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o| Hoc o Nng - Iruong o| hoc 8och Khoo

Khoo |n - Nhom Chuyn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY IN 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|



Chuong 13 QbAN H IN I0 IkONG
MAY IN KHONG ONG 8O

13.1. DAI CUONG
Trn stato cua may in khng ng b (MK) co dy qun m
1
pha, con trn
dy qun roto co dy qun m
2
pha. Nh vy trong may in khng ng b co hai
mach in khng ni vi nhau va gia chung co lin h vi nhau v t. Khi may
in lam vic bnh thng trn dy qun stato va rto co t thng tan va tng ng
co in khang tan va gia hai dy qun co s h cam. V vy ta co th coi may
in khng ng b nh mt mba ma dy qun stato la dy qun s cp, dy qun
rto la dy qun th cp va s lin h gia hai mach s cp va th cp thng qua t
trng quay. Do o ta co th dung cach phn tch mba nghin cu nguyn ly
lam vic c ban cua may in khng ng b.
Khi nghin cu nguyn ly lam vic c ban cua may in khng ng b ta ch
xet tac dung cua song c ban ma khng xet song bc cao.
13.2. MAY DIN KHNG DNG B LAM VIC KHI RTO DUNG YN
t mt in ap U
1
co tn s f
1
vao dy qun stato, trong dy qun stato se co
dong in I
1
, tn s f
1
; trong dy qun rto se co dong in I
2
, tn s f
1
; dong I
1
va
I
2
sinh ra st quay F
1
va F
2
co tr s la:

1
1 dq 1
1
1
I
p
k N
2 m
F
& &

= (13.1a)
2
2 dq 2
2
2
I
p
k N
2 m
F
& &

= (13.1b)
trong o : m
1
,m
2
la s pha cua dy qun stato va rto; p la s i cc t; N
1
,N
2
la
s vong dy mt pha cua dy qun stato va rto; k
dq1
,k
qd2
la h s dy qun cua dy
qun stato va rto.
Hai st ny quay cung tc n
1
= 60f
1
/p va tac dung vi nhau sinh ra st
tng trong khe h F
0
. V vy phng trnh cn bng st c vit la:
2
(13.2a)
0 2 1
F F F
& & &
= +
(13.2b) ) F ( F F
2 0 1
& & &
+ =
y ta xem dong in I
1
gm hai thanh phn:
Mt thanh phn la dong in tao nn st
0
I
&
0
1 dq 1
1
0
I
p
k N
2 m
F
& &

= .
Va mt thanh phn la tao nn st ) I (
'
2
&

'
2
1 dq 1
1 '
2
I
p
k N
2 m
) F (
& &

= bu lai
st F
2
cua dong in th cp .
2
I
&
Nh vy ta co:
) I ( I I
'
2 0 1
& & &
+ = (13.3a)
hay (13.3b)
0
'
2 1
I I I
& & &
= +
So sanh st F
2
do dong in I
2
cua rto tao ra va st F
2
do thanh phn cua
dong in stato sinh ra, ta co:
'
2
I
&

'
2
1 dq 1
1
2
2 dq 2
2
I
p
k N
2 m
I
p
k N
2 m
& &

T o ta co c h s qui i dong in:

2 dq 2 2
1 dq 1 1
i
k N m
k N m
k = (13.4)
St F
0
sinh ra t thng chnh trong khe h, t thng ny cam ng trong
dy qun stato va rto cac s:

2
j k N f
2
2
j E
m 1
1 m 1 dq 1 1 1

=

=
&
& &
(13.5a)
2
j k N f
2
2
j E
m 2
2 m 2 dq 2 2 2

=

=
&
& &
(13.5b)
Khi rto ng yn f
2
= f
1
nn t s bin i in ap cua may in khng ng
b bng:
2 dq 2
1 dq 1
2
1
e
k N
k N
E
E
k = = (13.6)
Tng t nh mba ta co phng trnh cn bng s trong mach in stato:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1
Z I E ) jx r ( I E r I E E U
& & & & & & & &
+ = + + = + = (13.7)
trong o:
+ Z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1
: tng tr cua dy qun stator.
* r
1
la in tr cua dy qun stato.
* x
1
la in khang tan cua dy qun stator.
+
1 1 1
x I j E
t
& &
= s tan do t thng tan stato
t1
sinh ra.
3
Phng trnh cn bng s trong mach in rto:
(13.8)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Z I E ) jx r ( I E 0
& & & &
= + =
trong o: Z
2
= r
2
+ jx
2
: tng tr cua dy qun rto.
* r
2
la in tr cua dy qun rto.
* x
2
= 2f
1
L
t2
la in khang tan cua dy qun rtoluc ng yn.
Cung ging nh mba, ta co th vit:
) jx r ( I Z I E
m m m
+ = =
0 0 1
& & &
(13.9)
trong o: I
0
- dong in t hoa sinh ra st F
0
.
Z
m
= r
m
+ jx
m
: tng tr cua nhanh t hoa.
* r
m
la in tr t hoa t trng cho s tn hao st t.
* x
m
la in khang t hoa biu th s h cam gia stato va rto.
Qu| d| pho rto v pho stoto theo nguyn tc tn hoo khng d|:
Qui i s rto E
2
sang bn stato ta c la:
E
2
= E
1
= k
e
E
2
.
Qui i in tr rto r
2
v stato :
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 1
r I m r I m
' '
=
Vy :
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
r . k r k k r
r
W k m
W k m
m
m
r
I
I
m
m
r
i e
'
dq
dq
'
'
'
= =

