TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.

HCM VIN KHCN & QL MI TRNG

TI:

T THAN BN
GVHD: TS. inh i Gi
Nhm 10: 1. Ng Minh Tn

2. V Hng Qun 3. Nguyn V Linh

1
2 3 4 5 6

Gii thiu nh ngha & phn loi

Qu trnh hnh thnh

c im & tnh cht Hin trng & phn b

Li ch & tr ngi
Qun l s dng v ci to

1. GII THIU
t than bn l mt trong s nhng vng t ngp nc quan trng nht trn Tri t bi cc gi tr v bo tn a dng sinh hc, iu ha kh hu, Hin nay, nhng khu vc t than bn, c bit l

cc khu rng than bn nhit i ang b e da

nghim trng, gy nh hng trc tip n vic sinh k hng triu ngi nh: vic cung cp nc v thc phm

2. NH NGHA & PHN LOI

t than bn l mt khu vc vi lp xc hu c tch ly t nhin (cn gi l than bn) b mt t qua hng

ngn nm. Nhng vng t than bn cn c xem l

cc h sinh thi t ngp nc, c hnh thnh t nguyn liu l thc vt cht v thi ra trong iu kin bo ha nc cao.

2. NH NGHA & PHN LOI

t than bn c to thnh bi s kt ni cht ch gia 3 hp phn: Nc (bo ha cao) Than bn (cht hu c) Thc vt ring. Nu 1 trong 3 hp phn ny b mt i th v c bn,

bn cht ca t than bn s b mt i.

2. NH NGHA & PHN LOI

t than bn c phn chia thnh cc dng khc nhau
da vo 3 yu t chnh l khu vc a l, a hnh v loi thm thc vt. Trn c s , hnh thnh nn rt nhiu

cch phn loi t than bn.

C 2 cch phn loi thng s dng c a ra bi T chc t ngp nc Quc t (Wetlands International) v y ban iu phi hnh ng ton cu trn cc vng t than bn (CC-GAP). Ngoi ra cn phn theo 2 loi: than bn nhit i v than bn n i.

2. NH NGHA & PHN LOI

Wetlands International chia thnh 5 loi:

Vng ng hoang (moors)

Bi ly (bogs) Vng ly (mires) Rng m ly than bn (peat swamp forests) Vng t ng bng vnh cu lnh nguyn (permafrost

tundra).

2. NH NGHA & PHN LOI

y ban iu phi hnh ng ton cu trn cc vng t than bn (CC-GAP ) chia thnh 2 loi:
Bi ly (bogs) Ngun nc chnh l nc ma, l nhng ni ngho dinh dng. m ly (fens) Ngun nc chnh l nc mt v nc ngm, giu dinh dng hn

3. QU TRNH HNH THNH T THAN BN

Cc vng t than bn c th thuc phm vi m ly nc ngt, nc mn hoc nc l vi cc qu trnh hnh thnh rt khc nhau. V n gin nht l

qu trnh hnh thnh trong phm vi m ly nc

ngt.

3. QU TRNH HNH THNH T THAN BN

Qu trnh hnh thnh ca vng t than bn nhit i
Giai on 1: Nc c gi li trong cc vng t trng t cc con sng gn hoc t nc ma. Giai on 2: S pht trin ca cc thm thc vt m ly. Cht hu c t l v cc phn ri rng khc ca cy tch ly. Qu trnh phn hy din ra t t. Sau do iu kin thiu O2 v thng kh km vi sinh vt phn hy cng hot ng chm li. Mu sc ca nc chuyn sang nu en, pH ti l t 2,5 4,5. Giai on 3: S pht trin ca rng m ly nc ngt. Lp than bn c hnh thnh sau rt nhiu nm (c tnh lng than bn tch t khong 2,5 4,5 mm/nm)

4. C IM & TNH CHT

Tng than bn dy t 0.6 - 2m hoc su hn. Hm lng Carbon kh cao, >20%. t c dung trng thp, t 0,1- 0,2 g/cm3. Hu ht cc loi t than bn c tnh axit, pH t 3 4.5 v t hn 5% khong st. Xc b hu c lun trong tnh trng ngp nc Phn ln t khong bn tng di cha vt liu sinh phn. Ngun dng cht trong t than bn rt thp: cc nguyn t vi lng, hm lng N v P tng cao nhng dng d hu

dng rt thp.

