Cu 1:Khi nim v bo him?

Bo him l phng sch x l ri ro, nh vic chuyn giao, phn tn ri ro trong tng nhm ngi c thc hin qua hot ng kinh doanh bo him ca cc t chc bo him. Trong : Kinh doanh bo him l vic ngi bo him tm kim li ch kinh t trn c s hp ng bo him m theo , i ly ph bo him, ngi bo him cam kt thc hin bi thng hoc tr tin bo him cho ngi c bo him khi xy ra s kin bo him. Cu 2: Nu cc chc nng ca bo him? * Chc nng phn phi: Qu trnh phn phi c quyt nh bi s tham gia ca ngi c bo him trong vic xy dng hnh thnh qu. Chc nng phn phi c nhng c im sau: - Va mang tnh bi hon, va mang tnh khng bi hon cho ngi tham gia bo him. Tnh bi hon th hin c ng gp xy dng qu th s c tham gia phn phi khi c thit hi do ri ro c bo him gy ra. Qu trnh phn phi c thc hin mt cch tp trung c li cho nhng ngi cn thit s dng qu. Tnh khng bi hon th hin ch mc d c tham gia xy dng qu, nhng khng c thit hi xy ra th khng c phn phi qu. - Mc v thi gian phn phi khng bit trc. - Chc nng phn phi ca bo him hon ton khc vi phn phi ti chnh. * Chc nng Gim c: Thng qua vic tham gia bo him, ngi tham gia bo him c th xc nh tng i chnh xc kt

qu hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca mnh. Xt gc qun l Nh nc, thng qua t chc bo him c th gim st s chp hnh ng li, chnh sch ca cc t chc SXKD, c bit trong lnh vc kinh doanh xut nhp khu. Cu 3: Nu cc tc dng ca bo him? - Bi thng: l tc dng ln nht ca bo him, gip cho cc thnh vin tham gia bo him c th tin hnh hot ng SXKD ca mnh mt cch thng xuyn lin tc. - phng, ngn nga, hn ch bt tn tht. - Tp trung vn pht trin sn xut. -To vic lm gim t l tht nghip. - Gp phn n nh i sng kinh t x hi. Cu 4: Hy gii thch tc dng bi thng ca bo him? Khi tham gia bo him: i tng bo him, ngi c bo him c doanh nghip khc phc hu qu tn tht, duy tr hot ng thng xuyn lin tc . Cu 5: Hy gii thch tc dng ngn nga, phng hn ch tn tht ca bo him? - Mc d khi tham gia bo him ngi c bo him c hng quyn li nh h phi c ngha v ngn nga v hn ch tn tht. Khi tn tht xy ra , ng c bo him phi thng bo ngay cho DN bo him lm cc cng tc gim nh. - i vi ng bo him: thng qua tnh hnh tham gia bo him ca ng bo him, DN bo him s thng k c ng nhn tn tht c khuyn co, thng bo vi ng dn v a ra bin php khc phc.

Cu 6: Hy gii thch tc dng tp trung vn pht trin sn xut ca bo him? Ng tham gia bo him c ngha v ng ph, to thnh ngun vn cho DN bo him: - Phn ln c chi tr bi thng. - Phn cn li DN s a i u t, tp trung sn xut kinh doanh. Cu 7: Khi nim v ri ro trong bo him? Ri ro l bin c khng mong i, l kh nng c th gy ra h hng, thit hi hoc hu hoi cho i tng bo him. Cu 8: Phn loi ri ro trong bo him? - Ri ro c bo him: Ch l s c d tnh, nu xy ra gy thit hi hoc nh hng n i tng bo him s pht sinh trch nhim bi thng hoc tr tin bo him ca ngi bo him. Nhng ri ro c bo him thng c nu trong phn phm vi bo him ca quy tc bo him. - Ri ro loi tr: Ch s c d c gy thit hi hoc nh hng n i tng bo him, ngi bo him cng khng chu trch nhim. - Ri ro c th c bo him: l nhng ri ro v mt nguyn tc bo him khng chu trch nhim v thng c ghi ch nh nhng ri ro loi tr. Mun c bo him nhng ri ro ny ngi c bo him phi khai bo ngay v phi tho thun np thm ph bo him b sung cho nhng ri ro . Cu 9: i tng, quyn li bo him l g? * i tng bo him: L i tng trong tnh trng chu s e da ca ri ro. V mc ch bo m an ton, phc hi, ti to li i tng bo him m hp ng bo him c k kt. i

tng bo him c th l: ti sn - trch nhim dn s - tnh mng, sc khe, kh nng lao ng ca con ngi. * Quyn li bo him c th hin ch: ngi c bo him s c bo him bi thng hoc b p khi i tng bo him b tn tht,tai nn do cc ri ro bo him gy ra. Quyn li bo him ch c th c khi i tng bo him l c thc v trn thc t i tng c s thay i so vi ban u do gp ri ro c bo him gy nn. Cu 10: Gi tr bo him? s tin bo him l g? * Gi tr bo him: c s dng trong bo him ti sn, l gi tr bng tin ca ti sn, c xc nh bng gi tr thc t ca ti sn vo thi im k kt hp ng. * S tin bo him: L khon tin nht nh ghi trong n bo him hoc giy chng nhn bo him xc nh gii hn trch nhim ca ngi bo him trong bi thng hoc tr tin bo him. V nguyn tc s tin bo him khng c ln hn gi tr bo him, nu ln hn bo him ch chu trch nhim ti a bng gi tr bo him. Cu 11: Khi nim v gim nh trong bo him? - Gim nh: L qu trnh xem xt, xc nh hin tng hay hin trng ca s vic, s vt, ca ti sn hay tnh trng sc kho ca con ngi tm ra nguyn nhn v mc tn tht. Cng tc gim nh i hi phi m bo 3 nguyn tc sau: + Nhanh chng, kp thi. + Chnh xc. + Trung thc khch quan

Cu 12: Th no l bi thng, tr tin bo him trong bo him? + Bi thng: L vic ngi bo him thc hin cam kt ca hp ng, chi tr mt khon tin nht nh nhm n b cho ngi c bo him khi c thit hi vt cht xy ra cho h trong s c bo him. Thut ng bi thng c s dng trong bo him thit hi (bo him ti sn v bo him trch nhim dn s). + Tr tin bo him: L vic ngi bo him thc hin cam kt tr mt khon tin nht nh, theo nhng quy nh trong hp ng. Thut ng tr tin bo him c s dng trong bo him con ngi khi thut ng bi thng khng hon ton thch hp cho loi i tng khng nh gi tr bng tin, mt s s kin khng pht sinh thit hi, mt s s c khc hu qu c th lng ho c thnh tin th vic chi tr mt khon tin no ca ngi bo him nhiu khi khng ph thuc vo hu qu ti chnh . Cu 13:Trnh by ni dung phng php bi thng vt mc min n? Khi p dng mc min thng, ngi bo him ch chu trch nhim bi thng nhng v tn tht m gi tr thit hi vt qu mt mc m hai bn tho thun. Mc ny c n nh bng mt khon tin nht nh hoc thng qua t l min thng. Cn phn bit hai loi min thng. - Min thng c khu tr: S tin bi thng ca ngi bo him b gim i bi mc khu tr. - Min thng khng khu tr: Ngi bo him bi thng ton b thit hi cho tt c cc v tn tht ln hn mc min thng.

Cu 14: Trnh by ni dung quy tc bi thng theo t l? Khi p dng quy tc ny ngi bo him ch bi thng mt phn thit hi theo mt t l nht nh. - T l gia s tin bo him v gi tr bo him: S tin bi thng = Tr gi thit hi x S ph S tin bi thng = Tr gi thit hi x np S ph l ra phi np S tin bo him Gi tr bo him

- Trong nhiu hp ng hai bn c th tho thun, nh ra t l bi thng c th. Cu 15: Trnh by ni dung quy tc bi thng theo ri ro u tin? Ngi bo him ch bi thng trong phm vi s tin bo him ca hp ng. Quy tc ny rt ph hp vi loi nghip v bo him khng xc nh trc c gi tr thit hi ti a c th ca i tng bo him (bo him TNDS) hoc khi thit hi c th pht sinh v cng ln, v th ngi bo him khng th khng ch trc ht n vic gii hn trch nhim bi thng ca mnh mt mc nht nh m kh nng ti chnh cho php. Cu 16: Khi nim v hp ng bo him?

Hp ng bo him l s tho thun gia hai bn, theo bn c bo him phi ng ph bo him, cn bn bo him phi tr mt khon tin bi thng hoc tr tin bo him khi xy ra s kin bo him. Nh vy hp ng bo him lin quan ti hai bn: * Bn bo him: Chnh l ngi bo him l thut ng ch t chc bo him c php lut cho php hot ng kinh doanh bo him. * Bn c bo him: Lin quan ti 3 ngi. - Ngi tham gia bo him: L ngi ng ra yu cu bo him, tho thun v k kt hp ng. - Ngi c bo him: L ngi c i tng bo him v c bo m bng hp ng bo him. - Ngi c hng quyn li bo him: l ngi c hng khon tin bi thng hoc tin tr bo him t ngi bo him. C th mt trong cc dng sau: + Ngi c xc nh trc trong hp ng bng s ch nh qua vn bn bi ngi tham gia bo him. + Nhng nn nhn trong bo him TNDS m php lut hoc theo quy nh ca hp ng, ngi bo him tr tin bi thng trc tip cho h. + Ngi tha k theo lut khi ngi c bo him b thit mng trong s c bo him. Cu 17: Nu cc tnh cht ca hp ng bo him? - Tnh song v: hai bn u c ngha v i vi nhau. - Tnh tng thun: Hp ng c giao kt da trn s chp thun ca hai bn.