=
(13.10)
trong o, k = k
e
k
i
la h s qui i tng tr.
Tng t qui i in khang rto x
2
v stato :
2 2
kx x
'
= (13.11)
Tom lai, cac phng trnh c trng cua may in khng ng b qui i v
stato la:

1 1 1 1
Z I E U
& & &
+ =

'
2
'
2
'
2
Z I E 0
& &
=
(13.12)
1
'
2
E E
& &
=
) I ( I I
'
2 0 1
& & &
+ =
m 0 1
Z I E
& &
=
Khi rto ng yn ma dy qun rto ngn mach, th dong in trong 2 dy
qun rt ln. han ch dong in I
1
va I
2
trong 2 dy qun tr s nh mc cua
chung th cn phai giam thp in ap xung con khoang (15-25)%U
m
. Luc ny
s E
1
trong may in khng ng b nho i rt nhiu va tng ng t thng
m

cung nho, ngha la st t hoa F
0
rt nho so vi F
1
va F
2
, do o ta coi F
0
= 0 va ta
co:
4
(13.13)
0
0 2 1
= = + F F F
& & &
va 0
0 2 1
= = + I I I
'
& & &










Hnh 13.1 th vect cua MK khi rto ng yn
1
U
&

1
I
&
0
I
&
'
2
I
&

1 1
I jx
&

1 1
I r
&

1
E
&

'
2
'
2
I jx
&

'
2
'
2
I r
&

Hnh 13.2 Mach in thay th cua

MK khi ngn mach
r
1
x
1
r
2
x
2
'
2 1
I I
& &
=
1
U
&

Ta co th tnh dong in stato I
1
:

n
1
'
2 1
1
1
Z
U
Z Z
U
I
& &
&
=
+
=
trong o: Z
n
= Z
1
+ Z
2
= r
n
+jx
n
:tng tr ngn mach cua may in khng ng b.
Vi r
n
= r
1
+ r
2
va x
n
= x
1
+ x
2

Khi U
1
= U
m
th I
1
= I
k
y la dong in khi ng cua may.
13.3. MAY DIN KHNG DNG B LAM VIC KHI ROTOR QUAY
Khi rto quay th tn s cua tr s s va dong in trong dy qun roto thay
i. iu o anh hng rt ln n s lam vic cua may in, nhng no khng lam
thay i nhng qui lut va quan h in t khi rto ng yn.
13.3.1. Coc phuong trnh co bon.
1. Phng trnh cn bng s dy qun stato:
May in khng ng b khi lam vic th dy qun rto nht nh phai kn
mach va thng la nhn mach. Khi ni dy qun stato vi ngun ba pha, ta co
phng trnh cn bng s dy qun stato khi rto quay ging nh khi ng yn :

1 1 1 1
Z I E U
& & &
+ = (13.14)
2. Phng trnh cn bng s dy qun rto:
T trng khe h do st F
0
sinh ra quay vi tc n
1
. Nu rto quay vi tc
n theo chiu t trng quay th gia dy qun rto va t trng quay co tc
trt n
2
= n
1
- n, vy tn s s va dong in trong dy qun rto se la :

1
1
1
1 2
2
sf
60
p n
n
n n
60
p n
f =

= = (13.15)
5
trong o, s - la h s trt cua may in khng ng b, luc may lam vic ch
tai nh mc, thng s
m
= 0,02 0,08.
S cam ng trong dy rto luc quay:

2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2
E s j k W f j E
m
m dq s
&
&
& &
=

= (13.16)
in khang cua dy qun rto luc quay:
x
2s
= 2f
2
L
t2
= 2sf
1
L
t2
= s.x
2
(13.17)
Phng trnh cn bng s cua mach in rto:
) jx r ( I E
s s 2 2 2 2
0 + =
& &
(13.18)
Hay sau khi qui i la:
(13.19) ) jx r ( I E
'
s
' ' '
s 2 2 2 2
0 + =
& &
Trong phng trnh trn, s va dong in co tn s f
2
, con bn stato s va
dong in co tn s f
1
v vy ta phai qui i tn s th vic thit lp phng trnh
mi co y ngha. Ta vit lai phng trnh (13.19):
t j '
s
' ' t j '
s
e ) jx r ( I e E
2 2
2 2 2 2
0

+ =
& &

Nhn hai v vi:
t ) ( j t j
e
s
e
s
2 1
1 1

=
Trong o: =
1
-
2
tc goc cua rto;
t ) ( j
e
2 1

la h s qui i tn s.
T o ta vit lai phng trnh trn:

t j
2
2
2
t j
2
1 1
e jx
s
r
I e E 0

+ = ) (
'
'
' '
& &

Hay
t j
2 2 2 2
t j
2
1 1
e
s
s 1
r jx r I e E 0


+ + = ) (
' ' ' ' '
& &
(13.20)
Nhn xet:
1. V mt toan hoc hai phng trnh (13.18) va (13.20) khng co g khac
nhau, nhng v mt vt ly a khac nhau v ban cht. Phng trnh (13.18) ch ro
mi quan h cua in ap khi rto quay vi h s trt s, trong o E
2s
, I
2
va tn tr
r
2
+ jx
2s
co tn s f
2
. Phng trnh (13.20) ch ro quan h trng hp rto ng
yn va luc ny trn rto c ni thm mt in tr gia tng r
2
(1-s)/s; con E
2
, I
2

va tn tr r
2
/s + jx
2
co tn s f
1
.
2. Trong hai trng hp dong in I
2
co khac nhau v tn s nhng tr hiu
dung va goc lch pha la khng i.
3. Du rto quay hay khng quay th st stato F
1
va st rto F
2
bao gi cung
quay ng b vi nhau.
4. Nng lng tiu tan trn in tr gia tng R
c
= r
2
(1-s)/s tng ng vi
nng lng in bin i thanh c nng trn truc ng c khi no quay.
6
Phng trnh cn bng st : (v st stato F
1
va rto F
2
quay cung
1
).

