Tp m Gaussian m bn ni n l tp m nhit (thermal noise), l dng in khng mong mun gy ra trong mch in di tc ng ca chuyn ng nhit ca cc ht mang in trong mch

in (cc in t). Chuyn ng nhit y l chuyn ng Brown (chuyn ng B-rao-n nh trong vt l THCS cc bn c hc ngay u mn vt l - phn nhit hc), chuyn ng ny l ngu nhin, cn bng v mi pha, l h qu trc tip ca vic cc in t nhn nhit nng t mi trng v chuyn thnh ng nng. By gi xt mt mch in gm mt ngun tn hiu (ngun mt chiu nh pin chng hn) c sc in ng l E, c in tr ngun bng 0, mch ngoi gm mt in tr ti R, b qua in tr dy dn. Theo nh lut Ohm, dng in mt chiu qua in tr ti R l Io = E/R. Tuy nhin, khi o thc t, dng in qua mch l I(t) khc Io. Dng I(t) quan trc c nhp nh ngu nhin quanh gi tr dng 1 chiu Io. Do , ta c th phn tch I(t) = Io + mt dng (kh nh) nhp nh quanh gi tr 0. Dng nhp nh kh nh y k hiu l n(t), gi l tp m. Dng ny chnh l dng gy bi chuyn ng nhit ca cc in t trong mch. iu ny c th thy c nh sau. Gi tr dng in tc thi trong mch I = q/T trong T l khong thi gian quan trc no , q l in lng chuyn qua thit din ca dy dn. Mi in t trong mch in ng thi chu 2 lc tc ng: Lc in trng do ngun E v lc do chuyn ng nhit gy nn. Nu lc chuyn ng nhit cng hng vi lc in trng do ngun E th in t c tng tc, do trong cng mt T, in lng q chuyn qua mch tng, dng I tng, ngc li th dng I gim. Do chuyn ng nhit th ngu nhin nn s tng gim ca dng in trong mch cng ngu nhin. Tc l n(t) l mt qu trnh ngu nhin. T phn tch trn c th thy dng tn hiu do ngun tn hiu gy nn l Io, cn tp m nhit n(t) th cng vo vi dng tn hiu, nh vy, tp m nhit c tnh cng vi tn hiu - t c ci ch A, vit tt ca t ADDITIVE (c tnh cng). Khi o mt ph cng sut ca tp m nhit N(f), ngi ta thy N(f) ca tp m gn nh hng s trong mt di tn Wn rt rng, ln ti hng chc GHz. rng bng ny s d ln n vy l do c th xem dng tp m l tng cc xung in gy ra khi cc in t chuyn ng nhit va chm vo nhau trong mch - 2 in t va vo nhau th ng nng gim di dng bc x ra cc xung in t n_i (qu trnh

l: nhit nng t mi trng c in t hp th chuyn thnh ng nng, khi va chm th ng nng chuyn thnh in nng bc x thnh cc xung in t) v dng tp m c th xem nh tng cc xung n_i rt b ny. Trong mt giy c n hng t, hng chc t cc va chm nh vy, do vy tp m nh tng mt chui xung c tc ln n hng chc t xung trong mt giy, v vy ph ca n s ln n c hng t n hng chc t Hertz (hng GHz n hng chc GHz). Do dc ca hm N(f) rt nh, mt khc b rng ph ca tn hiu trong thc t li rt b, thng ch vi chc MHz n c 100 MHz, nn bn trong bng tn hiu c th xem N(f) l hng s = No. y ta cn lu : a) Vi tn hiu bng gc, ph chim ca tn hiu W thng rt nh so vi Wn (vi chc MHz so vi vi - vi chc GHz) nn trong bng tn hiu N(f) xem nh = No = const. Cng sut tp m lt vo trong bng tn hiu s l Pn = No.W. b) Vi tn hiu thng di do iu ch, c tn v tp u s cng iu ch sng mang nn trn cao tn, ph tn hiu s rng 2W tp trung quanh tn s sng mang fc, song vi bin ph gim 2 ln (theo nh l iu ch trong bin i Fourier), tng t vy, hm mt ph cng sut tp m cng rng c v 2 pha ca fc v c bin ph l No/2. iu ny cho thy vic iu ch thc ra nh dch tnh tin (tuyn tnh) ph tn hiu ln mt ph cng sut tp m No ln tn s fc song bin cng gim 2 ln, b li, b rng ph trn cao tn by gi ca tn hiu l 2W (v tp m lt trong bng tn hiu vn l Pn = 2W.No/2 = W.No). Nh vy, c th xem nh mt ph cng sut tp m c c thnh phn tn s m (2 pha) vi bin No/2 v khi c iu ch ch n thun l dch tnh tin ln fc. T a) v b) ny sinh hai khi nim: Mt ph cng sut tp m mt pha (ch c phn tn s dng) vi bin ( ln) l No, b rng ph Wn, thng s dng tnh SNR vi tn hiu bng gc hay bng gc tng ng; v mt ph cng sut tp m hai pha (c c tn s dng ln m - i xng quanh tn s 0) vi ln No/2, b rng ph t -Wn n +Wn, tc l b rng ph 2Wn, thng dng xt vi tn hiu thng di (tn hiu c iu ch). Trong bng tn hiu W th mt ph cng sut tp m gn nh l hng s, lm gn ng l hng s No hay No/2 ty trng hp xt. iu ny gi lin h ti ph nh sng trng (l tng ca mi sng in t nh sng vi mi bc sng - hay tn s - khc nhau) l hng s theo trc bc sng lamda hay trc tn s. Tnh cht