- Tnh chung thc, tin tng: Hp ng c thit lp v thc hin da trn mi quan h trung thc, tin tng ln nhau. - Tnh theo mu: Phn iu kin chung (quy tc chung) do ngi bo him a ra, ngi c bo him ch c th tn thnh khi chp nhn hoc t chi ton b. Cu 18:Hp ng bo him c thit lp ntn? C s php l u tin cho vic thit lp hp ng l ngh bo him ca ngi tham gia bo him. Ngi tham gia bo him khai bo ri ro theo mu in sn - giy yu cu bo him do ngi bo him cung cp. Thc cht ca vic khai bo ri ro l vic ngi tham gia bo him cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit lin quan n i tng bo him cho ngi bo him. Hp ng bo him c giao kt khi bn bo him tr li chp nhn ngh bo him ca ngi tham gia bo him v hai bn tho thun xong v ni dung hp ng. Ngi bo him c th s cp cho bn c bo him n bo him tm thi hoc giy chng nhn bo him tm thi, l vn bn php l, bng chng ca vic giao kt hp ng, song ch cp n nhng thng tin c bn, vn tt v hp ng bo him (tn a ch hai bn, s n bo him, s tin bo him, ph bo him, thi hn bo him ). Cn ni dung y ca mt hp ng bo him bao gm cc phn sau: iu kin chung ca hp ng gm: nhng ri ro c bo him (phm vi bo him), Nhng quy nh v loi tr bo him, quyn v ngha v cc bn, nhng quy nh v bi thng hoc tr tin bo him, khiu ni v x l tranh chp.

iu kin ring ca hp ng gm: s hp ng, ngy k kt, tn a ch v nhng thng tin c bn ca ngi c bo him nh ngh nghip lnh vc hot ng SXKD, thi hn bo him, s tin bo him, ph bo him, nhng ghi ch c bit. Cu 19: Quyn v ngha v ca bn bo him? - Ngha v: + Bi thng hoc tr tin bo him trong trng hp xy ra s kin bo him trong thi hn nh tho thun hoc trong thi hn 15 ngy, k t ngy nhn c y h s hp l v yu cu tr tin bo him, nu tr chm phi tr li theo li sut do ngn hng nh nc quy nh ti thi im . + Cung cp cc ti lu, thng tin cn thit lin quan ti tng nghip v bo him. - Quyn: + Thu ph bo him. + ngh sa i, chm dt hp ng khi c s thay i v ri ro hay iu kin thc hin hp ng... + Cu hon: Trong trng hp s kin bo him xy ra c li ca ngi th ba. Nu ngi bo him thc hin bi thng cho bn c bo him th c th c php th quyn ngi c bo him i ngi th ba hon li s thit hi do h gy ra. Do vy ngi bo him c quyn yu cu bn c bo him cung cp mi thng tin, ti liu, bng chng cn thit c lin quan n vic xc nh trch nhim ca ngi th ba. + Quyn p dng cc bin php ch ti, nhng hnh thc pht trong trng hp bn c bo him vi phm hp ng. Cu 20: Quyn v ngha v ca bn c bo him?

- Ngha v: + Tr ph bo him y ng k hn nh tha thun trong hp ng. + Khai bo ri ro khi c s thay i nu c ca ri ro. + Thng bo s kin bo him, thit hi mt cch kp thi. Sau phi thu thp y nhng giy t, chng t, bng chng lin quan tin hnh th tc yu cu bi thng. + phng, ngn nga ri ro, hn ch tn tht. - Quyn : + c bi thng, tr tin bo him khi xy ra s kin bo him. + ngh sa i, chm dt hp ng khi ri ro thay i. + Yu cu ngi bo him cung cp nhng thng tin lin quan n hp ng. Cu 21: Chm dt hp ng v cc trg hp chm dt hp ng bo him? Hp ng bo him chm dt trong cc trng hp sau: - Hp ng c hon thnh: Tn tht xy ra v bo him bi thng. - Ngi bo him gii th, ph sn. - Khng cn tn ti ri ro: i tng b tn tht ton b do s c khng c bo him. - Hp ng b hu b do hai bn vi phm ngha v hp ng hoc theo tho thun. Cu 23: Th no l ri ro mc cn, chm m c bo him?

- Mc cn: L hin tng y tu st lin vi y bin hay vi mt vt th bt k no khc lm cho t bn thn con tu khng th hnh trnh c na, thng phi nh ti mt ngoi lc hay hnh ng bt bnh thng mi thot khi cn. - Chm m: L hin tng phng tin chuyn ch chm hn xung nc y tu chm y bin lm cho tu khng th chy c v hnh trnh coi nh b chm dt. Nu cn bp bnh trn mt nc c th dt v bn cu cha th khng c coi l m. Nu cha chm hn do tu ch hng c tnh ni th vn c coi l m. Cu 24: Th no l ri ro m va, chy n c bo him? - m va: L hin tng phng tin vn chuyn va chm vi cc vt th chuyn ng hay c nh khc. - Chy: L hin tng xy ha hng ha c ta nhit lng cao. Chy do nhiu nguyn nhn, bo him ch bi thng chy do cc nguyn nhn khch quan. Hng bc chy t pht khng thuc trch nhim ca bo him tr trng hp ch hng chng minh c xp hng thch hp m bo thong hi, thng gi... m vn chy. Cu 25: Th no l ri ro hnh vi phi php ca thy on, vt hang? - Hnh vi phi php ca thuyn trng v thu th: Bao hm xo tr, la gt, phm php, khng bao gm nhng sai lm v cch xt on, gii quyt vn hay do bt cn. Nu cc hnh vi trn lm theo lnh ca ch tu hoc ch tu bit m khng ngn chn th khng c bi thng. -Vt hng xung bin: L hnh ng nm hng ha hoc mt phn thit b ca tu xung bin lm nh tu hay cu tu

khi gp nn. Vt hng xung bin phi theo tun t hng trn boong trc hng di hm sau. Hng b nc cun tri b ri xung bin ... cng c coi l vt hng xung bin. Hng b vt xung bin vn thuc quyn s hu ca ch hng ch c bi thng cc chi ph lin quan. Hng vt xung bin khng nhm mc ch cu vn cc quyn li cn li th khng c bo him theo ri ro ny. Cu 26: Th no l ri ro mt tch, mt cp? - Mt tch: L hin tng khi mt con tu khng n cng quy nh v sau mt khong thi gian hp l khng nhn c tin v con tu th coi nh tu mt tch. Thng thng ngi ta quy nh khong thi gian hp l khng qu ba ln thi gian thc hin hnh trnh nhng khng di 2 thng v khng nhiu hn 6 thng. Nu c chin tranh c th ko di hn v khi iu kin thi gian hp l vn khng c tin tc v tu th ch tu v chnh quyn cng c th tuyn b tu mt tch. - Mt cp: Bao hm mt nguyn kin hoc b cy ph bao b, l hnh ng n cp c tnh cht b mt. Cu 27: Th no l ri ro giao thiu, cp bin? + Giao thiu hng: l hin tng ton b mt l hng, mt s kin hng khng c giao ti cng ch m khng r nguyn nhn v tn tht, mun c bi thng ch hng phi chng minh trn b chng t hp l ch ra s hng thiu trn c xp ln phng tin trc khi khi hnh. Hng thiu do tn tht thng mi, hao ht t nhin, do bao b khng ph hp th khng thuc ri ro ny.

+ Cp bin: L trng hp hng ha b tn tht do hnh ng n cp c t chc, c v trang, cng khai, cng c coi thuc ri ro mt cp, giao thiu. Cu 28: Th no l ri ro hp hi, nng, ly bn? - Hp hi: L s thot hi nc t chnh hng ha hay t hng khc khi xp trong hm tu thng gi km lm cho hng b m mc, km phm cht... - Nng: Hng b tn tht do nng t bn thn hng ha khc ly sang hay do xp gn cc ngun pht nhit. - Ly bn: Hng b tn tht do cc cht bn t hng ha ha khc hay trong qu trnh xp d, vn chuyn gy nn. Bn phi th hin t ngoi vo trong, nu bao b sch m hng bn hoc b bn do bao b th coi l ni t. Cu 29: Th no l ri ro ly hi, r, mc cu? - Ly hi: B mt mi, bin cht do xp gn hng c hng v tri ngc nhau hoc do k sinh trng t hng ha khc ly hi sang. Nu k sinh trng t bao b th coi l ni t. - R: L hin tng n mn kim loi. R do nc ma, nc bin, hi axt mi c bo him, nu r t nhin hoc do chu nh hng ca thi tit xu (nng,m) khng c bo him. - Mc cu: Hng b tn tht do mc ca cn cu hay cc mc li hng ca cng nhn gy ra. Ri ro ny rt d nhm ln vi ri ro mt cp. Cu 30: Cc ri ro ring trong bo him hng ha? L nhng ri ro khng c bo him vi iu kin bo him thng thng tr khi chp nhn mua thm ri ro ny.

