TRNG I HC CN TH

TRUNG TM O TO T XA

TI LIU HNG DN HC TP

LUT SO SNH

Bin son: Ths. Tng Thanh Phng

Lu hnh ni b
Nm 2010

Phn m u
Lut so snh bao gm: so snh cc h thng php lut khc nhau nhm tm ra
s tng ng v khc bit; s dng nhng s tng ng v khc bit tm ra
nhm gii thch ngun gc, nh gi cch gii quyt trong cc h thng php lut,
phn nhm cc h thng php lut hoc tm ra nhng vn ct li, c bn ca cc
h thng php lut v x l nhng vn mang tnh cht phng php ny sinh trong
qu trnh so snh lut, bao gm c nhng vn khi nghin cu lut nc ngoi 1.
Theo nh ngha nu trn, phm vi nghin cu ca mn hc lut so snh l rt
rng. V th, gii hn trong thi lng 30 tit l thuyt, chng trnh hc mn lut so
snh ca Khoa Lut- i hc Cn Th ch gii thiu cc vn c bn nh: i
tng ca lut hc so snh, phng php so snh, li ch ca vic so snh, cc h
thng php lut tiu biu trn th gii v mt s gii php c o trong lnh vc lut
dn s ca mt s h thng php lut tin tin trn th gii i vi ch nh chim
hu, giao kt hp ng
1. Gii thiu khi qut mn hc:
Mn hc ny gip sinh vin tip cn cc kin thc c bn v lut hc so snh
cng nh nhn thc c nhng nt c o ca cc nn lut hc tin tin trn th
gii qua vic tm hiu cc h thng php lut nh Anh, Php, Hoa K, c, Nht
Bn, Trung Quc v tm hiu mt s gii php c o ca cc h thng php lut
ny i vi cc ch nh chim hu, giao kt hp ng, trust trong lut ca Anh
2. Mc tiu mn hc:
Ngi hc c c kin thc c bn v cc h thng php lut tiu biu trn
th gii cng nh vn dng c cc phng php khoa hc c th so snh cc
ch nh php lut trong h thng php lut Vit Nam vi ch nh php lut tng
ng trong cc h thng php lut nc ngoi.
3. Yu cu mn hc:
Mn hc ny c ging dy cho sinh vin ngnh lut nm th t. Sinh vin
cn nm gi cc kin thc c bn v lut dn s trc khi hc mn ny. Bn cnh ti
liu ny, sinh vic bt buc phi c Gio trnh lut so snh ca Khoa Lut i hc
Cn Th do TS. Nguyn Ngc in bin son vo nm 2006.

4. Cu trc mn hc:
1

Lut so snh, GS. Michael Bogdan, i hc Tng hp Lund- Thy in, 1994

Mn hc gm hai phn chnh:

- Phn chung: Gii thiu v lut so snh v cc h thng php lut tiu biu
trn th gii.
- Phn chuyn : Gii thiu v ch nh chim hu trong lut Php, c v
Anh; ch php l v giao kt hp ng trong lut Anh, Php, c v Italia; ch
nh Trust trong lut ca Anh.

PHN I: PHN CHUNG

Chng 1

Tng quan v so snh lut

1. Khi nim lut so snh
Lut so snh l mt ngnh khoa hc lut m chc nng ch yu ca n l so
snh cc h thng php lut khc nhau nhm tm ra s tng ng v khc bit; s
dng nhng s tng ng v khc bit tm ra nhm gii thch ngun gc, nh
gi cch gii quyt trong cc h thng php lut, phn nhm cc h thng php lut
hoc tm ra nhng vn ct li, c bn ca cc h thng php lut v x l nhng
vn mang tnh cht phng php ny sinh trong qu trnh so snh lut, bao gm c
nhng vn khi nghin cu lut nc ngoi.
2. i tng ca lut so snh
- i tng v m: cc h thng php l (theo ngha tng i, h thng php
l l lut c p dng 1 nc). V d: tm hiu s khc bit ca h thng php l
ca Php v Anh. S khc bit c th do mi h thng php l chu nh hng t cc
yu t vn ha, kinh t, chnh tr, tn gio,... khc nhau.
- i tng vi m: gii php ca mi h thng lut i vi tng vn php
l c th. V d: tm hiu cc gii php khc bit ca lut Php v lut c i vi
khi nim chim hu. S khc bit c th do quan im v vn (nh hng t cc
yu t vn ha, kinh t, chnh tr, tn gio,...), cch nhn nhn vn , cch s dng
cng c k thut t duy c dng phn tch vn khng ging nhau trong cc
h thng lut.
3. Phng php
- So snh bng khi nim:
+ Dng chnh khi nim ca lut c so snh m t lut .
+ Dng khi nim lut trong nc m t lut nc ngoi.
- So snh t cc cn c lch s: tm hiu ngun gc ca gii php c th i
vi mt vn php l.
- So snh da vo cc yu t vn ha, x hi: nhm xem xt s tc ng ca
cc yu t ny n vn ho php l ca mi h thng lut.
4. Li ch ca vic so snh lut
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- Hiu r hn v lut trong nc: Vic nhn nhn phn tch lut trong nc
trong mi quan h so snh vi lut nc ngoi cho php hiu r hn v ngun gc,
bn cht ca nhng gii php ln to thnh nt c th ca lut trong nc.
- Gip hon thin h thng lut trong nc:Vic hiu bit lut nc ngoi cho
php ngi nghin cu lut trong nc c iu kin cn nhc, la chn cc phng
n thc y s hon thin ca lut trong nc, cc phng n c xy dng t cc
kt qu vn dng cc thnh tu ca lut nc ngoi.
- To iu kin pht trin quan h quc t: Vic so snh lut cho php hon
thin s hiu bit v lut nc ngoi v iu c bit c ch trong cc quan h
php lut c yu t nc ngoi v trong vic gii quyt cc xung t php l c v
lnh vc t php v cng php quc t.
- Hnh thnh mt l lun chung v php lut: Vic so snh lut thc y s
pht trin mt h thng php lut chung trong bi cnh hi nhp quc t hin nay, c
bit l trong lnh vc lut thng mi.
5. Phn loi cc nn lut hc
5.1. Li ch v tiu ch phn loi
Vic phn loi cc nn lut hc cho php hnh dung s tn ti ca nhng nhm
h thng php l c nhng im tng ng c bn, to thnh mt trng phi phn
bit vi cc trng phi khc. S khc bit gia cc h thng lut khng mang
ngha i lp m ch yu th hin tnh a dng ca vn ho php l v ca vn ho
ni chung.
Vic phn loi cc nn lut hc thng da vo cc nhm tiu ch ch yu sau
y:
-

Nhm tiu ch gn lin vi quan nim v trt t x hi.

Nhm tiu ch gn lin vi quan nim v vai tr ca lut.

Nhm tiu ch gn lin vi quan nim v cc ngun ca lut.

Nhm tiu ch gn lin vi cch cu trc quy phm php lut.

5.2. Cch phn loi truyn thng: lut phng Ty v lut phng ng
5.2.1. Lut phng Ty
- S thng nht ca lut phng Ty: lut phng Ty bao gm cc nn lut
php da trn mt quan nim c th v trt t x hi v mt s nguyn tc c th
thit lp trn c s quan nim nh: nguyn tc tn vinh vai tr ca c nhn trong

i sng php l, nguyn tc v tnh th tc ca i sng php l, nguyn tc tn

trng t do c nhn.
- S phn cc ca lut phng Ty: S phn cc ca lut phng Ty thnh
hai h thng ln lut la tinh v lut Anh-M - c ngun gc t s khc bit trong
vic xy dng v s dng cc cng c k thut phn tch, m t i tng ca lut.
+ Lut la tinh, c hiu l lut ca cc nc Chu u v Chu M la tinh.
Cc nc theo lut la tinh chu nh hng su sc ca lut La M. Lut ca cc nc
ny c trng bi cc khi nim tru tng v vic xy dng cc quy tc tng qut,
bi vic coi trng lut vit so vi cc ngun khc ca lut cng nh bi vic phn
bit lut ni dung v lut t tng. Trong cc nc theo lut la tinh, ngi ta thng
tha nhn s tn ti ca lut t nhin, tc l cc quy tc c gi tr ph qut, gi l l
phi, l cng bng. V hnh thc, lut la tinh thng c cha ng trong cc b
lut
+ Lut Anh-M, l lut ca Anh, Ireland, M, Canada v New Zealand. Lut
cc nc ny da ch yu vo cc quy tc c rt ra t qu trnh xt x cc v n.
Cc quy tc ny c tnh c th rt cao v, trong nhiu trng hp, l s pha trn gia
lut ni dung v lut t tng. C th nhn thy rng cc nc theo trng phi AnhM l cc nc ni ting Anh.
- S tng ng gia lut la tinh v lut Anh-M: Hai h thng lut ny
ngy cng c nhng im tng ng do s gp g v giao thoa vn ho.
+ V ngun ca lut, cc nc theo vn ho php l la tinh dnh cho n l mt
v tr ngy cng quan trng. Trong khi , cc nc theo vn ho php l Anh-M
ngy cng c xu hng php in ho php lut ca mnh.
+ V ni dung, cc nc theo vn ho php l Anh-M bt u dung np cc
khi nim ca lut la tinh, nht l trong lnh vc s hu v hp ng. V phn mnh,
cc nc theo vn ho php l la tinh c xu hng vn dng cc thnh tu ca lut
Anh-M trong lnh vc thng mi hon thin h thng php lut thng mi ca
mnh.
5.2.1. Lut phng ng
Gi chung l lut phng ng cc nn lut php khng c xp vo nhm
lut phng Ty, bao gm lut chu Phi v lut chu .
a. Cc lut truyn thng:
Lut chu Phi, lut Hi gio, lut Hindou, lut ca cc nc chu Vin
ng.
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*Lut ca cc nc chu Vin ng (da trn t tng Khng- Mnh)

- Nguyn tc tn vinh vai tr ca gia nh: trong quan nim truyn thng, gia
nh, ch khng phi c nhn, l ch th ca lut. Gia nh trong lut c l ch s
hu cc ti sn t v l ngi c cc quyn v ngha v ti sn trong quan h vi Nh
nc v vi cc gia nh khc.
- Nguyn tc trung dung: ch trng rng s cn bng l mc tiu cao nht ca
x hi. Ch ngha trung dung ln n cc hnh ng cc oan, thi qu, cao vai tr
ca vic ho gii, tha nhn quyn hn rng ri ca ch gia nh v tn ti trt t gia
nh, x hi.
b. Cc lut hin i:
Trong th k 20, Chu Phi v Chu chu tc ng rt mnh ca cc tro lu
t tng c ngun gc t phng Ty v thay i mt cch su sc. Lut phng
Ty tc ng vo c th l lut latinh hoc lut Anh-M tu theo nc hu quan tng
l thuc a ca mt nc chu u i lc hay ca Anh.
Cc nc theo ch XHCN, nh Trung Quc, Vit Nam cn chu nh hng
mnh m ca lut x vit trong thi k u sau chin tranh th gii ln th II. n
thi k hi nhp, m ca, cc nc ny tip nhn lut phng Ty, c bit trong
vic hin i ho php lut dn s v thng mi.

Bi tp
Sinh vin chn phn tr li ng nht ca mi cu ghi vo bng di y (ch chn
mt trong bn kh nng: a, b, c, d).
1. C th so snh lut bng cc phng php nh l:
a. So snh bng khi nim
b. So snh t cc cn c lch s
c. So snh bng cch da vo cc yu t vn ha, x hi
d. Tt c u ng
2. Lut phng Ty bao gm cc nn lut php da trn mt quan nim c th v
trt t x hi vi cc nguyn tc sau:
a. Nguyn tc tn vinh vai tr ca c nhn, nguyn tc v tnh th tc ca i
sng php l v nguyn tc tn trng t do c nhn
b. Nguyn tc tn vinh vai tr ca gia nh v nguyn tc trung dung
c. Nguyn tc tun th tuyt i cc tn iu tn gio v cc nguyn tc da
trn c tin v tn gio
d. Tt c u ng
7

3. Phn loi cc nn lut hc bng cch tm hiu xem liu mt h thng php lut coi
lut vit hoc n l hoc tc l l nn tng ca lut l vic phn loi da trn:
a. Tiu ch gn lin vi quan nim v trt t x hi
b. Tiu ch gn lin vi quan nim v vai tr ca lut
c. Tiu ch gn lin vi quan nim v cc ngun ca lut
d. Tiu ch gn lin vi cch cu trc quy phm php lut
4. C th thy nh hng ca h thng php l Anh-M n h thng php l la tinh
qua du hiu:
a. Cc nc theo vn ho php l la tinh dnh cho n l mt v tr ngy cng
quan trng
b. Cc nc theo vn ha php l la tinh c xu hng vn dng cc thnh tu
ca lut Anh-M trong lnh vc thng mi
c. Cc nc theo vn ho php l la tinh ngy cng c xu hng php in ho
php lut ca mnh
d. a v b ng

