Mér 36 BAI TOAN eve rai HiNH HOE TIRONCIRHONCICIAN NGUYEN THI THU HUONG (GV THPT chuy6n Hung Yén) oc sinh THPT thudng ling tang khi H gap céc bai todn cure tri, nhdt 1A eye tri hinh hoc. Bai viét sau day sé gop phan gidp céc ban ty tin hon khi gap cdc dang toan nay trong cac ki thi tuyén sinh vao Dai hoc va Cao dang. Cée bai todn téng quat durge xét trong khong gian véi hé tryc toa dé Descartes vudng géc Ony:. 6 phan 4p dung, ngoai thi dy I, thi dy 2 duge giai chi tiét, cac thi dy khac ching tdi chi huéng dn gidi hoc dua ra két qua dé ban doc ty gi Bai toan 1. Trong khang gian v6i hé toa a6 Descartes vuéng géc Oxyz cho mat phang (@) ed phucong trinh (PT) Ax + By + Cz+ D=0 vd hai diém MG sy. iz Mo sx 32) khong thudc (a). Tim diém I trén mat phdng (a) sao cho: a) IM + IN la nho nhdt ; b) IM — IM Ia ton nha, Cich gidi. a) Trude hét ta xdc dinh vi tri tuong déi gitta M va N so voi mat phdng (a) bang cach xét T= (Am + By, + Cz, + (Any + By2 + Czy + D) © Néu T> 0 thi M, N cing phia déi voi mp(a); Khi ©. N ciing phia véi nhau déi voi mp(a) ta lam nhu sau: Xac dinh diém M' déi ximg voi M qua mp(a), lic dé IM = IM". Ta cé IM + IN = IM'+ IN > MN. Dang thie xay ra khi va chi khi /, M,N ng hang. Do dé diém / théa man a) la giao diém cha M'N va mp(q). * Néu 7<0 thi M,N khac phia déi voi mp(a). m J can tim chinh [a giao diém cua dung thang MN voi mp(a). b) » Néu Mf va N nim vé cling mét phia déi véi mp(a) va MN // mp(a) thi 6 (7M — IN < MN. Dang thite xay ra khi va chi khi MN thang hang. Diém / cn tim IA giao chia MN v6i mp(a). Cdn néu MN//mp(@) thi khong xac dinh duge diém J. * Néu M va N khac phia déi voi mp(a) thi ldy diém M' déi xing voi M qua mp(a). Khi dé |IM — IN| = |IM" — IN] < MN. Ding thise xay ra khi va chi khi J, M’. N thang hang. Diém J can tim la giao cua M'N voi mp(a). HK Thi du 1. Trong khing gian vdi hé toa a6 Descartes Oxyz cho hai diém M(I ; 2; 3) va (4:4; 5). Tim diém I thude met pheing (xOy) sao cho IM + IN nho nhat . PT mat phing (xOy) lz = 0(4 = B =D= 0, > 0, do dé M,N nim vé Gt phia déi véi mat phing (xOy). Ta xe fdink Linki eat: Loi gi Goi M’ la diém d6i xing voi M qua mp(xOy). Dubng thing (d) qua M vudng g6c voi mp(xOy) ¢6 vecto chi phuong = (0; 0; 1) nén xet PT thams6cédang}y=2 (te R). za3tt Gia sit A = a 0 mp(xOy) th HU 5 253+0. Lic d6 3+ 4=0, suy ra H(1 ; 2; 0). Do dé M(1 25-3) => M'N =(3;2:8).Ta 6 IM + IN =IM'+ IN> MIN. Diing thite xay ra khi vA chi khi [= M'N A mp(xOy). PT cua M'N: asthuge MIN, vA mplxOy) nin 3 + Bm = 0. KT: dy 2. Trong thing gian vol he 190 dp Descartes vuing ge Oxy. cho mit phang (2) eb PT Dx~y +2 1=0 wii dim MS 3130), M9549). Ti diém I wrén ma) sao cho HA — 1M dat gir fm nt. 1% i. Ta o6 T= 64-12) < 0 né0 M, N ni vé hai phia cia mp(a). Goi R 18 diém déi img cla Af qua mp(a), khi d6 dung thing MR qua MO ; |; 0) vubng ge vi mpl a) 66 PT x-d_y-t: Ta Goi = MRA pa), suy v2 B+ 