- Chin tranh: L hu qu ca nhng bin ng chnh tr x hi. Trch nhim ca bo him chin tranh c gii hn trong phm vi trn mt nc. Nu phi chuyn ti th thi hn c ko di thm 15 ngy, k t ngy bt u d hng chuyn ti. Nhng tn tht c bo him phi l hu qu trc tip ca chin tranh. Khi bi thng khng tnh mc min n. - nh cng: Bao hm hnh ng khng lm vic mt cch c t chc xut pht t nhmh quyn li kinh t, chnh tr v c trng hp cng nhn b cm xng, gy ri lon lao ng, ph ri trt t, bo ng...v l do chnh tr. Thi hn ca bo him ri ro nh cng l 30 ngy k t khi d xong hng ti cng ch hoc khi hng c a ti kho ca ngi mua tu theo ci no xy ra trc. Cu 31: Cc loi ri ro loi tr trong bo him hng ha? L nhng ri ro khng c bo him trong mi trng hp gm: - Do hnh vi s sut, li lm, c ca ngi c bo him gy nn. - Mt mt, h hi v chi ph lin quan thuc bn cht ca hng ha (ni t). - S hao ht t nhin, hao ht thng mi ca hng ha. - Do chm tr hnh trnh ngay c s chm tr do mt ri ro c bo him gy nn. - B bt, tch thu, cm gi, cu thc, cu lu. - Do bun lu: l hnh vi vi phm lut thng mi. - Ph bao vy: l hnh vi vi phm lut l ca nc tuyn b bao vy, cm vn.

- Tu khng kh nng i bin. - Tu i chch hng khng v nguyn nhn cu nn, lnh nn hay trnh gp ri ro. Cu 32: Tn tht b phn, tn tht ton b trong bo him hng ha? - Tn tht b phn: L s mt mt hoc gim gi tr v gi tr s dng ca hng ha cha mc mt hon ton. Cn phn bit tn tht b phn vi s hao ht t nhin ca hng ha. Khng c tnh s hao ht t nhin vo tng s tn tht i bo him bi thng. Khi bo him i vi hng ha c hao ht t nhin ngi ta ra mc min thng c khu tr loi tr hao ht t nhin ra khi tn tht c bi thng. - Tn tht ton b: * Tn tht ton b thc t: L trng hp hng b ph hu hon ton, hng khng cn kh nng ly li, b mt hon ton gi tr s dng hay b mt tch. * Tn tht ton b c tnh: L dng tn tht khng th trnh khi tn tht ton b thc t hay v chi ph cu hng, tu b li v gi hng n ni nhn thuc phm vi bo him c th s vt qu gi tr hng ha ti ni nhn . Khi xy ra tn tht mun c bi thng theo tn tht ton b c tnh ch hng phi lm thng bo t b hng cho ngi bo him bit, ng thi c hai bn u phi c cc bin php cn thit hn ch tn tht trong khi ang iu nh v khng phi v th m hai bn c s hiu lm v nhau. Thng bo t b hng l s tho thun ca ch hng sn sng chuyn quyn s hu hng ha cho ngi bo him c bi thng tn tht

ton b. Nu chp thun th ngi bo him c quyn s hu hng b t b v tm bin php tn thu gi tr cn li ca chng. - VD Trong hnh trnh,1 con tu ch hng go v hng bch ha gp bo b mc cn lm cho hng bch ha gim 40% v gi tr (tn tht b phn), hng go b ngm nc mt 100% v gi tr (tn tht ton b). Cu 33: Tn tht ring, chi ph tn tht ring? a) Tn tht ring: L tn tht ch gy ra thit hi cho ring quyn li ca mt vi ch hng trong ton b chuyn hnh trnh do nhng ri ro c bo him gy ra. b) Chi ph tn tht ring: L nhng chi ph nhm bo tn hng ha khi b h hi thm hay gim bt h hi. Khi bi thng bo him khng nhng bi thng gi tr thit hi vt cht ca tn tht ring m cn bi thng cho c chi ph tn tht ring. Lu : - Bo him ch c trch nhim vi hng ha, khng c trch nhim vi bao b tr trng hp c mua bo him cho c bao b do nu khng c bao b th khng bn c hng. - Chi ph tn tht ring c tnh c lp vi gi tr tn tht ring. Khng c cng chi ph tn tht ring vi gi tr tn tht ring t mc min thng.

c) VD: Mt con tu chuyn ch hng go bao, trong chuyn hnh trnh do s sut ca thy th lm chy 1 s bao go trn tu (tn tht ring) lm cho hng b chy en 20%. dp tt m chy, thuyn trng ra ln cho cc thy th dung bnh cha chy dp tt m chy, chi ph bi dng cho cng tc cha chy l 5000$ (chi ph tn tht ring). Cu 34: Tn tht chung? Cho v d? L s hy sinh quyn li ca mt s t (ch hng, tu) do hnh ng tn tht chung gy ra nhm cu vn an ton cho tt c quyn li chung trn hnh trnh gm cc ch hng, tu v cc ph. -VD: Mt con tu chuyn ch hng go bao. Trong hnh trnh pht hin l hng go bao b chy, thuyn trng ra lnh ph vch ngn tu a vi rng vo cha chy, D tnh sa cha ht 5000$. Khi cha chy lm t, hng hng go bao l 30.000$, chi ph bi dng cho cng tc cha chy l 5000$. Cu 35:Nu cc nguyn tc xc nh tn tht chung? - Phi c nguy c e da tht s cho ton b hnh trnh, s hy sinh phi trong iu kin bt thng. - Phi l hnh ng hy sinh t nguyn c c dng ca con ngi trn tu. - S hy sinh ti sn v cc chi ph b ra phi hp l. - V an ton chung ca cc quyn li trn tu. Cu 36: Th no l chi ph tn tht chung? Chi ph ti bn lnh nn?

- Chi ph tn tht chung: L nhng chi ph pht sinh do hu qu ca hnh ng tn tht chung bao gm: chi ph tin cng tr cho ngi c hnh ng tn tht chung, chi ph ti bn lnh nn, chi ph sa cha tu tm thi nhm m bo an ton chung cho c hnh trnh v c th c chi ph cu nn. - Chi ph ti bn lnh nn: l chi ph pht sinh ti bn gn nht m sau khi tu gp nn buc phi gh vo sa cha v khc phc tm thi. Cu 37: Chi ph cu nn? cho v d? a) Chi ph cu nn: L tin cng tr cho ngi cu nn b ra cng sc, vt t k thut v bng mi bin php cn thit cu ti sn ang bi e da tn tht khi b thit hi cn gi l khon tin thng ca ngi c cu thot nn cho ngi cu nn. S tin ny ln hay nh ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: - Mc nguy him e da cho ti sn. - Mc kh khn nguy him cho ngi cu nn. - Phng tin k thut v ttrnh chuyn mn ca ngi cu nn. - Gi tr ti sn cu c theo nguyn tc khng cu khng tr (No cure No pay). * C hai loi cu nn t nguyn v theo hp ng: - Cu nn t nguyn l hnh ng cu nn khi nghe c tn hiu cp cu (SOS). Nhn chung chi ph ny u c coi l chi ph tn tht chung. - Cu nn theo hp ng thng xy ra trong trng hp tu v hng b nn thc s ri mi tm bin php khc phc. Vic

xt chi ph ny c phi l tn tht chung hay khng ph thuc vo cch thc tin hnh cng tc cu nn. b) V d: trong chuyn hnh trnh 1 con tu chuyn ch hng go bao b chy, thuyn trng ra lnh dp tt m chy, chi ph bi dng cho cc thuyn vin trong cng tc cha chy l 5000$(chi ph cu nn). Cu 38: Trnh by ni dung k bo him FPA- ICC 1/1/1963? iu kin bo him min tn tht ring: FPA (Free from particular Average) Chu trch nhim bi thng cho cc tn tht v chi ph sau: - Tn tht ton b v thin tai, tai nn bt ng ngoi bin. - D hng cng lnh nn vi iu kin l tn tht ring. - Tn tht b phn v thin tai, tai nn bt ng v d hng ti cng lnh nn gy ra bi mt trong bn ri ro chnh. - Mt nguyn kin hng trong khi xp d, chuyn ti. - Chi ph ng gp tn tht chung. - Chi ph cu nn cho bn thn l hng . - Chi ph ti cng lnh nn hay bn gh bao gm chi ph xp d, lu kho v gi tip hng v cng ch nu l tn tht ring. - Chi ph phng hn ch tn tht khi tn tht xy ra. - Chi ph t tng, khiu ni v chi ph gim nh do ri ro c bo him. Khi xt bi thng cn lu : + Trch nhim chng minh tn tht do ri ro c bo him l ca ngi c bo him.

