o an tot nghiep GVHD: Quyen Huy Anh

CHNG
TNH TON CONG SUAT VA TON THAT DIEN NANG
TRONG MAY BIEN AP
5.1 Ton that cong suat trong may bien ap
Ton that cong suat trong may bien ap bao gom ton that khong tai(ton that sat) va
ton that co tai(ton that dong).
Ton that cong suat tac dung va phan khang trong may bien ap duoc tnh theo cac cong
thuc sau:
)
S
S
( P P P
dm
pt
N O B
+ =
2 (5-1)

)
dm
pt
N O B
S
S
( Q Q Q + =
2 (5-2)
O day:
N O
P , P
la ton that cong suat tac dung khong tai va ngan mach cua may
bien ap, cho trong ly lich cua may, kW;
N O
Q , Q
la ton that cong suat phan khang
khong tai va ngan mach cua may bien ap, kVAr; dm pt
S , S
la phu tai toan phan(thuong lay
bang phu tai tnh toan Spt) va dung luong dinh muc cua may bien ap, kVA.
Cac ton that
0
Q va
N
Q duoc tnh theo cong thuc sau:

; kVAr ,
100
i%.S
Q
dm
0
=
(5-3)

kVAr; ,
100
%.S U
Q
dm N
N
=
(5-4)
O day: i% la gia tri tuong doi cua dong dien khong tai,cho trong ly lich may;
% U
N
lagia tri
tuong doi cua dien ap ngan mach cho trong ly lich may.
Trong truong hop tnh toan so bo ta co the dung cong thuc gan dung sau day:
dm B
0,025).S (0,02 P = (5-5)
dm B
0,125).S (0,105 Q = (5-6)

Cac cong thuc tren duoc dung cho may bien ap co
5,5 % U 7, 5 i% 1000kVA, S
N dm
= =
5.2. Ton that dien nang trong may bien ap:
Ton that dien nang trong may bien ap duoc xac dinh theo cong thuc sau:
.
2

+ =
dm
pt
N 0 B
S
S
P t P A (5-7)
Tram Bien Ap
o an tot nghiep GVHD: Quyen Huy Anh
O day:
N 0
P , P la ton that cong suat tac dung khong tai va ngan mach cua may bien
ap,cho trong ly lich may,kW; dm pt
S , S
la phu tai toan phan(thuong lay bang phu tai tnh toan(
tt
S
)
va dung luong dinh muc cua may bien ap.kVA,
- t la thoi gian van hanh thuc te cua may bien ap,h.Bnh thuong may bien ap duoc dong
dien suot mot nam nen lay t=8760h;
-

la thoi gian ton that cong suat lon nhat,h: duoc cho boi bang 5-8
Trong truong hop co n may bien ap giong nhau lam viec song song trong mot tram th ton
that dien nang cua may bien ap trong tram do la:
.
2
dm
pt
N 0 B
S
S
P
n
1
t n A

