch H-l( -( Lung L1ch [aOH( /( H2O( Cu 6.49 Ho tan hQt 3tg hn hp mudi cacRonat c6a Tim loAi ' v ' RSng Lung L1ch H-l L$" thu $c 2"24 l_t Th_ (Ttc!( Sau cC cAn Lung L1ch thu $c x gam mudi Than( x c gi t<1 l '( 32"ttg( +( 33"3tg( -( 33"htg(/( 34"2tg( Cu 6.50 Ho tan hQt @"Fg hn hp Tim loAi gm |g" 'l v Ze RSng Lung L1ch H-l" thu $c @"3@Y l_t Th_ (Ttc! v m g mudi clo<ua( m nh0n gi t<1 RSng '( 3@"44g( +(3F"2g( -( x"Yg( /( 32"@4g( Cu 6.51 -ho 2"22g hn hp Tim loAi gm K" [a v +a vo n$Dc $c Fttml Lung L1ch H c pH b 3@( -C cAn Lung L1ch H $c m g ch:t <\n( m c gi t<1 l '( 4"t2g( +( @"4Fg( -( @"twg( /( @"tFg( Cu 6.52 -ho @"tYg oxit c6a Tim loAi | (c ho t<1 n! tan t<ong H[O @ L$ th^ thu $c F"22g mudi Than( -Cng th7c c6a oxit l 2 '( -uO( +( +aO( -( |gO( /( nO( Cu 6.53 Hn hp H gm K v 'l( m g H t c LMng vDi n$Dc L$ $c F"Y l_t Th_( |t Th c" m g H t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch +a(OH!2 L$ thu $c h"xY l_t Th_( (- c ph4n 7ng Pu x4* <a hon ton" c c th# t_ch Th_ o B Ttc!( m c gi t<1 l2 '(3t"xFg( +( 3hg( -(3Yg( /( 32"hg( Cu 6.54 Ho tan 4"@2 gam nhCm Tim loAi RSng Lung L1ch H[O@ lokng" L$ thu $c ` l_t Th_ [O (Ttc! v Lung L1ch H( -C cAn Lung L1ch H thu $c @F"F2 gam mudi( i t<1 c6a ` l '( F"Yttt l_t( +( 4"4htt l_t( -( @"4t4h l_t( /( 2"Fthh l_t( Cu 6.55 Khdi l$ng K2O con l:* # ho tan vo wt"Yg n$Dc # thu $c Lung L1ch c nng G 34y l2 '( h"4g( +( 4"hg( -( 4"xg( /( x"4g( Cu 6.56 -ho hn hp t"3 mol +a v t"2 mol 'l vo n$Dc L$ th^ th# t_ch Th_ tho t <a (Ttc! l '( 2"24 l_t( +( 4"4h l_t( -( Y"w2 l_t( /( h"xY l_t( Cu 6.57 -ho xg hp Tim 'l t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch [aOH c" nng" L$ thu $c 3t"th l_t H2 (Ttc!( y 'l t<ong hp Tim l2 '( xty( +( xy( -( w(@y( /( w@y( Cu 6.58 Hp Tim 'l?|g t c LMng vKa 6 vDi Lung L1ch H-l thu $c h"xY l_t H2 (Ttc!( -ng l$ng hp Tim t<&n t c LMng vKa 6 vDi Lung L1ch [aOH thu $c Y"w2 l_t H2 (Ttc!( y 'l t_nh theo Thdi l$ng l2 '( Y"x2y( +( Yx"2y( -( @"4Yy( /( @4"Yy( Cu 6.59 Khdi l$ng 'l2O@ v Thdi l$ng cacRon R1 ti&u hao con # %4n xu:t $c t"F4 t:n 'l RSng ph$;ng ph p iOn ph=n nng ch4* 'l2O@ vDi anot RSng cacRon (coi nh$ hiOu %u:t iOn ph=n RSng 3tty" v Th_ tho t <a B anot chX l -O2! c gi t<1 lon l$t RSng '(3t2Tg" 3htTg +( 3t2Tg9 3hTg -(3t2tTg9 3htTg /( 3t2ttTg 93httTg Cu 6.60 @3"2g hn hp 'l v 'l2O@ t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch [aOH L$ thu $c 3Y"h l_t H2 (tt-9 t"hatm!( +iQt k LUng L$ 3tml th^ th# t_ch Lung L1ch [aOH 4| k l:* Ran ou l2 '( 2ttml( +( 2tml( -( 23ml( /( 23tml( Cu 6.61 Hn hp 'l v Ze@O4 em nung ThCng c ThCng Th_( Hn hp %au ph4n 7ng nhiOt nhCm nQu em t c LMng vDi [aOH L$ thu $c Y"w2 l_t H2(Ttc!9 nQu em t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H-l L$ thu $c 2Y"hh l_t H2(Ttc!( Khdi l$ng 'l t<ong hn hp Ran ou l2 '( 2wg( +( 2"wg( -( F4g( /( F"4g( Cu 6.62 @"t4g hn hp Ze v -u t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H[O@ lokng thu $c t"hxY l_t [O (Ttc!( y Ze theo Thdi l$ng l2 '( @Y"hy( +( @"Yhy( -( Y@"2y( /( Y"@2y( Cu 6.63 2"F2g mGt Tim loAi tan hQt t<ong Lung L1ch H2SO4 lokng thu $c Y"h4g mudi %un.at( Kim loAi l2 '( K( +( -a( -( 'l( /( Ze( Cu 6.64 -ho a g hn hp gm 'l v Ze t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch [aOH L$ thu $c 3 th# t_ch H2 RSng th# t_ch c6a x"Yg O2 (Ttc!( [Qu cho a g hn hp t<&n t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H-l L$ th^ $c h"xY l_t H 2 (Ttc!( a c gi t<1 l2 '( 33g( +( F"Fg( -( 3Y"Fg( /(22g(
2x
Cu 6.65 -ho Ze t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H2SO4 lokng" Lung L1ch thu $c cho Ra* h;i H2O $c FF"Y gam ZeSO4(wH2O( Jh# t_ch H2 (Ttc! l '( @"@Y l_t( +( 4"4h l_t( -( Y"w2 l_t( /( h"xY l_t( Cu 6.66 -ho a g ZeSO4(wH2O t c LMng vDi H2O thu $c @ttml Lung L1ch( Jh&m H2SO4 vo 2tml Lung L1ch t<&n th:* lm m:t mu @tml Lung L1ch K|nO4 t"3|( i t<1 a l '( Y"2FFg( +( t"Y2FFg( -( Y2"FFg( /( Y2F"Fg( Cu 6.67 Khi Th> hon ton a g hn hp gm Ze v Ze2O@ B nhiOt G cao thu V;c 33"2g Ze( -en nQu cho a g hn hp t<&n t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch -uSO4 L$ th^ $c ch:t <\n c Thdi l$ng tNng th&m t"hg %o vDi Ran ou( i t<1 a l2 '( t"t3@Yg( +( t"3@Yg( -( 3"@Yg( /( 3@"Yg( Cu 6.68 -ho Lung L1ch ch7a 3Y"hg [aOH t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch ch7a hg Ze 2(SO4!@" tiQp tMc th&m vo Lung L1ch %au ph4n 7ng 3@"Yhg 'l2(SO4!@ n8a th^ thu $c TQt t6a H( [hiOt ph=n hon ton H" thu $c ch:t <\n ]( Khdi l$ng ch:t <\n ] l2 '( 2"32g( +( 23"2g( -( 42"2g( /( 4"22g( Cu 6.69 Ftg mGt l Tim loAi tan hQt t<ong Lung L1ch H-l thu $c @@Yml H2(Ttc! v th:* Thdi l$ng l Tim loAi gi4m 3"Yhy( J&n l Tim loAi l2 '( 'l +( Ze -( |g /( [a @ Cu 6.70 Ho tan 2"Fg mudi [a2-O@(xH2O t<ong 2Ftcm n$Dc c:t( +iQt 2Fcm@ Lung L1ch n* t c LMng vKa 6 vDi 3w"Fcm@ Lung L1ch H-l t"3|( -Cng th7c ho hjc c6a mudi ng0m n$Dc l '( [a2-O@(3tH2O( +( [a2-O@(wH2O( -( [a2-O@(FH2O( /( [a2-O@(H2O( Cu 6.71 -ho cCng th7c ho hjc c6a mudi cacnal_t l xK-l(*|g-l 2(fH2O( +iQt Thi nung nng 33"3g cacnal_t th^ Thdi l$ng gi4m 4"@2g( |t Th c Thi cho F"FFg cacnal_t t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch KOH L$" ljc l:* TQt t6a em nung Qn Thdi l$ng ThCng ci th^ $c ch:t <\n c Thdi l$ng gi4m t"@Yg %o vDi t<$Dc Thi nung( -Cng th7c ho hjc c6a cacnalit l '( K-l(|g-l2(YH2O( +( K-l(2|g-l2(YH2O( -( 2K-l(|g-l2(YH2O( /( 2K-l(2|g-l2(YH2O( Cu 6.72 -ho @"42g 'l2(SO4!@ t c LMng vDi 2Ftml Lung L1ch [aOH a|" thu $c t"whg ch:t TQt t6a( [ng G molnl_t c6a Lung L1ch [aOH k LUng l '(3"2| hoc 2"h|( +( t"32| hoc t"2h|( -(t"t4| hoc t"th|( /( t"24| hoc t"FY|( Cu 6.73 )iOn ph=n Lung L1ch [aOH vDi c$mng G ThCng ci l 3t' t<ong 2Yh gim( Sau iOn ph=n cen lAi 3ttg Lung L1ch 24y( [ng G y c6a Lung L1ch [aOH t<$Dc iOn ph=n l '( 2"4y( +( 24y( -( 3"2Yy( /( 32"Yy( Cu 6.74 -ho Fg [a c ln [a2O v tAp ch:t t<; t c LMng vDi H2O thu $c Lung L1ch H v 3"hwF l_t Th_ ] (Ttc!