+ Khng cp ti mc min thng. + C th mua km mt s ri ro thng Cu 39: So snh vi cc k khc ca ICC 1963, ph bo him ca k FPA cao hay thp? ti sao? Trong cc k bo him c bn theo ICC 1963 th ph bo him ca k FPA l thp nht so vi ph bo him ca k WA v AR . V k FPA ch chu trch nhim bi thng cho cc tn tht v chi ph sau: - Tn tht ton b v thin tai, tai nn bt ng ngoi bin. - D hng cng lnh nn vi iu kin l tn tht ring. - Tn tht b phn v thin tai, tai nn bt ng v d hng ti cng lnh nn gy ra bi mt trong bn ri ro chnh. - Mt nguyn kin hng trong khi xp d, chuyn ti. - Chi ph ng gp tn tht chung. - Chi ph cu nn cho bn thn l hng . - Chi ph ti cng lnh nn hay bn gh bao gm chi ph xp d, lu kho v gi tip hng v cng ch nu l tn tht ring. - Chi ph phng hn ch tn tht khi tn tht xy ra. - Chi ph t tng, khiu ni v chi ph gim nh do ri ro c bo him. *iu kin WA cn m rng them vi tn tht b phn v thm tai nn bt ng gy ra ko gii hn 4 ri ro chnh v khi d hng cng lnh nn, c th mua km ri ro ph. * iu kin AR m rng bo him thm cho cc ri ro ph. Cu 40: Trnh by ni dung k bo him WA-ICC1963? Chu trch nhim bi thng cho cc tn tht v chi ph sau:

- Tn tht ton b v thin tai, tai nn bt ng ngoi bin. - D hng cng lnh nn vi iu kin l tn tht ring. - Tn tht b phn v thin tai, tai nn bt ng khng gii hn 4 ri ro chnh v khi d hng ti cng lnh nn . - Mt nguyn kin hng trong khi xp d, chuyn ti. - Chi ph ng gp tn tht chung. - Chi ph cu nn cho bn thn l hng . - Chi ph ti cng lnh nn hay bn gh bao gm chi ph xp d, lu kho v gi tip hng v cng ch nu l tn tht ring. - Chi ph phng hn ch tn tht khi tn tht xy ra. - Chi ph t tng, khiu ni v chi ph gim nh do ri ro c bo him. *Ngoi ra c th mua km cc ri ro ph.Ngi c bo him phi chng minh tn tht. Khi bi thng c cp ti mc min n v gii quyt theo nguyn tc sau: - Khng p dng mc min n do 4 ri ro chnh, chin tranh, nh cng v cc ri ro ph do con ngi gy ra nh cong mo, bp v... - Khng cng cc chi ph t mc min n, ch tnh tn tht thc t. - c tnh cc tn tht lin tip xy ra t mc min n. - Mi s lan, thng hng c coi l mt n v tnh mc min n. - Ngi c bo him c quyn chn cch tnh mc min n c li c bi thng nhiu hn.

Cu 41: So vi cc k khc ca ICC 1963, ph bo him ca k WA cao hay thp? Trong cc k BH c bn ca ICC 1963 th ph bo him ca k WA mc trung bnh. * Ph bo him ca k WA cao hn k FPA v ngoi nhng tn tht v chi ph FPA chu trch nhim bi thng nh: - Tn tht ton b v thin tai, tai nn bt ng ngoi bin. - D hng cng lnh nn vi iu kin l tn tht ring. - Tn tht b phn v thin tai, tai nn bt ng v d hng ti cng lnh nn gy ra bi 1 trong 4 ri ro chnh. - Mt nguyn kin hng trong khi xp d, chuyn ti. - Chi ph ng gp tn tht chung. - Chi ph cu nn cho bn thn l hng . - Chi ph ti cng lnh nn hay bn gh bao gm chi ph xp d, lu kho v gi tip hng v cng ch nu l tn tht ring. - Chi ph phng hn ch tn tht khi tn tht xy ra. - Chi ph t tng, khiu ni v chi ph gim nh do ri ro c bo him. Th k WA cn m rng thm vi tn tht b phn v thin tai, tai nn bt ng gy ra khng gii hn ri ro chnh v khi d hng cng lnh nn. C th mua km ri ro ph. *Ph BH ca k WA thp hn ph BA ca k AR v ngoi nh tn tht v chi ph WA phi chu trch nhim bi thng th k AR cn m rng thm cho tt c cc ri ro ph. Cu 42: Trnh by ni dung, k bo him AR ICC 1963? Chu trch nhim bi thng cho cc tn tht v chi ph sau:

- Tn tht ton b v thin tai, tai nn bt ng ngoi bin. - D hng cng lnh nn vi iu kin l tn tht ring. - Tn tht b phn v thin tai, tai nn bt ng khng gii hn 4 ri ro chnh v khi d hng ti cng lnh nn - Mt nguyn kin hng trong khi xp d, chuyn ti. - Chi ph ng gp tn tht chung. - Chi ph cu nn cho bn thn l hng . - Chi ph ti cng lnh nn hay bn gh bao gm chi ph xp d, lu kho v gi tip hng v cng ch nu l tn tht ring. - Chi ph phng hn ch tn tht khi tn tht xy ra. - Chi ph t tng, khiu ni v chi ph gim nh do ri ro c bo him. Ngoi ra cn m rng bo him thm cho tt c cc ri ro ph. Khng cp ti mc min thng, trch nhim chng minh tn tht l ca ngi bo him. Cu 43: So vi cc k khc ca ICC 1963, ph bo him ca k AR cao hay thp? Ti sao? Trong cc k BH c bn ca ICC 1963 th ph BH ca k AR mc cao nht. V ngoi nh tn tht v chi ph ca k FPA v WA phi chu trch nhim bi thng nh: - Tn tht ton b v thin tai, tai nn bt ng ngoi bin. - D hng cng lnh nn vi iu kin l tn tht ring. - Tn tht b phn v thin tai, tai nn bt ng khng gii hn 4 ri ro chnh v khi d hng ti cng lnh nn .- Mt nguyn kin hng trong khi xp d, chuyn ti. - Chi ph ng gp tn tht chung.

- Chi ph cu nn cho bn thn l hng . - Chi ph ti cng lnh nn hay bn gh bao gm chi ph xp d, lu kho v gi tip hng v cng ch nu l tn tht ring. - Chi ph phng hn ch tn tht khi tn tht xy ra. - Chi ph t tng, khiu ni v chi ph gim nh do ri ro c bo him. Ngoi ra cn m rng bo him thm cho tt c cc ri ro ph. Khng cp ti mc min thng, trch nhim chng minh tn tht l ca ngi bo him. Cu 44: Trnh by ni dung iu kin bo him C- ICC 1/1/1982? Chu trch nhim v tn tht v hng ha gy ra bi: - Chy hoc n - Tu hoc x lan b mc cn, chm m hc lt p - Phng tin vn chuyn trn b b lt hay trt bnh - m va vo bt k vt th g tr nc - D hng ti cng c nguy him, cng lnh nn. - Nm hng xung bin. - Hy sinh tn tht chung v chi ph cu nn. - Hng ha c bo him b mt do tu hoc phng tin ch hng b mt tch. Cu 45: So vi cc k khc ca ICC 1982, ph bo him ca k C cao hay thp? ti sao? Trong cc k BH c bn theo ICC 1982, ph BH ca k C l thp nht so vi ph bo him ca k B v A.

*V k C ch chu trch nhim v tn tht v hng ha gy ra bi: - Chy hoc n - Tu hoc x lan b mc cn, chm m hc lt p - Phng tin vn chuyn trn b b lt hay trt bnh - m va vo bt k vt th g tr nc - D hng ti cng c nguy him, cng lnh nn. - Nm hng xung bin. - Hy sinh tn tht chung v chi ph cu nn. - Hng ha c bo him b mt do tu hoc phng tin ch hng b mt tch. *k B cn m rng thm cho cc tn tht v hng ha gy ra bi: - Mt nguyn kin do ri khi tu hoc trong khi xp d hay chuyn ti. - Nc bin, sng h trn hnh trnh xm nhp vo phng tin chuyn ch. - Cc thin tai khc nh ng t, ni la, st nh. *k A chu trch nhim v mi ri ro, tn tht xy ra cho i tng bo him vi 7 loi tr chung v 3 loi tr ring. Cu 46: Trnh by ni dung k bo him B ICC 1982? Chu trch nhim v nhng tn tht cho hng ha gy ra bi: - Chy hoc n - Tu hoc x aln b mc cn, chm m hc lt p - Phng tin vn chuyn trn b b lt hay trt bnh - m va vo bt k vt th g tr nc - D hng ti cng c nguy him, cng lnh nn.

- Mt nguyn kin do ri khi tu hoc trong khi xp d hay chuyn ti. - Nm hng xung bin, nc cun tri. - Nc bin, sng h trn hnh trnh xm nhp vo phng tin chuyn ch. - Hy sinh tn tht chung v chi ph cu nn. - Cc thin tai khc nh ng t, ni la, st nh. Cu 47: So vi cc k khc ca ICC 1982, ph bo him k B cao hay thp? ti sao? Trong cc k c bn theo ICC -1982 th ph bo him theo k B mc trung bnh. *Ph bo him ca k B cao hn ph bo him ca k C v ngoi nh tn tht v hng ha m k C chu trch nhim nh: - Chy hoc n - Tu hoc x lan b mc cn, chm m hc lt p - Phng tin vn chuyn trn b b lt hay trt bnh - m va vo bt k vt th g tr nc - D hng ti cng c nguy him, cng lnh nn. - Nm hng xung bin. - Hy sinh tn tht chung v chi ph cu nn. - Hng ha c bo him b mt do tu hoc phng tin ch hng b mt tch. Th k B cn chu trch nhim cho cc tn tht v hng ha gy ra bi: - Mt nguyn kin do ri khi tu hoc trong khi xp d hay chuyn ti.

- Nc bin, sng h trn hnh trnh xm nhp vo phng tin chuyn ch. - Cc thin tai khc nh ng t, ni la, st nh. * Ph bo him ca k B thp hn ph bo him ca k A v ngoi nh loi tr chung cn loi tr thm 2 k: - Thi tit xu. - Ri ro ph. Cu 48: Trnh by ni dung k bo him A ICC 1982? Chu trch nhim v mi ri ro, tn tht xy ra cho i tng bo him vi iu kin: * Loi tr chung gm: - Do hnh vi c ca ngi c bo him - Do hao ht t nhin, hao ht thng mi, hao ht thng thng. - Do bao b khng thch hp vi hng ha v phng thc vn chuyn. - Do chm tr hnh trnh ngay c s chm tr do ri ro c bo him gy ra. - Do bt lc ti chnh ca ch tu. - Do v kh, v n ht nhn. - Do tn tht bn trong, tn tht ni t ca hng ha. * Loi tr ring bao gm: - Do tu khng kh nng i bin, khng thch hp vn chuyn hng ha . - Do chin tranh, nh cng. Cu 49: So vi cc k khc ca ICC 1982, ph bo him ca k A cao hay thp? ti sao?