4. C IM & TNH CHT

Phu din t than bn, phn tim tng
K hiu tng t H1 su tng t (cm) 0 15 M t phu din

H2

15 35

H3

35 70

H4

70 95

HCr1

95 130

HCr2

130 - 160

Nu sm, hi en (Kh: 5YR 2/1,5); kh; bi (l lp than bn b xo trn trng mu); c t r khoai lang; nhiu xc b thc vt kh, nh vn; c t than en nh; chuyn lp t t. Nu en (m: 5YR 2/1,5; Kh: 5YR 2/2); lp than bn; m; nhiu xc b thc vt ang mc, lin kt cht, kh ly mu; chuyn lp t t en sm, hi nu (m: 5YR 1,7/1; Kh: 5YR 1,7/1); lp than bn tng i mn; m, st pha di t; c ln t xc cy mc; chuyn lp t ngt. Nu sm (m: 5YR 3/2; Kh: 5YR 5/1,5), nhanh chng i thnh mu sm; c t vt st mu nu sng hn (m: 5YR 4/2; Kh: 5YR 5/2); t, nho; do, dnh; c nhiu xc b thc vt ang phn hy; vn cn v cy sy, cc cy g pha ngoi mc nt, trong li cn cng; chuyn lp t t. Nu sm (m: 5YR 2/2.5; Kh: 10YR 5/1), nhanh chng i thnh mu sm; t nho; t dnh; c nhiu xc b thc vt nh tng trn, pha di t dn; xc thc vt mn hn; chuyn lp t t Xm sm (m: 2,5YR 4/15; Kh: 2,5Y 6/1); st; t; nho; do; dnh; nhiu vt en xc thc vt phn hy.

5. HIN TRNG & PHN B

Gn 4 triu km2 (khong 3%) din tch t lin trn b mt Tri t c bao ph bi t than bn, vi lng bn dy >30cm. Chng c tm thy hu ht cc quc gia trn th gii (hn 180 quc gia)

Bn lng t than bn phn b ti cc vng trn Th gii (tnh theo %)

5. HIN TRNG & PHN B

Khu vc ng Nam c khong 30 triu ha t than

bn c pht hin khp, chim 60% ton b ngun

than bn nhit i, c tnh tch tr khong 5% lng

cacbon c trn b mt Tri t.
Tn quc gia Indonesia Malaysia Brunei Thailand Vietnam Philippines Laos Myanmar Singapore Cambodia Din tch t than bn (km2) 210 000 25 000 1 000 646 360 110 1 35 0,01 0,5

5. HIN TRNG & PHN B

Ti Vit Nam din tch t than bn chim 36.000 ha v phn b ri rc nhiu ni trn c nc, ch yu l ng bng

sng Cu Long, trong rng U Minh, thuc cc tnh C Mau v

Kin Giang vi din tch khong 24.000 ha, trong mt din tch ln c chn l cc khu bo tn vn quc gia U

Minh Thng v U Minh H.

U Minh Thng

U Minh H

5. HIN TRNG & PHN B

Din tch t than bn ang gim st ng k, nguyn nhn l do chy rng v nn khai thc cn kit cc ngun ti nguyn, ngoi ra vic thot thy phc v cho nng lm nghip cng lm nh hng n din tch t than bn.

Chy rng U Minh H (C Mau)

5. HIN TRNG & PHN B

Hin trng a dng sinh hc cc vng t than bn ng Nam
Thc vt ti y l nhng loi c trng cho t cha axit, ngho dinh dng v ngp nc Loi cy c trng ch yu l cc cy n tht. ng vt c trng c chim, b st (c bit l rn c) v cc loi cn trng. 7 loi mo hoang c xc nhn tn ti v u c lit k vo sch ca IUCN (Lin minh quc t v bo tn thin nhin) trong danh mc nhng loi b e da (2007). Trong , h Sumantran loi h nh nht trn Th gii, b lit k vo nhng loi cc k nguy cp (vi s lng < 500 con).

5. HIN TRNG & PHN B

Vn Quc gia U Minh Thng Din tch vng li 8.053 ha, phn khu bo v nghim ngt 7.838 ha, 3.500 ha rng trm nguyn sinh. Vi h sinh thi rng ng phn, rng trm hn giao v rng trm trn t than bn ang giai on cc nh nguyn sinh. C 250 loi thc vt, 24 loi th, 4 loi di, 185 loi chim v nhiu

loi b st. C 10 loi c ghi trong sch v 12 loi chim ang

b e da tuyt chng. Rng trm nguyn sinh c h thng b thc vt v dy leo chng

cht, lau sy dy c, c lp than bn dy 1,2-2,5m.

6. LI CH & TR NGI
Li ch v kinh t S dng trong Nng Nghip nh phn bn hu c. S dng trong Cng Nghip nh nhin liu chy. S dng vo mc ch nng lng. Ngun ti nguyn g t cc vng t than bn. Ngun Lm sn phi g - Thu sn.