( /ung L1ch H t<ung ho vKa 6 2ttml Lung L1ch H-l 3|( Jhnh phon y theo Thdi l$ng c6a tAp ch:t t<; l2 '( wwy( +( 2t"2y( -( 2"hy( /( w"wy( Cu 6.75 -ho F"hg mudi cacRonat c6a mGt Tim loAi ho t<1 ho tan t<ong Lung L1ch H 2SO4 lokng vKa 6" thu $c mGt ch:t Th_ v Lung L1ch H( -C cAn H thu $c w"Yg mudi %un.at t<ung ho Than( -Cng th7c ho hjc c6a mudi cacRonat l2 '( Ze-O@( +( n-O@( -( -a-O@( /( |g-O@( Cu 6.76 [ung Y"Fhg -u([O@!2 t<ong R^nh T_n" %au mGt thmi gian thu $c 4"xYg ch:t <\n v hn hp Th_ H( H:p thM hon ton H vo n$Dc $c @ttml Lung L1ch ]( pH c6a Lung L1ch ] l2 '( 3 +( 2 -( @ /( 4 Cu 6.77 -ho 23g hn hp 2 Tim loAi K v 'l ho tan hon ton t<ong n$Dc $c Lung L1ch H( Jh&m tK tK Lung L1ch H-l 3| vo H" lc ou ThCng th:* TQt t6a" Qn Thi TQt t6a hon ton th^ con 4ttml Lung L1ch H-l( Sd gam K l2 '( 3F"Y( +( F"4( -( w"h( /( 3t"h( Cu 6.78 -ho 2@"4g H gm 'l" Ze" -u t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H2SO4 c" nng" L$ thu $c t"YwF mol SO2( [Qu cho 2@"4g H t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H2SO4 lokng L$ thu $c Th_ ]( /n tK tK ton RG ] vo dng ch7a RGt -uO L$" nung nng th:* Thdi l$ng ch:t <\n t<ong dng gi4m w"2g %o vDi Ran ou( Jhnh phon y theo Thdi l$ng c6a 'l t<ong H l '( 2@"thy( +( @F"hxy( -( Fh"xwy( /( 43"t@y( Cu 6.79 Hn hp H gm a mol 'l v t"@ mol |g ph4n 7ng hQt vDi hn hp ] (vKa 6! gm R mol -l 2 v t"4 mol O2 thu $c Y4"Yg hn hp ch:t <\n( i t<1 c6a a l2 '( t"Y +( t"4 -( t"@ /( t"2 Cu 6.80 Khu:* Pu mGt l$ng RGt Ze v Ze@O4 vo Lung L1ch H[O@ lokng( -h:m L7t ph4n 7ng thu $c Lung L1ch H" [O v cen L$ Ze( /ung L1ch H ch7a ch:t tan '(Ze([O@!2( +( Ze([O@!2 v Ze([O@!@ -(Ze([O@!@ v H[O@ /( Ze([O@!2" Ze([O@!@" H[O@ Cu 6.81 -ho Lung L1ch H ch7a c c ion |g2s" SO42?" [H4s" -l?( Jh_ nghiOm 32 H t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch [aOH L$" un nng thu $c 3"3Yg TQt t6a v t"tY mol Th_( Jh_ nghiOm 22 H t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch +a-l2 L$ thu $c x"@2g TQt t6a( Jcng Thdi l$ng c c ion t<ong Lung L1ch H l2 '(32"22g( +( Y"33g( -(4"@2g( /( F"4g( Cu 6.82 -ho F"3Fg hn hp H gm n v -u vo 34tml Lung L1ch 'g[O@ 3|( Sau Thi ph4n 7ng xong $c 3F"wYg hn hp 2 Tim loAi v Lung L1ch ]( Khdi l$ng n t<ong hn hp l '( 3"Yg( +( 3"xFg( -( @"2g( /( 2"FYg( Cu 6.83 [gu*&n td q c tcng %d hAt (p" n" e! l 4t( q c ho t<1 " c:u h^nh elect<on c6a q l '(3%22%22pY@%2@p3( +( 3%22%22pY@%2( -(3%22%22pY@%2@p2( /( 3%22%22pY@%2@p@( Cu 6.84 [gu*&n t> c6a ngu*&n td H c tcng %d elect<on t<ong c c ph=n lDp p l w9 ngu*&n t> c6a ngu*&n td ] c tcng %d hAt mang iOn nhiPu h;n tcng %d hAt ThCng mang iOn c6a H l h( -Cng th7c ho hjc c6a hp ch:t tAo RBi H v ] l2 '( 'l-l@( +( Ze-l@( -( |g-l2( /( [a-l( Cu 6.85 -ation H2s v anion ]2? Pu c c:u h^nh elect<on B ph=n lDp ngoi cUng l 2pY( H v ] lon l$t l2 '( -a" O( +( +a" O( -( |g" O( /( +e" O( Cu 6.86 Ho tan hon ton 3"Y2g 'l t<ong 2html Lung L1ch H[O@ 3| thu $c Lung L1ch H v Th_ [O (%4n ph5m Th> Lu* nh:t!( |t Th c cho w"@Fg hai Tim loAi TiPm thuGc 2 chu T^ li&n tiQp vo Fttml Lung L1ch H-l $c Lung
@t
L1ch ] v 2"h l_t Th_ H2 (Ttc!( Khi t<Gn Lung L1ch H vo Lung L1ch ] tAo thnh 3"FYg ch:t TQt t6a( [ng G molnl c6a Lung L1ch H-l l2 '( t"@| +( t"3F| -( 3"F| /( @| Cu 6.87 -ho ion HHO@?( Jcng c c hAt t<ong ion l 32@" t<ong %d hAt mang iOn nhiPu h;n %d hAt ThCng mang iOn l 4@ hAt( +iQt H (' b 39 b 3!" O (' b 3Y9 b h!( `0* H c c:u h^nh elect<on l2 '( 3%22%22p2( +( 3%22%22pY@%2@p@( -( 3%22%22pY@%2@p4( /( 3%22%22pY@%2@pY@LY4%2( Cu 6.88 Jcng %d hAt (p" n" e! t<ong 2 ngu*&n t> Tim loAi H v ] l 342" t<ong tcng %d hAt mang iOn nhiPu h;n tcng %d hAt ThCng mang iOn l 42 hAt( Sd hAt mang iOn c6a ngu*&n t> ] nhiPu h;n H l 32 hAt( H v ] lon l$t l2 '( -a v Ze( +( Ze v -u( -( |g v Ze( /( 'l v Ze( Cu 6.89 -ho x mol -O2 h:p thM hon ton vo 2ttml Lung L1ch hn hp gm KOH 3| v +a(OH! 2 t"wF| thu $c 2@"Y4g TQt t6a( i t<1 c6a x l2 '( t"32 hoc t"@h( +( t"32 -( t"hh /( t"32 hoc t"xt( Cu 6.90 Jh7 tV pH theo chiPu tNng Lon c c Lung L1ch c cUng nng G mol c6a [H @" [aOH" +a(OH!2 l2 '( [H@" [aOH" +a(OH!2( +( +a(OH!2" [aOH" [H@( -( [H@" +a(OH!2" [aOH( /( [aOH" +a(OH!2" [H@( Cu 6.91 Sau mGt thmi gian iOn ph=n 2ttml Lung L1ch -uSO4 vDi iOn cVc t<;" Thdi l$ng Lung L1ch gi4m hg( )# TQt t6a hQt ion -u2s cen lAi t<ong Lung L1ch %au iOn ph=n" con LUng 3ttml Lung L1ch H2S t"F|( [ng G molnl c6a Lung L1ch -uSO4 t<$Dc iOn ph=n l '( t"2wF|( +( t"wF|( -( @"F2|( /( t"@F|( Cu 6.92 )iOn ph=n 2ttml Lung L1ch c ch7a 2 mudi l -u([O@!2 v 'g[O@ vDi c$mng G Leng iOn l t"ht4' Qn Thi Rjt Th_ R\t ou tho t <a B cVc =m th^ m:t 2 gim" Thi Thdi l$ng cVc =m tNng th&m @"44g( [ng G molnl c6a Lung L1ch -uSO4 Ran ou l '( 3|( +( t"3|( -( t"t2|( /( t"2|( Cu 6.93 )iOn ph=n 3ttml mGt Lung L1ch c ho tan 3@"Fg -u-l2 v 34"xg K-l c mng ngNn v 1&n cVc t<; m:t 2 gim" c$mng G Leng iOn l F"3'( [ng G mol c c ch:t c t<ong Lung L1ch %au iOn ph=n k $c pha lokng cho 6 2ttml l '(K-lL$ b t"3|9 KOH b t"x|( +( KOH b t"x|( -(K-lL$ b t"x|9 KOH b t"x|( /( KOH b t"3h|( Cu 6.94 | l Tim loAi ho t<1 ( :* 2 l Tim loAi | c Thdi l$ng RSng nhau( [hng l (3! vo Lung L1ch -u-l 2" l (2! vo Lung L1ch -L-l2 Qn Thi th:* %d mol -u-l2 v -L-l2 t<ong hai Lung L1ch gi4m nh$ nhau th^ nh:c <a( KQt pu4 vP Thdi l$ng2 l (3! tNng 3"2y9 l (2! tNng h"4y %ovDi Ran ou( | l2 '( Ze( +( |g( -( n( /( -u( Cu 6.95 | l Tim loAi ho t<1 ( :* 2 l Tim loAi | c Thdi l$ng RSng nhau( [hng l (3! vo Lung L1ch WR([O @!2" l (2! vo Lung L1ch -u([O@!2 Qn Thi th:* %d mol WR([O@!2 v -u([O@!2 t<ong hai Lung L1ch gi4m nh$ nhau th^ nh:c <a( KQt pu4 vP Thdi l$ng 2 l (3! tNng 3xy9 l (2! gi4m x"Yy %o vDi Ran ou( | l2 '( -L( +( |g( -( n ( /( -u( Cu 6.96 -ho mGt c=* inh thIp nng 3"34g vo Lung L1ch H2SO4 lokng L$" thu $c ch:t <\n v Lung L1ch H( [h tK tK Lung L1ch K|nO4 t"3| vo H Qn Thi Lung L1ch H R\t ou c mu hng" th:* k LUng hQt 4tml Lung L1ch K|nO4( yZe t<ong inh thIp l2 '( xh"2 y( +( 4x"3y( -( hhy( /( xty( Cu 6.97 Kh> 4"hg mGt oxit c6a Tim loAi t<ong Lk* iOn ho B nhiOt G cao" con 2"t3Y l_t Th_ H 2 (Ttc!( Kim loAi thu $c em ho tan t<ong Lung L1ch H-l thu $c 3"@44 l_t H2 (Ttc!( -Cng th7c ho hjc c6a oxit Tim loAi l2 '( Ze2O@ ( +( Ze@O4( -( -uO( /( nO( Cu 6.98 4"w2g hn hp RGt c c ch:t Ze" ZeO" Ze2O@ t c LMng vDi -O L$ B nhiOt G cao thu $c @"x2g Ze( -ng l$ng hn hp t<&n ng=m t<ong Lung L1ch -uSO4 L$ th^ Thdi l$ng ch:t <\n thu $c l 4"xYg( Khdi l$ng Ze t<ong hn hp l2 '( 3"Yhg( +( 3Y"hg( -( 3"Yg( /( 3"44g(
CHNG ,II. C(&) S5T '6NG ,3 H7P CH8T