Trong cc k c bn theo ICC 1982 th ph bo him ca k A l cao nht, v k A chu trch nhim v mi ri ro, tn tht xy ra cho i tng bo him vi k: * Loi tr chung gm: - Do hnh vi c ca ngi c bo him - Do hao ht t nhin, hao ht thng mi, hao ht thng thng. - Do bao b khng thch hp vi hng ha v phng thc vn chuyn. - Do chm tr hnh trnh ngay c s chm tr do ri ro c bo him gy ra. - Do bt lc ti chnh ca ch tu. - Do v kh, v n ht nhn. * Loi tr ring bao gm: - Do tu khng kh nng i bin, khng thch hp vn chuyn hng ha . - Do chin tranh, nh cng. Cu 50: L ng tham gia bo him, nu l hng.nn mua theo k no? Ti sao? Cu 51: Khi nim, ni dung ca hp ng bo him hng ha XNK ng bin? * Khi nim: Hp ng bo him hng ha XNK l hp ng bo him m i tng bo him l hng ha XNK, trong quy nh r ngha v v quyn li ca hai bn. * Ni dung ca hp ng bao gm: - Tn, a ch, in thoi, in tn v s hiu ti khon ngn hng nu c ca c hai bn.

- i tng bo him: L hng ha bao gm tn hng, k m hiu, s lng, s tin bo him hay gi tr bo him. - Tu chuyn ch: Gm tn tu, ngy khi hnh, cng i, cng n, cng chuyn ti. - iu kin bo him v cc ri ro mua km nu c. - T l ph bo him, ph bo him. - Ngi v ni nhn h s khiu ni, thanh ton bi thng. Ngoi ra trong hp ng cn ghi cc iu khon v quyn hn v trch nhim ca cc bn. Cu 52:Nhng k c bn ca hp ng bo him bao? - iu kin v con tu c thu chuyn ch hng ha: phi l tu c cp hng cao v tui tu thp. (tu chuyn khng qu 15 tui, tu ch khng qu 30 tui). - iu kin khai bo v hng ha trong tng chuyn: Gm tn hng, s lng, tr gi, cng i, cng n, cng chuyn ti. Trn c s ngi bo him c th tnh gi tr bo him v ph bo him cho l hng. Gi tr bo him = gi CIF ca l hng = C and F/ 1-R Hoc GTBH = (100% + 10%) CIF Ngi bo him khng chu trch nhim nu ngi c bo him khai bo qu chm tr tr trng hp s chm tr ny do nguyn nhn khch quan ngoi phm vi gii quyt ca ngi c bo him nhng khng c chm qu ngy tu bt u d hng. - iu kin v quan h trn tinh thn thin ch: khng tham gia bo him ti hng khc trong thi hn hiu lc ca hp ng v ng ph bo him y theo quy nh ca hp ng.

Cu 53: Ti sao phi c k tu c php thu trong hp ng bo him bao? -Hp ng bo him bao: i vi ch hng tham gia bo him ch k kt vi 1 hng bo him thi -i vi tu: phi l tu cp hng cao. Cu 54: Ph bo him hng ha ph thuc vo nh yu t no? Ti sao? Ph bo him cho hng ha c xc nh trn c s t l ph v s tin bo him. I = CIF x R Hoc I = (CIF + 10% CIF) x R Trong : R l t l ph bo him (gm t l ph c bn v ph ph) ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: - Loi hng, bao b ng gi. - Con tu chuyn ch: Thuc tnh, cp hng, tui tu. - Qung ng chuyn ch:Tnh hnh thin tai, tai nn bt ng. - iu kin bo him. Ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo chi ph ti bo him, chi ph phng hn ch tn tht v tnh hnh tn tht qua cc nm ca loi hng v ch hng tham gia bo him. T l ph bo him ph thuc vo loi hng, bao b ng gi.. Cu 55: Thi hn hiu lc ca hp ng hng ha XNK? Trch nhim ca ngi bo him c hiu lc t khi hng ri kho cha hng ti a im ghi trong hp ng bo him bt u vn chuyn cho ti khi hng n kho ca ngi nhn c th l: - Kho ghi trong hp ng bo him.

- Bt k mt kho no khc m ngi nhn s dng k c kho m hng c gi nhm ti. - Ht hn 60 ngy sau khi hon thnh vic d hng ti cng d hng cui cng ghi trn hp ng bo him. V thi gian khng c chm tr mt cch bt hp l nh do i chch hng, thay i hnh trnh, buc phi d hng dc ng. Nu chm tr phi bo ngay cho bo him. V phng tin chuyn ch phi thng dng ph hp vi hng v lut l tp qun quc t. Cu 56: Nhng chng t cn cung cp cho cng tc gim nh hng ha b tn tht? Khi hng ha b tn tht ch hng phi lp h s yu cu gim nh gi cho bo him gm cc chng t sau: - n yu cu gim nh ni r nhng nghi vn, tnh trng hng b tn tht, nguyn nhn xy ra, a im v ngy gi gim nh. - Vn n ng bin. - n bo him. - Ha n mua hng. - Giy chng nhn phm cht hoc bng k chi tit hng ha. - Giy chng nhn ng gi v kim m hng ha. - Bin bn kt ton hng vi tu. - Giy chng nhn hng h hng v. - Bo co hi s v trch yu nht k hng hi. - Th khiu ni ngi th ba c li gy tn tht cho hng ha.

Cu 57: Cc phng php gim nh hng ha b tn tht? - Phng php cm quan: l phng php gim nh mc tn tht bng cc gic quan con ngi. L phng php n gin i hi cn b gim nh c kinh nghim lnh ngh, - Phng php iu tra chn mu: L phng php p dng ton xc sut thng k, ly ra mt s t hng ha c tnh cht in hnh xc nh mc tn tht v kt lun nh gi chung cho c l hng. - Phng php o lng tnh ton: L phng php dng my mc, trang thit b o lng kim tra, khi lng v cht lng ca hng ha. Phng php ny m bo chnh xc nhng mt thi gian, cng sc v tn km. Cu 58: T chc gim nh hng ha b tn tht? Cn c vo h s yu cu gim nh, ngi bo him da vo 3 yu t: Hng b tn tht tham gia bo him, thi hn bo him con hiu lc v tn tht c th do ri ro c bo him gy ra quyt nh t chc cng tc gim nh. Trnh t cc bc t chc c tin hnh nh sau: - Xc nh a im v thi gian gim nh. - Xc nh phng php gim nh cho ph hp - C hoc mi gim nh vin tham gia. - Mi cc bn lin quan tham gia chng kin (ch hng, ch tu, cng). Khi tin hnh gim nh cn thc hin cc bc sau: - Kim tra bao b hng ha: K m hiu, cht lng bao b, cch ng gi, cc du vt cy ph, ly bn. - Kim tra hng ha: Cch xp sp, chn lt hng trong hm tu, trong bao b, tnh cht ca hng ha, m t du vt

hin tng h hi bn ngoi nh b t, mc, mi mt, v, mt mu ... - Xc nh mc v phn loi tn tht cng cc chi ph hn ch tn tht lin quan (cu vt, chnh l, tu sa, ng gi li...) - Xc nh nguyn nhn tn tht. - Lp bin bn gim nh ghi kt qu gim nh v cc nhn chng, ngi i tch cng gim st. Cu 59: Nhng chng t trong b h s yu cu bi thng hng ha b tn tht? Mun c bi thng hng ha c bo him b tn tht ch hng phi lm h s yu cu bi thng gm cc chng t nh trong h s yu cu gim nh cn km thm bin bn gim nh v cc ti liu lin quan cn thit khc nu c. Cu 60: Ni dung k bo him thn tu TLO? iu kin bo him tn tht ton b: TLO (Total Loss Only) Ngi bo him chu trch nhim bi thng : - Tn tht ton b gm thc t v c tnh do thin tai hay tai nn bt ng gy ra. - Chi ph cu nn. Cu 61 : Ni dung k bo him thn tu FOD? - iu kin bo him loi tr tuyt i tn tht b phn thn tu: FOD (free of damage). Ngi bo him chu trch nhim bi thng nhng tn tht v chi ph m TLO gnh chu v : - Chi ph t tng, phng v hn ch tn tht vi iu kin chi ph ny pht sinh do ri ro c bo him gy ra.

- Chi ph trch nhim m va m ch tu c bo him phi gnh chu do tu mnh m va phi v c li. - Cc chi ph ng gp cho tn tht chung m ch tu phi b ra. Nhng ti sn ca tu hy sinh trong tn tht chung khng thuc trch nhim ca iu kin bo him FOD tr trng hp tu chy khng ti. Cu 62: Ni dung k bo him thn tu FPA? - iu kin bo him loi tr tn tht ring v thn tu: FPA (Free From particular average) Ngi bo him chu trch nhim bi thng nhng tn tht v chi ph m FOD gnh chu v : - Tn tht b phn ca tu do hnh ng tn tht chung ch hn ch nhng b phn d tho d, h hng mt mt do hnh ng TTC nh neo, my mc, ni hi ph, ti, dy, cc ph tng... - Tn tht ring, tn tht b phn ca tu xy ra khi tu ang lm cng tc cu ha hay m va vi tu khc trong khi cu nn. Cu 63: Ni dung k bo him thn tu AR? iu kin bo him mi ri ro: AR (All Risks) hoc ITC (Institute Time Clause). Ngi bo him chu trch nhim bi thng nhng tn tht v chi ph m FPA gnh chu v : - Tn tht b phn ca tu do hnh ng TTC khng b hn ch b phn no - Tn tht ring, tn tht b phn ca tu v bt k ri ro do thin tai hay tai nn bt ng no gy ra. Cu 64: Ni dung k bo him chin tranh than tu?