6. LI CH & TR NGI
Li ch v Mi Trng-X Hi: - Lc nc trong t nhin. - iu ha kh hu. - Tch tr cacbon. - Chc nng thy vn. - Sinh cnh sng cho ng thc vt - Khu bo tn v nghin cu khoa hc cho Vit Nam v Th Gii. - Trong than bn cn c axit humic, y l cht c tc dng kch thch tng trng ca cy trng.

6. LI CH & TR NGI

Cc tr ngi:
Trong than bn c hp cht bitumic rt kh phn gii, nu cha kh m em bn cho cy trng th khng nhng khng c

tc dng m cn lm gim nng sut v cht lng cy trng.

t c kh nng b st ln do thnh phn ch yu l xc b hu c di dng bn phn hu.

t c kh nng b phn ho khi mc thu cp h xung khi

tng t c cha vt liu sinh phn. Vn pht thi kh nh knh.

D pht sinh chy iu kin thch hp.

7. Qun l s dng & Bin php ci to

Qun l v s dng bn vng
- Thi gian gn y, tnh trng din tch t than bn Vit Nam

gim st ng k do cc hot ng ca con ngi, c bit do

vic thot thy phc v cho nng lm nghip, t than bn Vit Nam hu ht b chuyn i cho mc ch s dng khc, ch cn

nhng vng t than bn kh ln c duy tr v bo tn cc

vn quc gia U Minh Thng v U Minh H. - pht trin kinh t da trn tim nng than bn ng thi va bo v cc gi tr v mi trng m than bn em li, c quan qun l Nh nc v cng ng a phng cn c chin lc qun l v s dng t than bn mt cch hp l v bn vng.

7. Qun l s dng & Bin php ci to

Mt vi gii php qun l, khai thc v s dng than bn theo Tng cc a cht v khong sn Vit Nam:
- Cn c chnh sch khai thc, s dng hp l v bo v than

bn.
- u t, thm d, nh gi, quy hoch m bo khai thc khong sn hp l.

- p dng tin b khoa hc k thut v cng ngh mi trong

lnh vc a cht, thm d khong sn nhm c nhng nh gi chnh xc.

- Qu trnh thm d v khai thc cn c cc chnh sch BVMT

v phi c cp php bi cc c quan chc nng.

7. Qun l s dng & Bin php ci to

Mt vi gii php qun l, khai thc v s dng than bn
theo Tng cc a cht v khong sn Vit Nam:
- Hn ch ti a vic s dng than bn lm cht t v nhit lng ta ra khng cao, cht bc ln khi t gy c hi cho mi trng.

- Khuyn khch s dng than bn lm phn vi sinh.

- T chc cc chng trnh, hi tho, cuc thi nhm tuyn truyn, thc y qun l bn vng cc vng t than bn.

7. Qun l s dng & Bin php ci to

Bin php ci to t than bn:
- Tng cng qun l t than bn b vng c s tham gia
ca cng ng. - Nng cao nhn thc v nng lc cho cc cn b qun l ti

cc c quan trung ng, a phng v cng ng.

- Ngn nga suy thoi v ngn chn chy t than bn. - To thm cc h cha ln ch ng chng chy rng vo ma kh. - Bo v v hi phc cc vng sinh thi t than bn.

Kt Lun
- Din tch t than bn Vit nam v trn th gii ang ngy cng thu hp do cc hot ng s dng t canh tc, khai thc than bn hay chy rng. - Din tch rng b mt cng l mi e da ln n s a dng sinh hc ti cc vng t than bn ng Nam . Ngy cng c nhiu loi c a vo sch ca IUCN. - Bn cnh , vn pht thi kh nh knh cng ang tr nn ngy cng nghim trng hn. Cc kh nh knh (CO2, NH4, N2O) ang c pht thi t nhng khu rng m ly than bn chim mt lng rt ln trong pht thi kh nh knh, ch ng sau hot ng nng lng.

Kt Lun
Trn c s , cn c bin php ngn chn nhng tc ng xu ny bng vic:
- Qun l cht ch vic s dng ti nguyn t than bn. - C cc bin php phng nga ngn chn nguy c chy rng

trn din tch t than bn.

- Hn ch vic s dng than bn lm cht t do nhit lng to ra khng cao, pht thi kh gy dc hi cho Mi Trng. - C s kt hp gia nh nc, a phng v cng ng nhm bo v ti nguyn t v sinh thi vng t than bn. - Hp tc quc t, t chc cc hi tho, cuc thi nhm nng cao nng lc qun l cng nh hiu bit cho cng ng.