Cu 7.1 - c Tim loAi thuGc Lk* no %au =* Pu ph4n 7ng vDi Lung L1ch -u-l 2 z '( [a" |g" 'g( +( Ze" [a" |g( -( +a" |g" Hg( /( [a" +a" 'g( @+ Cu 7.2 -:u h^nh elect<on no %au =* l c6a ion Fe z '( '<@LY( +('<@LF( -( '<@L4( /('<@L@( Cu 7.3 ung %\t no %au =* c hm l$ng %\t lDn nh:t z '( Hematit( +( |anhetit( -( Hie<it( /( Wi<it %\t( Cu 7.4 - c %d oxi ho c t<$ng c6a c<om l z
@3
'( s2" s4" sY( +( s2" s@" sY( -( s3" s2" s4" sY( /( s@" s4" sY( Cu 7.5 Khi nung [a2-<2Ow thu $c [a2O" -<2O@" O2( Wh4n 7ng t<&n thuGc loAi ph4n 7ng no %au =* z '( Wh4n 7ng oxi ho ? Th> ph7c tAp( +( Wh4n 7ng oxi ho ? Th> nGi ph=n t>( -( Wh4n 7ng tV oxi ho ? Th>( /( Wh4n 7ng ph=n hul ThCng ph4i l oxi ho ? Th>( Cu 7.6. -:u h^nh elect<on c6a ion -u2s l '( '<@Lw( +( '<@Lh( -( '<@Lx( /( '<@L3t( Cu 7.7 Hp ch:t no %au =* ThCng c t_nh ch:t l$vng t_nh z '( nO( +( n(OH!2( -( nSO4( /( n(H-O@!2( Cu 7.8 -ho Lung L1ch [aOH vo Lung L1ch mudi %un.at c6a Tim loAi ho t<1 2 th:* %inh <a TQt t6a tan t<ong Lung L1ch [aOH L$( ) l mudi no %au =* z '( |gSO4( +( -aSO4( -( |nSO4( /( nSO4( Cu 7.9 Khi nung nng mGt thanh thIp th^ G Ln iOn c6a thanh thIp tha* ci nh$ thQ no z '( JNng l&n( +( i4m i( -( KhCng tha* ci( /( JNng ha* gi4m cen tu thuGc vo thnh phon c6a thIp( Cu 7.10 Wh=n RiOt @ mu hp Tim %au 2 'l?Ze" 'l?-u" -u?Ze RSng ph$;ng ph p ho hjc( Ho ch:t con LUng l 2 '( /ung L1ch 2 [aOH" H-l( +( /ung L1ch 2 KOH" H2SO4 lokng( -( H[O@ c nguGi" Lung L1ch [aOH( /( -4 '" +" - Pu ng( Cu 7.11 -ho -u t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch hn hp gm [a[O@ v H2SO4 lokng %i gi4i phng Th_ no %au =* z '( [O2( +( [O( -( [2O( /( [H@( Cu 7.12 -ho RiQt c=u no ThCng ng t<ong c c c=u %au2 '( -<om l Tim loAi c t_nh Th> mAnh h;n %\t( +( -<O l ox_t Raf;( -( Kim loAi -< c th# c\t $c thul tinh( /( Wh$;ng ph p %4n xu:t -< l iOn ph=n -<2O@ nng ch4*( Cu 7.13 - 2 l %\t Thdi l$ng RSng nhau( 3 cho t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H-l L$ thu $c m 3 g mudi Than( 2 dt t<ong Th_ clo L$ thu $c m2g mudi( |di li&n hO gi8a m3 v m2 l '( m3bm2( +( m3m2( -( m2m3( /( KhCng x c 1nh $c( Cu 7.14 )iPn p n ng nh:t vo L:u (! t<ong c=u %au2 -ho c c ch:t 2 ZeO(3!" Ze2O@(2!" Ze@O4(@!" ZeS(4!" ZeS2(F!" ZeSO4(Y!" Ze2(SO4!@(w!" ZeSO@(h!( a( -h:t c phon t<Nm Thdi l$ng %\t lDn nh:t l R( -h:t c phon t<Nm Thdi l$ng %\t nh nh:t l Cu 7.15 -ho RiQt c=u %ai t<ong c c c=u %au 2 '( Ze c Th4 nNng tan t<ong Lung L1ch Ze-l@( +( 'g c Th4 nNng tan t<ong Lung L1ch Ze-l@( -( -u c Th4 nNng tan t<ong Lung L1ch Ze-l@( /( /ung L1ch 'g[O@ c Th4 nNng t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch Ze-l2( Cu 7.16 J<ong pheng th_ nghiOm" # R4o pu4n Lung L1ch mudi %\t (!" ng$mi ta th$mng cho vo 2 '( Lung L1ch H-l( +( %\t Tim loAi( -( Lung L1ch H2SO4( /( Lung L1ch 'g[O@( Cu 7.17 )iPn p n ng nh:t vo L:u (! t<ong c=u %au2 -ho c c ch:t2 -uO(3!" -u2O(2!" -uS(@!" -u2S(4!" -uSO4(F!" -uSO4(FH2O(Y!( a( -h:t c y Thdi l$ng ng lDn nh:t l(( R( -h:t c y Thdi l$ng ng nh nh:t l(( c( - c ch:t c y Thdi l$ng ng RSng nhau l(( Cu 7.18 )# loAi tAp ch:t -uSO4 Thi Lung L1ch ZeSO4 ta lm nh$ %au 2 '( [g=m l ng vo Lung L1ch( +( -ho 'g[O@ vo Lung L1ch( -( [g=m l Tim vo Lung L1ch( /( [g=m l %\t vo Lung L1ch( Cu 7.19. -hjn c=u ng t<ong c c c=u %au 2 '( -u c th# tan t<ong Lung L1ch 'l-l@( +( -uSO4 c th# LUng lm ThC Th_ [H@( -( -uSO4 Than c th# LUng # ph t hiOn n$Dc ln vo Lou ho4" xNng( /( -u c th# tan t<ong Lung L1ch Ze-l 2( Cu 7.20 -:u h^nh elect<on c6a -<@s l ph$;ng n no z '( '<@LF( +( '<@L4( -( '<@L@( /( '<@L2( Cu 7.21 )dt nng mGt _t RGt %\t t<ong R^nh Vng Th_ oxi( Sau # nguGi v cho vo R^nh Vng Lung L1ch H-l L$( /ung L1ch thu $c %au ph4n 7ng gm c c ch:t '( Ze-l2" Ze-l@( +( Ze-l2" H-l( -( Ze-l@" H-l( /( Ze-l2" Ze-l@" H-l( Cu 7.22 -ho 2"F2g mGt Tim loAi t c LMng hQt vDi H2SO4 lokng" thu $c Y"h4g mudi %un.at( Kim loAi l Tim loAi no z '( |g( +( n( -( Ze( /( 'l( Cu 7.23 -ho 3"x2g -u vo 3ttml Lung L1ch ch7a ng thmi K[O@ t"3Y| v H2SO4 t"4| th:* %inh <a mGt ch:t Th_ c tX Thdi h;i %o vDi hi<o l 3F( Jh# t_ch Th_ (B Ttc! l '( t"Yw2 l_t( +( t"thxY l_t( -( t"@Fh4 l_t( /( t"44h l_t( Cu 7.24 :* F"F2g hn hp ' ch7a Ze v Tim loAi | c ho t<1 ThCng ci" chia lm 2 phon RSng nhau( Whon 3 t c LMng hQt vDi Lung L1ch H-l thu $c 2"t3Y l_t hi<o (Ttc!( )dt ch * hQt phon 2 t<ong oxi thu $c 4"@Yg hn hp gm Ze@O4 v oxit c6a |( Khdi l$ng mol c6a |9 %d gam c6a Ze" | (t<ong F"F2g hn hp '! lon l$t l '( 2w9 @"@Y9 2"3Y( +( 2w9 3"Yh9 @"h4( -( F49 @"@Y9 2"3Y( /( 3h9 @"@Y9 2"3Y( Cu 7.25 -ho Ze t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H2SO4 lokng" Lung L1ch thu $c cho Ra* h;i $c tinh th# ZeSO 4(wH2O c Thdi l$ng l FF"Yg( Jh# t_ch Th_ hi<o (Ttc! $c gi4i phng l Rao nhi&u z
@2
'( h"3Y l_t( +( w"@@ l_t( -( 4"4h l_t( /( 3t"@Y l_t( Cu 7.26 [g=m 3 inh %\t nng 4g t<ong Lung L1ch -uSO4" %au mGt thmi gian l:* inh %\t <a" %:* ThC" c=n nng 4"2hFwg( Khdi l$ng %\t tham gia ph4n 7ng l Rao nhi&u z '( 3"xxxg( +( t"2F2g( -( t"@xxxg ( /( 2"3ttg( Cu 7.27 Hn hp ' gm ZeO" Ze@O4" Ze2O@( J<ong hn hp ' mi oxit Pu c t"F mol( Khdi l$ng c6a hn hp ' l Rao nhi&u gam z '( 2@2( +( 4Y4( -( 33Y( /( ) p %d Th c( Cu 7.28 Kh> hon ton 3Yg Ze2O@ RSng -O B nhiOt G cao( Kh_ i <a %au ph4n 7ng $c Ln vo Lung L1ch -a(OH! 2 L$( Khdi l$ng TQt t6a thu $c l Rao nhi&u gam z '( 3F( +( 2t( -( 2F( /( @t( Cu 7.29 [g$mi ta LUng 2tt t:n pung hematit ch7a @ty Ze2O@ # c th# %4n xu:t $c m t:n gang c hm l$ng %\t hty( +iQt hiOu %u:t c6a pu t<^nh xYy( i t<1 c6a m l '( Ft"4( +( 2F"2( -( @F( /( F4"Yx( Cu 7.30 Khi nung 2 mol [a2-<2Ow thu $c [a2O" -<2O@ v 4hg oxi( `0*2 '( [a2-<2Ow k hQt( +( [a2-<2Ow cen L$ t"F mol( -( [a2-<2Ow cen L$ 3 mol( /( Wh4n 7ng n* ThCng th# x4* <a( Cu 7.31 |Gt thanh ng nng 34t"hg ng=m t<ong Lung L1ch 'g[O@ mGt thmi gian l:* <a <>a nhu %:* ThC c=n $c 3w3"2g( Jh# t_ch Lung L1ch 'g[O@ @2y (/b3"2 gnml! k t c LMng vDi thanh ng l '( 3ww l_t( +( 3ww ml( -( hh"F l_t( /( hh"F ml( Cu 7.32 -ho 3x"2g Tim loAi | t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H[O@ lokng" L$ thu $c 4"4h l_t Th_ Lu* nh:t [O (Ttc!( | l Tim loAi no z'( |g( +( -u( -( Ze( /( n( Cu 7.33 -ho w"Yhg ng t c LMng hQt vDi H[O@ lokng th:* c Th_ [O tho t <a( Khdi l$ng mudi nit<at %inh <a t<ong Lung L1ch l Rao nhi&u gam z'( 23"FY( +( 23"YF( -( 22"FY( /( 22"YF( Cu 7.34 )dt 32"hg ng t<ong ThCng Th_ thu $c ch:t <\n H( Ho tan ch:t <\n H t<&n vo Lung L1ch H[O @ t"F| thu $c 44h ml Th_ [O (Ttc!( Khdi l$ng ch:t <\n H l '( 3F"F2g( +( 3t"thg( -( 3Yg( /( ) p %d Th c( Cu 7.35 )dt 32"hg ng t<ong ThCng Th_ thu $c ch:t <\n H( Ho tan ch:t <\n H t<&n vo Lung L1ch H[O @ t"F| thu $c 44h ml Th_ [O (Ttc!( Jh# t_ch Lung L1ch H[O@ tdi thi#u con LUng # ho tan ch:t <\n H l2 '( t"h l_t( +( t"h4 l_t( -( t"x@@@ l_t /( t"t4 l_t( Cu 7.36 -ho 3"4tFg hn hp Ze2O@" nO" -uO t c LMng vKa 6 vDi 2Ft ml Lung L1ch H2SO4 (lokng! t"3|( Khdi l$ng mudi %un.at Than thu $c l '( 3"32 l_t( +( @"@Y l_t( -( @"4tFg /( 2"24 l_t( Cu 7.37 -ho mGt _t RGt %\t ngu*&n ch:t t c LMng hQt vDi Lung L1ch H2SO4 lokng thu $c FYtml Th_ B Ttc( [Qu cho g:p Ci l$ng RGt %\t t<&n t c LMng hQt vDi -uSO4 th^ thu $c mGt ch:t <\n( Khdi l$ng RGt %\t k LUng t<ong 2 t<$mng hp t<&n v Thdi l$ng ch:t <\n lon l$t l '( 3"4g9 2"hg9 @"2g( +( 34g9 2hg9 @2g( -( 3"4g9 2"hg9 3t"hg( /( ) p %d Th c( Cu 7.38 Kh> 2"4g hn hp gm -uO v mGt oxit %\t c tX lO %d mol 323( Sau ph4n 7ng thu $c 3"wYg ch:t <\n" em ho tan vo Lung L1ch H-l th:* Ra* <a t"44h l_t Th_ (Ttc!