Bo him nhng ri ro sau: -Tu b chim ot, cm ch, bt gi, giam hm. - Hu qu ca ni chin, cnh mng... - S n ca cc loi v kh chin tranh. - Nhng hnh ng ph hoi... mang tnh th ch c gy ra. Loi tr cc ri ro sau: - Mi v n ca phn ng tng hp, ht nhn. - Chin tranh trn din rng vi s tham gia ca nhiu cng quc. - Tu b chnh ph ca nc ngi s hu hoc nc ng k tu chim gi, cm ch hoc tch thu v lnh l bt kh xm phm. - Tu b trng thu, trng dng vo mc ch qun s theo lnh ca chnh quyn. - Tu b gi, cm ch hoc giam hm theo lut kim dch hoc do vi phm lut hi quan. Cu 65: S tin bo him trong bo him than tu c xc nh ntn? Ti sao? - S tin bo him: Trong bo him thn tu s tin bo him ti a m ch tu c php mua bo v cho quyn li ca mnh bao gm: - S tin bo him cho chnh bn thn con tu: STBHtu < GTBHtu - S tin bo him cho cc ph: STBHCf < 25% STBHtu

- S tin bo him cho ph tn iu hnh: STBHfth < 25% STBHtu Cu 66: Khi nim hp ng bo him thi hn than tu? L hp ng bo him k kt cho mt con tu trong mt khong thi gian nht nh thng t 3 thng ti mt nm. Thi hn hiu lc ca hp ng thng bt u t 24 gi ca ngy k kt (gi a phng hoc gi ni k hay gi quc t GMT) n 24 gi ca ngy ht hn hp ng. Khi thi hn bo him chm dt m tu vn cn trn bin hoc v tr cha an ton, th thi hn s c ko di cho ti khi tu ti bn an ton sm nht. Thi hn ko di trn ch tu phi khai bo trc v np thm ph. Cu 67: Khi nim hp ng bo him chuyn trong bo him than tu? L hp ng bo him k kt cho mt con tu ti v t hoc t cng ny n mt hay nhiu cng khc. Hp ng ti v t thi hn hiu lc c bt u k t khi tu c mt ti cng quy nh trong tnh trng an ton vi thc hin chuyn hnh trnh. Hp ng t thi hn hiu lc c bt u k t khi tu khi hnh t cng quy nh thc hin chuyn hnh trnh. Hp ng bo him chuyn kt thc sau 24 gi k t khi neo u an ton ti cng ch. Hp ng ny phi c thc hin trong thi gian hp l. Thi hn hiu lc b chm dt k t khi tu i chch hng cho ti khi tr v hng c tr trng hp lnh nn hay cu nn.

Nu tu c em bn i hoc chuyn ch qun l th thi hn hiu lc cng b chm dt k t khi . tuy nhin s c ko di n khi v ti cng an ton sm nht nu tu ang trn bin. Hp ng vn c hiu lc nu c vn bn yu cu ca ch mi khi ph bo him c th c thay i. Cu 68: i tng bo him trong hp ng bo him than tu? L bn thn ton b con tu gm v, my, trang thit b k c cc trang thit b c bit. Khi k khai i tng cn nu r: Tn tu, cng ng k, quc tch tu, nm v ni ng, cp tu, trng ti hoc sc ko tu. Ngoi ra mc d khng cam kt song ch tu phi m bo cho tu mnh ba iu kin ng sau: - Tu phi kh nng i bin ngay khi thi hn bo him c hiu lc. - Quc tch tu khng i trong sut thi gian bo him. - Hnh trnh ca con tu phi hp php. Cu 69: Cc ri ro c th c bo him trong bo him than tu? Cho vd? a) Cc ri ro c bo him: - Nhm 4 ri ro chnh: Chm m, mc cn, m va, chy n. - Nhm cc ri ro khc: mt tch, thin tai, s sut li lm manh tm ca thu on, cp bin. b) Cc ri ro loi tr: - Loi tr ri ro ring v chin tranh, nh cng. - Loi tr do li lm, c ca ngi c bo him.

- Loi tr do vi phm cc ng bo m. c) Cc ri ro c th c bo him: L cc ri ro v mt nguyn tc bo him khng chu trch nhim, mun c bo him phi khai bo ngay v tho thun np thm ph bo him. - Vi phm v phm vi hot ng hoc hnh trnh ca tu tr cc trng hp lnh nn, cu nn hay do hnh vi phi php ca thu th on. - Vi phm v kinh doanh khai thc con tu: ch hng qu trng ti... - Vi phm v lai dt tu. - Vi phm v hng ha chuyn ch trn tu(v kh, nguy him, bun lu, ph bao vy). *VD Cu 70: Cc quy tc bi thng p dng trong bo him thn tu? a) Quy tc bi thng theo ri ro u tin: S tin bi thng khng vt qu s tin bo him. b) Quy tc p dng mc min thng: ra 3 loi min n c khu tr. - Min n chung: p dng cho tt c cc loi tn tht khi xt bi thng, tr tn tht ton b v tn tht b phn v 4 ri ro chnh. Mc ny ITC quy nh bng 15% STBH. Khng c cng cc tn tht ring, chung v cc chi ph t mc min n, ch c tnh tn tht ring, tn tht b phn ca hnh trnh c i ln v.

- Min n tn tht gy ra do ri ro ph, n t v bt cn: Theo ITC mc ny l 10% s tn tht sau khi tr i mc min n chung. - Min n khi tu vi phm quy nh khng thng bo tn tht. Khon ny c quy nh l 15% trn tng s tn tht. Cu 71: Tn tht ton b trong bo him than tu? * Tn tht ton b thc t: Khi tu b h hng nng khng th khi phc, chm m, b tc hn quyn s hu... * Tn tht ton b c tnh: L dng tn tht thng mi xy ra, cha mc TTTB thc t, nhng kh trnh khi, mun trnh khi phi b ra mt s tin chi ph ln hn s tin bo him ca bn thn con tu hoc gi tr con tu sau khi c khi phc tu theo quy nh. Lu : Khi bi thng tn tht ton b (thc t hay c tnh) th xc tu cn li ng nhin thuc quyn s hu ca ngi bo him. Trng hp tu b m, mc cn ch tu t b tu ri, nu thy khng c li ngi bo him cng c th t b tu trnh cc chi ph trc vt di chuyn xc tu. Theo lut nh khi ch tu phi chu trch nhim. Cu 72: Tn tht ring- chi ph sa cha tm thi? Khi tu b tn tht ring thng c khc phc bng cch b ra chi ph sa cha, thay th, lp t, ti to li cc b phn b h hi gi l chi ph sa cha. C hai loi chi ph sa cha: * Sa cha tm thi: c tin hnh trong cc trng hp. - Ti cng xy ra tn tht cn sa cha nhng khng c xng c iu kin sa cha hon chnh.

- Ti cng xy ra tn tht c iu kin sa cha nhng i tin chi ph sa cha qu cao. - Ti cng lnh nn ngi ta tranh th sa cha tm thi cho tu m bo c hnh trnh. Cc chi ph sa cha tm thi ti cng lnh nn s c a vo chi ph cu nn hoc chi ph TTC, nu khng tranh th sa cha tm thi sau ny s khng c tnh vo TTC, cu nn. Nu sa cha tm thi nhm m bo kinh doanh khng thuc trch nhim bo him tr trng hp l tu ch v tu khch. Cu 73: tn tht ring chi ph sa cha chnh thc? Khi tu b tn tht ring thng c khc phc bng cch b ra chi ph sa cha, thay th, lp t, ti to li cc b phn b h hi gi l chi ph sa cha. C hai loi chi ph sa cha: *) Chi ph sa cha chnh thc: Khi mun sa cha chnh thc ch tu phi bo k hoch sa cha cho ngi bo him bit v ni, s ngy v chi ph d tnh phi b ra sa cha. Ngi bo him c quyn la chn ni sa cha v thng dng phng thc u thu chn. - Trong thi gian ch thu bo him chu 30% mt nm s tin bo him tnh theo ngy ch thu tr cho ch tu, nu s tin ny i c trong TTC th khng phi tr. - Bo him s chu mi chi ph iu hnh tu n ni sa cha v tr v cng c, nu ti cng sa cha tu c hng tr ngay th khng tnh chi ph ny cho lt tu tr v. Ngoi ra bo him cn chu chi ph chy th sau khi sa xong.