0 2 1
F F F
& & &
= +
hay
0 2 1
I I I
'
& & &
= +
Vy phng trnh c ban cua may in khng ng b luc rto quay la:

1 1 1 1
Z I E U
& & &
+ =
) jx
s
r
( I E
'
'
' '
2
2
2 2
0 + =
& &

(13.21)
1 2
E E
'
& &
=
) I ( I I
'
2 0 1
& & &
+ =
m
Z I E
0 1
& &
=
13.3.2. Moch d|n thoy th cuo moy d|n khng dng b.
Da vao cac phng trnh c ban, ta thanh lp s thay th hnh T (hnh
13.3) cho may in khng ng b khi rto quay ging nh mba, y dy qun
s cp mba la dy qun stato, dy qun th cp mba la dy qun rto va phu tai
mba la in tr gia tng r
2
(1-s)/s .
T s thay th co th tnh dong in stato, dong in rto, mmen, cng
sut c.. . va nhng tham s khac. Nh vy ta a chuyn vic tnh toan mt h
in - C hay C -in v vic tnh toan mach in n gian.







Trong may in khng ng b, do co khe h khng kh ln nn tn tai dong
in t hoa ln, khoang (20-50)%I
m
. in khang tan x
1
cung ln. Trong trng
hp nh vy in khang t hoa x
m
gi nguyn va bo qua in tr r
m
(r
m
= 0) con
tn hao st ta gp vao tn hao c va tn hao phu. T o ta co mach in thay th
hnh 13.4 do IEEE xng. y la mach in thay th c s dung nhiu trong
tnh toan va khao sat may in khng ng b.
r
1
x
1
r
2
x
2
) I (
'
2
&

1
U
&

Hnh 13.3 Mach in thay th hnh T cua MK
r
m
x
m
1
I
&

0
I
& r
2
(1-s)/s

7
1
U
&

x
m
1
I
&

o
I
&
) I (
'
2
&

s
s 1
r
'
2


r
2
x
2
x
1
r
1
Hnh 13.4 Mach in thay th MK do IEEE xng










Thng tnh toan thun li, ta bin i mach in thay th hnh T v mach
in thay th hnh n gian hn. Cach bin i nh sau:
T hnh (13.3) ta co:

'
2
'
2 '
2
Z
E
I
&
&
= vi Z
2s
= r
2
/s + jx
2
.
Va
m
1
0
Z
E
I
&
&
=
Vy dong in:
'
s
'
m
'
Z
E
Z
E
) I ( I I
2
2 1
2 0 1
& &
& & &

+

= + =
Mc khac:

+ + = =
'
s
m
Z
Z
Z
Z
E U Z I U E
2
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
& & & & &


'
s
'
s
m
Z
Z
C
U
Z
Z
Z
Z
U
E
2
1
1
1
2
1 1
1
1
1 +
=
+ +
=
&
& &
&

Trong o : C
1
= 1+Z
1
/Z
m
.
Ta co:
1 2 1
1
2
1
2
Z Z C
U
Z
E
I
' '
s
'
+
=

=
&
& &
&


1 2 1
1 1 1 1
2 0 1
Z Z C
U
Z
Z I U
I I I
'
s
m
'
+
+

= =
&
& & &
& & &


1 2 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1
Z Z C
U
Z
U
C I )) Z / Z ( ( I
'
s
m
m
+
+ = = +
&
& &
& & &

Vy:
' '
'
s
m
I I
Z C Z C
U
Z C
U
I
2 00
1 1 2
2
1
1
1
1
1
& &
& &
&
&
&
&
+ =
+
+ = (4.22)
Trong o:
m m m m
Z Z
U
Z ) Z / Z (
U
Z C
U
I
+
=
+
= =
1
1
1
1
1
1
00
1
& &
&
&
&
goi la dong in khng tai ly
tng, ngha la dong in khng tai luc s = 0, tc la r
2
(1-s)/s = .
8
Va:
1
2
1 1 2
2
1
1
2
C
I
Z C Z C
U
I
'
'
s
' '
&
&
& &
&
&
=
+
= la dong in th cp cua mach in hnh . T
cac phng trnh trn ta thanh lp c mach in thay th hnh chnh xac cua
may in khng ng b nh hnh 13.5a


'
2
2
1
Z C
&
Z
1
Z
1
Z
2
1 1
Z C
&

) I I (
'
2
' '
2
& &
=
1
U
&
Z
m
1
I
&
00
I
&
r
2
(1-s)/s
Z
1
) I (
' '
2
&

1
U
&

Hnh 13.5 Mach in thay th hnh cua mat in khng ng b
Z
m
1
I
&

00
I
&

s
s 1
r C
'
2
2
1

&





(a) (b)




Thc t la ch ln hn 1 mt t, goc phc lai rt nho nn co th coi = C
1
=
1 + x/x
m
va nh vy . Ta co mach in n gian hn nh hnh (13.4b).
1
C
&
1
C
&
' ' '
I I
2 2
& &
=