2851038) © MR. Vi He mp(a) nen HL 25 “1),suy ra RE135-2. Ta 06 [IM — IM = [IR — IN| < RN. Bing thie sy ra khi vit chi Ki f,N, R thing hing. Lai e6 BY = (851511), do 46 RN €8 PT tham sb xa-& yaiet tek e=-2+1K ‘idm / cin tim Ia giao eda RN voi mpc). HA~ 8153 65-24 112) = Mpa suy ra 1325-19) Bik toan 2. Trong khdng glan vdi he true toa do Descartes Orys cho dicing thing d vi cic didm Mey : yy 321) VANCE 3% 20) hing thude d. Tim didm trén cedng thing d sao cho IM + IN be nh, Cich gi Tracing hop 1. M, vid nk trong mat mat pling. Khi 06 ta thyc hign bai tod trong mt ping: Név doan MN cht «thi gino diém 46 ‘hiah la diém £ cn tim, Néu doan MN khing cat thi by Mf dBi xing. vi M qua d khi 46 IM = IM, Ta eb M+ IN= IM + IN 2 MN. Dig thc ay m Rhi vib chi kh. M! N thing, hang, khi d& 1M JN bé nhl, Ti 46 £ a gino idm cia MEN vid, suy 2 toa d6 did / ‘= Truing hgp 2. MN vad chéo ohau. Co hai kha nang: 1 9) Néu MO Ld 1) ta lim hu Sau: Goi (P) rat phing qua | MN vudng goo void wid khi ds | MO Ld NIL vaM tek (hing 8, Voi moi [© d: IM > JM; IN > JIN => IM + IN > UM + JN, Ding thite xay ea khi vi chi kh 1= J, tit 66 thm duge toa 48 dim f, giao cia @Pyvid. PN aw Hink } +) Nbu 0 ag vag aoe vel Shen ba tad ve 0 hg oi thet 2) = Xbe dia tinh chido wg a8 1 celia N xuéng d. ~ Goi () tk mit ping (Ya) 1 mat phing qua Hf vv6ng e6e d ; (Q) 1& mic phing chia d va dim Ms 3 =(P)(Q) > & L.dtai H. Trén 4 ldy K sao cho KH = NH vi K. Min vi hai phia so v6i mat phiing (R). Ki 6 véi moi J € d thi ANJH = AKI =2 JK IN => JM + JIN ~ JM + JK ME Ding tire xiy ra khi J, M, K thing hing tir 46 tim durge toa 4} dim I= J giao via MK vi d li diém eintim. Thi dy 3. Trong khing giam vit hé toa di Descartes wudng ge Oxy, cho MQ 525-l). N52 53) sb ding thing d cb PT yr2_ 222 3° a2 Tim dim Lthuge d s20 cho IM + IN nh whi. Hucing din, Daim thing d 66 veto chi phon = (5-232): MV =(6:-4:4)—> MN = 20 5 M @ d nén MN Hf d, do a tren mat phing (dé. MB) gol MI diém dBi xing eta M thi mat phing (a) qua 24(1 : 2 1) voi veeto chi phuong (3; -2 2) ¢6 phuong tink: ak 2y 4224320. Hed (a) 9 MA 3252) MBS) 12d 0 MN = HIMN = Tieang. dit MN rnén 2:0: 4) li diém cin tm, THE dy 4 Trong Khing gian wéi hg toa dé Descartes wing ete Oxys, cho MB 515 D.NG S35 8) od dang thing de Tim Fringed sa0 cho IM BY ni Hacing din Ta o6 Mi ~ (1 2; 3}. 8 veots chi phuomg a= (15-25 1) nen Ata Ld + 1-2) + 3.1 = 0, suy ea MN Ld Sa png (>) gun MO cory \Sng g6e voi d tai J biém Cudi cing moi cae ban gidi mot 36 bai todn {wong tren We te toa 49 Oxy 1 Cho mit phing (a) cb PU 2c— y via diém M3 510); M9 429). 4) Tim dim 7 thude mat ping (2) se0 cho [187+ AFF | tg enw ') Tim diém J" thuge mat phing (a) s20 eho [7 — dat gi er om nba 2) Cho MUL:1: 0). NG: thing ¢¢6 e721 2 24) va dung, 1 i cabo cho IM + 1N 6 3) Cho MEI: 3 ~ 2), M94: 9) vA. me phing (P) 06 PT 2v— y+ 241 =0. Tim digm Trrén mat phiing (P) sao cho Z4¢ + 1 bé nit