ph nh vy gi l ph TRNG, nn c ci ch W (WHITE). By gi xt v mt bin ca dng (hay in p ri trn 1 in tr no nh R ca mch chng hn) tp m. Do n(t) l mt qu trnh ngu nhin nn ti mt thi im quan trc to no ta s c mt bin ngu nhin l n(to), k hiu l n. Nh ni, n l tng ca mt s rt ln cc xung dng (hay xung in t) n_i, tng n_i li c nh hng rt yu ti tng do tng n_i c gi tr rt yu. Theo nh l gii hn trung tm ca Liapunov, n s c hm mt xc sut xp x c bng hm mt xc sut chun (Gauss) (pht biu chnh xc ca nh l Liapunov y s ch t lm ri s theo di nn ti s khng ni k). T y c tnh cht phn b bin ca tp m l phn b CHUN, v do c ch G (GAUSSIAN). Do chuyn ng nhit l cn bng v mi pha nn trung bnh ca n (l tng ca cc xung n_i vi gi tr v du m hay dng ngu nhin) s bng 0. Tc l tp m c bin phn b chun, k vng bng 0. Trn y l cc hiu bit v tp m nhit c c t quan trc v phn tch vt l. V mt ton hc p dng trong phn tch h thng, ta bit rng my thu c mt mch lc lc ly tn hiu, c rng bng lc bng vi rng bng W ca tn hiu. Bt lun tn s sng mang fc l bao nhiu th cng sut tp m ti li ra Pn (s cho ta tnh c t s cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut tp m SNR = P/Pn, vi P l cng sut tn hiu), nh trn ni, cng l No.W. Nh vy, khi l thuc vo tn s fc, ta c th gi nh nh trong my thu s hon ton khng c tp m (khi phn tch h thng ch cn lm vi tn hiu) v tp m trong my thu s c quy ra u vo my thu v cng vi tn hiu, vi tp m c m hnh ton hc l mt ngun tp m c mt ph cng sut tp m mt hay hai pha rng v hn v c ln l No hay No/2 ty theo xt mt ph cng sut tp m mt hay hai pha (khi xt tn hiu bng gc hay thng di) - khi ny m hnh tp m s thc s l mt tp m TRNG. TM TT: Nh vy, tp m nhit c th quy thnh mt ngun tp m u vo my thu, c m hnh ha l AWGN: CNG vi tn hiu ti u vo my thu (A), c mt ph cng sut l hng s rng v hn (No hay No/2 ty theo xt bng gc hay cao tn) - tnh cht c mt ph cng sut TRNG (W), v c bin tp m l bin ngu nhin tun theo phn b CHUN (G), vit tt l AWG Noise hay

AWGN. Ting Vit gi l tp m cng trng chun hay tp m trng chun cng tnh. y ch l mt m hnh ton hc ch khng phi l tp m thc s bi tp m c m hnh ha nh th s c cng sut (l din tch ca di bng di v hn gii hn bi trc tn s v ng N(f) = No, din tch l v hn) bng v hn, khng thc t. Lu : 1. No th hin v mt nng lng ca tp m, v mt thng k th tp m li c th hin qua phng sai ca hm mt xc sut ca bin tp m l zigma^2. Nh vy hai ci ny c quan h vi nhau. Ngi ta chng minh (kh d dng song cng thc lng nhng g ra y ch gy tu ha nhp ma thi) rng No = 2.zigma^2. 2. Cng sut tp m thc t o c trong bng tn hiu Pn = 4.k.T.W, song ta li c Pn = No.W, do vy No = 4.k.T, vi T l nhit tuyt i (tnh theo Kenvin), cn k l hng s Boltzman. Nhit cng cao, No cng ln v cng sut tp m cng ln. tp m nh, cn lm gim T, iu ny dn n cc b LNA (Low Noise Amplifier - Khuch i tp m thp) thng c thit k cho c nhit mi trng thp - t nh nhng b khuch i trong kh Heli lng chng hn. Sa cha: Cc con s ti c th khng nh chnh xc. Theo cc ti liu trn Internet, rng bng ca tp m nhit ln ti 1500 GHz ch khng phi ch vi chc GHz nh trong bi vit.