13.3.3. H s qu| d| cuo dy qun rto |ng soc.
Khi ve mach in thay th hay th vect, cac tham s bn rto u qui i
v bn stato. Cac h s qui i t rto sang stato cua MK:

2 2 dq
1 1 dq
e
N k
N k
k = ;
2 2 dq 2
1 1 dq 1
i
N k m
N k m
k = ; k = k
e
k
i
i vi dy qun rto lng soc, y la loai dy qun c bit, ta co:
m
2
= Z
2
; N
2
= 1/2 ; k
dq2
= 1.
Th vao trn ta co:

1 1 dq
1 1 dq
2 2 dq
1 1 dq
e
N k 2
2
1
. 1
N k
N k
N k
k = = = ;

2
1 1 dq 1
2 2 dq 2
1 1 dq 1
i
Z
N k m 2
N k m
N k m
k = = ;
. ) N k (
Z
m 4
k k k
2
1 1 dq
2
1
i e
= =
9
13.4. CAC CH D LAM VIC,GIAN D NNG LUONG VA D THJ
VECTO MAY DIN KHNG DNG B
Ta a bit, may in khng ng b lam vic ba ch : ng c, may phat
va ham.
13.4.1. Moy d|n khng dng b |om v|c o ch d dng co d|n [0 < s < 1}
Cng sut tac dung ng c in nhn t li in:
P
1
= m
1
U
1
I
1
cos
1
.
Mt phn nho cng sut nay bu tn hao ng trn dy qun stato p
Cu1
= m
1
r
1

va tn hao st thep trong loi thep p
Fe
= m
1
r
m
, phn ln cng sut a vao con lai
chuyn thanh cng sut in t P
t
truyn qua rto. Nh vy :
2
1
I
2
o
I
P
t
= P
1
- (p
Cu1
+ p
Fe
) =
s
r
I m
'
2 2 '
2 1
(13.23)
V trong rto co dong in nn co tn hao ng trn dy qun rto: p
Cu2
=
m
1
I
2
2
r
2
. Do o cng sut c cua ng c in :
P
c
= P
t
- p
Cu2
=
s
r
I m
'
2 2 '
2 1
-m
2
I
2
2
r
2
=
s
s 1
r I m
'
2
2 '
2 1

(13.24)
Cng sut u truc cua ng c in:
P
2
= P
c
- (p
c
+p
f
) (13.25)
+ tn hao c p
c
(tn hao ma sat va quat gio)
+ tn hao phu p
f
(xet chng sau).

Hnh 13. Gian nng lng may in khng ng b
(a) (b) ca)














Tng tn hao cua ng c in khng ng b :
p = p
Cu1
+ p
Fe
+ p
Cu2
+ p
c
+ p
f

10
Hiu sut cua ng c in khng ng b :

1 1
2
P
p
1
P
P

= = (13.26)
Gian nng lng cua ng c khng ng b nh hnh 13.6a. Va cung
ging nh mba, th vect cua ng c in khng ng b co th ve theo cac
phng trnh c ban (13.21) nh trnh bay trn hnh 13.7a.
S phn phi cng sut phan khang trong may in khng ng b co th thy
ro t mach in thay th hnh T hnh 13.3.
Cng sut phan khang ng c in nhn t li in :
Q
1
= m
1
U
1
I
1
sin (13.27)
Mt phn cng sut phan khang nay c dung sinh ra t trng tan trong
mach stato va t trng tan rto :
q
1
= m
1
I
2
1
x
1
; q
2
= m
1
I
2
2
x
2
(13.28)
Phn ln cng sut phan khang con lai dung sinh ra t trng khe h :
Q
m
= m
1
I
2
0
x
m
(13.29)
Vy : Q
1
= q
1
+ q
2
+ Q
m
= m
1
U
1
I
1
sin
1
(13.30)
Do may in khng ng b co khe h khng kh ln hn trong mba, nn
dong in t hoa trong may in khng ng b ln hn dong in t hoa trong
mba, thng I
0
= 20-25%I
m
. Va do Q
m
va I
0
tng i ln nn h s cng sut
cos cua may thp, thng cos
m
= 0,7- 0,95 va khi khng tai cos
0
= 0,1- 0,15,
rt thp.
13.4.2. Moy d|n khng dng b |om v|c o ch d moy phot [-<s<0}
Khi may in khng ng b lam vic ch may phat, s < 0 th cng sut
c cua may la P
c
=
s
s 1
r I m
'
2
2 '
2 1

< 0, ngha la may nhn cng sut vao. Ngoai ra,
ta co :
tg
2
=
'
'
'
'
r
sx
s / r
x
2
2
2
2
= < 0.
Vy s lch pha gia E
1
va I
2
la nm trong khoang 90
0
<
2
< 180
0
.
T th vect hnh 6.7b, ta thy :
1
> 90
0

nn :
+ Cng sut in tac dung la:
P
1
= m
1
U
1
I
1
cos
1
.< 0 : may phat cng sut tac dung vao li.
+ Cng sut phan khang:
Q
m
= m
1
U
1
I
1
sin
1
> 0, may nhn cng sut phan khang t li nh
ng c in.
Gian nng lng cua may phat in khng ng b nh hnh 13.6b.
11
