Chng 2

Cc h thng php lut tiu biu trn th gii

I. H thng tiu biu do tm nh hng i vi lut ca cc nc khc trn th
gii
1. Lut ca Php
1.1. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin
Lut ca Php l s kt hp gia lut La m, lut germanique, lut gio hi v
s sng to ca cc nh lut hc. Cch mng t sn (1789) th tiu h thng php
lut phong kin, ng thi thit lp nn php lut mi.Cc b lut ln lt ra i, ni
ting nht l B lut dn s Napolon 1804.
1.2. Lut t
- Lut dn s: Lut dn s Php gii quyt bn vn ln: 1. Cc ch th ca
lut l ai? 2. Cc ch th ca lut c nhng quyn g? 3. Cc quyn ch th c xc
lp v thc hin nh th no? 4. Cc bin php bo m i vi vic thc hin quyn
ch th l nhng bin php g? Lut dn s cn c gi l lut chung ca h thng
lut t, ngha l lut c p dng trong tt c cc trng hp khng c quy nh
ngc li trong cc lut ring.
+ Lut ti sn ca Php chu nh hng ca lut La m: chp nhn quyn s
hu l tuyt i v c quyn, cc quan nim v quyn i vt v quyn i nhn.
+ Lut ngha v ca Php bao gm hai phn: phn l thuyt chung v lut v
cc hp ng thng dng. L thuyt chung li c chia thnh hai phn ln: lut hp
ng v lut trch nhim dn s. Lut hp ng cng chu nh hng lut La m,
ng thi c nhng nt c trng ring; mt trong nhng nt c trng ng ch l
l thuyt v nguyn nhn ca ngha v kt c. Trch nhim dn s c quy kt,
trn nguyn tc, do li (BLDS iu 1382); nhng trch nhim dn s khng do li
cng c tha nhn.
- Lut thng mi bao gm cc quy tc chi phi hot ng ngh nghip ca
thng nhn, c nhng khi nim rt c th nh hnh vi thng mi, sn nghip
thng mi. Cc cng ty Php u c t cch php nhn tr loi cng ty d phn.
1.3. Lut cng
H thng lut cng c hon thin trn c s Hin php (Hin php c hiu
lc hin nay Php l Hin php 1958).
9

- Lut hin php: Nh nc Php theo ch cng ho, c t chc theo

cc nguyn tc ca l thuyt phn quyn.
+ C quan lp php bao gm Quc hi v Thng vin.
+ B my hnh php gm c Tng thng v Chnh ph: ng u Chnh ph
l Th tng do Tng thng b nhim; Chnh ph c cc quyn hn rng ri trong
i ni, cn Tng thng c cc quyn hn rng ri trong i ngoi.
+ H thng t php: ng u l To ph n. Bn cnh h thng ti phn t
php cn c h thng ti phn hnh chnh, do Hi ng nh nc ng u.
+ Hi ng bo hin: c quyn kim tra tnh hp hin ca cc o lut, y l
thit ch c lp vi tt c cc thit ch quyn lc.
- Lut hnh chnh: H thng hnh chnh c t chc v vn hnh theo
nguyn tc phi tp trung ho v tn quyn. Cc thit ch a phng, bao gm vng,
tnh, qun ( cc thnh ph ln) v x c trao cc quyn hn rng ri qun l
dn c theo lnh th.
- H thng t php:
+ To n t php c phn thnh nhm: to n xt x v ni dung v to ph
n. To n xt x v ni dung li phn thnh cc to n hnh s v to n dn s. To
n hnh s bao gm to vi cnh, to tiu hnh, to i hnh, to n qun s. To n
dn s bao gm cc to nht cp v to phc thm. To ph n khng phi l l
cp xt x v ni dung m ch nh gi cht lng p dng php lut ca cc bn n
ca to cp di.
+ To n hnh chnh c ba cp: s thm, phc thm v hi ng nh nc.
To n hnh chnh c thm quyn xt x cc v n hnh chnh v thm tra tnh hp
php ca cc vn bn lp quy.
2. Lut ca c
2.1. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin
Lut ca c theo truyn thng la tinh. Vic tip nhn lut La m din ra t
th k XIV thng qua vic ging dy lut ti cc trng i hc. n thi k ca cc
nh nc lin bang, xut hin hc thuyt v lut t nhin, c trng bi tnh duy l v
tnh c nhn ch ngha. Di nh hng ca hc thuyt ny, c tin hnh xy dng
cc b lut.
2.2. Lut t
- Lut dn s : B lut dn s c c ban hnh vo nm 1896, c hiu lc
vo nm 1900, c nh hng ln n lut dn s Trung Quc v Nht Bn.
10

+ Lut ti sn ca c chu nh hng ca lut La m: chp nhn quyn s

hu l tuyt i v c quyn, cc quan nim v quyn i vt v quyn i nhn.
Ch ng k bt ng sn c t chc rt cht ch. Vic ng k mt quyn i
vt bt ng sn vo s a b c tc dng thit lp bng chng chnh thc v s tn
ti ca quyn .
+ Lut hp ng cng chu nh hng ca lut La m. Lut cm mt s iu
khon c tc dng to ra tnh trng mt cn i nghim trng v quyn v ngha v
ca cc bn trong hp ng, c bit trong trng hp ngi v tr bt li l ngi
tiu dng.
+ Lut v trch nhim dn s ngoi hp ng tha nhn ba nhm trch nhim:
trch nhim do hnh vi ca con ngi; trch nhim do li c suy on v trch
nhim do ri ro.
-Lut thng mi : Lut thng mi, c hiu l lut t dnh cho thng
nhn, c quy nh ch yu trong B lut thng mi nm 1897. Cc cng ty c
tha nhn tng t nh lut ca Php. Ngi c l tc gi ca m hnh cng ty
trch nhim hu hn.
2.3. Lut cng
- Bo v cc quyn c bn : Cc quyn c bn ca cng dn c ghi nhn
trong hin php v c bo m bng mt h thng t php rt hu hiu. c bit,
lut ca c cho php cng dn kin ra to n v hiu ho mt o lut c cho
l vi phm cc quy nh ca hin php lin quan n cc quyn ca cng dn.
- Bo v cng dn : Ch bo v cng dn trong mi quan h vi quyn lc
cng c xy dng rt cht ch. N cho php cng dn tin hnh cc v n nhm v
hiu ho cc quyt nh hnh chnh bt hp l ca chnh quyn (khi kin trc to
n hnh chnh), cng nh yu cu bi thng thit hi do hot ng ca chnh quyn
gy ra (khi kin trc to n dn s).
3. Lut ca Anh
3.1. Lch s pht trin
3.1.1. Common law
Lut chung ca vng quc. Cc vua Anh giao cho cc thm phn quyn
thay mt mnh xt x cc v tranh chp xy ra trn lnh th. Trong qu trnh gii
quyt cc tranh chp y, cc thm phn xy dng h thng n l thng nht trn ton
lnh th Anh bao gm cc quy tc pha trn lut ni dung v lut th tc. n th k
XIII, cc n l tr nn n nh v to thnh khun mu m cc thm phn phi da
vo xt x cc v vic tng t.
11

3.1.2. Equity
Lut i trng ca common law. Trong trng hp xt thy cc phn quyt
ca to n common law l khng tho ng, ngi dn c quyn ku ni n tn nh
vua. Nh vua hoc Chng n (c nh vua Anh u quyn) trc tip th l v gii
quyt cc khiu ni . Trong qu trnh gii quyt cc khiu ni, Chng n, xy
dng cc quy tc c tnh cht khc phc cc nhc im ca common law. Tp hp
cc quy tc ny to thnh mt h thng lut gi l Equity.
S tn ti song song ca common law v equity. Equity dn dn tr thnh
mt h thng lut c lp b sung cho common law, thm ch tr thnh i trng ca
common law.
3.1.3. Lut vit
Cc o lut c ngun gc t ngh vin. Lut vit c gi tr cao hn common
law v equity; tuy nhin, ngi lm lut thng ch dng li vic cng c, hon
thin common law v equity, thay v chng li cc h thng lut ny.
Cc vn bn quy phm khc. Ngh vin c th u thc quyn lp php cho
cc b trng. Ngh vin cng c th a vo lut quc gia cc quy tc trong cc
cng c quc t hoc trong lut Chu u.
3.2. Lut t
3.2.1 Lut dn s.
- Lut v hnh vi tri php lut v lut hp ng.
+ Lut v hnh vi tri php lut (tort law) l c s ca trch nhim php l
trong cuc sng dn s ngoi hp ng. T tng ch o theo truyn thng l ngi
no c hnh vi xm phm mt quyn hoc tri vi o c th phi chu trch nhim;
tuy nhin, h thng trch nhim dn s hin i li da vo khi nim tc trch, c
hiu l s vi phm i vi ngha v c x thn trng, ng mc trong x hi cng
dn.
+ Lut hp ng gm cc quy tc phi phi quan h kt c. Mt trong nhng
iu kin c bn hp ng n gin c gi tr l s tn ti ca vt nh i
(consideration). Trong trng hp mt bn vi phm hp ng, bn kia c quyn yu
cu bi thng thit hi hoc yu cu thc hin ng hp ng.
- Lut ti sn. Ngi Anh khng phn bit gia quyn i vt v quyn i
nhn. Tha nhn s tn ti ca quyn s hu theo ngha ca lut la tinh, ngi Anh
ng thi cng tha nhn s tn ti cng mt lc ca nhiu quyn khc i vi cng

12

mt ti sn. c bit, trust, mt ch nh c ngun gc t equity, c th c coi l

biu tng ca lut ti sn ca Anh.
3.2.2 Lut t tng dn s
Lut t tng dn s Anh c trng bi hai tnh cht c bit ca th tc: vn
p v co buc.
3.3. Lut cng
3.3.1 Lut hnh chnh
Theo truyn thng, ngi cng chc Anh trn nguyn tc c i x khng
khc ngi dn thng. Bi vy, cc hnh vi ca ngi cng chc c th b cng dn
phn bc v mt t php theo cng mt cch nh cng dn bnh thng, ngha l
trc to n thng lut, tr mt s trng hp ngoi l c a ra xem xt ti to
n hnh chnh.Vic kim tra t php i vi hot ng ca chnh quyn cng do to
n thng lut thc hin.
3.3.2 H thng t php
H thng t php Anh c trng bi s thng nht: t nhn v c quan nh
nc u chu s chi phi ca cng mt h thng ti phn.
- Cc nhn vt chnh trong h thng t php bao gm cc lut s t vn
(solicitors), i lut s (barristers) v thm phn.
- H thng to n chia thnh hai bc: to n cp di v to n cp trn. To n
ti cao l mt thit ch mi.
+ To n cp di bao gm to ho gii v to qun.
+ To n cp trn bao gm to cp cao, to ca vng quyn v to phc
thm.
II. H thng tiu biu do sc mnh kinh t ca nc i din
1. Lut ca M
1.1 Lch s hnh thnh
Thi k u. Vn l thuc a ca Anh, lut ca M thc s l mt dng ca
trng phi anglo-saxon.Vic M ginh c lp khng h c nh hng i vi vic
tip tc duy tr v pht trin common law, tr trng hp ca Bang Louisiana. Tuy
nhin, t nm 1820, nhiu tiu bang ca M c xu hng ghi nhn cc quy tc ca
common law thnh cc b lut.

13

Thi k hin i. Cc tiu bang c quyn hn rng ri trong vic xy dng h

thng php lut ring ca bang mnh, bn cnh h thng php lut lin bang. Tuy
nhin, cc tiu bang cng c gng lm th no trnh s xung t lut l gia cc
tiu bang vi nhau.
1.2 Lut t
- Lut dn s:
+ Lut v hnh vi tri php lut (tort law): Cc hnh vi tri php lut, trong
quan nim truyn thng, c xp thnh hai nhm ln: hnh vi tri php lut ca bn
thn v hnh vi tri php lut thng qua vai tr ca ngi khc.
+ Lut hp ng: chu nh hng lut ca Anh, nhng c hin i ho.
+ Lut s hu bt ng sn: cng theo truyn thng Anh, ngha l c trng
bng s tha nhn nhiu quyn cng mt lc cho nhiu ngi khc nhau i vi cng
mt bt ng sn.
- Lut t tng dn s: H thng t tng c ngun gc t Anh, nhng c
hon thin trnh rt cao v c trng bi hai yu t: th tc nguyn co v h
thng bi thm dn s.
1. 3. Lut cng
- T chc b my nh nc v h thng bo hin. M l mt nc lin bang.
Thm quyn nh nc c phn b gia cc tiu bang v lin bang ti hin php
lin bang. C lin bang v mi tiu bang u c b my lp php, hnh php v t
php ca mnh. V phng din lp php, nh nc lin bang c quyn thit lp h
thng thu thng nht, quy nh hot ng thng mi gia cc tiu bang, quy nh
cc quyn t do c nhn quan trng nht v ni chung ban hnh cc lut c tc dng
Chc nng bo hin do Ti cao php vin m nhn. Ti cao php vin thc
s tr thnh c quan c thm quyn gii thch hin php. Bn cnh , cc to n,
trong qu trnh xt x, c bn phn t chi p dng mt o lut, d l ca lin bang
hay ca tiu bang, mt khi o lut y b cho l tri vi hin php, c bit l hin
php lin bang.
- T chc t php. H thng t php c lp vi b my hnh php v b my
lp php. Quy ch php l ca cc thm phn cng khng ging nhau: thm phn lin
bang do c quan hnh php b nhim; thm phn tiu bang do ngh vin tiu bang
hoc thm ch do nhn dn bu ra.
+ cp tiu bang c thm phn ho gii, to n qun v ti cao php vin tiu
bang.
14

