NGHIN CU CH TO B TNG CNG CAO S DNG CT LIU CP PHI GIN ON VI CT MN

ThS. NG VN TON Vin KHCN Xy dng

Tm tt: Vit Nam c mt ngun cung cp ct ht th di do s dng trong b tng nhng do s gia tng nhanh chng ca ngnh cng nghip xy dng v xy dng cc chnh sch bn vng th vi c quan tm n ngun ct mn tng ln. Bi bo ny trnh by mt s kt qu nghin cu v b tng cng cao bng cch s dng ct liu cp phi gin on vi ct mn. 1. Gii thiu ch to b tng cng cao ngi ta thng s dng ct li u c cht lng cao, c th l ct liu c cp phi ht hp l, ct liu ln c cng cao, t tp cht bi, bn, ct liu nh l ct th c m un l n 2,6-3,5 [2]. Theo tiu chun Vi t Nam TCVN 7570 : 2006 Ct liu cho b tng v va Yu cu k thut th ct dng cho b tng v va c phn ra thnh ct th c m un ln t ln hn 2,0 n 3,3 v ct m n c m un ln t 0,7 n 2,0. Theo tiu chun ny, ct mn c th c s dng ch to b tng cp ti B25. Do ct mn khng t yu cu k thut ch to b tng cng cao. i vi mt hn hp b tng c t l N/X v tnh cng tc nht nh th vic s dng ct th s lm gim c lng dng xi mng so vi trng hp dng ct mn. Ngc li, vi mt lng dng xi mng cho th hn hp b tng s dng ct th c th t tnh cng tc yu cu vi mt lng nc nho trn t hn, dn ti t l N/X thp hn nn cng ca b tng s cao hn. Ct mn l ct c c ht hu ht l t qua sng 1,25mm. Vic phi hp loi ct ny vi dm s dn ti hn hp ct liu c cp phi gin on, do thiu cc cp ht t 5 n 1,25mm. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu cho thy c th s dng hn hp ct liu cp phi gin on vi ct mn ch to b tng cht lng tt. c im ca b tng cp phi gin on l n c khi lng th tch ln hn so vi b tng cp phi lin tc [10], cp phi ht ti u ca hn hp ct liu cp phi gin on cn ph thuc vo lng h xi mng trong hn hp b tng [7]. Mt c im khc l hn hp ny d ln cht hn so vi hn hp b tng cp phi lin tc c cng st [4]. Ngoi ra do xu hng d phn tng nn hn hp b tng cp phi gin on thng c ch to vi st thp [8]. Bi bo ny gii thiu cc kt qu nghin cu s b v b tng cng cao s dng hn hp ph gia khong hot tnh tro tru x l cao ht ha v ct liu cp phi gin on vi ct mn. Phi hp s dng x l cao vi tro tru trong b tng ct mn cng cao c bit c li v c th thay th mt lng kh ln xi mng bng hn hp ph gia khong m khng gy nh hng xu ti tnh cng tc ca hn hp b tng v cng b tng. 2. Nguyn vt liu s dng Nguyn vt liu sau y c s dng. 2.1 Xi mng Xi mng s dng trong nghin cu l xi mng poc lng PC40 Bt Sn. Tnh cht c l ca xi mng c a ra trong bng 1.
B ng 1. Tnh cht c l ca xi mng poc lng PC40 Bt Sn STT 1 2 3 4 5 Ch tiu 3 Khi l ng ring, g/cm m n (lng st trn sng 75m), % do tiu chun, % n nh th tch, mm Thi gian ng kt, pht Bt u Kt thc Cng , MPa tui 3 ngy Chu nn tui 28 ngy Chu u n Chu nn Gi tr 3,1 5,0 29,0 1,0 95 140 24,0 4,9 50,2

2.2 Ph gia khong a. Tro tru Tro tru c chun b bng cch t tru v nghi n mn tro thu c. Quy trnh chun b tro tru c trnh by chi tit trong ti li u [1]. Tnh cht k thut ca tro tru c nu trong bng 3 v hnh 1, hnh 2 v bng 2.

Hnh 1. Biu phn b thnh phn ht ca tro tru

Hnh 2. Biu nhiu x Rnghen XDR ca tro tru B ng 2. Thnh phn ho ca tro tru SiO2 86,98 Fe2O3 0,73 Al2O3 0,84 CaO 1,40 Na2O 0,11 K2O 2,46 MgO 0,57 MKN 5,14

B ng 3. Mt s tnh cht k thut ca tro tru Khi lng ring (g/cm ) 2,2
3

ht vi (mg/g) 300

Ch s hot tnh vi xi mng, (%) 95

b. X l cao ht ha Thnh phn ht v thnh phn ha ca x l cao th nghim c trnh by tng ng trn hnh 3 v bng 4.