( Oxit %\t l z '( ZeO( +( Ze2O@( -( Ze@O4( /( KhCng x c 1nh $c( Cu 7.39 [gu*&n t> c6a ngu*&n td H c tcng %d hAt c; R4n (e" p" n! l h2" t<ong %d hAt mang iOn nhiPu h;n %d hAt ThCng mang iOn l 22( [gu*&n td H l '( %\t( +( R<om( - photpho( /( c<om( Cu 7.40 -ho 3ttg hp Tim gm c Ze" -< v 'l t c LMng vDi l$ng L$ Lung L1ch [aOH thu $c 4"xh l_t Th_( :* Rk <\n ThCng tan cho t c LMng vDi mGt l$ng L$ Lung L1ch H-l (ThCng c ThCng Th_! thu $c @h"h l_t Th_( - c Th_ o B Ttc( Jhnh phon phon t<Nm c6a Ze" -< v 'l t<ong hp Tim lon l$t l '( h@y" 3@y" 4y( +( hty" 3Fy" Fy( -( 32y" h4y" 4y( /( h4y" 4"tFy" 33"xFy( Cu 7.41 Hn hp H gm -u v Ze" t<ong -u chiQm 4@"24y Thdi l$ng( -ho 34"hg H t c LMng hQt vDi Lung L1ch H-l th:* c ` l_t Th_ (Ttc! Ra* <a( i t<1 c6a ` l Rao nhi&u z '( 3"32 l_t( +( 2"24 l_t( -( 4"4h l_t( /( @"@Y l_t( Cu 7.42 Kh> m g RGt -uO RSng Th_ hi<o B nhiOt G cao thu $c hn hp ch:t <\n H( )# ho tan hQt H con vKa 6 3 l_t Lung L1ch H[O@ 3| thu $c 4"4h l_t [O (Ttc!( HiOu %u:t c6a ph4n 7ng Th> -uO l2 '( wty( +( wFy( -( hty( /( hFy( Cu 7.43 [hng thanh %\t vo Lung L1ch -uSO4" %au mGt thmi gian l:* thanh %\t <a <>a %Ach" %:* ThC th:* Thdi l$ng tNng 3"2g( - Rao nhi&u gam -u k R m vo thanh %\t z '( 4"h( +( 3x"2( -( 2"4( /( x"Y( Cu 7.44 -ho 2tg hn hp Ze v |g t c LMng hQt vDi Lung L1ch H-l th:* c 3g Th_ hi<o tho t <a( /ung L1ch thu $c nQu em cC cAn th^ l$ng mudi Than thu $c l '( Ftg( +( FF"Fg( -( Ytg( /( Yt"Fg( Cu 7.45 )dt mGt Tim loAi t<ong R^nh T_n Vng Th_ clo thu $c @2"F g mudi clo<ua v nh0n th:* th# t_ch Th_ clo t<ong R^nh gi4m Y"w2 l_t (Ttc!( J&n c6a Tim loAi k LUng l '( -u( +( 'l( -( n( /( Ze( Cu 7.46 Ho tan hQt mg hn hp @ oxit %\t vo Lung L1ch H-l $c Lung L1ch H" cC cAn H th^ thu $c m 3g hn hp hai mudi c tX lO mol 323( |t Th c" nQu %Mc th0t ch0m Th_ clo L$ vo H <i lAi cC cAn th^ lAi thu $c (m 3 s 3"42!g mudi Than( m c gi t<1 l '( F"Y4g( +( Y"hxg( -( Y"thg( /( F"x2g( Cu 7.47 |Gt Lung L1ch c ho tan @"2Fg %\t clo<ua t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch 'g[O @ L$ tAo <a h"Y3g TQt t6a t<\ng( -Cng th7c c6a mudi %\t k LUng l2 '( Ze-l2( +( Ze-l@( -( -4 Ze-l2 v Ze-l@( /( KhCng x c 1nh $c( Cu 7.48 Khi cho 3g mudi %\t clo<ua t c LMng vDi l$ng L$ Lung L1ch 'g[O @ tAo <a 2"Y4x2 g 'g-l( -Cng th7c c6a mudi %\t l '( Ze-l2( +( Ze-l@( -( -4 Ze-l2 v Ze-l@( /( KhCng x c 1nh $c( Cu 7.49 -ho Th_ -O Th> hon ton Qn %\t mGt hn hp gm2 ZeO" Ze2O@" Ze@O4 th:* c 4"4h l_t Th_ -O2 (Ttc! tho t <a( Jh# t_ch -O (Ttc! k tham gia ph4n 7ng l '( 3"32 l_t( +( 2"24 l_t( -( @"@Y l_t( /( 4"4h l_t(
@@
Cu 7.50 )dt nng mGt hn hp H gm RGt nhCm v Ze@O4 t<ong mCi t<$mng ThCng c ThCng Th_( [h8ng ch:t cen lAi %au ph4n 7ng" nQu cho t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch [aOH L$ %i thu $c Y"w2 l_t hi<o (Ttc!" nQu cho t c LMng vDi Lung L1ch H-l L$ %i thu $c 2Y"hh l_t hi<o (Ttc!( Khdi l$ng 'l v Ze @O4 t<ong hn hp H lon l$t l2 '( 2wg9 4Y"4g( +( 2wg9 Yx"Yg( -( xg" Yx"Yg( /( 3Yg9 42g( Cu 7.51 [ung mGt mu thIp th$mng c Thdi l$ng 3tg t<ong l$ng Th_ oxi L$" th:* c t"3xY l_t Th_ -O2 (to- v t"h at! tho t <a( Jhnh phon phon t<Nm cacRon t<ong mu thIp l2 '( h"4y( +( t"h4y( -( t"42y( /( ) p %d Th c( Cu 7.52 Kh> hon ton 3Yg RGt %\t oxit RSng -O B nhiOt G cao( Sau Thi ph4n 7ng TQt thc" thu $c ch:t <\n c Thdi l$ng 33"2g( Jh# t_ch -O (Ttc! k LUng l '( 4"4h l_t( +( Y"w2 l_t( -( t"Yw2 l_t( /( 2"24 l_t( Cu 7.53 Kh> x"Yg hn hp gm Ze2O@ v ZeO RSng Th_ hi<o B nhiOt G cao" thu $c %\t v 2"hhg n$Dc( Jh# t_ch hi<o k LUng (3wt- v w2FmmHg! l '( @"Fh4 l_t( +( 4 l_t( -( t"ttF@ l_t( /( ) p %d Th c( Cu 7.54 Ho tan hon ton 3x"2g -u vo Lung L1ch H[O@ lokng( Kh_ [O thu $c em oxi ho thnh [O2 l_ RSng l$ng L$ Lung L1ch [aOH" ch:t <\n cen lAi $c ho tan hon ton RSng Lung L1ch H[O@" %au lm Ra* h;i Lung L1ch v un nng" thu $c ch:t <\n c Thdi l$ng l t"4g( Whon t<Nm vP Thdi l$ng c6a ng" nhCm t<ong hp Tim lon l$t l '( Yhy" @2y( +( 4ty" Yty( -( @2y" Yhy( /( Yty" 4ty( Cu 7.56 -ho hn hp gm 2g Ze v @g -u vo Lung L1ch H[O@ th:* tho t <a t"44h l_t Th_ ThCng mu ho n=u t<ong ThCng Th_ (o B Ttc!( Khdi l$ng mudi Than thu $c %au ph4n 7ng l '( F"4g( +( h"w2g( -( 4"h4g( /( ) p %d Th c( Cu 7.57 -h:t <\n H gm t"3 mol Ze2O@ v t"3 mol Ze@O4( Ho tan H RSng Lung L1ch H-l L$" thu $c Lung L1ch ]( -ho [aOH vo ]" thu $c TQt t6a ( jc l:* TQt t6a" <>a %Ach <i em nung t<ong ThCng Th_ Qn Thdi l$ng ThCng ci thu $c m g ch:t <\n( i t<1 c6a m l '( 4t( +( @2( -( 4h( /( Y4( Cu 7.58 -hia 4g hn hp RGt Tim loAi gm nhCm" %\t v ng thnh 2 phon Pu nhau( ? Whon 3 2 t c LMng vDi l$ng L$ Lung L1ch H-l" thu $c FYtml hi<o( ? Whon 2 2 t c LMng vDi l$ng L$ Lung L1ch [aOH" thu $c @@Yml hi<o( - c Th_ o B Ttc( Sd mol c6a 'l" Ze t<ong 4g hn hp lon l$t l2 '( t"t39 t"t3( +( t"t29 t"t3( -( t"t29 t"t2( /( ) p %d Th c( Cu 7.59 -ho %; ph4n 7ng %au 2 -u s H[O@ mudi s [O s n$Dc( Sd ngu*&n t> ng R1 oxi ho v %d ph=n t> H[O @ R1 Th> lon l$t l '( @ v h( +( @ v Y( -( @ v @( /( @ v 2( Cu 7.60 Ho tan m g Tim vo Lung L1ch H-l L$ tho t <a `3 l_t Th_ (Ttc!( -ng ho tan m g Tim vo Lung L1ch [aOH L$ tho t <a `2 l_t Th_ (Ttc!( |di li&n hO gi8a `3 v `2 l '( `3b`2( +( `3`2( -(`3`2( /( KhCng 6 c; %B # %o % nh( Cu 7.61 )# Th> ion Ze@s t<ong Lung L1ch thnh ion Ze2s c th# LUng mGt l$ng L$ '( Tim loAi |g( +( Tim loAi -u( -( Tim loAi +a( /( Tim loAi 'g( Cu 7.62 -ho c c cp Tim loAi ngu*&n ch:t tiQp xc t<Vc tiQp vDi nhau2 Ze v WR9 Ze v Sn9 Ze v [i( Khi nhng c c cp Tim loAi t<&n vo Lung L1ch axit" %d cp Tim loAi t<ong Ze R1 ph hul t<$Dc l2 '( 4( +( 3( -( 2( /( @( Cu 7.63 -hX <a c=u ng t<ong c c c=u %au 2 3( Jh&m Lung L1ch TiPm vo mudi ic<omat" mudi n* chu*#n thnh mudi c<omat( 2( Hp ch:t -<(! c t_nh Th> c t<$ng" cen hp ch:t -<(`! c t_nh oxi ho mAnh( @( - c hp ch:t -<O" -<(OH!2 t c LMng $c vDi Lung L1ch H-l cen -<O@ t c LMng $c vDi Lung L1ch [aOH( 4( - c hp ch:t -<2O@" -<(OH!@" -<O" -<(OH!2 Pu c t_nh ch:t l$vng t_nh( F( -<om l Tim loAi c t_nh Th> mAnh h;n %\t( Y( -<om l Tim loAi n&n chX tAo n&n chX tAo $c oxit Raf;( w( Wh$;ng ph p %4n xu:t c<om l iOn ph=n -<2O@ nng ch4*( h( Kim loAi c<om c th# c\t $c thul tinh( '( 3" 2" @" F" h( +( 2" @" 4" F" w" h( -( 2" @" F" Y" w" h( /( 3" @" 4" F" h( Cu 7.64 -ho tKng ch:t Ze" ZeO" Ze(OH!2" Ze(OH!@" Ze@O4" Ze2O@" Ze([O@!2" Ze([O@!@" ZeSO4" Ze2(SO4!@" Ze-O@ lon l$t ph4n 7ng vDi H[O@ c nng( Sd ph4n 7ng thuGc loAi oxi ho ? Th> l2 '( F( +( h( -( Y( /( w( Cu 7.65 |Gt RGt mu lMc ' thVc tQ ThCng tan t<ong Lung L1ch lokng c6a axit hoc TiPm( Khi n:u ch4* vDi TiPm v c mt ThCng Th_ n chu*#n thnh ch:t + c mu vng v L tan t<ong n$Dc" ch:t + t c LMng vDi axit chu*#n thnh ch:t - c mu La cam( -h:t - R1 l$u hunh Th> thnh ch:t ' v oxi ho axit clohi<ic thnh Th_ clo( -Cng th7c ph=n t> c c ch:t '" + v - lon l$t l 2 '( -<2O@" [a2-<O4" K2-<2Ow( +( -<2O@" K2-<O4" K2-<2Ow( -( -<2O@" [a2-<2Ow" [a2-<O4( /( -<2O@" K2-<O4" [a2-<2Ow( Cu 7.66 /ung L1ch H c mu cam( [Qu cho th&m vo mGt l$ng KOH" mu c6a Lung L1ch Lon Lon chu*#n %ang mu vng t$;i( [Qu th&m vo mGt l$ng H2SO4" mu c6a Lung L1ch Lon Lon t l '( K2-<2Ow(+( K2-<O4( -( K-<2O4( /( H2-<O4( Cu 7.67 -ho c c %; ph4n 7ng 2