+ cp lin bang c cc to n lin bang c khu, to phc thm lin bang v

cc to n c bit.
2. Lut ca Trung Quc
2.2.1. Lch s hnh thnh
- Trung Quc c i v phong kin. Trong quan nim c xa, lut c hiu
l cc quy tc dng x pht, trn p. Cuc sng bnh thng ca con ngi
khng da vo lut m da vo cc nghi l hnh thnh trong khun kh cc hc
thuyt ca Khng t v Mnh t. Trung Quc xy dng kh nhiu b lut c, ni
ting nht c l l b lut nh ng (624), c nh hng i vi nhiu nc phng
ng, trong c Vit Nam.
Thi cn i, di sc p ca giai cp t sn v tng lp tr thc, Trung Quc
bt u xy dng h thng lut php theo m hnh phng Ty. Nm 1911, Trung
Quc chuyn sang ch Cng ho v xy dng cc thit ch chnh tr c trng ca
Nh nc t sn; h thng php lut cng c quan tm hon thin m nh cao l
vic ban hnh B lut dn s nm 1930. Ni dung ca b lut ny chu nh hng
nhiu t lut ca c.
- K nguyn x hi ch ngha. Nm 1949 ch XHCN c xy dng trn
lnh th Trung hoa lc a. M hnh Nh nc XHCN thun tu khng tng thch
vi tng cai tr bng php lut; bi vy, h thng php lut khng pht trin. Tuy
nhin, sau khi c chnh sch i mi, nhng ngi lnh o Trung Quc a ra
hc thuyt Nh nc php quyn XHCN. Vic xy dng php lut c quan tm
thc hin v h thng php lut pht trin trn c s vn dng cc thnh tu ca lut
phng Ty vo hon cnh ca Trung Quc.
2.2.2. Lut t
- Lut dn s.
+ Lut ti sn: Lut Trung Quc tip nhn khi nim quyn i vt ca lut la
tinh. Tuy nhin, ch s hu bt ng sn ti Trung Quc, chu nh hng ca ch
chnh tr, c nhiu nt c th. t ai thuc s hu ton dn hoc tp th, cc ch
th khc ca lut ch c quyn s dng. Quyn ny khng ngng c m rng v
hon thin, tr thnh c s ca ch s hu t nhn v bt ng sn.
+ Lut hp ng: chu nh hng lut ca c. Trong mt s trng hp, lut
cho php thm phn sa i ni dung hp ng thay v tuyn b hp ng v hiu (v
d, khi hp ng gy thit hi cho mt bn mt cch phi o c).
+ Lut trch nhim dn s cng chu nh hng lut ca c. Trch nhim ch
c quy kt khi c mt hnh vi gy phng hi n mt quyn. Trn nguyn tc, tc
15

gi ca hnh vi chu trch nhim khi c li; tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, trch
nhim c th c quy kt m khng cn li.
- Lut kinh doanh. Lut kinh doanh ca Trung Quc va chu nh hng ca
lut phng Ty, va mang tnh c th Trung hoa.
2.2.3. Lut cng
- T chc nh nc. Nh nc Trung Quc l Nh nc XHCN, c trng
bi vai tr lnh o ca ng cng sn i vi ton b h thng chnh tr. T khi p
dng chnh sch i mi, Nh nc Trung Quc cng l mt nh nc php quyn,
c xy dng trn cc nguyn tc tn trng quyn con ngi v trn c s vn dng
c chn lc cc yu t ca hc thuyt phn quyn ph hp vi c im ca Trung
Quc.
+ C cu hnh chnh ca lnh th quc gia c xy dng theo m hnh Nh
nc n nht phi tp trung ho.
+ Cc thit ch quyn lc ng ch nht bao gm: Quc hi nhn dn, Quc
v vin, U ban qun s trung ng v Ch tch nc.
- T chc t php. H thng To n c t chc theo 4 cp: To n nhn dn
ti cao, to n tnh v cp tng ng, to n trung gian v to n a phng. Mi
to n c mt vin cng t, c quyn iu tra v truy t v kim st i vi lc lng
cnh st t php cng nh cc tri giam.
3. Lut ca Nht Bn
3.1 Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin
- Pht gio v cc tn iu ca Thn o truyn thng t c s cho vic
xy dng cc quy tc ng x trong cuc sng x hi. Ch qun ch c xa c
xy dng theo m hnh Trung Quc, cho php vic ban hnh cc b lut theo khun
mu Trung hoa, ngha l bao gm cc quy tc h khc, mang tnh trn p, bn cnh
cc iu rn i vi quan li trong qu trnh thc hin chc nng x hi ca mnh.
- T th k XII, x hi phong kin c t chc li theo mt h thng ng
cp cht ch, m ng u l cc v s o. Vi h thng ng cp , ngi thuc
tng lp di phc tng tuyt i ngi thuc tng lp trn. X hi ny khng c ch
cho lut php.
- n khi Minh Tr ln ngi, Nht mi bt u ci t x hi theo m hnh
phng Ty v iu cho php xy dng mt h thng php lut t c s cho vic
qun l x hi. Lc u, lut ca Nht Bn chu nh hng lut ca Php, nhng sau
ngi Nht hon thin h thng php lut ca mnh theo m hnh ca c.
16

- Sau chin tranh th gii th II, mt cuc cch mng chnh tr-x hi c
tin hnh di s bo tr ca M: cuc sng x hi c th tc ho, cc quyn c
bn ca c nhn c tha nhn, lut gia nh truyn thng c thay th bng h
thng php l v gia nh da trn nguyn tc bnh ng,
3.2. Lut t.
- Lut ti sn ca Nht c xy dng theo m hnh la tinh. Cc quyn i vt
c tha nhn; khi nim chim hu hnh thnh theo quan nim ca Savigny ngha
l theo cng mt trng phi vi ngi Php; vic xc lp quyn s hu cng chu
nh hng lut ca Php.
- Lut hp ng c xy dng ch yu da theo lut ca c.
- Trch nhim dn s c quy kt mt khi c ba iu kin: c li, c thit
hi i vi mt quyn no (nh hng lut ca c) v c mi lin h nhn qu.
Mt s trng hp trch nhim dn s c bit c quy kt theo ch ring, nh
trch nhim do hnh vi ca ngi tha hnh, trch nhim dn s do tc ng ca nh
ca, trch nhim dn s lin quan n vic s dng cc sn phm,
3.3. Lut cng.
Nht Bn theo ch quan ch lp hin. Nh vua, sau chin tranh th gii th
hai, ch cn l mt biu tng ca s on kt dn tc, ch khng c mt quyn lc
no. Quyn lp php thuc v Vin dn biu v Vin c vn. Th tng l ngi
ng u b my hnh php, c giao cc quyn hn rng ri c trong i ni v
i ngoi, chu trch nhim trc cc c quan lp php. To n ti cao l c quan
ng u h thng t php, c giao quyn bo hin, quyn ti phn ti cao v c
quyn qun l hnh chnh i vi b my t php. H thng to n c t chc theo
m hnh M, ngha l c thm quyn i vi mi v vic, k c vic bo hin.
Bi tp
Sinh vin chn phn tr li ng nht ca mi cu ghi vo bng di y (ch chn
mt trong bn kh nng: a, b, c, d).
1. Vic kim tra tnh hp hin ca cc o lut c thc hin bi Hi ng bo
hin- mt thit ch hon ton c lp vi tt c cc thit ch quyn lc khc. y l
gii php c tha nhn trong:
a. Lut ca Php
b. Lut ca c
c. Lut ca M
d. Lut ca Nht
2. Lut hp ng ca c chu nh hng t:
17

a. Lut La M
b. Lut ca Php
c. Lut ca Anh
d. Lut ca M
3. C quan qun l hnh chnh cao nht Trung Quc c gi l:
a. Quc v vin
b. Chnh ph
c. Ni cc
d. Tt c u sai
4. M hnh cng ty trch nhim hu hn c ngun gc t:
a. Lut ca c
b. Lut ca Php
c. Lut ca Anh
d. Lut ca M
5. Trong h thng t php Anh hin nay:
a. Vn cn s phn bit gia lut s t vn v lut s bo cha
b. Khng c s phn bit gia lut s t vn v lut s bo cha
c. Lut s t vn c th tham gia bo cha
d. a v c ng
6. Lut v hnh vi tri php lut ca M, trong quan nim truyn thng, c xp
thnh hai nhm ln:
a. Hnh vi tri php lut ca bn thn v hnh vi tri php lut thng qua vai
tr ca ngi khc
b. Hnh vi tri php lut c ch v hnh vi tri php lut c tnh cht gy
phin h cho lng ging
c. Hnh vi tri php lut c li c v hnh vi tri php lut c li v
d. Hnh vi tri php lut c li v hnh vi tri php lut khng c li

18

PHN II- PHN CHUYN

Chuyn 1

Quyn chim hu trong lut cc nc chu u v M

I. Tng quan
Trong lut hin i ca Chu u v M, chim hu c quan nim theo mt trong
hai cch:
1. Chim hu l mt tnh trng thc t ch khng phi l mt quyn. Chim
hu mt quyn l vic thc hin quyn trn thc t.
Chim hu mt quyn s hu l vic thc hin quyn s hu trn thc t.
Trong chng mc , chim hu phn bit vi s hu: s hu l mt quyn,
trong khi chim hu l biu hin bn ngoi ca quyn . S biu hin bn ngoi ca
quyn s hu c th l s phn nh trung thc ni dung bn trong, m cng c th l
s phn nh khng trung thc ni dung .
2. Chim hu l mt quyn hnh thc c lp vi quyn s hu l quyn ni
dung
Quyn chim hu l quyn thc hin s kim sot vt cht i vi ti sn.
Bt k ngi no thc hin s kim sot vt cht i vi ti sn mt cch c
lp u c coi l ngi chim hu, d, nu i vo ni dung ca quyn i vi ti
sn th nhng ngi c th c t tn khng ging nhau: ch s hu, ngi
thu, ngi nhn k gi...
Ni dung ca quyn s hu theo lut cc nc trn: ch bao gm quyn s
dng v quyn nh ot.

Ni dung ca quyn s hu theo lut Vit Nam2 bao gm c 3 quyn: quyn

s dng, quyn nh ot v quyn chim hu (. 164 BLDS).

- iu 164 BLDS: Quyn s hu bao gm quyn chim hu, quyn s dng v quyn nh ot ti
sn ca ch s hu theo quy nh ca php lut.
- iu 182 BLDS: Quyn chim hu l quyn nm gi, qun l ti sn.
- iu 192 BLDS: Quyn s dng l quyn khai thc cng dng, hng hoa li, li tc t ti sn.
- iu 195 BLDS: Quyn nh ot l quyn chuyn giao quyn s hu ti sn hoc t b quyn s
hu .

19

II. Ngun gc ca ch nh chim hu

Ch nh chim hu c ngun gc t trong Lut La M ( quc La M hnh
thnh t th k 8 trc CN, Lut 12 Bng c ban hnh vo khong nm 451 n
449 trc CN)
Cc cuc chinh phc ca qun i La M c tc dng m rng lnh th ca
quc c i. Do chin tranh v do thiu nhn lc khai thc, phn ln t ai ca
quc b b hoang. c c ngi khai thc, Nh nc ku gi s di thc tnh
nguyn. Ngi chim gi t c coi nh c mt t cch cho php ngi ny c
hng cc bin php bo v ca Nh nc, ging nh cc bin php bo v dnh cho
ch s hu, chng li s xm phm hoc quy nhiu ca ngi khc i vi s chim
gi ti sn ca mnh.
n thi C in, s chim gi thc t i vi ti sn tr thnh c s ca a
s cc giao dch php l: nhiu hp ng coi nh c giao kt bng cch chuyn
giao vt cht i tng ca hp ng. Trong lnh vc php lut ti sn, chim hu l
c s ca hu nh tt c cc phng thc xc lp quyn s hu i vi ti sn.
- Quyn s hu theo Lut La M bao gm cc quyn:
+ Usus: dng, s dng
+ Frustus: hng th
+ Abusus: nh ot
- Chim hu theo quan nim ca Lut La M: l quan h thc t gia mt
ngi v mt vt, ngi , gi l ngi chim hu c quyn thc hin cc giao dch
vt cht lin quan dn ti sn chim hu. Ngi chim hu, c th l ch s hu hoc
khng phi l ch s hu i vi ti sn chim hu.
- Chim hu c c trng bng yu t khch quan (corpus) v yu t
ch quan (animus).
+ Yu t khch quan (corpus): c trng bng vic thc hin cc giao dch
mang tnh vt cht tc ng ln ti sn, nhng giao dch m mt ngi c quyn s
hu c php thc hin i vi ti sn ca mnh: ct gi trang sc trong nh,
canh tc trn t, thu tin thu ti sn,...
+ Yu t ch quan (animus): c trng bng thi tm l ca ch s hu,
biu hin khi thc hin cc giao dch mang tnh vt cht tc ng ln ti sn, th hin
thnh cung cch c x mang tnh quyn lc i vi ti sn. Ni r hn, ngi chim
hu l ngi ra v ca mt ch s hu i vi ti sn chim hu.