+ = (5-9)
Bang 5 - 8 Thoi gian ton that cong suat lon nhat,

T
max
,h

, h
Cos

tb
1 0,8 0,6
2000 800 - -
2500 1000 - -
3000 1300 2000 2700
3500 1600 2150 3000
4000 2000 2750 3400
4500 2500 3300 3750
5000 2900 3650 4150
5500 3500 4150 4600
6000 4200 4600 5000
6500 5000 5300 5500
7000 5700 5900 6100
7500 6600 6050 6700
8000 7900 7400 7400
8760 8760 8760 8760
5.3.Dien nang tieu thu trong mot nam
ien nang tieu thu trong mot nam cua may bien ap duoc tnh theo cong thuc sau:
kWh .T P A
max, tt
=
(5-10)
O day:
-
tt
P
la phu tai tnh toan,kW;
- T
max
la thoi gian su dung cong suat lon nhat,h.
Thoi gian T
max
phu thuoc vao so ca lam viec trong mot ngay dem va dac trung cua qua trnh san
xuat.Gia tri T
max
cua mot so x nghiep dien hnh duoc cho boi bang 5-11
Tram Bien Ap
o an tot nghiep GVHD: Quyen Huy Anh
Bang 5-11.Thoi gian T
max
cua mot so x nghiep
X nghiep
He so
T
max
,h
Nhu cau
nc
K
tb
cos
X nghiep hoa chat 0,35 0,7 6200
X nghiep loc dau 0,35 0,8 7100
Che tao may co nang 0,22 0,62 3770
Che tao may cong cu 0,23 0,65 4345
Co kh sua chua 0,22 0,63 4140
Sua chua oto 0,20 0,76 4370
Che tao do dien 0,31 0,64 4280
Trong truong hop khong co lieu chnh xac ta co the lay gan dung nhu sau:
Lam viec 1 ca
3000h 2500 T
max
=
Lam viec 2 ca
5000h 4500 T
max
=
Lam viec 3 ca
7000h 6500 T
max
=
5.4. Van hanh tram bien ap
Khi thiet ke tram bien ap va cac thiet bi phan phoi trong tram,ngoai viec thoa man cac yeu
cau ve kinh te ky thuat,con can chu y den van de thuan tien ,an toan trong van hanh va lien tuc
cung cap dien..e dam bao tram van hanh an toan va tin cay can phai tuan thu mot so nguyen tac
chung sau :
1.Tuan thu chat che trnh tu thao tac:
oi voi tram bien ap can tuan thu cac thao tac:
a. Khi bat dau cung cap dien
- ong cac dao cach ly cua duong day vao tram (pha cao ap).ong thiet bi chong set.ong dao
cach ly phan doan thanh cai cao ap va ha ap.
- ong may cat cao ap cua duong day vao tram.
- ong may cat cao ap cua may bien ap
- ong may cat pha ha ap
- Tuy theo yeu cau cua phu tai dong cac may cat cung cap cho tung tai
b. Khi ngung cung cap dien.
- Cat cac may cat cua cac duong day phu tai
- Cat cac may cat pha ha ap cua may bien ap
Noi chung trnh tu thao tac nguoc lai tu duoi len.
e dam bao an toan,tranh nham lan gay su co nguy hiem,moi lan dong cat phai co phieu thao tac
ghi ro trnh tu dong cat tung phan tu thiet bi dien.
2.Kiem tra
Phai co che do kiem tra thuong xuyen va kiem tra dinh ky.
Thuong xuyen kiem tra phu tai cua may bien ap; doi voi may bien ap va cac may cat dau
phai co che do kiem nghiem dinh ky chat cach dien.
Thuc hien day du che do kiem tra se som phat hien nhung cho hu hong va kip thoi sua
chua,ngan chan su co co the xay ra(dac biet la cac thiet bi dong cat vabao ve).
Tram Bien Ap
o an tot nghiep GVHD: Quyen Huy Anh
3.Van hanh kinh te map bien ap
Van hanh kinh te may bien ap la phuong thuc van hanh the nao de dat duoc ton
that cong suat trong may bien ap la t nhat.Do do chi ph van hanh va ton that dien nang
la t nhat.Van de dat ra ch co y ngha khi tram co tu hai may bien ap tro len.
Tram co hai may bien ap .Can xet nen cho hai may van hanh theo quy luat the nao de dat
hieu qua kinh te nhat. Biet rang ton that cong suat tac dung trong may bien ap(ke ca thanh phan
do cong suat phan khang gay ra) duoc tnh nhu sau:
2