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(3! H3 s H-l H2 s H2( (2! H3 s H[O@ H4 s [O2 s H2O( (@! H2 s -l2 H@( (4! H2 s [aOH HF s [a-l( (F! H4 s [aOH HY s [a[O@( (Y! HF s O2 s H2O HY - c ch:t H3" H2" H@" H4" HF" HY lon l$t l +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 ' -u -u-l -u-l2 -u([O@!2 -uOH -u(OH!2 + Ze Ze-l2 Ze-l@ Ze([O@!@ Ze(OH!2 Ze(OH!@ Ze Ze-l@ Ze-2 Ze([O@!@ Ze(OH!2 Ze(OH!@ / Ze Ze([O@!@ Ze-l@ Ze([O@!2 Ze(OH!@ Ze(OH!2 Cu 7.68 -ho %; ph4n 7ng 2 -< s Sn2s -<@s s Sn (3! -< s -u2s -<@s s -u (2! a( Khi c=n RSng 2 ph4n 7ng t<&n" hO %d c6a ion -<@s %i l '( 3( +( 2( -( @( /( Y( t R( Win iOn ho -<?Sn t<ong pu t<^nh phng iOn x4* <a ph4n 7ng (3!( +iQt ECr @+ n Cr = t" w4 `( Su:t iOn Gng chu5n c6a pin iOn ho l2 '( ?t"Y `( +( t"hh `( -( t"Y `( /( ?t"hh `( t c( Win iOn ho -<?-u t<ong pu t<^nh phng iOn x4* <a ph4n 7ng (2!( +iQt ECr @+ n Cr = t" w4 `( Su:t iOn Gng chu5n c6a pin iOn ho l2 '( t"4 `( +( 3"th `( -( ?t"h `( /( ?t"4 `( Cu 7.69 Ho tan Fhg mudi -uSO4(FH2O t<ong n$Dc" $c Ftt ml Lung L1ch( a( [ng G molnl_t c6a Lung L1ch -uSO4 k pha chQ l '( t"w2F |( +( t"4Y4 |( -( t"4@2 |( /( ) p %d Th c( R( -ho Lon Lon mAt %\t Qn L$ vo ph$;ng t<^nh t<&n( Khdi l$ng Tim loAi thu $c tNng (hoc gi4m! mGt l$ng %o vDi Thdi l$ng %\t Ran ou l2 '( i4m 3"hFYg( +( JNng 3"hFYg( -( JNng 22"2w2g( /( ) p %d Th c( Cu 7.70 Ho tan 3tg ZeSO4 c ln tAp ch:t l Ze2(SO4!@ t<ong n$Dc" $c 2tt cm@ Lung L1ch( +iQt 2t cm@ Lung L1ch n* $c axit ho RSng H2SO4 lokng lm m:t mu t_m c6a 2F cm@ Lung L1ch K|nO4 t"t@ |( a( Sd mol Ze2s t c LMng vDi 2F cm@ Lung L1ch K|nO4 t"t@| l '( t"tt@wF mol( +( t"tttwF mol( -( t"ttwF mol( /( ) p %d Th c( 2s @ R( Sd g ion Ze t<ong 2tt cm Lung L1ch Ran ou 2 '( t"t2Y2Fg( +( 3"Yhg( -( 2"3g( /( t"23g( c( Whon t<Nm theo Thdi l$ng ZeSO4 tinh ThiQt l2 '( 23y( +( Fwy( -( F"wy( /( ) p %d Th c( Cu 7.71 Khdi l$ng pung ch7a x2"hy Ze@O4 # c 3t t:n gang ch7a 4y - v mGt %d tAp ch:t (i4 thiQt hiOu %u:t c6a pu t<^nh l hw"Fy! l 2'( 32"F t:n( +( 3Y"@2YF t:n( -( 33"h2 t:n( /( ) p %d Th c( Cu 7.72(a( -on Rao nhi&u mudi ch7a hty %\t(! %unphat # c mGt l$ng %\t RSng l$ng %\t t<ong 3 t:n pung hematit ch7a Y4y Ze2O@ z '( 2 t:n( +( t"h t:n( -( 3(2h t:n( /( ) p n Th c( R( [Qu l:* pung hematit t<&n em lu*On gang" hiOu %u:t c6a pu t<^nh l wFy! '( Y t:n( +( 3"F t:n( -( @"4 t:n( /( 2"2 t:n( Cu 7.73( [g=m mGt l Tim nng 3ttg t<ong 3ttml Lung L1ch ch7a -u([O@!2 @| ln vDi WR([O@!2 3|( Sau ph4n 7ng" l:* l Tim <a Thi Lung L1ch" <>a nhu" %:* ThC" em c=n th:* l Tim c Thdi l$ng l2 '( 33@"xg( +( w4g( -( 3@x"xg( /( xtg( Cu7.74( -ho 2@"hg Tim loAi H tan hQt t<ong Lung L1ch H-l tAo <a ion H 2s( /ung L1ch tAo thnh c th# t c LMng vKa 6 vDi 2ttml Ze-l@ 2| # tAo <a ion H4s( Kim loAi H l2 '( [i( +( -<( -( WR( /( Sn( Cu 7.75( -ho 4tg hn hp vng" RAc" ng" %\t" Tim t c LMng vDi oxi L$ nung nng thu $c 4Y"4g ch:t <\n H( Jh# t_ch Lung L1ch H-l 2| c Th4 nNng ph4n 7ng vDi ch:t <\n H l '( 4ttml( +( @ttml( -( 2ttml( /( 3ttml( Cu 7.76. Kh> 3Yg hn hp c c oxit Tim loAi ZeO" Ze2O@" Ze@O4" -uO" WRO RSng Th_ -O B nhiOt G cao" Thdi l$ng ch:t <\n thu $c gi4m 4"hg( Jh# t_ch Th_ -O ph4n 7ng (Ttc! l '( Y"w2 l_t( +( @"@Y l_t( -( 2"24 l_t( /( 3"32 l_t( Cu 7.77( Ho tan hon ton @"22g hn hp H gm Ze" |g v n RSng mGt l$ng vKa 6 Lung L1ch H 2SO4 lokng" thu $c 3"@44 l_t hi<o (Ttc! v Lung L1ch ch7a m g mudi( i t<1 c6a m l2 '( x"F2( +( 3t"2w( -( h"xh( /( w"2F( Cu 7.78( Ho tan hQt hn hp gm t"2 mol ZeS2 v t"@ mol ZeS RSng l$ng L$ axit H[O@ c thu $c ` l_t Th_ H (Lu* nh:t!( i t<1 c6a ` (B Ttc! l '( FY l_t( +( 32w"Yh l_t( -( Y@"h4 l_t( /( 32"wYh l_t( Cu 7.79 )# thu $c Lung L1ch -uSO4 3Yy con l:* m3 g tinh th# -uSO4(FH2O cho vo m2g Lung L1ch -uSO4 hy( JX lO m3nm2 l2 '( 32 @( +( 32 4( -( 32 F( /( 32 Y( Cu 7.80( [ung m g RGt %\t t<ong oxi" thu $c @g hn hp ch:t <\n H( Ho tan hQt hn hp H t<ong Lung L1ch H[O @ (L$!" tho t <a t"FY l_t (Ttc! [O (l %4n ph5m Th> Lu* nh:t!( i t<1 c6a m l '( 2"F2( +( 2"22( -( 2"Y2( /( 2"@2( Cu 7.81( Oxi ho ch0m m g Ze ngoi ThCng Th_ thu $c 32g hn hp H gm @ oxit %\t v %\t L$( Ho tan H vKa 6 RBi 2tt ml Lung L1ch H[O@ thu $c 2"24 l_t Th_ [O Lu* nh:t (Ttc!( i t<1 m v nng G Lung L1ch H[O @ lon l$t l '( 3t"thg9 t"F|( +( F"t4g9 3|( -( 3t"thg9 @"2|( /( F"t4g9 3"Y|( Cu 7.82 -ho hn hp H gm @ oxit c6a %\t (Ze2O@" ZeO" Ze@O4! vDi %d mol RSng nhau( :* m3g H cho vo mGt dng %7 ch1u nhiOt" nung nng <i cho mGt lung Th_ -O i pua" Th_ -O2 <a Thi dng %7 $c h:p thM hQt vo R^nh Vng
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l$ng L$ Lung L1ch -a(OH!2 thu $c m2g TQt t6a t<\ng( -h:t <\n (]! cen lAi t<ong dng %7 %au ph4n 7ng c Thdi l$ng l 3x"2g gm Ze" ZeO v Ze2O@" cho hn hp n* t c LMng hQt vDi Lung L1ch H[O@ un nng $c Y"w2 l_t Th_ (c mu n=u ! Lu* nh:t (Ttc!( J_nh Thdi l$ng m3" m2( '( 2t"hhg9 3t"Fg( +( 3t"44g9 3t"Fg( -( 3t"44g9 2t"YhFg /( 2t"hhg9 2t"YhFg( Cu 7.83 )dt ch * hQt mg hn hp ' gm (n" |g" 'l! RSng oxi thu $c (m s3"Y!g oxit( Hi nQu cho mg hn hp ' t c LMng hQt vDi hn hp c c axit lokng (H2SO4" H-l" H+<! th^ th# t_ch H2 (Ttc! thu $c l2 '( t"224 l_t( +( 2"24 l_t( -( 4"4h l_t( /( t"44h l_t( Cu 7.84 )# mg phoi Ro %\t (H! ngoi ThCng Th_" %au mGt thmi gian RiQn thnh hn hp (]! c Thdi l$ng 32g gm Ze v c c oxit ZeO" Ze@O4" Ze2O@( -ho ] t c LMng hon ton vDi axit H2SO4 c nng L$ th:* tho t <a @"@Y l_t Th_ SO2 Lu* nh:t (Ttc!( J_nh Thdi l$ng m c6a H('( F"t4g( +( h"3Yg( -( w"2g( /( 3t"thg( Cu 7.85 -ho 4"FYg hn hp Ze v mGt Tim loAi (H! thuGc nhm ho tan hon ton t<ong Lung L1ch H-l L$ th:* tAo <a 2"t3Y l_t Th_ (Ttc!( |t Th c9 3"xg Tim loAi H ni t<&n ThCng Th> hQt 4g -uO B nhiOt G cao( H l2 '( -anxi +( |agie -( +a hon ton mg hn hp @ oxit %\t RSng -O L$ B nhiOt G cao thnh %\t Tim loAi( Ho tan hQt %\t thu $c RSng Lung L1ch H-l L$ thu $c w"Y2g ch:t <\n( -h:t Th_ tho t <a $c h:p thM hQt RSng Lung L1ch +a(OH! 2 L$ th:* c 3F"wYg TQt t6a t<\ng( i t<1 c6a m l '( F"2g +( Y"tg -( 4"Y4g /( F"2Yg Cu 7.88 /Ung -O L$ # Th> hon ton mg RGt %\t oxit (ZexO*!" Ln ton RG l$ng Th_ %inh <a i th0t ch0m vo 3 l_t Lung L1ch -a(OH!2 t"3|" thu $c Fg TQt t6a( Sd mol Th_ -O2 thu $c l '( t"tF mol( +( t"tF v t"3F mol( -( t"t2F mol( /( t"tF v t"twF mol( Cu 7.89 /Ung -O L$ # Th> hon ton m g RGt %\t oxit (ZexO*! thnh %\t" Ln ton RG l$ng Th_ %inh <a i th0t ch0m vo 3 l_t Lung L1ch +a(OH!2 t"3|9 thu $c x"hFg TQt t6a( |t Th c ho tan ton RG %\t Tim loAi thu $c B t<&n RSng Lung L1ch H-l L$ hon ton m g RGt %\t oxit (ZexO*!" Ln ton RG l$ng Th_ %inh <a i th0t ch0m vo 3 l_t Lung L1ch -a(OH!2 t"3|" thu $c Fg TQt t6a( |t Th c ho tan ton RG mg RGt %\t oxit (Ze xO*! RSng Lung L1ch H-l L$ <i cC cAn th^ thu $c 3Y"2Fg mudi Than( m c gi t<1 l '( h"ttg( +( 3F"3g( -( 3Y"ttg( /( 33"Yg( Cu 7.91 Ho tan hQt F"@g hn hp Tim loAi gm |g" n" 'l v Ze RSng Lung L1ch H2SO4 lokng" thu $c @"3@Y l_t Th_ (Ttc! v m g mudi %un.at( m nh0n gi t<1 RSng '( @2"3hg( +( 3x"t2g( -( 3h"w4g( /( 3x"@g( Cu 7.92 Ho tan hQt 3"w2g hn hp Tim loAi gm |g" 'l" n v Ze RSng Lung L1ch H-l" thu $c ` l_t Th_ (Ttc! v @"hFg mudi clo<ua Than( ` nh0n gi t<1 RSng '( 3"@44 l_t( +( 2"Yhh l_t( -( 3"32 l_t( /( @"@Y l_t( Cu 7.93.-ho 2"h3g hn hp c c oxit Ze@O4" Ze2O@" |gO" -uO t c LMng vKa 6 vDi @ttml Lung L1ch H2SO4 t"3| (lokng! th^ Thdi l$ng mudi %un.at Than thu $c l Rao nhi&u z '( 4"Fg( +( @"4Fg( -( F"23g ( /( -h$a th# x c 1nh( Cu 7.94. [ung nng 3Y"hg RGt %\t ngoi ThCng Th_" %au mGt thmi gian thu $c m g hn hp H gm c c oxit %\t" v %\t L$( Ho tan hQt hn hp H RSng H2SO4 c nng thu $c F"Y l_t SO2 (Ttc!