20

III. Cc li ch ca vic xy dng ch nh chim hu phn bit vi ch nh s

hu:
1. Cho php xy dng cc bin php bo v quyn s hu theo biu hin
b ngoi:
- Quy trch nhim bi thng thit hi ngoi hp ng
- Xm phm vic chim hu m khng tranh chp v quyn s hu
2. Bo m trt t x hi da trn c s s suy on c quyn, gp phn
duy tr trt t x hi:
Ngi chim hu c suy on l ch s hu. Do vy, nu c tranh chp xy
ra trch nhim chng minh s thuc v ngi khng chim hu.
IV. Cc hc thuyt v chim hu trong lut cn i:
1. Quan nim ca Savigny.
i vi Savigny, chim hu c hiu nh l mt tnh trng thc t, l biu
hin bn ngoi ca quyn s hu. Chu nh hng ca Lut La M, Savigny cho rng
quan nim v chim hu phi c xy dng trn c s xem xt thi ca ngi c
ti sn trong mi quan h vi ti sn : ch coi l c s chim hu mt khi ngi c
ti sn c x theo cung cch ca mt ngi ch s hu i vi ti sn, d, c th, khi
xem xt ni dung ca quyn, ngi ny thc ra khng phi l ch s hu i vi ti
sn. Bi vy, tnh trng chim hu hnh thnh t hai yu t: yu t khch quan
(corpus) v yu t ch quan (animus). Vi Savigny, khng th c chim hu m
khng c yu t khch quan, nhng chnh yu t ch quan mi l yu t chnh, l c
s ca quan h chim hu.
2. Quan nim ca Ihering.
Ihering khng dnh cho animus v tr m Savigny dnh cho n. Theo
Ihering, yu t ch quan lun phi c c on mi khi mt ngi thc hin mt
giao dch vt cht tc ng ln ti sn trong t th khng ph thuc vo mt ngi
khc (nh ngi lm cng l thuc vo ch khi s dng cng c lao ng do ch
cung cp). T cch ngi chim hu, do , phi c tha nhn cho tt c nhng
ngi no thc hin mt cch c lp mt quyn lc thc t i vi ti sn v t ti
sn di s kim sot vt cht ca mnh m khng cn tm hiu xem ng s c hay
khng c animus (ng hn l animus coi nh c th hin y trong bn thn
vic thc hin cc giao dch vt cht tc ng ln ti sn trong t th ca mt ngi
khng ph thuc). .
V. Gii php ca cc h thng lut tiu biu
21

1. Lut ca Php
1.1.Quan nim v chim hu
Do nh hng ca Lut La M, quan nim v chim hu trong lut ca Php
rt ging vi quan nim ca Savigny: ngi chim hu l ngi thc hin cc giao
dch vt cht tc ng ln ti sn theo cung cch ca mt ngi c quyn s hu;
ngi thc hin cc giao dch vt cht tc ng ln ti sn m mt ch s hu c
quyn thc hin, nhng li khng theo cung cch ca mt ngi c quyn s hu, l
ngi cm gi ti sn.
iu kin thit lp s chim hu. S chim hu ch coi l c thit lp mt
khi c cc yu t khch quan v ch quan. Ring yu t ch quan c suy on
cho ngi thc hin vic chim hu. V li, cc yu t khch quan hoc ch quan
phi hi cc iu kin: lin tc, khng da vo v lc, cng khai v khng mp
m.
1.2. Hiu lc
1.2.1 Bo v s chim hu
- Quyn kin yu cu bo v s chim hu: Trong lut thc nh Php, ngi
chim hu c bo v bng mt quyn khi kin c bit, gi l quyn yu cu bo
v s chim hu, chng li s quy nhiu ca ngi khc i vi s chim hu ca
mnh. Ngi chim hu c bo v vi t cch v thm phn ch c quyn xem
xt cc iu kin ca s chim hu m khng c tm hiu bit liu ngi chim
hu thc s l ngi c quyn i vi ti sn. Quyn yu cu bo v s chim hu,
trong chng mc , khc vi quyn yu cu bo v quyn s hu: mt ngi yu
cu bo v quyn s hu ca mnh phi chng minh c t cch ch s hu i vi
ti sn tranh chp.
- Ngi c bo v:
+ Trc lut 75-596 ngy 9/07/1975: ngi c corpus v animus, ngi c
animus.
+ T khi lut 75-596 ngy 9/07/1975 c hiu lc: ngi c corpus v animus,
ngi c animus v c ngi ch c corpus.
- Hiu lc ca vic bo v: Ngi quy nhiu b buc phi ngng vic quy
nhiu. Ngi chim hu tip tc chim hu ti sn (Vic chim hu ny ch chm dt
khi no ngi quy nhiu thng kin trong mt v kin yu cu bo v quyn s hu
nu tht s chngminh c quyn s hu ti sn ca mnh).
1.2.2 Suy on c quyn.
22

Ngi chim hu c suy on l ngi thc s c quyn i vi ti sn

chim hu. Gii php ny c xy dng t thc tin. Thc vy, ngi chim hu,
do c quyn yu cu bo v s chim hu, khng phi kin tranh chp vi
ngi khc v ni dung quyn ca mnh i vi ti sn m lun trong tnh trng
ch ngi khc tranh chp vi mnh. Trong iu kin lun l b n trong mt v
tranh chp v quyn, ngi chim hu phi c suy on l ngi c quyn v
ngi i kin phi chng minh iu ngc li.
1.2.3 Xc lp quyn s hu theo thi hiu
- i vi ng sn, ngi chim hu c coi l ch s hu. Tuy nhin, ngi
no nh mt hoc b mt trm mt vt th c quyn i li vt t ngi ang gi
trong thi hn ba nm k t ngy nh mt hoc mt trm, nhng ngi gi vt c
th kin ngi chuyn nhng vt cho mnh.
- i vi bt ng sn, thi hiu xc lp quyn s hu cho ngi chim
hu l 30 nm. Tuy nhin, ngi no ngay tnh v bng chng th hp thc mua
mt bt ng sn th sau mi nm s tr thnh ch s hu.
2. Lut ca c.
2.1. Quan nim v chim hu
Quyn thc t. Rt ho hp vi hc thuyt ca Ihering, lut ca c tha
nhn t cch ngi chim hu cho c loi ngi m lut ca Php gi l ngi cm
gi n gin. Bt k ngi no thc hin s kim sot vt cht i vi ti sn mt
cch c lp (c yu t corpus) u c coi l ngi chim hu, d, nu i vo ni
dung ca quyn i vi ti sn, th nhng ngi c th c t tn khng ging
nhau: ch s hu, ngi thu, ngi nhn k gi... Nhng ngi chim hu c bo
v trong trng hp vic chim hu ca mnh b ngi khc quy nhiu, d c th s
quy nhiu xut pht t mt ngi thc s c quyn i vi ti sn, chng no
cuc tranh ci v quyn ca cc ng s cha kt thc bng mt bn n ca To n.
2.2 Bo v s chim hu
2.2.1 Bo v s chim hu
- Quyn kin yu cu bo v s chim hu: tng t trong lut ca Php.
- Ngi c bo v: ngi c corpus v animus, ngi c corpus v c ngi
ch c animus.
- Hiu lc ca vic bo v: tng t trong lut ca Php.
2..2.2 Suy on c quyn.
Tng t trong lut ca Php.
23

2.2.3 Xc lp quyn s hu theo thi hiu.

Vic xc lp quyn s hu theo thi hiu trong lut ca c ch c p dng
i vi ng sn: quyn s hu i vi cc bt ng sn c c xc lp bng
cch ng k. Lut ca c tha nhn rng mt ngi chim hu ngay tnh i vi
mt ng sn trong 10 nm s l ch s hu ca ng sn .
3.Lut Anh-M.
3.1. Quan nim v quyn chim hu.
Tnh trng chim hu hnh thnh mi khi c hnh vi kim sot vt cht i vi
ti sn cho php tin rng ngi thc hin hnh vi th hin cung cch c x ca
mt ch s hu thng qua hnh vi . Chim hu, trong iu kin , c hiu v
phng din php l nh l tp hp cc quyn m ng s c c do quy nh ca
php lut, gi l cc quyn chim hu, cc quyn m vic thc hin c tc dng khi
phc, duy tr hoc cng c tnh trng chim hu ca ng s i vi ti sn v vic
thc hin c php lut bo m, ngay c trong trng hp ng s, cui cng,
li khng phi l ch s hu thc s i vi ti sn cng khng phi c ch s hu
chuyn giao ti sn .
Quyn chim hu c ghi nhn mt khi c cc yu t cho thy ti sn
c t di s kim sot ca mt ngi vi thc v quyn nng ca mnh i vi
ti sn . Ci gi l thc v quyn nng, v phn mnh, c xc nh ty theo
trng hp.
Cn nhn mnh rng trong lut Anh-M, quyn chim hu lun gn vi yu t
vt cht: nu A cho B mn mt quyn sch c, th B l ngi chim hu, trong
khi A l ch s hu. Trong chng mc , khi nim chim hu phn bit vi khi
nim s hu.
3.2 Bo v s chim hu
3.2.1 Bo v s chim hu
- Quyn kin yu cu bo v s chim hu: tng t trong lut ca Php, c.
- Ngi c bo v: ngi c corpus v animus, ngi c corpus.
- Hiu lc ca vic bo v: tng t trong lut ca Php.
3.2.2 Suy on c quyn.
Tng t trong lut ca Php, c.
3.2.3 Xc lp quyn s hu theo thi hiu.

24

- i vi ng sn, lut ni rng ngi chim hu xc lp c quyn s hu

sau thi gian 6 nm chim hu lin tc: nu ch s hu kin i li ti sn sau 6 nm
mt quyn chim hu, th quyn kin i li s khng c Ta n tip nhn. Song,
nu ch s hu t mnh thit lp li quyn chim hu i vi ti sn sau 6 nm nhng
trong vng 12 nm k t ngy mt quyn chim hu, th ngi ang chim hu li
khng c quyn kin i li ti sn. iu c ngha rng ngi chim hu mt
ng sn ch cm chc rng mnh c quyn s hu sau 12 nm chim hu lin tc.
- i vi bt ng sn, ngi chim hu cng c 12 nm xc lp quyn s
hu theo thi hiu; nhng thi hn 12 nm c tnh t ngy ngi ny c tha
nhn c t cch chim hu ti sn ch khng phi t ngy chim hu thc t i
vi ti sn .
Bi tp
Sinh vin chn phn tr li ng nht ca mi cu ghi vo bng di y (ch chn
mt trong bn kh nng: a, b, c, d).
1. A cho B thu mt cn nh. Theo quan im ca lut Php, trong thi gian B thu
nh:
a. B ch c xem l ngi cm gi n gin (chim hu tm) i vi cn
nh.
b. B l ngi chim hu cn nh cn A l ch s hu.
c. A c coi l ngi chim hu cn nh thng qua vai tr ca B.
d. a v c ng.
2. Quan nim ca lut c v chim hu rt ha hp vi hc thuyt ca Ihering v
lut ca c tha nhn:
a. Bt k ngi no thc hin s kim sot vt cht i vi ti sn mt cch
c lp u c coi l ngi chim hu.
b. Ch c ngi thc hin cc giao dch vt cht tc ng ln ti sn theo cung
cch ca mt ngi c quyn s hu mi l ngi chim hu.
c. Ngi thu, ngi nhn gi gi ti sn ch l nhng ngi cm gi n
gin, khng phi l ngi chim hu.
d. Tnh trng chim hu hnh thnh t hai yu t: yu t khch quan (corpus)
v yu t ch quan (animus) trong yu t ch quan l yu t quyt nh.
3. H thng lut no sau y khng tha nhn vic xc lp quyn s hu theo thi
hiu i vi bt ng sn:
a. Php
b. c
c. Anh
d. Php v Anh
25

Chuyn 2

Tng quan ch php l v giao kt hp ng

I.

iu kin chung v giao kt

1. ch v s xc nh
1.1. ch bc l v ch tim n
a. Lut ca Anh- M

Trong trng hp c tranh ci v s tn ti ca hp ng, xc nh s tn

ti ca mt hp ng, thm phn ch da vo ch c by t v vo cch x s ca
cc bn i vi nhau, ch khng da vo ch bn trong v khng c bc l ca
cc bn.
b. Lut ca Php
gii quyt vn c hay khng c quan h hp ng gia cc bn, thm
phn phi tm hiu ch ch thc ca cc bn ch khng nht thit bm theo cu ch
c cc bn ni hoc vit ra.
c. Lut ca c
Lut i hi To n, trong trng hp c tranh ci v ni dung ca hp ng,
phi tm hiu ch thc ca cc bn hn l ch da vo ngha ca nhng iu cc
bn ni hoc vit ra (BLDS c iu 133); song, trong thc tin, thm phn c,
cng nh thm phn Anh-M, c xu hng thm nh ni dung ca hp ng da
vo hnh thc bc l ca n.
d. Lut ca Italia
Trong trng hp c tranh ci v ni dung ca hp ng, thm phn phi tm
hiu ch chung ca cc bn. lm c vic , thm phn khng ch da vo
ngha ca nhng iu m cc bn ni hoc vit ra m cn c vo thi c x ca
cc bn, bao gm nhng g m cc bn ni v lm sau khi giao kt hp ng.
1.2. S xc nh
a. Lut ca Anh- M
Hp ng phi xc nh:
-