Hnh 3. Biu phn b thnh phn ht ca x l cao ht ha nghin m n B ng 4a. Thnh phn ha hc ca x l cao ht ha Thi Nguyn SiO2 34,2 Fe2O 3 0,64 Al2O3 13,7 CaO 42,6 MgO 6,9 Na2O 0,08 K 2O 0,24 SO 3 0,07 MnO 0,81 TiO2 0,13 S
2-

1,23

B ng 4b. M t s tnh cht k thut ca x l cao ht ha Thi Nguyn Khi lng ring (g/cm3) 2,94 Ch s hot tnh vi xi mng, (%) 106

2.3 Ct Ct s dng trong nghin cu l ct vng sng L v ct en Sng Hng c phi kh sng loi b cc ht trn 5mm. Thnh phn ht v tnh cht c l ca ct vng, ct en c nu trong bng 5.
Bng 5a. Thnh phn ht v tnh cht c l ca ct th Kch thc mt sng, mm Lng st tch lu, (%) Khi l ng ring, g/cm
3 3

5 0

2,5 7,7

1,25 17,2

0,63 45,1 2,65 2,63 2,61 0,6 0,1 0.95

0,315 78,7

0,14 96,3

Khi l ng th tch trng thi bo ho trong, kh mt SSD, (g/cm ) Khi l ng th tch trng thi kh vk, (g/cm ) ht nc, (%) m (sau phi kh t nhin),% Hm lng bi, st, (%) Tp cht hu c (so v i mu chun) M un ln B ng 5b. Thnh phn ht v tnh cht c l ca ct mn Kch thc mt sng, mm Lng st tch lu, (%) Khi l ng ring, g/cm
3 3 3

sng hn 2,7

5 0

2,5 0

1,25 0

0,63 23,4 2,64 2,58

0,315 50,5

0,14 82,3

Khi l ng th tch trng thi bo ho trong, kh mt SSD, (g/cm )

Khi lng th tch tr ng thi kh vk, (g/cm ) ht nc, (%) m (sau phi kh t nhin),% Hm lng bi, st, (%) Tp cht hu c (so vi mu chun) M un l n

2,51 0,7 0,1 1,0 sng hn 1,6

2.4 Ct liu ln dm c Dmax 20 c sn xut t m ng Ao H Nam. Mt s tnh cht c l ca dm c trnh by trong bng 6.
B ng 6. Mt s tnh cht c l ca dm C ht 5-10 Kch thc mt sng, (mm) Lng st trn sng, (%) Khi l ng ring tr ng thi kh k, (g/cm ) Khi lng th tch trng thi bo ho trong, kh m t SSD, (g/cm ) Khi l ng th tch trng thi kh vk, (g/cm ) ht nc, (%) nn dp trong xi lanh,%
3 3 3

C ht 10-20 10 100 2,70 20 0

5 100

10 0

2,68 2,66 0,8 12

2,65 2,60 0,75 10,8

2.5 Ph gia siu do v nc Ph gia si u do gc polycarboxylate ca hng BASF Vit Nam, c tn thng phm l Glenium ACE388 SureTec (dng lng, mu h phch, khi lng ring 1,07g/cm3, hm lng ion clorua < 0,1, mc c hi theo tiu chun ECC 99/45 l khng c, hm lng s dng < 2lit/100kg xi mng) v nc my H Ni. 3. Phng php nghin cu Trong nghin cu s dng cc phng php phn tch ha l phi tiu chun v cc phng php th nghi m c l theo tiu chun TCVN, phn tch ht tia lazer, nhiu x tia Rnghen (XDR), knh hi n vi in t qut (SEM), TCXDVN, ASTM C128-97, ASTM C127-88, C469-94. Ngoi ra cn s dng phng php quy hoch thc nghim bc hai tm xoay Box-Hunter. 4. Kt qu nghin cu v tho lun ch to 31 cp phi b tng lp theo quy hoch thc nghim bc hai tm xoay nghi n cu nh hng ca cc yu t: t l N/CKD, hm lng tro tru, hm lng x l cao ht ha v hm lng ph gia siu do ti st ca hn hp b tng v cng b tng. Qu trnh chun b mu th nghim c thc hin nh sau: Hn hp b tng c nho trn trong my trn ri t do. Sau khi trn, tin hnh xc nh st ca hn hp b tng. Mu b tng, kch thc 10x10x10 cm c c trong khun thp, trn bn rung chn ng. Sau khi c, khun cha mu c y kn bng tm polyetylen v c t trong mi trng khng kh ca phng th nghim. Sau mt ngy, mu c tho khi khun v dng h trong b nc cho n khi tui th nghim xc nh cng nn. Sau khi x l s liu thc nghim thu c xc nh c m hnh thng k thc nghim m t nh hng ca thnh phn b tng ti tnh cng tc v cng ca b tng ct mn cng cao. Cc m hnh thng k thc nghim ny c trnh by chi tit trong ti liu [1]. Trn c s phn tch cc m hnh hi quy thc nghim a ra mt s cp phi b tng ct mn t c s cn bng ti u gia tnh cng tc tt, cng . Thnh phn v mt s tnh cht ca cc cp phi b tng ny c nu trong cc bng 7, 8, 9.