1
E
&
1
E
&

1
U
&
1 1
I r
&

&
0
I
&
1
I
&
'
2
I
&
'
2
I
&

1 1
I jx
&

2
1
E
&

1
E
&

1
U
&

1 1
I r
&
0
I
&

1
I
&

'
2
I
&

'
2
I
&

1 1
I jx
&

1

Hnh 13.7 th vect cua may in khng ng b
1
E
&

1
E
&

1
U
&

1 1
I r
&

&
0
I
&
1
I
&

'
I
2
&
'
I
2
&

1 1
I jx
&

1

90
o

&

(a) (b)
(c)

13.4.3. Moy d|n khng dng b |om v|c o ch d hom [1< s < + }
Khi s > 1 th cng sut c cua may P
c
=
s
s
r I m
' '
1
2
2
2 1
< 0, nn May nhn
cng sut c t ngoai vao. Cng sut in t cua may P
t
=
s
r
I m
'
' 2 2
2 1
> 0, nn may
nhn cng sut in t li. Tt ca cng sut c va in ly ngoai vao u bin
thanh tn hao ng trn mach rto :
P
t
+ (-P
t
) =
s
r
I m
'
' 2 2
2 1
-
s
s
r I m
' '
1
2
2
2 1
= = p
Cu2

'
2
2 '
2 1
r I m
V tt ca nng lng ly vao u tiu thu trn may nn khi U
1
= U
1m
ch cho
phep may lam vic trong thi gian ngn.
Gian nng lng va th vect cua may in khng ng b lam vic
ch ham nh hnh 13.6c va hnh 13.7c.
13.5. MMEN DIN TU CUA MAY DIN KHNG DNG B
V may in khng ng b thng c dung lam ng c in, nn khi phn
tch se ly ng c in lam v du. Cung ging nh cac may in khac, ng c
in khng ng luc lam vic phai kc phuc mmen tai bao gm mmen khng tai
M
0
va mmen cua phu tai M. V vy phng trnh cn bng mmen cua ng c
in khng ng b luc lam vic n nh la :
M = M
0
+ M
2
(13.31)
12
Trong o:
M : Mmen in t cua ng c in.
Vi:

+
=
f c
p p
M
0
va

=
2
2
P
M
Trong o :
60
2 n
= la tc goc cua rto;
n la tc quay cua rto.
Ta vit lai cng thc (13.31) :

+ +
=
c f c
P P p p
M
2
(13.32)
Ta cung co:
1

=
dt
P
M (13.33)
Vy:
1

t c
P P


t t t c
P ) s ( P
n
n
P P = =

= 1
1 1
(13.34)
Tn hao ng trn rto bng :
p
Cu2
= P
t
- P
c
= sP
t
(13.35)
ta co: P
t
= m
2
E
2
I
2
cos
2
.
Nn: P
c
= m
2
(1-s)E
2
I
2
cos
2
. (13.36)
Ta a co: E
2
= 2 f
1
N
2
k
dq2

m
f
1
= pn
1
/60.
= (1-s)
1
= (1-s)2n
1
/60.
Th vao trn ta tm c mmen in t cua may in khng ng b :

2
1
=

=
co
P
M m
2
pN
2
k
dq2

m
I
2
cos
2
. (13.37)
Thng ta li dung mach in thay th tnh mmen in t theo s.
T s thay th hnh (hnh 13.4a), ta co:

2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
1
2 1 2
) x C x ( ) s / r C r (
U
I C I
' ' '
' ' '
+ + +
= =
va P
c
=
s
s
r I m
' '
1
2
2
2 1

= (1-s)
1
ma
1
= 2n
1
/60 = 2(60f
1
/p)/60 =
1
/p
Mmen in t cua may in khng ng b :
13
2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
2
2
1
1
1
) x C x ( ) s / r C r (
s / r U m P
M
' '
'
c
+ + +

= (13.38)
Nhn xet:
+ Mmen M t l U
2
1
.
+ Mmen M t l nghch (x
1
+ c
1
x
2
)
2
khi tn s cho trc.
+ M = f(s).
Ve quan h M = f(s).
13.5.1. Im mmen cuc do| M
mox

ve quan h M = f(s), ta tm mmen cc ai bng cach gia thit nh sau :
Gia thit cac tham s khac la khng i.
t y = 1/s.
Vit lai biu thc mmen in t: (13.38) thanh :

2
Dy Cy B
Ay
M
+ +
=
trong o:

2
2
1 1
'
r U m
A =
'
2 1 1
r r C 2 = C
B = D =
2
2 1 1
2
1
) x C x ( r
'
+ +
2 '
2
2
1
r C
Ly ao ham va tm s
m
ng vi mmen cc ai M
max
.
0
-
2 2
2
=
+ +
=
=
) Dy Cy B (
) Dy B ( A
dy
dM
m
y y
m

D / B y
m
=
2
2 1 1
2
1
2 1
) x C x ( r
r C
B / D s
'
'
m
+ +
= = (13.40)
2
2 1 1
2
1 1
2
1 1
1 1
2
1
) x C x ( r r
U m
C
M
'
max
+ + +
= (13.41)
Thng r
1
<< x
1
+ C
1
x
2
, nn xem r
1
= 0, ta co:
'
'
m
x C x
r C
s
2 1 1
2 1
+
= (13.42)
'
max
x C x
U m
C
M
2 1 1
2
1 1
1 1
2
1
+
= (13.43)
Ta nhn xet v M
max
:
+ M
max
t l vi
2
1
U
+ M
max
khng phu thuc r
2

+ M
max
ch may phat ln hn mt t so vi M
max
ch ng c.
14
+ r
2
cang ln th s
m
cang ln.
+ r
2
tng th M
max
khng i ma dch sang phai.