V ch th

V ni dung ca hp ng
26

b. Lut ca Php
Tng t trong lut Anh- M.
c. Lut ca c
- V ch th: phi xc nh (tng t lut ca Php v Anh-M)
- V ni dung: iu kin v s xc nh khng quan trng i vi lut ca
c nh trong lut Anh-M. Rt nhiu tho thun c th b tuyn b v hiu trong
lut Anh-M do khng tho mn iu kin v s xc nh, c th c coi l c gi
tr trong lut ca c.
d. Lut ca Italia
Tng t trong lut Anh- M v Php.
2. ngh giao kt hp ng v chp nhn ngh giao kt hp
ng
2.1 ngh giao kt hp ng
a. Lut ca Anh- M
- Hnh thc: li ni, c ch, vn bn, to khung cnh
- Thi hn: phi xc nh trong li ngh hoc theo tp qun.
- Hiu lc: ngh giao kt hp ng c tnh rng buc i vi chnh ngi
a ra li ngh.
- Hu b ngh: Tt c cc ngh giao kt hp ng u c th b hu b
chng no cn cha c ngi i tc chp nhn. Lut Anh-M tha nhn
iu ny c trong trng hp ngh c ghi r thi hn v thi hn cha
kt thc.
b. Lut ca Php
- Hnh thc: tng t lut ca Anh- M
- Thi hn: tng t lut ca Anh- M
- Hiu lc: tng t lut ca Anh- M
- Hu b ngh: Nu ngh c ghi r thi hn, th ngi ngh khng th
rt li ngh trc khi ht thi hn . Nu ngh khng ghi r thi hn, th
ngi ngh ch c quyn rt li ngh sau mt thi hn hp l.
c. Lut ca c
- Hnh thc: tng t lut ca Anh- M v Php
27

- Thi hn: tng t lut ca Anh- M v Php

- Hiu lc: tng t lut ca Anh- M v Php
- Hu b ngh: tng t lut ca Php
d. Lut ca Italia
- Hnh thc: tng t lut ca Anh- M, Php v c
- Thi hn: tng t lut ca Anh- M, Php v c
- Hiu lc: tng t lut ca Anh- M, Php v c
- Hu b ngh: tng t lut ca Php v c
2.2 Chp nhn ngh giao kt hp ng
a. Lut ca Anh- M
- Hnh thc:
+ Cc hnh thc ph bin: vn bn, li ni, c ch, thc hin hp ng
+ S im lng: V nguyn tc, khng th coi s im lng l mt hnh thc th
hin s chp nhn ngh giao kt hp ng; tuy nhin, trong trng hp gia
cc bn c quan h giao dch i vi cng mt loi hp ng trong mt thi
gian di, th s im lng trc mt ngh giao kt hp ng (cng loi) c th
c coi nh s chp nhn mc nhin; cng nh vy, trong trng hp tp
qun ngh nghip trong mt lnh vc c th cho php tha nhn s im lng
nh mt cch biu l s chp nhn giao kt hp ng.
- Thng bo: Ngi nhn c ngh phi thng bo trc tip v r rng cho
ngi ngh v vic chp nhn ngh. Trong trng hp vic thng bo
c thc hin bng li ni trc tip, bng in thoi hoc telex, th vic chp
nhn c hiu lc (ngha l hp ng c giao kt) khi ngi ngh t mnh
nghe c hoc nhn c thng tin. Trong trng hp vic thng bo c
thc hin bng cch gi th, th hp ng c giao kt ngay lc th c gi
- Rt li chp nhn ngh giao kt hp ng: Ngi chp nhn ngh c th
hu b vic chp nhn ngh chng no vic chp nhn cha c ngi
ngh tip nhn.
b. Lut ca Php
- Hnh thc: tng t lut ca Anh-M.
- Thng bo:tng t lut ca Anh-M.
- Rt li chp nhn ngh giao kt hp ng: tng t lut ca Anh-M.
28

c. Lut ca c
- Hnh thc: tng t lut ca Anh-M v Php.
- Thng bo: tng t lut ca Anh-M v Php tr trng hp chp nhn
bng th, vic chp nhn c coi l hon ho v c hiu lc vo thi im
th n a ch ca ngi ngh.
- Rt li chp nhn ngh giao kt hp ng: tng t lut ca Anh-M v
Php.
d. Lut ca Italia
- Hnh thc: tng t lut ca Anh-M, Php v c.
- Thng bo: tng t lut ca Anh-M v Php tr trng hp chp nhn
bng th th tng t vi lut ca c.
- Rt li chp nhn ngh giao kt hp ng: tng t lut ca Anh-M,
Php v c.
II. Mt s iu kin ring v giao kt
1. Lut Anh- M:
1.1. Vt nh i (valuable consideration)
1.1.1 Khi nim
Vt dng i ly vt khc trong mt giao dch c tnh kt c.
1.1.2 Ch php l
Vt nh i c gi tr phi p ng c 3 iu kin sau y :
- Vt nh i khng th gn vi mt chuyn ri.
- Vt nh i phi xut pht t ngi th hng li ha.
- Vt nh i phi nhng khng nht thit phi tho ng.
1.2. iu tri buc (estoppel)
1.2.1 Khi nim
iu tri buc l mt vt, mt vic c tc dng ngn cn ngi cam kt rt li
li ni ca mnh v gy thit hi cho ngi khc.
1.2.2 iu kin p dng
- Nu mt ngi, bng li ni hoc bng thi x s, a ra mt li cam kt
khin cho ngi khc hnh ng do c thi thc bi lng tin vo li cam kt ,
29

th ngi cam kt khng c chi b li cam kt ca mnh d ngi khc khng c

vt g nh i vi li cam kt .
- iu tri buc, l mt cng c t v - mt l chn - ch khng phi l mt
cng c tin cng - mt thanh gm.
2. Lut ca Php
2.1 Nguyn nhn ca ngha v trong quan h kt c
Nguyn nhn y c hiu nh l mc ch m bn c ngha v mun t ti
khi giao kt hp ng.
- Hp ng c n b :
+ Hp ng song v : Xc nh nguyn nhn ca ngha v bng cch da vo
ngha v i ng. V d : ngi mua c ngha v tr tin v ngi bn thc hin ngha
v chuyn quyn s hu ti sn bn.
+ Hp ng n v nguyn nhn ca ngha v nm ngay ti c s ca hp
ng. V d : trong hp ng bo lnh, nguyn nhn ca ngha v bo lnh l s tn
ti ca mn n c bo m.
- Hp ng khng c n b, in hnh l hp ng tng cho : nguyn nhn
ca ngha v l l do, ng c thi thc ngi tng cho i n quyt nh tng cho
ca mnh.
2.2. Nguyn nhn ca s kt c.
Nguyn nhn ca s kt c l l do, ng c bn trong thi thc mt bn i
n ch giao kt hp ng vi bn kia.
Lut ca Php c nhng quy tc cht ch nhm kim tra tnh hp php ca
nguyn nhn kt c. Cc quy tc y c xy dng da theo hai tiu ch ln - trt t
cng cng v thun phong m tc. Lut ca Php ni rng khi hp ng c mt
nguyn nhn phi php hoc phi o c, th hp ng phi b tuyn b v hiu,
nhng khng phi v khng c nguyn nhn, m v tnh phi php, phi o c ca
nguyn nhn .
- Hp ng khng c n b : khi hp ng c mt nguyn nhn phi php
hoc phi o c, th hp ng phi b tuyn b v hiu
- Hp ng c n b : c th yu cu tuyn b v hiu hp ng do c
nguyn nhn phi php hoc phi o c, iu quan trng l cc bn giao kt phi bit
r nguyn nhn .
3. Lut ca c
30

i vi ngi c, s gp g v ch gia cc bn, ch khng phi l vt

nh i hay nguyn nhn, mi l iu kin c bn nht ca hp ng.
Hc thuyt php l c c xy dng khi nim v c s ca hp ng: mt
hp ng lun c c s trong s cn bng gia cc li ch; mt khi s cn bng b
ph v, th hp ng kh c th ng vng.
4. Lut ca Italia
Nguyn nhn ca hp ng c th c nh ngha nh l yu t gn lin vi
chc nng x hi v kinh t ca hp ng. Mt hp ng ch c hiu lc php lut
mt khi n c giao kt nhm thc hin mt chc nng x hi v kinh t hu ch v
ng c php lut bo v.
III. Hnh thc giao kt v nng lc giao kt
1. Hnh thc giao kt
1.1. Lut Anh- M
- Nguyn tc : khng i hi hp ng phi c lp thnh vn bn mi c
coi l tn ti.
- Ngoi l : Ch trong mt vi trng hp c th, cc iu kin kht khe v
hnh thc mi c lut ghi nhn. V d : cc hp ng mua bn t hoc chuyn
nhng cc quyn lin quan n t, hp ng xy dng, hp ng tn dng Thc
tin giao dch thng mi, v phn mnh, coi vn bn hp ng nh l chun mc:
trong nhiu trng hp, hp ng trong thng mi m khng c vn bn coi nh
khng c hiu lc kt c.
- Hp ng n gin v hp ng c bit.
+ Hp ng n gin l hp ng khng cn c lp di hnh thc mt
chng th; hp ng n gin c th c ghi nhn bng ch vit, bng li ni hoc
thm ch bng thi c x (v d, bc ln xe bus, ly hng ra khi quy trong siu
th v n ch tnh tin).
+ Hp ng c bit l hp ng c ghi nhn bng mt chng th (deed),
tc l mt vn bn c lp theo ch ca ng s, c ch k ca ng s v c
s chng kin ca mt ngi khc. Vic ghi nhn mt hp ng bng chng th t ra
cn thit trong trng hp ngha v c xc lp m khng c vt nh i.
1.2 Lut ca Php
- Nguyn tc : tng t lut ca Anh.

31

- Ngoi l : mt s hp ng phi c lp bng vn bn theo nhng hnh th

nht nh; mt s hp ng ch c th c chng minh bng vn bn.
+ Hp ng trng thc (contrat solennel). Mt s hp ng phi c ghi
nhn bng chng th cng chng, nh hp ng tng cho, kh c hn nhn, hp
ng th chp bt ng sn. Mt s hp ng phi c lp thnh vn bn theo hnh
thc nht nh, v d hp ng vay tin mua nh .
+ Bng chng ca hp ng. C trng hp vic lp vn bn khng phi l
iu kin hp ng c gi tr, nhng t ra cn thit chng minh s tn ti ca
hp ng. Theo BLDS Php iu 1341, cc hp ng c gi tr trn 1.500 euros phi
c chng minh bng vn bn. Mt cch ngoi l, hp ng gia cc thng nhn
c th c chng minh bng li ni (BLTM iu 109).
1.3 Lut ca c
- Nguyn tc : tng t lut ca Anh v Php.
- Ngoi l : lut i hi hp ng bng vn bn trong mt s trng hp v d
nh i vi hp ng gia ch t v ngi thu t (BLDS c iu 566), hp
ng bo m ti chnh (iu 766)... Hp ng th chp bt ng sn phi c lp
bng chng th cng chng, nh trong lut ca Php.
1.4 Lut ca Italia
- Nguyn tc : tng t lut ca Anh, Php v c.
- Ngoi l : Mt s hp ng c gi l trng thc, phi c lp bng vn
bn mi c gi tr. Lut Italia phn chia hp ng trng thc thnh hai loi:
+ Chng th cng, l nhng hp ng c lp trc cng chng vin hoc
mt vin chc c thm quyn khc. Cng chng vin ch xc nhn lai lch v ch k
ca cc bn ch khng chu trch nhim v tnh xc thc ca ni dung hp ng nh
cng chng vin Php. in hnh v chng th cng l cc hp ng tng cho, iu
l cng ty, kh c hn nhn.
+ Chng th t, l nhng hp ng ch cn c ch k ca cc bn m khng
cn chng nhn. Nu cc bn tho thun rng hp ng gia h s phi c lp
bng vn bn, th hp ng s v hiu, nu khng c lp theo hnh thc .
2. Nng lc giao kt
2.1 Lut Anh- M
- Cng ty : c t cch php nhn v phi t chu trch nhim bng ti sn ca
mnh v nhng ngha v c xc lp ng lut nhn danh cng ty.
32

- Ngi cha thnh nin : Ngi cha thnh nin trong lut Anh-M l
ngi cha c 18 tui. Lut ni rng cc hp ng c thc hin nhm p
ng nhu cu thit yu c hiu lc php lut i vi ngi cha thnh nin. Song,
ngi ny, trong trng hp b buc thc hin ngha v tr tin cho vic p ng
nhng nhu cu , ch phi tr mt gi hp l (reasonable price) ch khng nht thit
phi tr theo gi tho thun. Tt c cc hp ng khc do ngi cha thnh nin
giao kt, trn nguyn tc, l khng c hiu lc php lut.
- Ngi mc bnh tm thn hoc ngi nghin ru : Ngi mc bnh tm
thn hoc ngi nghin ru phi chng minh rng mnh khng th chu trch nhim
v hnh vi ca mnh thi im xc lp hp ng v rng ngi i tc bit r iu
. Hp ng khi s v hiu, tr trng hp l hp ng giao kt nhm p
ng nhu cu thit yu: ngi mc bnh tm thn hoc nghin ru s phi tr gi mua
hoc tin cng theo mc hp l.
2.2 Lut ca Php
- Cng ty : v nguyn tc, tng t trong lut ca Anh.
- Ngi cha thnh nin (tc l cha c 18 tui) khng c nng lc hnh
vi xc lp hp ng, tr trng hp 16 tui v c thot quyn (mancip).
C bit, ngi cha thnh nin m khng c thot quyn c th xc lp cc hp
ng nhm p ng nhu cu sinh hot hng ngy, min l cc hp ng y khng
rng buc ngi ny vo cc iu kin bt bnh ng v gy thit hi cho ngi ny.
- Ngi thnh nin m khng c nng lc hnh vi ch c th t mnh thc
hin cc hp ng theo danh sch do thm phn lp. Ngi thnh nin b hn ch
nng lc hnh vi ch c th t mnh xc lp cc hp ng nhm phc v nhu cu
sinh hot hng ngy hoc lin quan n vic qun tr ti sn; cc hp ng mang tnh
cht nh ot ti sn phi c giao kt vi s h tr ca ngi i din.
2.3 Lut ca c
- Cng ty : v nguyn tc, tng t trong lut ca Anh v Php.
- Ngi cha thnh nin. Tui thnh nin trong lut ca c l 18, cng nh
trong lut ca Php. Ngi di 7 tui khng c nng lc t mnh giao kt hp ng;
ngi t 7 tui n 18 tui c th giao kt hp ng vi iu kin hp ng c
xc nhn bi ngi i din (thng l cha m). Ni chung, lut ca c (v ca
Php) c nhng bin php bo v ngi cha thnh nin tt hn lut Anh-M.
2.4 Lut ca Italia
- Cng ty : v nguyn tc, tng t trong lut ca Anh, Php v c.
33