- Chi ph ln gm vo, ra v thu . Ch tu c th tranh th sa cha ring m khng phi tr tin thu nu vic sa cha khng cn thit trc mt tu kh nng i bin. Nu l cn thit th trong nhng ngy cng tin hnh sa cha mi bn chu mt na, nhng ngy sa cha c lp bn no bn chu. Trng hp ngc li cng vn dng theo quy nh trn. - Cc khon tin chi ph sa cha cho nhng tn tht k tip ca mt con tu trong mt hp ng bo him cho d ln hn s tin bo him, ngi bo him s chi tr nhng cho mt ln sa cha khng c ln hn s tin bo him. - Chi ph co h sn y tu bo him khng chu cho d vic lm ny l cn thit trong v sau khi sa cha. - i vi cc b phn phi thay th mi bo him khng chu phn hao mn ca b phn m c khu tr theo tp qun. Nhng b phn mi phi cng chng loi, tnh nng tc dng vi ci c b hng phi thay th. - Khng p dng khu tr vi cc trng hp mi thay c nh: neo, thp nt y tu, cc b phn phi g un, ct gt... v cc b phn khi tu chy th ln u tin. Cu 74: Tn tht ring h hng cha sa cha? L nhng h hng nhng cha nh hng ti kh nng i bin ca tu. Ch tu cha sa cha ngay tranh th thi gian khai thc tu. - Bo him s bi thng chi ph d tnh sa cha nhng sau khi thi hn hiu ca hp ng kt thc. - Tu cha sa cha b tn tht ton b, bo him ch bi thng tn tht ton b. Trng hp tu b tn tht ton b do

ri ro khng c bo him th khng c bi thng c tn tht ton b ln chi ph cha sa cha. - Tu cha sa cha c em bn i ch c bi thng phn chi ph d tnh sa cha. Cu 75: Trch nhim v gii hn trch nhim ca bo him thn tu trong tai nn m va? Ti sao li c gii hn trn? - Trch nhim vi con tu c bo him b m va: Ngi bo him ch chu trch nhim v tn tht vt cht ca chnh con tu c bo him . - Trch nhim vi con tu b tu c bo him m va: Ngi bo him chu trch nhim bi thng 3/4 thit hi theo li ca tu c bo him khng ln hn 3/4 s tin bo him. * Ti sao: Cu 76: S cn thit khch quan ca bo him tin gi? Trong hot ng kinh t, tn dng l mt trong nhng hot ng pht trin mnh. Mc d mang li li nhun cao nhng ri ro cng rt ln. Ri ro tn dng c th do cc nguyn nhn sau: - Mi trng kinh t cha n nh lm cho mt s doanh nghip khng ng vng trn th trng. - Do qun l nh nc cn s h, to iu kin cho mt s c nhn, doanh nghip c hnh vi la o. - Do trnh qun l kinh doanh ca cc doanh nghip cn hn ch...

Khch hng cng gp phn to ra ri ro tn dng nh vic s dng vn vay sai mc ch, sn xut kinh doanh thua l, c tnh khng tr n hoc ti sn th chp giy t php l khng m bo. Bn thn ngn hng v cc t chc tn dng cng gy ra nhng ri ro nh khng chp hnh nghim tc cc th l tn dng v vi phm qu trnh xt duyt cho vay, khng kim tra c vic s dng vn ca ngi vay, qu ch trng v li nhun, t tiu chun li nhun ln trn cc nguyn tc, iu kin ca tn dng... Ngoi ra cn c nguyn nhn khc nh s thay i, iu chnh v chnh tr, chnh sch, ch , php lut ca nh nc... Ri ro tn dng xy ra c th li nhng hu qu khn lng nh to ra tm l khng an tm i vi nhn dn l nhng ngi gi tin, h s ua nhau rt tin lm ph sn cc t chc tn dng, cc doanh nghip mt vn, t nh hng ti nn kinh t ni chung. Bo him tin gi ra i nhm m bo duy tr s n nh ca cc t chc tn dng t gp phn m bo s n nh ca nn kinh t. Cu 77: Cc ri ro c bo him trong bo him tin gi? - S ph sn ca qu tn dng: L trng hp qu khng th tr n mt cch y hoc khng th tip tc kinh doanh v b thiu vn. - S gii th bt buc ca qu tn dng: do khng tun th cc quy tc, lut l ca nh nc hoc do ch n ngh to n ra lnh

tuyn b gii th v qu t chi khng thanh ton v ch c cch ny mi hy vng thu hi c tin. - Phi chp hnh lnh thanh l v mt l do khc nh: khi c quan c thm quyn xt thy qu mc d vn c kh nng thanh ton nhng khng ng mc ch ra. - Gii th t nguyn do b t trong tnh trng c nguy c dn n ph sn. - Khng th thc hin vic thanh ton cho nhng ngi gi tin v mt lnh ca to n: Qu khng thanh ton n v ch n n ln to n c lnh bt buc qu phi tuyn b ph sn. Cu 78: S tin bo him trong bo him tin gi? S tin bo him: l s d tin gi c k hn hng qu ca qu tn dng ti tng thi im ng ph bo him, tr phn vt qu s tin gi c k hn ca mi th nhn v php nhn. C th i vi cc khon tin gi c k hn ti qu tn dng, s tin bo him ti a ca mt th nhn khng vt qu 1 trm triu, mt php nhn khng vt qu 5 trm triu. Cu 79: Ph bo him trong bo him tin gi? Ph bo him: L s tin qu tn dng phi tr cho ngi bo him bo him s d tin gi c k hn ca qu ti thi im cui ca mi qu. Ph ny c tnh theo cng thc: P = m . R.90/365 Trong : P: ph bo him theo qu

m: S d tin gi c k hn R: T l ph bo him 90: s ngy ca mt qu 365: S ngy trong nm Cu 80: Cc chng t cn thit trong b h so yu cu bi thng trong bao him tin gi? Khi xy ra ri ro c bo him, qu tn dng phi thng bo cho ngi bo him bit km theo cc giy t sau: - Giy yu cu bi thng - Giy chng nhn tham gia bo him. - Bo co thc trng ti chnh n ngy xy ra ri ro c bo him. - Lnh ca to n hoc quyt nh gii th, quyt nh thanh l... - Bn k danh sch nhng ngi gi tin c k hn cha c thanh ton tnh n ngy xy ra ri ro. - Bn k khai chi tit d n cho vay tnh n ngy xy ra ri ro. Cu 81: Ph bo him tin trong khi vn chuyn c xc nh ntn? Vic xc nh ph bo him tin trong khi vn chuyn ph thuc vo s lng tin vn chuyn trong mt chuyn, tng s tin vn chuyn trong nm v qung ng vn chuyn. IVC = ICB + IGT ICB = RCB x NT

IGT = RGT x Nn Trong : IVC: Ph bo him tin trong khi vn chuyn. ICB: Ph c bn IGT: ph gia tng RCB: t l ph c bn NT: S tin vn chuyn c tnh cho mt chuyn cao nht trong nm RGT: t l ph gia tng Nn: Tng s tin c tnh vn chuyn trong nm T l ph c bn l t l ph quy nh trong biu ph T l ph gia tng l t l ph c quy nh cn c vo: s lng tin trong khi vn chuyn, qung ng vn chuyn, phng tin ng tin, mc an ton... Cu 82: Khi nim v bo him con ngi? Bo him con ngi l loi bo him c mc ch thanh ton nhng khon tr cp hoc s tin n nh cho ngi c bo him hoc ngi th hng bo him, trong trng hp xy ra nhng s kin tc ng n chnh bn thn ngi c bo him. Bo him con ngi bo him nhng ri ro xy ra tc ng n bn thn ngi c bo him l nhng ri ro: tai nn, bnh tt, m au, t vong, tui gi v nhng bp bnh khc v tui th con ngi. Khi s kin bo him xy ra ngi bo him khng tham gia mt cch trc tip vo vic khc phc hu qu, m ch thanh ton

mt s tin, mt khon tr cp c n nh trn hp ng bo him. Cu 83: c trng ca bo him con ngi? i tng bo him con ngi l tnh mng, sc khe, kh nng lao ng v tui th con ngi, do vy khng tn ti khi nim gi tr bo him m ch tn ti khi nim s tin bo him. Vic xc nh trch nhim, quyn hn ca cc bn u da vo STBH. S vn hnh ca phn ln cc nghip v bo him con ngi c tun th theo nguyn tc khon. C th s tin bo him, cc khon tr cp c n nh trc trn hp ng bo him. Nhng khon tin ny c xc nh da vo s la chn ca ngi c bo him hoc c th do ngi bo him n phng a ra tu theo loi hnh bo him. Bn cnh vn tn ti mt s loi bo him con ngi tun theo nguyn tc bi thng ca bo him thit hi l bo him tr cp chi ph y t. Chi ph ny pht sinh n u ngi bo him tr cp n . Nguyn tc khon dn ti hai h qu: - i vi cng mt ngi c bo him, c th k kt ng thi nhiu hp ng bo him con ngi khc nhau cho chnh mnh vi s tin bo him bng hoc khc nhau, tu theo mun v kh nng ti chnh ng gp ph bo him ca anh ta. - Khng c s th quyn hp php ca ngi bo him Cu 84: Cc bo him con ngi ph thuc vo tui th?