M.Fa t .c Ham
(-M
max
)
M
max
s
s
m
-s
m
-1
1
Hnh 13.8 Quan h M = f(s)

M
k
M












13.5.2. Mmen kho| dng :
im s = 1 (n = 0) ng vi ch khi ng (hnh 13.8) cua ng c:

2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
2
2
1 1
1

1
) x C x ( ) r C r (
r U m
M
' '
'
k
+ + +
= (13.44)
Ta nhn xet v mmen khi ng M
k
:
+ M
k
t l vi
2
1
U
+ M
k
t l vi nghch vi Z
2
= (r
1
+ C
1
r
2
)
2
+ (x
1
+ C
1
x
2
)
2
. Nu C
1
= 1 th Z
= Z
n
con (r
1
+ C
1
r
2
) << (x
1
+ C
1
x
2
) th M
k
t l vi nghch in khang (x
1
+ C
1
x
2
)
2
.
+ Tm M
k
= M
max
th h s trc s
m
= 1, ta co:
1
2 1 1
2 1
=
+
=
'
'
m
x C x
r C
s
' '
x
C
x
r
2
1
1
2
+ = (13.45)
y la in tr cua mach rto M
k
= M
max
.
13.5.3. c tnh co cuo dng co d|n
c tnh c cua ng c in la quan h: M
2
= f(n) hoc n = f(M
2
). Ma ta co
M = M
0
+ M
2
, vy y ta xem M
0
= 0 hoc chuyn M
0
v mmen can tnh, nn
xem rng M
2
= M = f(n). T hnh 13.9, ta co :
+ oan oa (0 < s < s
m
) ng c lam vic n nh. c tnh c cng.
+ oan oa ( s
m
< s < 1) ng c lam vic khng n nh.
15
13.5.4. Im b|u thuc K|ox [ng co}
Lp t s M/M
max
:

[ ]
[ ]
2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
2
1 1 2 1
2
) x C x ( ) r C r ( s
) x C x ( r r r C
M
M
' '
' '
max
+ + +
+ + +
=
. (13.46)
Ta co:
m
'
'
s
r C
) x C x ( r
2 1 2
2 1 1
2
1
= + + .
Th vao ta c:

m
m
m
m
max
as
s
s
s
s
as
M
M
+ +
+
=
2
(13.47)
Vi
'
r C
r
a
2 1
1
2
= va trong may in khng ng b thng in tr r
1
= r
2
va s
m
=
0,10,2, nn: as
m
<< s hang trc no, nn:

s
s
s
s
M
M
m
m
max
+
=
2
(13.48)
o la biu thc Klx.
Hnh 13. c tnh c c M = f(s)

M
max
M
b
n
s
0
1
c
r
2
r
2
r
2
< <
s
m
13.5.5. Nng |uc quo to|
m
max
m
M
M
k = (=1,73).
13.5.. 8| s mmen kho| dng
m
k
k
M
M
k =
13.5.7. 8| s dong d|n kho| dng
m
k
I
I
I
k = .
13.6. THI NGHIM XAC DJNH THNG S MACH DIN THAY TH
M hnh mach in cua ng c khng ng b tng t nh mba, cac thng
s cung c xac nh bng th nghim khng tai (u truc ng c khng ni vi
tai) va ngn mach (gi rto ng yn) ging nh trong mba.
13..1. Ih ngh|m khng to|
Th nghim khng tai la dy qun stato K ni vao li in co in ap va
tn s nh mc, con u truc ng c khng ni vi tai. S ni dy th nghim
ng c khng ng b c trnh bay trn hnh 13.10. Khi ni ngun in co in
16
ap nh mc vao dy qun stato, luc o ta o c cac ai lng nh cac dung cu
o nh sau :
Cng sut khng tai P
o
(3-pha, tng cng sut trn hai Watt k)
Dong in khng tai I
o
(tnh trung bnh t 3 ampe k)
in ap khng tai U
o
(tnh trung bnh t 3 vn k).

DK
V
V
A
A
A
V
W
W
*
*
*
*
K
Ngun
AC
ba pha
Hnh 13.10 S th nghim K ba pha






Cng sut khng tai P
o
(tn hao khng tai) la cac tn tht khi cng sut trn
u truc la zero, bao gm : tn hao ng stato, tn hao st va tn hao quay (tn
hao quat go, ma sat va tn hao phu).
Tn hao st trong loi thep ch xay ra stato, con trong rto khng ang k,
do h s trt rt thp (s
o
=0,001), nn tn s dong in trong dy qun rto thp,
khoang 0,05Hz.
Tr s dong in khng tai K khoang 20 - 40% dong in nh mc v co
khe h khng kh. Tn tht ng stato khi khng tai cn c tnh toan, bng cach
o in tr mt chiu va hiu chnh theo dong in xoay chiu (50Hz). Cng sut
c P
c
tng ng vi in tr gia tng co trc s
o
rt thp. V vy r
2
/s
o
+ jx
2

>> Z
m
= r
m
+ jx
m
nn r
2
/s
o
+ jx
2
co th bo qua. T mach in thay th hnh 13.3
khi khng tai c trnh bay trn hnh 13.11a.