- Ngi cha thnh nin. Tui thnh nin trong lut ca Italia l 18 tui trn
(BLDS Italia iu 2). Hp ng giao kt bi mt ngi cha thnh nin hoc mt
ngi mc bnh tm thn l hp ng v hiu. Tnh trng nghin ru hoc cht ma
tu cng c th khin cho hp ng v hiu trong nhng trng hp c php lut
d kin (iu 428).
Bi tp
Sinh vin chn phn tr li ng nht ca mi cu ghi vo bng di y (ch chn
mt trong bn kh nng: a, b, c, d).
1. Nu mt ngi, bng li ni hoc thi x s, a ra mt li cam kt khin cho
ngi khc hnh ng do c thi thc bi lng tin vo li cam kt th ngi
cam kt khng c chi b li cam kt ca mnh mc d ngi khc khng c
vt g nh i vi li cam kt . Theo lut Anh, y l t tng ch o ca:
a. L thuyt v vt nh i
b. L thuyt v iu tri buc
c. L thuyt v nguyn nhn ca ngha v
d. L thuyt v c s ca hp ng
2. Theo lut ca Php, nguyn nhn ca ngha v trong hp ng song v s c
xc nh bng cch:
a. Da vo ngha v i ng, ngha v ca bn ny s l nguyn nhn ca
ngha v bn kia
b. Da vo c s ca hp ng
c. Da vo l do, ng c giao kt hp ng
d. Da vo tnh hp php ca hp ng
3. Theo lut Anh, cc iu kin vt nh i c gi tr l:
a. Vt nh i phi khng gn vi mt vic qua
b. Vt nh i phi xut pht t ngi th hng quyn li c nh i
c. Vt nh i phi
d. Tt c u ng
4. Trong lut ca Italia, cng chng vin, khi chng nhn hp ng phi:
a. Chu trch nhim v ch k ca cc bn
b. Chu trch nhim v ch k ca cc bn v ni dung hp ng
c. Chu trch nhim v lai lch v nng lc ca cc bn
d. Chu trch nhim v lai lch v ch k ca cc bn

34

Chuyn 3

Trust trong lut ca Anh

I.

Tng quan
1. Lch s

Ti Anh, trust c tin thn t mt loi giao dch c bit khc gn lin vi t
ai, gi l uses, theo , mt ngi (gi l feoffor) chuyn giao cc quyn ca mnh
i vi t cho mt ngi th hai (gi l feoffee to use v gi tt l feoffee) v ngi
sau ny c ngha v khai thc t v li ch ca mt ngi th ba (gi l cestui que
use). Ngi th ba s chnh thc chim hu v khai thc t k t mt thi im
thch hp do ngi chuyn nhng n nh khi xc lp giao dch.
i vi Common law, ti sn m feoffor giao cho feoffee thuc quyn s hu
ca feoffee: nu feoffee quyt nh khng giao ti sn li cho cestui que use, th
feoffor cng khng lm g c. Trong thi k thp t chinh ch php l v uses
hnh thnh v hon thin nhm mc ch bo v quyn v li ch hp php ca
feoffor chng li feoffee to use gian ln. gip cho cc chin binh yn tm tham gia
chin tranh, vin B th ca nh vua ph trch cc hot ng t php (gi l
Chancellor) cho php cc feoffor hoc cestui que use vin dn cc uses yu cu
feoffee tn trng cc quyn li ca h. Cc hot ng ca Chancellor dn dn c
hnh dung nh hot ng ca mt nh ch ti phn c lp vi h thng To n
Common law v da trn cc quy tc php l c lp vi Comnon law, n c bit
di tn gi Equity law.
Ngay t khi uses c s dng, th t duy m trn uses c xy dng
cng ng thi t nn mng cho s ra i ca trust. Khc vi use, loi giao dch c
tc dng to ra feoffee nh mt nhn vt trung gian gia feoffor v cestui que use,
trust c hnh dung nh mt giao dch nhm chuyn giao ti sn cho mt ngi gi
l trustee km theo mt s mng m ngi sau ny phi thc hin, nh l iu kin
th hng cc ti sn c chuyn giao. Trustee c cc quyn ca ring mnh i
vi ti sn c chuyn giao, khc vi feoffee l ngi hoc ch thay mt feoffor
hoc ch thay mt cestui que use thc hin cc quyn ca h i vi ti sn.
Hin nay trust tr thnh mt loi giao dch c chp nhn nhiu nc
trn th gii. to iu kin thun li cho s pht trin ca loi giao dch ny cng
nh bo m tnh nht qun trong suy ngh ca cc dn tc khc nhau v trust,
Cng c La Haye v trust c thng qua ngy 01/7/1985. Cng c ny
c s ph chun ca hu ht cc nc cng nghip pht trin.
2. Khi nim
35

Trust l mt giao dch php l qua , mt ngi (gi l ngi lp trust hay
settlor) chuyn giao mt hoc nhiu ti sn ca mnh cho mt ngi khc (gi l
ngi nhn trust hay trustee) ngi sau ny s dng, nh ot v li ch ca mt
ngi khc na (gi l ngi th hng hay benificiary) hay v mt mc ch g
ph hp vi php lut, do ngi lp trust xc nh trc.
3. c im
Do hiu lc ca trust, mt hoc nhiu ti sn c tch ra khi sn nghip ca
ngi lp trust c t di quyn s dng v nh ot ca ngi nhn trust m
li khng thuc v sn nghip ring ca ngi nhn trust. Ni cch khc, trust l mt
sn nghip c lp, c ti sn c v ti sn n ring trong quan h vi sn nghip ca
ngi lp trust cng nh ca ngi nhn trust.
4. Phn loi
4.1 Trust php nh (Statutory trust).
y l cc trust c thit lp theo quy nh ca lut trong cc trng hp
c lut d kin. Mt s v d trong lut ca Anh:
- Nu di sn c nhiu ngi tha k, th phi c vai tr ca trustee mi khi cn
bn mt bt ng sn thuc di sn;
- Ngi thi hnh di chc ng vai tr ca mt trustee mi khi tin hnh bn
mt ti sn no thuc di sn;
- Vic chuyn giao mt bt ng sn thuc di sn, trong tnh trng s hu
chung theo phn, cho nhng ngi ng tha k m trong c mt ngi cha
thnh nin, phi dn n vic thit lp mt trust c i tng l bt ng sn ,
nhm bo v quyn li ca ngi tha k cha thnh nin.
4.2 Trust r rng.
y l cc trusts c thip lp theo ch ca mt ngi c ti sn. V d:
mt ngi chuyn giao mt s tin cho em trai ca mnh ngi sau ny s dng
vo vic trang tri chi ph hc tp cho con ca ngi sau ny; mt ngi khng c
con lp di chc quyt nh chuyn giao ton b ti sn ca mnh sau khi cht cho
ngi v go v ngi sau ny c ton quyn s dng, nh ot cc ti sn y vi
iu kin chuyn giao tt c nhng g cn li, sau khi ngi sau ny cht, cho mt
trong nhng ngi chu trai ca ngi lp di chc;...
Tu theo c im ca ngi th hng, trust r rng cng c phn thnh
hai loi: trust t nhn v trust cng cng.

36

- Trust t nhn c ngi th hng l mt hoc nhiu t nhn c ch nh

r; cn trust cng cng c ngi th hng l cng chng, l mt b phn ca x hi
gm nhng con ngi v danh, thuc mt giai tng x hi hay thuc mt gii ngh
nghip no c xc nh.
- Trust cng cng mang tnh cht t thin v c ng k vo mt s t
thin chu s gim st ca quyn lc cng cng trong qu trnh thc hin.
4.3 Trust mp m. y l loi trust pht sinh t ch c suy on ca
ngi c ti sn. Hc thuyt php l phn chia loi trust ny thnh ba nhm nh: trust
mp m ch thc, trust h qu v trust din dch. y l cc loi giao dch khng
mang tn trust nhng v bn cht l trust.
- Trust mp m ch thc (implied trust). y l loi trust pht sinh t mt
giao dch m cc bn gn cho mt tn khc hoc thm ch khng t tn.
- Trust h qu. Nhng trusts pht sinh do hiu lc ca mt giao dch khc nh
l h qu php l t nhin ca giao dch .
- Trust din dch (constructive trust). Trust pht sinh hiu lc khng theo
ch ca trustee, thm ch chng li ch .
II.

Ch php l
1. Trust r rng t nhn

1.1. Cc yu t c trng
1.1.1 ch
Trust t nhn r rng ch c th xut pht t ch ca ngi c ti sn. ch
c by t trong khun kh mt giao dch do mt ngi c nng lc hnh vi xc
lp. V hnh thc, giao dch c th c ghi nhn bng vn bn hay ch n gin
bng s th hin mt thi c x ca ngi c trust ti sn cho php ghi nhn mong
mun ca ngi v vic thit lp mt trust.
1.1.2 Ti sn
Trong quan h trust, chnh ti sn, ch khng phi ngi th hng, l ch
th. Trust m khng c ti sn l trust khng c gi tr. Gi l c ti sn, mt khi c
y cc cn c cho php xc nh c cc vt c th tham gia vo quan h
trust.Ti sn c th c xc nh bng con s c th, nhng cng c th c xc
nh thng qua cc tham s tru tng.
1.1.3 Ngi th hng.

37

- Ngi th hng l i tng ca trust. C trng hp trust khng c ngi

th hng; khi , mc ch ca trust chnh l i tng ca n. Trn nguyn tc,
mc ch ca trust phi gn vi li ch ca mt hoc nhiu ngi, gi l ngi th
hng; nu khng, trust s khng c bo m thc hin, do khng c ai mng n
n. Mt cch ngoi l, nu mt ngi lp di chc quyt nh vic dng mt hoc
nhiu ti sn ca mnh vo vic chm sc m m ca mnh, chm sc mt sc vt
nui (c ch nh r), t chc cc l cu kinh, th cc quyt nh y c th c
thc hin thng qua mt trust, vi iu kin ngi lp di chc ch nh lun mt
ngi tip nhn cc ti sn lin quan trong trng hp v l do g m cc quyt
nh y khng c thc hin.
- Ngi th hng trust phi c xc nh hoc c th xc nh c.
1.1.4 Thi hn
Thng thng, thi hn ca mt trust l 21 nm, tnh t ngy trust c thc
hin (Lut perpetuities v accumulations nm 1964). Tuy nhin, ngi lp trust c th
ch ng ko di thi hn ca trust theo mt trong hai phng n:
- Hoc, ngi lp trust tuyn b rnh mch v mong mun ko di thi hn
ca trust so vi thi hn php nh, bng cch n nh mt thi hn xc nh di hn.
Lut ni rng khi , thi hn xc nh theo ch khng th vt qu 80 nm;
- Hoc, ngi lp trust quy nh mt cch rnh mch rng trust c thi hn
bng vi cuc sng ca mt ngi no cng thm 21 nm. mt quy nh nh
th c gi tr, iu kin cn thit l: 1. Ngi no phi l mt ngi c lin quan
n trust (v d, ngi th hng, ngi nhn trust); 2. Ngi phi cn sng thi
im trust bt u c thc hin.
1.2 Cc nhn vt c lin quan n trust
1.2.1 Ngi lp trust
Ngi lp trust l ngi to ra trust bng ch ca mnh. Bng s by t ch
n phng, ngi lp trust chuyn giao mt hoc nhiu ti sn ca mnh cho ngi
nhn trust; nhng s vn hnh ca trust li c lp vi ch ca ngi lp trust. ch
n phng ca ngi lp trust c th c ghi nhn di hnh thc mt chc th,
mt hp ng tng cho hoc mt giao dch n phng m lut ca Anh gi l deed.
- ch to lp trust. ch phi c by t bi mt ngi c nng lc hnh
vi v c quyn nh ot cc ti sn m mnh nh chuyn giao. S by t ch phi
trn c s t nguyn v nht l phi r rng, cho php xc nh rng ng s mong
mun xc lp trust ch khng phi mt giao dch no khc.
38