( i t<1 c6a m l2 '( 24g( +( 2Yg( -( 2tg( /( 22g( Cu 7.95. |Gt Lung L1ch c ch7a 2 cation l Ze2s t"3 mol9 'l@s t"2 mol v 2 anion -l? x mol" SO42? * mol( Khi cC cAn Lung L1ch" thu $c 4Y"xg ch:t <\n Than( x v * c gi t<1 l '( x b t"t2 v * b t"t@( +( x b t"t@ v * b t"t2( -( x b t"2 v * b t"@ (/( x b t"@ v * b t"2( Cu 7.96. Kh> hon ton 4"hg mGt oxit c6a Tim loAi | thnh Tim loAi con 2"t3Y l_t H 2 (Ttc!( Kim loAi thu $c em ho tan hQt RSng Lung L1ch H2SO4 lokng th:* tAo <a 3"@44 l_t H2( J^m cCng th7c c6a oxit( '( ZeO( +( Ze@O4( -( Ze2O@( /( Oxit Th c( Cu 7.97 -ho 3"wFg hn hp gm @ Tim loAi Ze" 'l" n tan hQt t<ong Lung L1ch H-l th^ thu $c 3"32 Th_ (Ttc! v Lung L1ch H( -C cAn x thu $c m g mudi( m c gi t<1 l2 '( @"F2Fg( +( F"@wFg( -( F"@g( /( F"4g( Cu 7.98. Kh> hon ton a g ZexO* RSng Th_ -O B nhiOt G cao thu $c t"h4g Ze v t"hhg Th_ -O2( J_nh a z '( 3"w2g( +( 3"3Yg( -( 3"4hg( /( KhCng x c 1nh $c( Cu 7.99 -ho -O pua dng %7 ch7a 3F"2g hn hp -uO" ZeO nung nng" %au mGt thmi gian thu $c 3@"Yg <\n H v hn hp Th_ ]( SMc ] vo Lung L1ch n$Dc vCi t<ong c L$" thu $c mg TQt t6a ( m c gi t<1 l2 '( 3t g( +( F g( -( w"F g( /( KQt pu4 Th c( Cu 7.100 Oxi ho hon ton t"wx2g hn hp RGt gm Ze v -u ta thu $c 3"t@2g hn hp c c oxit (hn hp H!( Jh# t_ch Th_ H2 (Ttc! tdi thi#u con # Th> hon ton c c oxit thnh Tim loAi l '( t"Yw2 l_t( +( t"42FY l_t( -( t"hxY l_t( /( t"@@Y l_t(
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Cu 7.101 Oxi ho hon ton t"w2hg RGt Ze ta thu $c 3"t3Yg hn hp c c oxit %\t (hn hp H!( Ho tan H RSng Lung l1ch H[O@ lokng" L$( Jh# t_ch Th_ [O Lu* nh:t Ra* <a (B Ttc! l '( t"@@Y l_t( +( t"t@@Y l_t( -( t"hxY l_t( /( t"t224 l_t( Cu 7.102 -ho lung Th_ -O i pua dng %7 Vng m g Ze2O@ B nhiOt G cao mGt thmi gian" ng$mi ta thu $c Y"w2g hn hp gm 4 ch:t <\n Th c nhau( )em ho tan hon ton hn hp n* vo Lung L1ch H[O @ L$ tAo thnh t"44h l_t Th_ [O Lu* nh:t( i t<1 m l2 '( hg( +( h"2g( -( w"2g( /( Y"hg(
CHNG ,III0 PH9N %I:T );T S< CH8T ,4 C = CH>?N '; @>NG @ACH
Cu 8.1 - 4 mu ch:t <\n mu t<\ng +a-O@" +aSO4" [a2-O@" [aH-O@" nQu chX LUng H2O v mGt ch:t Th_ (ThCng LUng nhiOt G" iOn ph=n! # ph=n RiOt chng th^ ch:t Th_ ph4i chjn l '( O@( +( -O2( -( SO2( /( H2( Cu 8.2 - 4 lj ho ch:t R1 m:t nhkn Vng <i&ng RiOt 4 Lung L1ch ThCng mu %au =*2 [H 4-l" [a-l" +a-l2" [a2-O@( - th# %> LMng thudc th> no %au =* P ph=n RiOt c c lj Lung L1ch t<&nz '( H-l( +( u t_m( -( [aOH( /( H2SO4( Cu 8.3 )# loAi R 'l <a Thi hn hp 'l" |gO" -uO" Ze@O4 v ZeO ng$mi ta LUng '( H2SO4 c nng +( H2SO4 lokng( -( H2SO4 c nguGi( /( [aOH( Cu 8.4 )# ph=n RiOt @ Th_ -O" -O2" SO2 ta c th# LUng thudc th> l '( LL WL-l2 v LL +<2( +( LL K|nO4 v LL +<2 -( LL +a-l2 v LL +<2( /( -4 '" +" - Pu ng( Cu 8.5 - 4 ch:t <\n t<ong 4 lj <i&ng RiOt gm [aOH" 'l" |g v 'l 2O@( [Qu chX LUng th&m mGt thudc th> # ph=n RiOt 4 ch:t t<&n" thudc th> $c chjn l2 '( LL H-l( +( LL H[O@ c" nguGi( -( H2O /( LL KOH Cu 8.6 - F LL Vng t<ong F lj m:t nhkn l Ze-l@" Ze-l2" 'l-l@" [H4[O@" [a-l( [Qu chX $c LUng mGt thudc th> # nh0n RiQt F ch:t lng t<&n" ta c th# LUng LL2 '( +a-l 2( +( [H@( -( [aOH( /( H-l( Cu 8.7 - 4 LL Vng t<ong 4 lj ho ch:t m:t nhkn l [a'lO2" 'g[O@" [a2S" [a[O@" # nh0n RiQt 4 ch:t lng t<&n" ta c th# LUng2 '( LL H-l( +( LL +a-l2( -( LL H[O@( /( -O2 v H2O( Cu 8.8 )# lm ThC Th_ amoniac ng$mi ta LUng ho ch:t l '( vCi %dng( +( axit %un.u<ic c( -( ng %un.at Than( /( W2OF( Cu 8.9 )# nh0n RiQt @ LL nat Lu* nh:t l2 '( axit clo hi<ic( +( pu t_m( -( Tali hi<oxit( /( Ra<i clo<ua( Cu 8.10 )# thu $c 'l(OH!@ tK hn hp RGt 'l(OH!@" -u(OH!2" n(OH!2" chX con LUng Lu* nh:t mGt LL l
@w
'( LL ammoniac( +( ThCng th# thVc hiOn $c( -( LL KOH( /( LL H2SO4 c nguGi( Cu 8.11 - 4 dng nghiOm R1 m:t nhkn" mi dng nghiOm ch7a mGt t<ong c c LL H-l" H[O @ " K-l" K[O@( /Ung 2 ho ch:t no t<ong c c cp ho ch:t %au =* # c th# ph=n RiOt $c c c LL t<&nz '( i:* pu t_m v LL +a(OH!2( +( /ung L1ch 'g[O@ v LL phenolphthalein( -( /ung L1ch +a(OH!2 v LL 'g[O@( /( i:* pu t_m v LL 'g[O@( Cu 8.12 )# ch7ng t %V c mt c6a ion [O@? t<ong LL ch7a c c ion2 [H4s" Ze@s" [O@? ta n&n LUng thudc th> l '( LL 'g[O@( +( LL [aOH( -( LL +a-l2( /( -u v vi gijt LL H2SO4c" un nng( Cu 8.13 )# loAi R tAp ch:t Ze" -u c t<ong mu 'g v ThCng lm tha* ci l$ng 'g" ng$mi ta ng=m mu RAc n* vo mGt l$ng L$ LL2 '( 'g[O@( +( H-l( -( H2SO4 c nguGi( /( Ze-l@ Cu 8.14 - @ lj Vng @ ch:t RGt <i&ng RiOt2 'l" 'l2O@" Ze( - th# nh0n RiQt @ lj t<&n RSng 3 thudc th> Lu* nh:t l2 '( LL [aOH( +( H2O( -( LL Ze-l2( /( LL H-l( Cu 8.15 -ho c c LL2 'g[O@" H[O@ c nguGi" H-l" H2SO4 lokng( )# ph=n RiOt 2 Tim loAi 'l v 'g con ph4i LUng2 '( chX mGt t<ong 4 Lung L1ch( +( c4 @ Lung L1ch( -( c4 4 Lung L1ch( /( chX 2 t<ong 4 Lung L1ch( Cu 8.16 - F mu Tim loAi +a" |g" Ze" 'l" 'g( -hX LUng th&m mGt ho ch:t R&n ngoi l LL H 2SO4 lokng c th# nh0n RiQt $c tdi a Rao nhi&u Tim loAi t<ong c c Lk* %auz '( +a" 'g" Ze" |g( +( +a" |g" Ze" 'l" 'g( -( +a" 'g( /( +a" 'g" Ze( Cu 8.17 )# lm ThC Th_ H2S" ta c th# LUng2 '( -a(OH!2( +( -uSO4 Than( -( W2OF( /( -aO( Cu 8.18 - 4 ch:t <\n <i&ng RiOt gm nat<i cacRonat" vCi" nat<i %un.at v thAch cao %dng (-aSO 4(2H2O!( -hX LUng H2O v mGt Th_ H c th# ph=n RiOt $c c4 4 ch:t( H l2 '( -O 2 +( +<2 (H;i! -( -l2 /( -4 '" +" - Pu ng Cu 8.19 /ung L1ch H c ch7a c c ion2 [H4s" Ze2s" Ze@s" [O@?( |Gt hjc %inh LUng c c ho ch:t LL [aOH" LL H2SO4" -u # ch7ng minh %V c mt c6a c c ion t<ong H( KQt lu0n ng l '( /ung L1ch TiPm" gi:* pu +( Hjc %inh c th# ch7ng minh $c %V tn tAi c6a c4 4 ion" v^ Ze 2s v Ze@s Thi t c LMng vDi TiPm tAo TQt t6a c mu %\c Th c nhau( -( Hjc %inh c th# ch7ng minh $c %V tn tAi c6a c4 4 ion" tu thuGc vo t<0t tV tiQn hnh c c th_ nghiOm( /( Hjc %inh ThCng ch7ng minh $c %V tn tAi c6a Ze2s v Ze@s v^ chng Pu tAo TQt t6a vDi TiPm( Cu 8.20 - 4 dng nghiOm m:t nhkn" mi dng Vng 3 LL [a2-O@" +a([O@!2" H2SO4 (lokng!" H-l( - th# LUng thudc th> no %au =* # nh0n RiQt chngz'( u t_m( +( LL 'l-l@( -( LL phenolphthalein( /( -4 '" +" - Pu $c( Cu 8.21 )# nh0n RiQt t<ong thnh phon c6a Th_ nit; c ln tAp ch:t hi<oclo<ua" ta c th# Ln Th_ pua2 (3! LL RAc nit<at9 (2! LL [aOH9 (@! n$Dc c:t c vi gijt pu t_m9 (4! n$Dc vCi t<ong( Wh$;ng ph p ng l2 '( chX (3!( +( (3!9 (2!9 (@!9 (4!( -( (3!9 (@!( /( (3!" (2!" (@!( Cu 8.22 Jhudc th> Lu* nh:t LUng # nh0n RiQt [H4[O@" [a[O@" 'l([O@!@" |g([O@!2" Ze([O@!@" Ze([O@!@ v -u([O@!2 l2 '( [a'lO2( +( [a2-O@( -( [a-l( /( [aOH( Cu 8.23 |Gt hjc %inh P ngh1 c c c ch # nh0n <a lj ch7a Th_ [H @ ln t<ong c c lj <i&ng RiOt ch7a c c Th_ [2" O2" -l2" -O2 l2 (3! LUng m5u gi:* pu t_m $Dt9 (2! m5u RCng t5m n$Dc9 (@! m5u RCng t5m LL H-l c9 (4! m5u -u(OH! 29 (F! m5u 'g-l( - c c ch ng l2 '( (3!9 (@!9 (4!9 (F!( +( (3!9 (2!9 (@!9 (4!9 (F!( -( (3!9 (@!( /( (3!9 (2!9 (@!( Cu 8.24 )# thu $c 'l2O@ tK hn hp RGt 'l2O@ v -uO m Thdi l$ng 'l2O@ ThCng tha* ci" chX con LUng mGt ho ch:t l2 '( LL [aOH( +( LL [H4-l( -( LL [H@( /( LL H-l( Cu 8.25 -hX LUng mGt LL lm thudc th> # nh0n RiQt c c LL mudi %au2 'l([O @!@" ([H4!2SO4" [a[O@" [H4[O@" |g-l2" Ze-l2 th^ chjn thudc th> l2 '( [aOH( +( +a(OH!2( -( +a-l2( /( 'g[O@( Cu 8.26 J ch 'g <a Thi hn hp RGt gm 'g" 'l" -u" Ze vDi Thdi l$ng 'g ThCng ci" c th# LUng ch:t no %au =*z '( LL 'g[O@ L$( +( LL -u-l2 L$( -( LL mudi %\t(! L$( /( LL mudi S\t(! L$( Cu 8.27 - @ lj m:t nhkn ch7a @ LL <i&ng RiOt H-l" [a-l" H[O @( Ho ch:t con LUng v th7 tV thVc hiOn # nh0n RiQt c c ch:t l2 '( LUng 'g[O@ t<$Dc" gi:* pu t_m %au( +( chX LUng 'g[O@( -( LUng gi:* pu t_m t<$Dc" 'g[O@ %au( /( c4 '" - Pu ng( Cu 8.28 -hX LUng [a2-O@ c th# ph=n RiOt $c mi LL t<ong Lk* LL no %au =*z '( -a-l2" Ze([O@!2" |gSO4( +( -a([O@!2" |g-l2" 'l-l@( -( K[O@" |g-l2" +a-l2( /( [a-l" |g-l2" Ze([O@!@( Cu 8.29 )# thu $c 'g tinh ThiQt tK hn hp RGt 'g?Ze" ng$mi ta LUng L$ ho ch:t no %au =*z '( 'g[O@( +( Ze-l@( -( -uSO4( /( H[O@ c nguGi( Cu 8.30 - 4 LL Vng t<ong 4 lj ho ch:t m:t nhkn l ([H4!2SO4" K2SO4" [H4[O@" KOH" # nh0n RiQt 4 ch:t lng t<&n" chX con LUng LL2 '( +a(OH!2( +( [aOH( -( 'g[O@( /( +a-l2(