- Cc bo him trong trng hp sng: c mc ch thanh ton mt khon tr cp hoc mt s tin bo him nh: hu tr, ph tch lu... - Cc bo him trong trng hp t vong: c mc ch tr mt s tin cho ngi th hng bo him, nu ngi c bo him b cht trc hoc ti mt thi im c n nh, hoc bt k thi im no tu thuc vo s cam kt tho thun trn hp ng bo him. - Bo him nhn th hn hp: Cng mt lc c th bo him cho c hai s kin sng v t vong. Cu 85: Cc bo him con ng khng ph thuc vo tui th? - Bo him tai nn thn th: Ngi c bo him s c thanh ton cc khon tr cp theo quy nh trn hp ng tu thuc vo s tin bo him v mc thng tt. - Bo him sc khe: S c tr cp cc khon chi ph y t khi b m au thng tt. - Bo him hn hp tai nn v sc khe: Nhm thanh ton tr cp khi ngi c bo him b thng tt, t vong do tai nn hoc b m au bnh tt dn n phi tiu tn cc chi ph cha tr v dn n mt kh nng lao ng. Cu 86: Khi nim v bo tr x hi? L s bo v ca x hi i vi nhng thnh vin ca mnh bng mt lot cc bin php cng cng nhm chng s hng ht v kinh t do b mt hoc gim t ngt ngun thu v: m au,thai

sn, tai nn lao ng, tn tt, tui gi v t vong k c vic chm sc y t v tr cp gia nh c con tr. Cu 87: Khi nim v bo him x hi? L ch php nh bo v ngi lao ng, bng cch thng qua vic tp trung ngun ti chnh c huy ng t s ng gp ca ngi lao ng, ngi s dng lao ng v s ti tr ca nha nc nhm tr cp cho ngi c bo him v gia nh trong trng hp b gim hoc mt thu nhp do m au... Cu 88: Ni dung, c im ca bo him x hi? * Ni dung: Theo ILO gm: Chm sc y t, tr cp m au, tht nghip, tui gi, tai nn lao ng, thai sn, hu tr, t tut. Vit Nam bao gm 5 ch sau: m au, tai nn lao ng, thai sn, hu tr, t tut, ngoi ra cn c hng ch chm sc y t. * c im: - L ch php nh - Ngun ti chnh l t s ng gp ca ngi c bo him, s dng lao ng v s ti tr ca nh nc. - c thc hin trn khi lng dn c lun thay i l ngi lao ng. - Ri ro m bo him x hi bo m ch l nhng ri ro v con ngi. Cu 89: Nu nh bo him tai nn thn th c bn?

* Bo him t vong do tai nn thn th: C mc ch tr mt s tin bo him n nh cho mt ngi th hng, trong trng hp ngi c bo him b t vong do gp phi tai nn thn th. * Bo him thng tt vnh vin do tai nn thn th: C mc ch tra mt s tin bo him trong trng hp ngi c bo him b thng tt vnh vinx do tai nn thn th. Cu 90: Khi nim v bo him sc khe? Bo him sc khe c mc ch bo him cho nhng bnh tt, m au, thai sn... ca ngi c bo him v nhng thnh vin trong gia nh ngi c bo him. Trong mt vi hp ng bo him gii hn nh bo him hc sinh, ngi c bo him cn bo m cho c nhng chi ph iu tr ca ngi c bo him sau mt v tai nn. Ngi c bo him khng nhng c thanh ton khon tin chi ph iu tr thc t cn li ca bo tr x hi cha bi hon, m cn c thanh ton mt phn thu nhp b thiu ht do m au duy tr cuc sng. Cu 91: Hiu ntn v trch nhim dn s? C th hiu trch nhim dn s pht sinh do vi phm ngha v dn s, trong ngha v dn s c hiu l vic m theo quy nh ca php lut th mt hoc nhiu ch th phi lm hoc khng c lm mt cng vic no v li ch ca mt hoc nhiu ch th khc. Cu 92: Nu cc c trng ca bo him trch nhim dn s? - i tng bo him mang tnh tru tng.

- Phng thc bo him c hoc khng c gii hn. - Mi quan h gia ngi bo him, ngi c bo him v ngi th ba c th c hoc khng thng qua hp ng. Cu 93: iu kin pht sinh trch nhim dn s? - Phi c thit hi. - Phi c hnh vi gy thit hi tri php lut. - Phi c mi quan h nhn qu gia hnh vi tri php lut v thit hi - Phi c li ca ngi gy thit hi. Cu 94: Trch nhim dn s ca ch tu? a) Trch nhim dn s gy ra bi bn thn con tu - Trch nhim m va: Gm 1/4 trch nhim m va v phn trch nhim m va vt qu 3/4 s tin bo him thn tu trong cc v tn tht ln m bo him thn tu khng chu trch nhim bi thng. - Trch nhim dn s i vi con tu b m: Gm cc chi ph thp sng, nh du, trc vt, di chuyn, ph hu xc tu m. - Trch nhim dn s i vi cc v nhim du, nhim mi trng. b) trch nhim i vi con ngi: Gm cc chi ph m dau, thng tt, cht chc ca nhhng ngi lm cng n lng, lao ng theo hp ng thu mn ca ch tu. c) trch nhim i vi hng ha:

Trong qu trnh vn chuyn hng ha, ngi chuyn ch phi c trch nhim bo qun chm sc hng v vn chuyn ti ni quy nh mt cachs an ton. * Cc dng tn tht h hi hng ha sau thng l trch nhim dn s ca ch tu: - Hng b giao thiu v s lng. - Hng b h hi do tu khng kh nng i bin, do k thut cht xp, chn lt hng ti, thng gi km... - B mt cp khi hng cn nm trong s bo qun ca tu. - B h hng do r r t hng khc. Cu 95: Khi nim, ng tc hot ng ca hi bo him P&I? a)Khi nim v P and I: (Protection and Indemnity Clubs) P and I l hi bo him ca cc ch tu c thnh lp bo tr v bi thng trch nhim dn s cho cc ch tu. b)Nguyn tc hot ng ca hi: - Nguyn tc tng h: Th hin ch hi bi thng khng gii hn trch nhim cho cc hi vin, khng kinh doanh kim li vi cc hi vin trn c s cn i thu chi. Cc hi vin khi tham gia hi phi tn thnh nguyn tc ny. Tnh tng h cn c th hin s gip ca hi i vi cc thnh vin trong vic gii quyt tranh chp kin tng, cp bo lnh gii quyt tu b bt gi, cung cp thng tin v o to bi dng cn b nghip v. - Khi tham gia hi tu phi tham gia bo him thn tu.

- Hp ng bo him c hiu lc t 12 gi tra ngy 20/2 hng nm hoc 12 gi tra ngy tham gia n 12 gi tra ngy 20/2 nm k tip. - Khng cho php ch tu cm c, chuyn nhng tu c bo him P and I cho ngi khc nu khng c s ng ca hi - Hi vin c quyn ra khi hi nhng phi thng bo bng vn bn cho hi bit trc 30 ngy. Ngc li hi cng c quyn nh ch khng cho hi vin tham gia hi v thng bo cho hi vin trc 7 ngy. - Hi vin c th thm bt mt vi im trong quy tc th l bo him nu c hi ng . Cu 96: Nhng ri ro thuc trch nhim bo him P&I? * Ri ro P and I: - Trch nhim v m au, thng tt, cht chc: Theo lut nh ch tu phi chu tt c cc chi ph lin quan. Hi s chu trch nhim bi thng cho ch tu nhng phi chng minh bng vn bn cc s c trn thuc trch nhim m hp ng thu mn lao ng k kt trong thi gian hiu lc. - Trch nhim m va: Hi chu trch nhim bi thng 1/4 trch nhim m va v phn trch nhim m va vt qu 3/4 s tin bo him thn tu trong cc v tn tht ln m bo him thn tu khng chu trch nhim bi thng. - Trch nhim v cc v nhim du: Gm cc chi ph bao vy, ty ra, tin pht, thit hi kinh doanh... - Trch nhim i vi xc tu b m: Gm cc chi ph thp sng...

- Tin pht ca chnh quyn, cng... Do ngi lm cng cho ch tu s sut vi phm cc trng hp: + Vi phm lut an ton lao ng. + Giao tha, thiu hng hoc chng t hng ha b lp sai st. + Vi phm th tc hi quan, lm nhim mi trng... - Chi ph t tng v cc chi ph c bit khc nhng phi c hi chp thun trc. -Trch nhim i vi hng ha chuyn ch: Hi bi thng cho ch tu v trch nhim i vi hng ha gm cc tn tht v chi ph sau: + Tn tht, h hng hng ha do ch tu thiu mn cn lm cho tu khng kh nng i bin, ch tu hoc ngi lm thu cho ch tu khng lm vic ng mc trong khi xp hng, dch chuyn, chm sc, bo qun. + Hng b giao thiu hay b mt cp trong s bo qun ca ch tu. + Chi ph bt thng trong vic xp d s l hng h hng trn dc ng, ch tu b ra nhng khng i c. + Phn phn b tn tht chung cho ch hng ng gp m ch tu khng thu c do vi pham hp ng chuyn ch. + Chi ph tn tht h hng hng ha theo vn ti n i sut c hi chp thun bo him. Hi ch thanh ton phn trch nhim i vi hng ha khi ch tu gii quyt bi thng cho ch hng v li ca mnh.

* Ri ro cc ph, thng pht, bin h: hi s bi thng cho cc chi ph m ch tu phi chu nhng khng thu c, iu ny th hin nguyn tc tng h c lc ca hi. *Ri ro nh cng v chin tranh: hi chu trch nhim bi thng cho ch tu nhng thit hi gy ra bi nh cng v chin tranh. * Nhm quc t ca cc hi bo him P and I - S hnh thnh nhm bo him quc t: Hi bo him P and I tin hnh bo him khng gii hn, v mc ch kinh doanh ca cc ch tu l chnh nn cc ri ro trch nhim m hi m nhim ngy cng nhiu. Vi mc ch m rng phm vi tch nhim, phn tn bt ri ro, mt s hi P and I hp nht nhau li hnh thnh nhm quc t ca cc hi mang tn gi l Pool. Nh vy c th coi nhm quc t ny l hi ca cc hi bo him p and I. - Ti bo him ca nhm: Thc t cho thy c nhng v tn tht rt ln vt qu c kh nng ti chnh ca c nhm quc t, do vy phn tn ri ro v thc hin nguyn tc bi thng khng gii hn TNDS nhm thu xp ti bo him.