Hnh 13.11 Mach in thay th K khng tai

r x
1
U
&
r
o
x
o
0
I
&
(b)
1
U
&
r
m
x
m
0
I
&

(c)
1 1





1
U
&

r
0
I
&
m
x
m
(a)
17
Phi hp hai nhanh ni tip Z
1
va Z
m
ta c mach in hnh 13.11b. Trong o Z
o

= Z
1
+ Z
m
= r
o
+ jx
o
,
,
vi r
o
= r
1
+ r
m
va x
o
= x
1
+ x
m
. y ta phai hiu r
o
c
trng cho tn hao khng tai gm tn hao st, quat gio, ma sat va tn hao phu.
T cac thng s th nghim va mach in thay th hnh 13.11b, ta co :

2
o
o
m 1 o
I
1

3
P
= r + r = r (13.49)

o
o
o
I
1
3
U
z = (13.50)

2
o
2
o m 1 o
r z x x x = + = (13.51)
H s cng sut khng tai :
cos
o
= P
o
/(U
o
I
o
) (13.52)
in khang tan stato x
1
tm c t th ngn mach. Ta co th tach tn hao
quay t tn hao khng tai bng cach tr tn hao ng trn dy qun stato khi
khng tai :
p
q
= P
o
- 3.r
1
I
o
2
. (13.53)
Do tng tr dy qun stato Z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1
<< Z
m
= r
m
+ jx
m
, nn co th bo qua
Z
1
. Mach in thay th gn dung ng c khng ng b khi khng tai trnh bay
trn hnh 13.11c. Mach in tng ng nay dung tnh tng tr nhanh t hoa
rt n gian, ging nh trong mba.
13..2. Ih ngh|m ngn moch
Th nghim nay c dung xac nh cac thng s ni tip trong m hnh
mach ng c khng ng b. S ni dy th nghim ging nh khi khng tai
(hnh 13.10), nhng gi rto ng yn, luc nay h s trt s = 1. Giam in ap t
vao dy qun stato, sao cho dong in chay trong dy qun stato bng dong in
nh mc. Luc o ta o c cac ai lng nh cac dung cu o nh sau :
Cng sut ngn mach P
n
(3-pha, tng cng sut trn hai oat k)
Dong in ngn mach I
n
(tnh trung bnh t 3 ampe k)
in ap ngn mach U
n
(tnh trung bnh t 3 vn k).
Trong th nghim nay, bo qua tn hao st r
m
= 0, nhng khng th bo qua in
khang t hoa X
m
v no nho hn nhiu so vi mba. T mach in thay th hnh 13.4,
khi th nghim ngn mach c trnh bay trn hnh 13.12a (chnh la mach in
thay th IEEE khi s = 1). Phi hp hai nhanh song song thanh hnh 13.12b. Nu bo
qua nhanh t hoa song song cua mach in trnh bay trn hnh 13.16a th ging
nh th nghim ngn mach mba, vic tnh toan se n gian hn v x
2
va r
2
tng
18
ng bng x
2
va r
2
. T cac thng s th nghim va m hnh mach hnh 13.12b, ta
tnh c :

2
n
n
2 1 t
I
1

3
P
= r + r = r
' '

(13.54)

n
n
t
I
1

3
U
= z

(13.55)

2
t
2
t 2 1 t
r - z = x + x = x

' '

(13.56)
H s cng sut khng tai :
cos
n
= P
n
/(U
n
I
n
) (13.57)
Trong trng hp gn ung co th cho rng in khang tan stato va in
khang tan rto bng nhau va bng na x
t
(x
t
x
n
:
x
1
= x
2
= x
t
/2 (13.58)
T mach in thay th hnh 13.16a va b, ta co :

) (
) (
' '
' '
' ' ' '
m 2 2
m 2 2
2 2
x + x j + r
jx jx + r
= jx + r (13.59)
Phn thc cua biu thc trn la :

2
m 2
2
2
2
m 2
2
x + x + r
x r
= r
) ( ) (
' '
'
' '
(13.60)
Do r
2
<< (x
2
+ x
m
), nn bo qua r
2
:
2
m 2
2
m 2
2
x + x
x r
= r
) (
'
'
' '
(13.61)
Ta co r
2
= r
t
- r
1
, nn : r
2
= ( r
t
- r
1
)
2
m
2
m 2
x
x + x ) (
'
. (13.62)
Khi x
m
>> x
2
, ta co : x
t
= x
1
+ x
2
. (13.63)

(b)

r
1
x
1
r
2
x
2
1
U
&
1
I
&
r
1
x
1
r
2
x
2
) I (
'
2
&

1
U
&

x
m
1
I
&

0
I
&

(a)






Hnh 13.12 Mach in thay th K ngn mach

19
13.7 MMEN PHU CUA MAY DIN KHNG DNG B
Mmen phu may in khng ng b la mmen sinh ra do t trng song bc
cao quay vi nhng tc khac nhau. Nhng mmen phu ny rt yu so vi song
c ban, nhng tc thp no sinh ra mmen ham tng i ln lam anh hng
n s lam vic cua may in, nht la trong qua trnh m may ng c khng ng
b.
13.7.1. Coc |oo| mmen phu
1. Mmen phu khng ng b:
Du tc d quay cua rto nh th nao, st song c ban cua stato va rto u
quay cung t n
1
, do o sinh ra mmen in t nh a phn tch trn. Khai nim
nay cung ung cho cac song iu hoa.
Cac song iu hoa u sinh ra mmen, nhng song bc 5 quay ngc va song
bc 7 quay thun co bin tng i ln va mmen phu sinh ra cung anh hng
nhiu n mmen cua may in. Tht vy:
+ Song bc 7 quay thun: ( = 6K + 1).
Tc ng b: n
7
=
7
n
1