- Chuyn giao ti sn cho trust. Chuyn giao ti sn cho trust l giao dch m
ngi lp trust phi thc hin xc nhn tnh nghim tc ca vic by t ch. Ti
sn l mt s tin c chuyn giao bng cch chuyn khon v vic chuyn giao
c hon tt khi ti khon ca ngi nhn trust nhn c s tin. Ti sn l mt
ng sn c chuyn giao bng cch giao nhn v phng din vt cht hoc coi
nh c chuyn giao do hiu lc ca mt cam kt chuyn giao n phng m
ngi chuyn giao khng c quyn hu b. Cc c phn c ghi tn c chuyn giao
bng cch sang tn trn s ng k c phn. Cc quyn i vi mt bt ng sn
c chuyn giao bng cch sang tn trn s ng k bt ng sn.
Cng c trng hp ngi lp trust ng thi l ngi nhn trust. Khi ta
ni rng ti sn khng cn c chuyn giao v phng din vt cht t mt ngi
ny sang mt ngi khc, nhng phi c chuyn giao v phng din php l:
trc y c t di quyn ca ch s hu, nay ti sn cng c t di quyn
ca ng con ngi , nhng li mang t cch ngi nhn trust.
- Tnh c lp ca trust. Mt khi ti sn c chuyn giao cho ngi nhn
trust, ngi lp trust khng c quyn hn g na i vi ti sn lin quan. Trust vn
hnh c lp vi ch ca ngi lp trust. Ngi nhn trust khng phi xin ch th
ca ngi lp trust mi khi xc lp cc giao dch lin quan n ti sn. Mun kim
sot hot ng ca trust, ngi lp trust phi d kin trc ( thi im thit lp
trust) kh nng can thip ca mnh trong qu trnh vn hnh ca trust.
1.2.2 Ngi th hng trust
a. Quyn li chnh
Trust c thit lp nhm chuyn quyn s hu ti sn cho ngi th hng
mt thi im thch hp: ngi th hng trong trng hp ny c nhng quyn i
vi ti sn ca trust theo Equity law cho n khi cc ti sn c chuyn giao hn
cho mnh. i khi, trust c lp ch nhm khai thc ti sn v li ch ca mt ngi
th hng trong sut cuc i ca ngi .
b. Quyn eo ui ca ngi th hng.
Equity law tha nhn rng ngi nhn trust khng c quyn lm dng trust
trc li cho mnh hoc cho ngi khc; nu lm tri li, c ngi nhn trust v ngi
thng ng vi ngi nhn trust phi chi trch nhim. Xut pht t nguyn tc
ca Equity m ngi th hng trust c th yu cu To n bo v quyn v li ch
hp php ca mnh lin quan n trust trong nhng trng hp cn thit. Di y l
nhng trng hp in hnh nht.

39

- Trng hp 1: ngi nhn trust chim ot ti sn ca trust. Khi ngi

th hng c quyn i li ti sn b chim ot. Ngi th hng c mt quyn u
tin so vi cc ch n khng c bo m ca ngi nhn trust i vi ti sn c
i li, ngay c trong trng hp ngi nhn trust trong tnh trng chu s thanh
ton t php.. Ti sn c i li c th l ti sn nguyn thu ca trust nhng cng
c th l ti sn thay th.
- Trng hp 2: ngi nhn trust lm ln ln tin ca trust v tin ca ring
mnh. n l ni rng trong trng hp ny nhng khon chi t ti khon ca ngi
nhn trust c coi nh nhng khon chi bng tin ca ring ngi nhn trust: ngi
th hng c u tin nhn dng s tin ca trust t tn khon ca trng mc. Tuy
nhin, nu tin ca trng mc c chi tr cho mt v mua ti sn v gi tr ca ti
sn n mt lc no li cao hn s tin mua, th ngi th hng c quyn i
cho mnh phn chnh lch gi tr.
- Trng hp 3: ngi nhn trust lm ln ln tin ca nhiu trusts. Khi , n
l c quy tc first in, first out (tm dch l vo trc, th ra trc). Mt ngi nhn
trust lm ln ln tin ca 3 trusts khc nhau, theo th t thi gian: trust A c 2000
bng Anh, trust B c 2000 bng v trust C c 3000 bng; ngi nhn trust dng 2000
bng thanh ton n ph trong mt v n no , 3000 bng mua mt s c phiu
sau ny c gi tr ln n 6000. Theo quy tc va nu, th khi thanh l cc trusts, trust
A s mt trng, trust B nhn c s c phiu tr gi 4000 bng v trust C nhn c
s c phiu cn li cng vi 2000 bng tn trong ti khon.
- Trng hp 4: mt ngi th ba lm ln ln mt cch v tnh tin ca trust
v tin ca ring mnh.
+ Nu ngi nhn tin ngay tnh v vic nhn tin c ngun gc t mt giao
dch chuyn nhng ti sn c n b, th ngi th hng trust khng c quyn eo
ui i vi s tin y, ngi th hng c quyn tm li s tin ca mnh trong cc
ngn qu ca ngui nhn trust.
+ Nu ngi nhn tin khng phi chuyn nhng mt ti sn hoc li ch vt
cht hoc thc hin mt cng vic c li cho trustee., th d ngay tnh hay khng
ngi nhn tin tr thnh mt trustee v do tin ca trust ln ln vo tin ca
trustee m ngi th hng c quyn tin hnh cc bin php c cho php trong
trng hp ny khi phc quyn li ca mnh.
c. Cc quyn yu cu ca ngi th hng.
Phn ln cc quyn yu cu ca ngi th hng tng ng vi cc ngha v
ca ngi nhn trust v mc ch chnh ca cc yu cu l lm cho ngi nhn trust
phi thy s cn thit i ng ng trong vic thc hin trust: tch bit vic qun l
40

ti sn ca trust vi vic qun l ti sn ring ca ngi nhn trust; nghim tc v tn

tu trong vic u t ti sn ca trust; bo co ng k;...
- Quyn yu cu i vi ngi th ba. Ngi th hng c th thc hin mt
quyn yu cu i vi ngi th ba c hnh vi gy thit hi cho mnh hoc cho trust,
trong trng hp v l do g m khng th thc hin quyn eo ui. Tuy nhin,
iu kin cn thit l thit hi khng c ngun gc t mi quan h kt uc gia ngi
nhn trust v ngi th ba.
- Quyn yu cu lin quan n trust. Ngi th hng c quyn yu cu thay
i ni dung ca trust, c bit l yu cu To n cho php ngi nhn trust xc lp
cc giao dch m trc , ngi nhn trust khng c php.
- Quyn yu cu i vi ngi nhn trust. Ngi th hng nhn danh trust,
ch khng nhn danh chnh mnh, khi yu cu ngi nhn trust bi thng nhng
thit hi m ngi sau ny gy ra cho trust. Trong trng hp ngi nhn trust t ra
khng c nng lc bo m s vn hnh bnh thng ca trust, ngi th hng c
quyn yu cu cch chc ngi nhn trust.
1.2.3 Ngi nhn trust
gc nhn ca mt ngi chp nhn quan nim ca lut la tinh v quyn s
hu, ngi nhn trust l ch s hu i vi cc ti sn ca trust.
a. Ch nh ngi nhn trust
- C ngi nhn trust. Ngi nhn trust c th c c theo ch ca ngi
lp trust hoc theo quyt nh ca To n.
+ C ngi nhn trust theo ch ca ngi lp trust. Khng c vn g
trong trng hp ngi lp trust by t ch r rng v vic c ngi nhn trust. Kh
khn ch xut hin trong trng hp trust c thit lp m vic c ngi nhn trust
li khng c biu hin bng li ni hoc cu ch vit rnh mch. n l, v phn
mnh, suy on rng mt khi vic chuyn giao ti sn mang y tnh cht ca vic
thit lp mt trust, m ngi nhn trust li khng c ch nh r, th chnh ngi
nhn ti sn c chuyn giao l ngi nhn trust, cho n khi c bng chng ngc
li. Cng chnh do n l m mt khi c bng chng cho thy ngi c ti
sn thc s thit lp mt trust, ngha l c mt khi ti sn c i sng php l c
lp vi cc ti sn khc ca ng s, nhng li khng thy xut hin ngi nhn
trust, th chnh ngi lp trust phi l ngi nhn trust.
+ C ngi nhn trust theo quyt nh ca To n. Vic c ngi nhn
trust bng con ng t php c th c thc hin trong trng hp vic thay th
ngi nhn trust l cn thit, nhng ngi c quyn ch nh ngi nhn trust li
41

vng mt hoc khng hng ng, v mt l do no . D c To n b nhim,

ngi nhn trust thc hin nhim v ca mnh theo quy nh ca trust ch khng phi
theo quyt nh ca To n.
-

m nhn chc nng ca ngi nhn trust.

+ Chp nhn. S chp nhn nhim v ca ngi nhn trust c th c biu

l mt cch r rng bng mt tuyn b ming hoc tuyn b vit. Nhng trong a s
trng hp ngi nhn trust by t s chp nhn ca mnh bng thi c x. Trn
nguyn tc, vic ngi nhn trust thc hin mt hnh vi no th hin quyn lc
ca mt ch s hu i vi mt ti sn ca trust ng ngha vi vic ngi chp
nhn trust.
+ T chi. Khng ai b buc phi m nhn vai tr ca mt ngi nhn trust.
Nhng vic t chi phi c xc lp trc khi ngi ny chp nhn trust. Nu
chp nhn (ngha l khng chng minh c rng mnh cha bao gi chp nhn
trust), th ngi nhn trust ch c th t b trust theo cc th tc t nhim. Vic t
chi c th c ghi nhn bng vn bn hoc bng li ni ca ngi c ch nh,
ca ngi i din hoc lut s ca ngi ny. Vic t chi cng c th c ghi
nhn t thi th ng ca ngi c ch nh.
- Thay th ngi nhn trust
Vic thay th ngi nhn trust c th c thc hin trong trng hp ngi
ny mong mun thi nhim v hoc khi ngi ny khng thc hin nghim chnh cc
nhim v ca mnh hoc tr nn khng cn nng lc thc hin cc chc nng ca
mt ngi nhn trust. Thm quyn ch nh: ngi c ngi lp trust giao quyn
ch nh ngi nhn trust; ngi thi hnh di chc hay ngi qun l di sn ca ngi
nhn trust, To n
b. Quyn v ngha v ca ngi nhn trust
Ngi nhn trust c trch nhim bo m s vn hnh ca trust theo ng
ch ca ngi lp trust, ng hn l theo ng mc ch c ngi lp trust ra
cho trust. lm c vic , ngi nhn trust c Common law coi nh l ngi
c y cc quyn ca mt ch s hu i vi ti sn ca trust; i li, ngi ny
c ngha v qun l, khai thc cc ti sn y vi s chu o v thn trng.
Trong trng hp c nhiu ngi nhn i vi cng mt trust, th tt c nhng
ngi ny phi cng nhau thc hin cc quyn v ngha v ca ngi nhn trust.
- Xung t li ch gia ngi nhn trust v ngi th hng. Cc chc
nng ca ngi nhn trust khng c php mang li li ch ring cho ngi ny. Khi
ngi nhn trust thu c mt li ch vt cht trong qu trnh vn hnh ca trust, th
42

li ch l ca trust. Trong trng hp mt ngi nhn trust chuyn nghip qun l

nhiu trusts khc nhau, th ngi ny khng c s dng cc thng tin lin quan n
mt trust lm li cho mt trust khc ng thi gy thit hi cho trust c lin quan
n thng tin . Ngi nhn trust cng khng c xc lp, thc hin mt giao dch
c tc dng t mnh vo v tr ca mt ngi cnh tranh vi cc quyn li ca trust.
- Ngha v tn trng cc iu khon ca trust. V nguyn tc, ngi nhn
trust phi t mnh thc hin vic iu hnh trust. Ngoi l, trong mt s trng hp,
ngi nhn trust c th nh mt ngi khc thay mnh thc hin mt hoc nhiu cng
vic lin quan n vic iu hnh trust.
Ngi nhn trust, trn nguyn tc, khng c quyn t sa i cc iu khon
ca trust. Ngoi l, ngi nhn trust cng c th ch ng yu cu To n thay i
ni dung ca trust trong nhng trng hp rt c bit c tnh cht khn cp, khi cn
phi bo tn mt ti sn hoc mt quyn, v ch lin quan n cc giao dch mang
tnh cht qun l.
c. Trch nhim ca ngi nhn trust
- Trch nhim i vi ngi th hng. Ngi nhn trust phi chu trch
nhim i vi ngi th hng v nhng thit hi gy ra cho ngi sau ny, nhng
thit hi pht sinh ch yu t li c hoc v .
Trong trng hp hnh vi gy thit hi do tt c nhng ngi nhn trust cng
thc hin, th nhng ngi ny phi chi trch nhim lin i. Nguyn tc trch
nhim lin i c p dng m khng cn xem xt liu c mt ngi nhn trust no
c li km nghim trng hn nhng ngi nhn trust cn li. Trong mi quan h
ni b gia nhng ngi nhn trust, trch nhim c phn b ng u; tuy nhin,
nu c cn c th To n c th tin hnh phn b li trch nhim cho hp l.
Trong trng hp ngi nhn trust vi phm ngha v b thay th, th ngi
nhn trust mi khng phi chi trch nhim v nhng thit hi do ngi tin nhim
gy ra; nhng ngi k nhim phi tin hnh cc th tc nhm buc ngi tin nhim
thc hin cc ngha v bi thng hoc hon tr ca ngi sau ny.
- Trch nhim ca ngi nhn trust i vi nhau. Trn nguyn tc, ngi
nhn trust khng chu trch nhim i vi nhau v nhng hnh vi ca ngi ng
nhim vi mnh; tuy nhin, hiu qu bo v ca quy tc ny i vi ngi nhn trust
b gim st ng k do c mt quy tc khc, theo , ngi nhn trust m bit c
hnh vi vi phm ngha v ca ngi nhn trust, thm ch c s chun b cho vic vi
phm , th phi c phn ng; hn na, ngi nhn trust m khng bit c s vi
phm hoc s chun b vi phm c th b coi nh ngi khng tn tu trong nhim v
v phi chu trch nhim: ngi nhn trust c ngha v kim tra v sa sai ln nhau.
43