+ =
dm
N
'
0
'
B
'
S
S
P P P ;
O day:
0
Q k P P
kt 0
0
'
+ =
N kt N
N
'
Q k P P + =
-
kt
k
la duong luong kinh te cua cong suat phan khang.
Tu bieu thuc (5-1) ta thay rang ton that cong suat trong may bien ap gom hai thanh phan:
- Thanh phan khong co quan he voi phu tai
0
'
P a =
- Thanh phan ty le voi phu tai
2
dm
2
N
'
S
S
P
b =
Vay:
2
B
'
bS a P + =
uong cong bieu dien quan he ( ) S f P
B
'
= la mot duong parabol (hnh 5-12)
Tu hnh 5-12,uong net dut la duong van hanh voi ton that cong suat t nhat.
Nhu vay:
- Khi
1
S S
nen cho mot mnh may bien ap 1 lam viec
- Khi S
1
< S < S
2
nen cho mot mnh may bien ap 2 lam viec
- Khi
2
S S
nen cho hai may van hanh song song
Hnh 5-12 .uong cong ( ) S f P
B
'
= cua may bien ap 1 va 2:
1.duong cong ton that cong suat cua may bien ap 1;2. duong cong ton that cong suat cua may bien
ap 2; 3 duong cong ton that cong suat cua may bien ap 1 va2 van hanh song song.
Tram Bien Ap
S
1
S
2
S
k v a
1
2
3
o an tot nghiep GVHD: Quyen Huy Anh
Neu tram co n may bien ap co tham so giong nhau th bieu thuc sau cho phep tnh tri so
phu tai bat dau tu do nen chuyen tu viec van hanh mot may sang van hanh n may de co loi ve mat
kinh te.
( )
N
'
0
'
dm
P
P
1 n n S S =
Can chu y la trong thuc te phu tai co the luon luon bien doi (hnh5-13).
Hnh 5-13.o thi phu tai hang ngay:
1.truoc khi dieu chnh phu tai.2.sau khi dieu chnh phu tai.
Neu muon van hanh may bien ap kinh te theo nhung trnh bay o tren th trong thoi gian:
Tu 0 den t
1
: Cho may bien ap 1 van hanh;
Tu t
1
den t
2
: Cho may bien ap 2 van hanh;
Tu t
2
den t
3
:Cho hai may bien ap van hanh song song
.Trong thuc te de van hanh kinh te tram bien ap nguoi ta sap xep lich lam viec cua cac
may,dieu chnh lai de co do thi phu tai tuong doi bang phang.Sau khi dieu chnh do thi phu tai nhu
vay chung ta moi can cu vao tri so phu tai de cho cac may bien ap van hanh phu hop voi dieu kien
kinh te(Tranh viec dong cat thuong xuyen may bien ap v dieu nay anh huong toi tuoi tho cua thiet
bi)
V du o hnh 5-13 sau khi dieu chnh phu tai phuong thuc van hanh co the nhu sau:
Tu t
5
den t
1
: Cho may bien ap 1 van hanh;
Tu t
1
den t
3
vat
4
den t
5
: Cho hai may bien ap van hanh;
Tu t
3
den t
4
: Cho hai may van hanh song song;
Tram Bien Ap
o an tot nghiep GVHD: Quyen Huy Anh
5.5. Nhu cau van hanh song song cac may bien ap
Nhu cau van hanh song song hai hoac nhieu hon cac may bien ap xay ra khi:
- Tai phat trien,vuot qua kha nang cua mot may bien ap hien co;
- Thieu khong gian (do cao) cho mot may bien ap lon;
- Tang cuong do tin cay (kha nang hu cung luc hai may bien ap rat nho);
- Su tuan theo kch co chuan cua may bien ap trong toan mang dien.
Cong !uat to"ng #$VA%
Khi hai hoac nhieu may bien ap cung cong suat dinh muc (kVA) noi song song,th bang
tong cong suat dinh muc cua tung may voi dieu kien can thiet la cac may bien ap nay co cung
dien ap ngan mach va cung ty so bien ap.
Cac may bien ap co cong suat dinh muc khac nhau se chia tai thuc te(nhung dieu nay
khong hoan toan chnh xac)ty le voi cong suat dinh muc cua chung.ieu kien van hanh song
song bay gio la ty so bien ap giong nhau va tong tro ngan mach phan tram la dong nhat hoac
gan giong nhau.
Trong truong hop nay, cong suat dinh muc duoc tnh
% 90
tong hai tri so cong suat dinh
muc
Nguoi ta khuyen cao rang khi cac may bien ap co ty so cac cong suat dinh muc lon hon
2:1,khong nen van hanh song song thuong xuyen.
Ca& 'ieu $ien &an thiet 'e" (an ha)nh !ong !ong
Tat ca cac phan tu van hanh song song phai duoc cap nguon tu mot luoi chung.
Dong khong can bang(khong the tranh duoc) chay quan giua cac pha thu cap cua cac may
bien ap song song la rat be va co the bo qua duoc khi:
+ cap noi tu thu cap may bien ap toi diem noi chung cua mach song song phai cung loai va
co chieu dai gan bang nhau;
+ to dau day (sao,tam giac,sao kieu zigzag) trong cac may bien ap phai co cung su bien doi
pha giua cuon day so va thu;
- dien ap ngan mach phan tram phai bang nhau hoac khac nhau t hon 10%;
- su khac nhau ve tri so dien ap giua cac pha tuong ung khong duoc vuot qua 0,4%.
Cac kieu dau day thong thuong
Nhu da mo ta trong muc 4.4 cac kieu dau day,moi quan he giua cac cuon day so,thu va cuon
thu ba phu thuoc vao:
- loai dau day(sao,tam giac,sao kieu zigzag);
- cach noi cac cuon day pha.
V du khi noi kieu sao se cho ra dien ap nguoc 180o voi cac dien ap tao ra neu dau sao o
chieu nguoc lai.Tuong tu nhu vay,do lech goc pha 180o se xay ra trong hai truong hop khi
noi cac cuon day vao dien ap day cho kieu noi day tam giac,trong khi do kieu zigzag co the
thuc hien theo 4 cach phoi hop voi nhau;
- goc lech pha cua ap thu cap so voi pha so cap nhu da noi tren luon bang mot boi so cua
30o ,phu thuoc vao cach noi day va cach noi cuc tnh cua cac cuon day pha.Cach noi thong
dung nhat doi voi may bien ap phan phoi la Dyn-11.
Tram Bien Ap
o an tot nghiep GVHD: Quyen Huy Anh
Tram Bien Ap