Vy tc : 0 < n <
7
n
1
: may ch ng c; con n >
7
n
1
: may ch
may phat.
+ Song bc 5 quay ngc :
-n/n
1
M

M

1
0
5 7
M
min
H.13.13 c tnh M = f(n) khi co song bc 5, 7
( = 6K - 1).
Tc ng b:
5
1
5
n
n = , nn
tc ng b cua no trong
khu vc s >1, (trang thai ham).
V t trng song bc 5 quay
ngc nn tc trong khoang :
- n
1
/5 < n < n
1
mmen m va n <
- n
1
/5 mmen dng.
2. Mmen phu ng b:
Mmen phu ng b sinh ra do song iu hoa bc cao nao o cua t trng
stato tac dung vi mt song iu hoa bc cao co cung s i cc cua t trng
rto. Mmen phu ny chu yu do st song iu hoa rng cua stato va rto sinh ra.
Do o s phi hp rng ranh gia stato va rto lin quan n vic sinh ra mmen
ny.
Chu y: Z
1
= Z
2
va Z
1
- Z
2
= 2p sinh ra mmen phu ng b.
20
3. Mmen dong xoay va Mmen t tr:
+ Mmen dong xoay M
x
sinh ra do s tng tac cua dong in xoay cam ng
trong mach dn t rto va t trng chnh.
+ Mmen t tr M
T
sinh ra do hin tng tr cua thep lam mach dn t rto
lam chm tr s t hoa lai rto i vi t trng dch chuyn tng i so vi rto
13.7.2. Fhuong phop tru khu momen phu
Mmen phu la do st song iu hoa bc cao sinh ra, trong o co ca st song
iu hoa rng. V vy mun tr kh mmen phu th phai lam yu st song iu hoa
o i.
+ Dung dy qun bc ngn.
+ Phi hp ranh thch ang.
+ Thc hin ranh nghing.
13.8. CAC DUONG DC TINH CUA MAY DIN KHNG DNG B.
13.8.1. c tnh tc d n = |[F
2
}.
Theo cng thc h s trt, ta co:
n = n
1
(1-s)
trong o : s = p
Cu2
/P
t
. Khi khng tai p
Cu2
<< P
t
nn s 0 ng c in quay gn
tc ng b n n
1
Khi tng tai th tn hao ng cung tng ln n giam mt t,
nn ng c tnh tc la ng dc xung.
13.8.2. c tnh momen M = |[F
2
}
Ta co M = f(s) thay i rt nhiu.
Nhng trong pham vi 0 < s < s
m
th
ng M = f(s) gn ging ng
thng, nn M
2
= f(P
2
) ng thng qua
gc toa .
13.8.3. c tnh h|u sut =
|[F
2
}.
Ta co hiu sut cua may in
khng ng b :
%
p P
P
100
2
2

+
=
1
.6
.4
.2
0
.8
.5 1
s
n

cos
M
2
M

H.13.14 Dc tinh lam vic cua MK
p tng tn hao, nhng y ch co
tn hao ng thay i theo phu tai con cac tn hao khac la khng i.
21
13.8.4. c tnh h s cng sut cos = |[F
2
}.
V MK lun lun nhn cng sut phan khang t li. Luc khng tai cos rt
thp thng < 0,2. Khi co tai dong in I
2
tng ln nn cos cung tng.
13.9. MAY DIN KHNG DNG B LAM VIC TRONG DIU KIN
KHNG DJNH MUC.
13..1. |n op khng d|nh muc.
Gia thit U
1
< U
m
: thng gp nht, nh tai cui ngun, luc ny M giam v M
U
2
. Va ta co M = CI
2
cos
2
, nu M
c
khng i th I
2
se tng ln t l vi s
giam , lam may nong ln, v U E nn U giam th giam.
H s cng sut cos co xu hng tng v I
0
giam khi U giam.
V mt tn hao, in ap giam co anh hng nh sau :
tn hao p
Fe
giam U
2


tn hao p
Cu2
tng I
2
2

tn hao p
Cu1
phu thuc vao I
0
va I
2
v I
0
giam con I
2
tng.
Nu tai < 40%, tn hao co giam nn hiu sut tng.
Nhng tai > 50%, tn hao tng nn hiu sut giam.








P
2
/P
m
0




13..2. In s khng d|ng muc.
Thng th tn s f khng i hay thay i 5%f
m
xem nh khng i.
Gia thit : f < f
m
ma U E f cho rng U= C
t
1/ f .
Vy khi tn s f giam th:
+ tng th I
0
tng lam p
Fe
tng va cos
1
giam.
+ tc n cung giam.
+ Nu M
C
= C
t
thi I
2
giam va s giam v sP
t
= p
Cu2
= m
2
I
2
2
r
2
.
20

80

60

40

100

.2

.4

.6

.8

Y
1
P
2
/P
m
0
20
80
60
40
100

.2

.4

.6

.8

1

Y

P
2
/P
m
0
20
80
60
40
100

.2

.4

.6

.8

1
cos
Y

Hinh 13.15 c tnh cua K khi i ni t sang Y

22
13..3. |n op dt voo khng d| xung
Phn tch in ap khng i xng thanh cac thanh phn thun, th t ngc,
th t khng va trung tnh khng ni t nh thng gp trong cac ng c khng
ng b.
H thng in ap th t ngc sinh ra t trng quay nghch co h s trt cua
rto i vit trng quay ny la (2-s) > 1 va mmen do no sinh ra lam giam
mmen co ch, ng thi gy nn tn hao phu.