2. Trust t thin
nh ngha. Trust t thin c thit lp nhm mc ch em li cc li ch
cho nhng ngi km may mn hoc chi ph cho vic xy dng, bo qun, khi
phc cc cng trnh c tnh cht phc li chung. Trust t thin c coi nh mt ph
cch i vi ch php l chung v trust: ngi th hng khng c xc nh r;
trong trng hp ngi nhn trust vi phm ngha v, th ngi c quyn khi kin l
chng l; thi hn ca trust t thin c th khng cn c xc nh. Do c nhiu
c im ring nn trust t thin chu s chi phi ca cc quy nh php l khc vi
trust t nhn.
2.1 Mc ch t thin ca trust
- Trust nhm h tr cho ngi ngho, nhng ngi sng thiu thn, ngi gi
yu hoc tt nguyn.
- Trust c lp nhm h tr cho vic gio dc, qung b kin thc cho cng
chng: trust xy dng trng hc, vin nghin cu, th vin.
- Trust c mc ch tn gio, nhng loi trust ny ch c coi l trust t thin
khi mang li li ch cho cng ng hoc t nht l mt b phn ca cng ng.
- Trust c thit lp nhm mang li li ch cho cng ng.
- Trust phc v cho cc phc li vui chi, gii tr, th gin ca cng chng,
vi iu kin cc phng tin y thc s mang tnh cht ca cng trnh phc li x
hi.
2.2 c im ring ca nhng yu cu ca lut i vi trust t thin
Tnh cht t thin thun tu. Trust t thin ch c gi tr mt khi c lp
ch vi mc ch t thin.
Cng c th c coi l hon ton c tnh cht t thin, nu trust ch yu
nhm vo mc ch t thin, trong khi mc ch khng t thin ch mang tnh cht
ph v nhm phc v cho vic t c mc ch ch yu. V d : Trust nhm lp
mt qu h tr y t cng ng km theo mt iu khon v tr tin n cho nhng
ngi qun tr.
2.3. Qun l trust t thin
Khng c ngi th hng c ch nh r theo di s vn hnh ca trust,
vic qun l trust t thin c giao cho cc nh chc trch cng cng trn c s cc
quy nh ca o lut Charities nm 1960.
- Nhng ngi qun l v kim sot u tin l nhng ngi nhn trust c
ngi lp trust ch nh. Chnh nhng ngi ny phi tin hnh ng k trust t thin
44

v gi s sch k ton ca trust. Cng ging nh trong trust t nhn, ngi nhn trust
t thin, trn nguyn tc, phi t mnh thc hin cc nhim v lin quan n trust;
song, vic u nhim cho ngi khc c chp nhn trong trust t thin vi nhng
iu kin d dng hn so vi trust t nhn. Mt khc, cc quyt nh lin quan n
trust t nhn i hi s nht tr ca nhng ngi nhn trust, trong khi cc quyt nh
lin quan n trust t thin c ly theo a s.
- C quan c bit c nng lc m nhn cc nhim v ca ngi nhn trust t
thin: the Official custodian for Charities. T chc ny c th tip nhn cc trusts t
thin do s ch nh trc tip ca ngi lp trust. S gim st t php i vi vic
thc hin chc nng ngi nhn trust ca t chc ny khng c t ra. To n cng
c th trao cho t chc ny nhng trust t thin trc c t nhn qun l, trong
trng hp ngi nhn trust trc b cch chc.
- Vic kim sot hot ng ca ngi nhn trust thuc thm quyn ca Vng
triu, c i din bi Tng Chng l (Attorney general). Ngoi ra, cn c mt s
thanh tra (visitors) do Chnh ph Hong gia ch nh cng c quyn kim sot vic s
dng cc ngn qu ca trust t thin.
Bi tp
Sinh vin chn phn tr li ng nht ca mi cu ghi vo bng di y (ch chn
mt trong bn kh nng: a, b, c, d).
1. X- ngi nhn trust thng ng vi Y bn r cho Y mt ti sn thuc trust m X
khng c php bn. Theo lut Anh, nu Y khng tr li ti sn cho trust th Y s
phi tr thnh ngi nhn trust bt c d theo
a. Mt trust mp m ch thc
b. Mt trust din dch
c. Mt trust r rng t nhn
d. Mt trust h qu
2. Theo lut Anh, ngi th hng ca trust t nhn c cc quyn:
a. Quyn th hng trust
b. Quyn eo ui i vi ti sn ca trust
c. Quyn kin co ph tr
d. Tt c u ng
3. Theo lut Anh, c quan qun l trust t thin (the Official Custodian for Charities)
c th tip nhn cc trust t thin:
a. Do s ch nh trc tip ca ngi lp trust
b. Do s ch nh ca Ta n trong trng hp ngi nhn trust trc b
cch chc
c. Do s ch nh ca nhng ngi th hng
45

d. a v b ng
4. A lp trust nhm xy dng mt th vin cho thnh ph X. y l trust t thin
bi v mc ch ca trust l:
a. Gip ngi ngho
b. Pht trin gio dc, qung b kin thc
c. Phc v li ch cng ng
d. Phc v cho hot ng gii tr

46

PH LC
Phn loi cc h thng php lut trn th gii (theo thng tin trn trang web ca Khoa
Lut- i hc Ottawa- Canada, a ch: http://www.juriglobe.ca/eng/sys-juri/indexsyst.php)
CIVIL LAW MONOSYSTEMS

ALBANIA
ANGOLA
ARGENTINA
ARMENIA
ARUBA (NL)
AUSTRIA
AZERBAIJAN
AZORES (PG)
BELARUS
BELGIUM
BENIN
BOLIVIA
BOSNIA and HERZEGOVINA
BRAZIL
BULGARIA
CAMBODIA
CANARY ISLANDS (SP)
CAPE VERDE
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
CHILE
COLOMBIA
COSTA RICA
CROATIA
CUBA
CZECH REPUBLIC
DENMARK (DK)
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
ECUADOR
EL SALVADOR
ESTONIA
FAROE ISLANDS (DK)
FINLAND
FRANCE (FR)
FRENCH GUYANA (FR)
FRENCH POLYNESIA (FR)
FRENCH SOUTHERN AND
ANTARCTIC LANDS (FR)
GEORGIA
GERMANY
GREECE
GREENLAND (DK)
GUADELOUPE (FR)
GUATEMALA
HAITI
HONDURAS
HUNGARY

LAOS
LATVIA
LIECHTENSTEIN
LITHUANIA
LUXEMBOURG
MACAU (CN)
MACEDONIA (FYROM)
MADEIRA (PG)
MARTINIQUE (FR)
MAYOTTE ISLAND (FR)
MEXICO
MOLDOVA
MONACO
MONTENEGRO
NETHERLANDS (NL)
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES (NL)
NICARAGUA
NEW CALEDONIA (FR)
NORWAY
PANAMA
PARAGUAY
PERU
POLAND
PORTUGAL (PG)
REUNION ISLAND (FR)
ROMANIA
RUSSIA
SAINT-BARTHELEMY (FR)
SAINT-MAARTEN (FR)
SAN MARINO
SAINT PIERRE AND MIQUELON (FR)
SERBIA
SLOVAKIA
SLOVENIA
SPAIN (SP)
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
SURINAME
TAJIKISTAN
THAILAND
TURKEY
TURKMENISTAN
UKRAINE
URUGUAY
UZBEKISTAN
VATICAN

47

ICELAND
ITALY
KAZAKHSTAN

KYRGYZSTAN

VENEZUELA
VIETNAM

WALLIS AND FUTUNA (FR)

MONTSERRAT (UK)
NAURU
NEW ZEALAND (NZ)
NIUE ISLAND (NZ)
NORFOLK ISLAND (AU)
NORTHERN IRELAND (UK)
PALAU
PITCAIRN (UK)
SAINT HELENA (UK)
SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS
SAINT VINCENT AND THE
GRANADINES
SAMOA, AMERICAN (USA)
SOUTH GEORGIA AND SANDWICH
ISLANDS (UK)
TOKELAU (NZ)
TONGA
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
TURKS AND CAICOS (UK)
TUVALU
UNITED KINGDOM (UK) (minus
SCOTLAND, GUERNESEY, JERSEY)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA)
(minus LOUISIANA)
VIRGIN ISLANDS (UK)

VIRGIN ISLANDS (USA)

SAUDI ARABIA

JERSEY (UK)

COMMON LAW MONOSYSTEMS

ANGUILLA (UK)
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA
AUSTRALIA (AU)
BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN
TERRITORY (UK)
BRITISH TERRITORIES OF
ANTARTICA (UK)
BAHAMAS
BARBADOS
BELIZE
BERMUDA (UK)
CANADA (CD) (minus QUEBEC)
CAYMANS (UK)
COOK ISLANDS (NZ)
DOMINICA
FIJI ISLANDS
GIBRALTAR (UK)
GRENADA
GUAM (USA)
HAWAII (USA)
IRELAND
JAMAICA
KIRIBATI
MALOUINES/FALKLAND ISLES (UK)
MAN ISLE OF (UK)
MARIANA (USA)

MARSHALL ISLANDS

MUSLIM LAW MONOSYSTEMS

AFGHANISTAN
MALDIVES ISLANDS

CUSTOMARY LAW MONOSYSTEMS

ANDORRA

GUERNSEY (UK)

MIXED SYSTEMS OF CIVIL LAW AND COMMON LAW

SOUTH AFRICA
BOTSWANA
CYPRUS
SCOTLAND (UK)
GUYANA

MAURITIUS
NAMIBIA
PHILIPPINES
PORTO RICO (ASS. USA)
QUEBEC (CD)

48

LOUISIANA (USA)

SAINT LUCIA

MALTA

SEYCHELLES

MIXED SYSTEMS OF CIVIL LAW AND CUSTOMARY LAW

BURKINA FASO
BURUNDI
CHAD
CHINA (CN) (minus H-K and MACAU)
CONGO
CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF
COTE D'IVOIRE
ETHIOPIA
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
GABON
GUINEA

GUINEA-BISSAU

JAPAN
KOREA SOUTH
KOREA NORTH
MADAGASCAR
MALI
MONGOLIA
MOZAMBIQUE
NIGER
RWANDA
SAO TOM AND PRINCIPE
SENEGAL
SWAZILAND
TAIWAN

TOGO

MIXED SYSTEMS OF CIVIL LAW AND MUSLIM LAW

ALGERIA
COMOROS ISLANDS
EGYPT
IRAN
IRAQ

LIBYA
MAURITANIA
MOROCCO
PALESTINE
SYRIA

LEBANON

TUNISIA

MIXED SYSTEMS OF CIVIL LAW, MUSLIM LAW AND CUSTOMARY LAW

DJIBOUTI
ERITREA
INDONESIA

JORDAN

KUWAIT
OMAN

TIMOR LESTE

MIXED SYSTEMS OF CIVIL LAW, COMMON LAW AND CUSTOMARY LAW

CAMEROUN
LESOTHO

SRI LANKA

VANUATU

ZIMBABWE

MIXED SYSTEMS OF CIVIL LAW,COMMON LAW, MUSLIM LAW AND CUSTOMARY

LAW

BAHRAIN

SOMALIA

QATAR

YEMEN

MIXED SYSTEM OF CIVIL LAW, COMMON LAW, JEWISH LAW AND MUSLIM LAW

49

ISRAEL

MIXED SYSTEMS OF COMMON LAW AND MUSLIM LAW

BANGLADESH

SINGAPORE

PAKISTAN

SUDAN

MIXED SYSTEMS OF COMMON LAW AND CUSTOMARY LAW

BHUTAN
GHANA
HONG KONG (CN)
LIBERIA
MALAWI
MICRONESIA
MYANMAR

NEPAL

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

SAMOA
SIERRA LEONE
SOLOMON ISLANDS
TANZANIA
UGANDA

ZAMBIA

MIXED SYSTEMS OF COMMON LAW, MUSLIM LAW AND CUSTOMARY LAW

BRUNEI
GAMBIA

KENYA
MALAYSIA

INDIA

NIGERIA

MIXED SYSTEM OF MUSLIM LAW AND CUSTOMARY LAW

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

50

HNG DN GII BI TP
Cu hi

Bi 1- Phn

Bi 2- Phn

Chuyn

Chuyn

Chuyn

1- Phn II

2- Phn II

3- Phn II

51

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Gio trnh Lut so snh/ TS. Nguyn Ngc in- Trng i hc Cn Th 2006
2. Cc h thng php lut c bn trn th gii/ Michel Fromont- Nh xut bn T php 2006
3. Lut so snh/ Michael Bogdan- Trng i hc S phm H Ni 2002

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MC LC
Trang
Phn m u .. ..01

PHN I- PHN CHUNG

Chng 1-Tng quan v so snh lut 03
Chng 2- Cc h thng php lut tiu biu trn th gii . 08

PHN II- PHN CHUYN

Chuyn 1- Quyn chim hu trong lut ca cc nc . 18
Chuyn 2- Ch php l v giao kt hp ng trong lut ca Anh-M, Php,
c v Italia
... 25
Chuyn 3- Trust trong lut ca Anh.. 34
Ph lc ...46
Hng dn gii bi tp ....50
Ti liu tham kho ...51

53