Bng 7. Thnh phn b tng ct mn cng cao K hiu cp phi CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5 XM (kg) 266 339 308 321 309 XLC (kg) 193 128 172 140 141 TT (kg) 92 83 70 89 99 N (lt) 138 154 170 187 203 SD (kg) 5,5 4,4 3,3 3,3 3,3 Ct m n (kg) 488 478 467 453 440 dm, (kg) 10-20 853 836 817 792 769 5-10 401 393 384 373 362

Bng 8. S suy gim st ca cc hn hp b tng theo thi gian STT 1 2 3 4 5 K hiu cp phi CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5
20 18 16

N/CKD 0,25 0,28 0,31 0,34 0,37

K hiu cp phi CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5

0 pht 18,0 18,5 18,0 18,5 17,5

st (cm), ti cc thi im 30 pht 60 pht 16,5 14,5 17,5 16,0 17,0 15,5 17,5 15,0 16,5 14,5

s t ,c m

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

0 pht 30 pht 60 pht

0.25

0.28

0.31 N/CKD

0.34

0.37

Hnh 4. S suy gim st ca cc hn hp b tng theo thi gian Bng 9. Cng nn ca b tng theo thi gian K hiu cp phi 1 ngy CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5 41,4 41,2 37,1 35,6 33,0 Cng nn, MPa 3 ngy 68,1 67,6 61,0 58,6 54,3 7 ngy 78,3 77,6 70,1 67,3 62,4 28 ngy 92,0 91,3 82,5 79,2 73,4

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Thi gian bo dng, ngy

Hnh 5. S pht trin cng b tng

C n g , N /m m 2

N/CKD = 0.25 N/CKD = 0.28 N/CKD = 0.31 N/CKD = 0.34 N/CKD = 0.37

100 95 90

y = -164.33x + 134.62 R2 = 0.9553

R28, N/mm

85 80 75 70 65 60 0.22

0.25

0.28

0.31

0.34

0.37

0.4

0.43

N/CKD

Hnh 6. nh hng ca t l N/CKD ti cng nn ca b tng

so snh b tng cng cao, c p phi gin on s dng ct mn v b tng cng cao cp phi li n tc s dng ct th ch to hai cp phi b tng c cng t l N/CKD, lng dng nc v ph gia si u do. Ly ngu nhi n 1 trong 5 cp phi b tng ct mn hp l xc nh c trong nghin c u (k hi u CP2) c t l N/CKD = 0,28, lng dng cht kt dnh 550 kg/m vi hm lng ct trong ct li u l 28%, cn c p phi b tng ct th (k hi u CPCV) khng s dng ph gia khong, c t l N/X = 3 0,28, lng dng xi mng 550 kg/m vi hm l ng ct trong ct liu l 41%. Cc tnh cht c so snh bao gm : tnh cng tc, cng un, cng nn, m un n hi, kh nng chng thm ion clo. Do s lng thit b thi gian nghi n c u c hn, s lng mu th nghim nhiu, tc gi l y mu xc nh cng nn c kch thc 15x15x15 cm, mu xc nh cng un c kch thc 10x10x40 cm, mu xc nh m un n hi l m u tr c kch thc 15x30 cm, m u xc nh kh nng thm ion clo l m u tr c kch thc 10x5 cm. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca hai cp phi b tng ny c trnh by tng ng trong bng 10 v 11.
Bng 10. Thnh phn b tng ct mn v b tng ct vng K hiu CP2 CPCV XM (kg) 339 550 XLC (kg) 128 0 TT (kg) 83 0 SD (kg) 4,4 4,4 N (lt) 154 154 C (kg) 478 724 dm, (kg) 5-10 393 333 10-20 836 708
3

Bng 11. Tnh cht ca b tng ct mn v b tng ct th K hiu CP2 CPCV st, cm 18,5 20 Cng tui 28 ngy, MPa Chu un 18,9 16,5 Chu nn 82,5 76,0 M un n hi, GPa 66,9 63,5 in lng truyn qua mu, cu lng 179 1238