@h
Cu 8.31 -hX c gi:* mu 5m" l>a" v gi:* t5m LL mudi H ng$mi ta c th# ph=n RiOt 4 lj ch7a Th_ <i&ng RiOt O 2" [2" H2S v -l2 Lo c hiOn t$ng2 Th_ (3! lm tn l>a ch * RUng l&n9 Th_ (2! lm m:t mu c6a gi:*9 Th_ (@! lm gi:* c t5m LL mudi H ho en( KQt lu0n sai l '( Th_ (3! l O29 H l mudi -uSO4( +( H l mudi -uSO49 Th_ (@! l -l2( -( Th_ (3! l O29 Th_ cen lAi l [2( /( H l mudi WR([O@!29 Th_ (2! l -l2( Cu 8.32 - Ra LL Tali clo<ua" Tim %un.at" Tali %un.it( Jhudc th> c th# LUng # nh0n RiQt Ra LL t<&n ;n gi4n nh:t l2 '( LL +a-l2( +( LL H-l( -( gi:* pu t_m( /( LL H2SO4( Cu 8.33 )# loAi $c H2SO4 c ln t<ong LL H[O@" ta LUng '( LL +a([O@!2 vKa 6( +( LL +a(OH!2( -( LL -a(OH!2 vKa 6( /( LL 'g[O@ vKa 6( Cu 8.34 - F lj Vng <i&ng RiOt c c Th_ %au2 [2" [H@" -l2" -O2" O2( )# x c 1nh lj Vng Th_ [H@ chX con LUng thudc th> Lu* nh:t l2 '( pu t_m 5m( +( LL H-lc( -( LL -a(OH!2 ( /( c4 '" + Pu ng( Cu 8.35 -hX LUng mGt thudc th> Lu* nh:t no %au =* # ph=n RiOt hai Th_ SO2 v -O2z '( H2O( +( LL +a(OH!2( -( LL +<2( /( LL [aOH( Cu 8.36 -hX LUng H2O c th# ph=n RiOt $c c c ch:t t<ong Lk* '( [a" +a" ([H4!2SO4" [H4-l( +( [a" K" [H4[O@" [H4-l( -( [a" K" ([H4!2SO4" [H4-l( /( [a" +a" [H4[O@" [H4-l( Cu 8.37 -hX LUng Lu* nh:t mGt LL no %au =* # t ch l:* <i&ng 'l <a Thi hn hp 'l" |g" -a m Thdi l$ng 'l ThCng tha* ci (gi4 %> ph4n 7ng c6a |g" -a vDi axit H2SO4 c" nguGi ThCng tha* ci ng T# nng G v ThCng %inh nhiOt!z'( LL H2SO4 c nguGi( +( LL [aOH( -( LL H2SO4 lokng( /( LL H-l( Cu 8.38 )# lm %Ach pung Roxit th$mng c ln Ze2O@" SiO2 LUng cho %4n xu:t 'l ng$mi ta LUng ch:t no t<ong %d c c ch:t %au =* l tdt nh:tz '( LL [aOH c nng v H-l( +( LL [aOH lokng v -O2( -( LL [aOH lokng v LL H-l( /( LL [aOH c nng v -O2( Cu 8.39 -ho c c LL2 Ze-l@9 Ze-l29 'g[O@9 [H@9 v hn hp [a[O@ v KHSO4( Sd LL k !"# ho tan $c ng Tim loAi l2 '( 4( +( @( -( 2( /( 3( Cu 8.40 )dt ch * Ze t<ong clo L$ thu $c ch:t H9 nung %\t vDi l$u hunh thu $c ch:t ]( )# x c 1nh thnh phon c:u tAo v ho t<1 c c ngu*&n td t<ong H" ] c th# LUng ho ch:t no %au =*z '( LL H2SO4 v LL 'g[O@( +( LL H-l" [aOH v O2( -( LL H[O@ v LL +a(OH!2( /( LL H2SO4 v LL +a-l2( Cu 8.41 )# nh0n RiQt 4 LL2 [a2SO4" K2-O@" +a-l2" i[O@ (Pu c nng G Tho4ng t"3|! R1 m:t nhkn" chX con LUng mGt ch:t Lu* nh:t l2 '( nat # ph=n RiOt 4 ch:t t<&n" thudc th> $c chjn l'( LL H-l( +( H2O( -( LL H[O@ c" nguGi( /( LL KOH( Cu 8.43 )# ph=n RiOt c c LL <i&ng RiOt gm [a-l" H2SO4" +a-l2" -uSO4" KOH ta c th# ( Hk* chjn p n # ndi th&m vo phon cen t<dng %ao cho TQt lu0n t<&n luCn ng( '( chX con LUng gi:* pu t_m( +( chX con Ze Tim loAi( -( ThCng con LUng R:t T# ho ch:t no( /( c4 '" +" - Pu ng( Cu 8.44 - c c LL 'l([O@!@" [a[O@" |g([O@!2" H2SO4( Jhudc th> # ph=n RiOt c c LL l '( LL +a-l2( +( LL [aOH( -( LL -H@-OO'g( /( pu t_m Cu 8.45 [Qu chX LUng mGt thudc th> Lu* nh:t # ph=n RiOt @ LL [aOH" H-l" H 2SO4 th^ chjn '( n( +( [a2-O@( -( pu t_m( /( +a-O@(
@x
CHNG I+0H&B HCC ,3 ,8N '. PHBT T(IDN /INH TE1 +F H;I1 )4I T(GNG
Cu 9.1. [hi&n liOu no %au =* thuGc loAi nhi&n liOu %Ach ang $c nghi&n c7u %> LMng tha* thQ mGt %d nhi&n liOu Th c g=* C nhim mCi t<$mng z '( Jhan ( +( HNng" Lou( -( Kh_ Rutan (gaf! /( Kh_ hi<o( Cu 9.2. [g$mi ta k %4n xu:t Th_ metan tha* thQ mGt phon cho ngun ngu*&n liOu ho thAch RSng c ch no %au =* z '( &n men c c ch:t th4i h8u c; nh$ ph=n gia %c t<ong le Riogaf( +( Jhu Th_ metan tK Th_ RUn ao( -( &n men ng cdc( /( -ho h;i n$Dc i pua than nng t<ong le( Cu 9.3. |Gt t<ong nh8ng h$Dng con ng$mi k nghi&n c7u # tAo <a ngun nNng l$ng nh=n tAo to lDn # %> LMng cho mMc _ch ho R^nh" l 2 '( [Nng l$ng mt t<mi( +( [Nng l$ng thul iOn( -( [Nng l$ng gi( /( [Nng l$ng hAt nh=n( Cu 9.4. oAi thudc no %au =* thuGc loAi g=* nghiOn cho con ng$mi z '( Wenixilin" 'moxilin( +( ìtamin -" glucof;( -( Seuxen" moocphin( /( Jhudc c4m Wamin" WanaLol( Cu 9.5. - ch R4o pu4n thVc ph5m (th1t" c ! RSng c ch no %au =* $c coi l an ton z '( /Ung .omon" n$Dc ( +( /Ung ph=n Am" n$Dc ( -( /Ung n$Dc ha* $Dp mudi <i %:* ThC( /( LUng n$Dc ThC" .omon( Cu 9.6. J<$mng hp no %au =* $c coi l ThCng Th_ %Ach z '( KhCng Th_ ch7a why [2" 23y O2" 3y hn hp -O2" H2O" H2( +( KhCng Th_ ch7a why [2" 3hy O2" 4y hn hp -O2" H2O" H-l( -( KhCng Th_ ch7a why [2" 2ty O2" 2y hn hp -O2" -H4 v RMi( /( KhCng Th_ ch7a why [2" 3Yy O2" Yy hn hp -O2" H2O" H2( Cu 9.7. J<$mng hp no %au =* $c coi l n$Dc ThCng R1 C nhim z '( [$Dc <uGng la ch7a Tho4ng 3y thudc t<K %=u v ph=n Rn ho hjc( +( [$Dc th4i nh m * c ch7a nng G lDn c c ion Tim loAi nng nh$ WR 2s" -L2s" Hg2s" [i2s( -( [$Dc th4i tK c c ROnh viOn" Thu vO %inh ch7a c c Thu5n g=* ROnh( /( [$Dc tK c c nh m * n$Dc hoc n$Dc giQng Thoan ThCng ch7a c c Gc td nh$ a%en" %\tpu m7c cho phIp( Cu 9.8. Sau Ri thVc hnh ho hjc" t<ong mGt %d ch:t th4i LAng Lung L1ch" ch7a c c ion 2 -u 2s" n2s" Ze@s" WR2s" Hg2s /Ung ch:t no %au =* # x> l_ %; RG c c ch:t th4i t<&n z '( [$Dc vCi L$( +( H[O@( -( i:m Nn( /( ,tanol( Cu 9.9. Kh_ no %au =* g=* <a hiOn t$ng m$a axit z'( -H4( +( [H@( -( SO2( /( H2(
4t
Cu 9.10. -h:t Th_ -O (cacRon monoxit! c t<ong thnh phon loAi Th_ no %au =* z '( KhCng Th_( +( Kh_ tV nhi&n( -( Kh_ Lou m( /( Kh_ le cao( Cu 9.11. J<ong cCng nghO x> l_ Th_ th4i Lo pu t<^nh hC h:p c6a c c nh Lu hnh v t<M ha* thul th6 t<ong tu ngom ng$mi ta th$mng LUng ho ch:t no %au =* z'( [a2O2 <\n( +( [aOH <\n( -( K-lO@ <\n( /( Jhan hoAt t_nh( Cu 9.12. [hiPu loAi %4n ph5m ho hjc $c iPu chQ tK mudi Nn t<ong n$Dc Ri#n nh$ 2 H-l" n$Dc ia?ven" [aOH" [a2-O@( J_nh Thdi l$ng [a-l con thiQt # %4n xu:t 3F t:n [aOH( +iQt hiOu %u:t c6a pu t<^nh l hty( '( 32"422 t:n( +( 3w"FF t:n( -( 3F"422 t:n( /( 2w"422 t:n( Cu 9.13. 'ncol et*lic l %4n ph5m t<ung gian tK %4n xu:t $c cao %u nh=n tAo" t; %i tcng hp( - th# iPu chQ 'ncol et*lic RSng 2 c ch %au 2 ? -ho Th_ etilen (l:* tK c<acTing Lou m! hp n$Dc c xc t c( ? -ho l&n men c c ngu*&n liOu ch7a tinh RGt( Hk* t_nh l$ng ng cdc ch7a YFy tinh RGt # %4n xu:t $c 2"@ t:n ancol et*lic( +iQt <Sng hao hMt t<ong pu t<^nh %4n xu:t l 2Fy( '( F"4 t:n( +( h"@t t:n( -( 3"FY t:n( /( 3"t32F t:n( Cu 9.14. - th# iPu chQ thudc LiOt n:m Fy -uSO4 theo %; %au 2 -uS -uO -uSO 4 ( J_nh Thdi l$ng Lung L1ch -uSO4 Fy thu $c tK t"3F t:n ngu*&n liOu ch7a hty -uS( HiOu %u:t c6a pu t<^nh l hty( '( 3"2 t:n( +( 2"@ t:n( -( @"2 t:n( /( 4"t t:n( Cu 9.15. )# nh gi G nhim R5n ThCng Th_ c6a mGt nh m *" ng$mi ta tiQn hnh nh$ %au 2 :* 2 l_t ThCng Th_ <i Ln pua Lung L1ch WR([O@!2 L$ th^ thu $c t"@FhF mg ch:t TQt t6a mu en( a( Hk* cho RiQt hiOn t$ng ch7ng t t<ong ThCng Th_ k c Th_ no t<ong c c Th_ %au =* z '( H2S( +( -O2( -( [H@( /( SO2( R( J_nh hm l$ng Th_ t<ong ThCng Th_" coi hiOu %u:t ph4n 7ng l 3tty( ([&n RiQt th&m 2 hm l$ng cho phIp l t"t3 mgnl!( '( t"t2Ft mgnl( +( t"t2F@ mgnl( -( t"t22F mgnl( /( t"t2Fw mgnl(
43