T cc kt qu thc nghim nu trn c th a ra mt s nhn xt sau: - Cc hn hp b tng cp phi gin on vi ct mn u c st cao 17-18 cm v tn tht st sau 1 gi st gim xung cn 14-16 cm. Mc suy gi m st kh chm, c th do loi ph gia siu do s dng l ph gia si u do gc polycarboxylate th h mi, mt khc do cht kt dnh c hm lng ph gia khong l n (40-50%) nn tc thy ha ca xi mng trong thi gian u b chm li v s ta nhit khi xi mng thy ha cng gim i. Vic s dng hm lng hn hp ph gia khong cao v lng dng cht kt dnh ln kt hp vi ct mn c t din b mt cao lm cho va xi mng c do v lin kt cao. V vy tuy hn hp b tng ct mn c st cao nhng khng b phn tng, tch nc mc d mc ngm ct nh (2830%);

- B tng ct mn c cng nn cao 70 - 90 MPa (mu lp phng 10x10x10cm), tng ng 60 - 80 3 MPa khi quy v mu lp phng tiu chun. Mc d lng dng cht kt dnh ln (550 kg/m ) nhng do mt lng ln xi mng (40-50%) c thay th bng hn hp ph gia khong nn lng dng xi mng trong cc cp phi b tng ct mn ch khong 270 n 340 kg/m , tc l tng ng vi lng dng xi mng trong b tng thng mc M25, M30; - Ngoi tr tnh cng tc, cc tnh cht khc nh cng , m un n hi v kh nng chng thm ion clo ca b tng ct mn m trong thnh phn c cha ph gia khong u cao hn so vi b tng ct th c cng lng dng cht kt dnh, lng dng nc v ph gia siu do. Ph gia khong lm tng c chc ca xi mng, ci thin cu trc ca vng tip gip gia xi mng v ct liu. 5. Kt lun - Nghin cu chng t kh nng s dng ct mn thay cho ct th ch to b tng cng cao m khng cn dng hm lng xi mng cao hn so vi b tng thng. t c iu cn phi phi hp cc bin php: s dng ph gia siu do th h mi, s dng hn h p ph gia khong tro tru - x l cao ht ha vi hm lng ln, lng dng cht kt dnh ln v mc ngm ct nh; - T ngun nguyn vt liu thng dng sn c Vit Nam (x l cao ht ha Thi Nguyn, tro tru, ph gia siu do ACE 388, ct mn, dm, nc) c th ch to b tng ct mn c cng nn trn 60 MPa, st 18 cm, mc tn tht st chm, vi lng dng xi mng di 350 kg/m ; - Vi c phi hp x l cao ht ha v tro tru l m ph gia khong cho php s dng ct mn lm ct liu nh cho b tng cng cao, gim c lng dng ph gia siu do v mt lng ln xi mng ng thi vn m bo b tng c cht lng cao (tnh cng tc, cng , s duy tr st, kh nng chng thm, chng n mn v m un n hi).
TI LIU THAM KHO 1. NG VN TON , Nghin cu s dng ct mn v hn hp ph gia khong tro tru - x l cao ch to b tng cng cao, Lun vn thc s k thut - i hc Xy dng, 2010. 2. ACI Committee 211, Guide for Selecting Proportions for High- Strength Concrete with Portland Cement and Fly Ash, ACI 211.4- 93, reapproved 1998, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1998. 3. ACI Committee 363, State-of-the-Art Report on High-Strength Concrete, 363R-92, reapproved 1997, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1997. 4. DONG VAN AN, Gap-graded concrete with an excess of fine sand, Report 21.10.93.1.05, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 1993. 5. DONG VAN AN, Optimization of Gap-graded concrete using very fine sand, Report 25.2.94.2.09, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 1994. 6. 7. High performance concrete: Properties and applications. Edited by S.P.Shah, S.H Ahmad., 1994 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. KENNEDY, H.L. Revised application of fineness modulus in concrete proportioning, Proc. ACI, Vol. 36, 1940, pp.597613. 8. LI, SHU-TIEN and RAMAKRISHNAN, V., Gap-graded concrete optimum mixture proportioning, ACI SP-46, Detroit, 1974, pp. 65-72. 9. MEHTA, P. K. and AITCIN, P.-C., Principles underlaying the production of high performance concrete, ASTM J. Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, Winter 1990, pp. 70-78. 10. NEVILLE, A.M., Properties of concrete, Longman, Harlow, 1995, 844 pp.
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