Bai Tap Trac Nghiem Hoa Hoc 12

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Bai Tap Trac Nghiem Hoa Hoc 12

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CHNG I.

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

H '( -3w H @F-OO -3w H @F-OO-H 2

H +( -3F H @3-OO -3w H @F-OO-H 2

H -( -3w H @@-OO -3F H @3-OO-H 2

H /( -3F H @3-OO -3F H @3-OO-H 2

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

43 Thdi l$ng e%te Ran ou( H l @w

3w l$ng e%te k ph4n 7ng( J&n H l 22

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

3 Lung L1ch thu 3t

CHNG II. C$C%&HI'($T

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

'( lucof; s H2n[i " to(

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

Lung L1ch xanh lam

TQt t6a gAch

-H@-OO[a -H@-OO-2HF -H@-OOH

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

CHNG III. $)IN * $)IN& $+IT * P(&TEIN

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

-2HFOH" H2SO4" to ? [a2SO4

-Cng th7c c:u tAo phU hp c6a H" ] lon l$t l

[H@HSO4 -H -OOH" -H@ [H@HSO4

[H2 -H -OOH( [H2

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

[H2 -YHF -( -H@ -H2 -H -YHF [H2

-YHF [H2 /( -H@ -H2 -H [H2 -Y HF

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

-( -H@?-YH4?[H2 " -H@?-H2?-H2?[H2(

/( -H@?-YH4?[H2 " -H@?-H?[H2(

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

CHNG I,. P&LI)E

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

-H -H -H2 n ( -H - -H2 -l -H2 n n ( ( m (

-H2 -H to" p" xt

-H@ -H2 -YHF

-H -H -H2 s m-H -H2

o /( n-H2 -H -H -H2 s m-H -H2 t " p" xt

-H2 -H2 -H2 -H2

-H -H2 n ( - -H2 -l -H2 n n ( ( m (

- -H2 -l - -H2 -H@ -H

-H2 s m-H -YHF

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

'( n-H2 -H - -H2 -H@ +( n-H2 -H - -H2 -l

-H2 -H - -H2 -H@ -H2

-H - -H2 n ( -l -H2 -H -H -H2 -H -H2 n ( -[ -H2 -H -H -H2 n -H -H2 -YHF ( m

o -( n-H2 -H -H -H2 s n-H -H2 t " p" xt

-H@ -H2 n -OOH

Cu 4.28 J; cap<on (nilon a Y! c cCng th7c l

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

(2! n[H2-H2Y[H2 s nHOO--H24-OOH (@! -H2 -H -H2 -l -H -l n

[H-H2Y[H-O-H24-O n s 2nH2O ( -H2 -H -H -H n s n H-l ( 2 -l -l -l 2

xt" to" p s n -l2

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

CHNG ,. '-I CNG ,. /I) L&-I

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(

+i t0p Cn t0p Ha hjc 32(