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LI NI U L do chn ti Nng l ng trong th k XXI ang l vn nng hi trn ton c u. Khi ngu n nhin liu du v kh t d bo s c n kit trong vng 50 n 60 nm t i, dn n gi du, kh ngy mt tng cao v do n lm cho nhiu ngnh sn xut ph thuc nhiu vo ngun nhin liu ny ph i lao ao c bit l nhng quc gia nhp khu du, kh. Cc ngu n nng lng ti to nh : nng l ng mt tri, nng l ng gi, a nhit, nng l ng bin trong nh ng nm gn y ng i ta nghin cu ng dng kh nhiu, nh ng hiu su t ca cc thit b ny cn r t thp, ch a th p ng c nhu c u s d ng nng l ng hin nay. Trong khi ngu n nhin liu ho thch than vi tr l ng cn r t l n v phn b r ng kh p trn ton cu. V vy, gii quyt v n nng l ng hin nay v vi trm nm t i th vic s d ng than v n l gi i php c u th nht. Nh ng v n l ngu n nhin liu ny nu s d ng theo li truyn thng th n pht thi rt ln iu ny l khng th c trong th i i ngy ny. Trong nhng nm gn y, ngi ta ng dng nhiu phng php t v chuyn nhin liu than thnh cc dng nhin liu khc rt c hiu qu, n gim thiu c ngun kh thi gy nhim mi trng, nh chuyn than thnh nhin liu lng, ra than...v c bit l kh ho than .
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c bit Vit Nam vi vic pht hin ra m than di lng ng bng Sng Hng vi tr lng rt ln gn 210 t tn s l mt ngun ti nguyn khng l cho ngnh nng lng v cc ngnh cng nghip khc.Tuy nhin iu kh khn y l m than ny nm su di lng t v c cu to a cht khng n nh, lp t v vch tr rt mm nn khng th khai thc theo phng php thng thng nh hm l v l thin. V vy vic thm d a cht b sung nghin cu cng ngh phc v pht trin b than ng bng Sng Hng ang l nhng trng tm hot ng ca cng ty nng lng Sng Hng (SHE) . SHE ang ch ng trin khai hp tc nghin cu, chuyn giao cng ngh ha kh than ngm (UCG) vi cc i tc Trung Quc, Nhtc, M.
Chnh v vy chng ta cn phi nghin cu ng dng v lm ch c cng ngh ny cho vic khai thc b than ng bng Sng Hng mt cch c hiu qu th y s l mt tim nng v cng to ln vi
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Qua gip chng ta thy c tm quan trng ca cng ngh ha kh than trong qu trnh pht trin ca mi quc gia ni chung v Vit Nam ni ring. CHNG I TNG QUAN V HA KH THAN 1.1. Lch s pht trin ca ngnh kh ha than 1.1.1.Kh ho than trn th gii.
Cng ngh ho kh than l cng ngh s n xut kh t, khi oxy ho kh i hu c trong than khng hon ton. Cng ngh ho kh than c m t l ch s lu i tng tri qua nhng thi k pht trin v suy gi m. Kh t t than thu c ln u tin vo nm 1792 Merdok n c Anh, lc kh t c xem l sn phm i km khi sn xut "d u trong" t than. Vo nhng nm 50 ca th k XIX, c cc nh my s n xu t kh t than trong cc thnh ph l n v va cc nc chu u v bc M i vo hot ng cung cp kh t cho dn thnh ph dng cho cc m c ch si m, sinh hot v chiu sng. Lc ny, chnh l thi k "th k vng" ca cng ngh ho kh than. n u nm 1960, khai thc du m c n ng v ty Xibir v i gi r h n kh sn xut t than, lm cho ngnh cng nghip ho
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- L sinh kh tng si kiu Vinklera. Tng s l c sn xut l 40l. - L sinh kh than cm kiu Kopperxa-Totxeka. Tng s l c a vo s dng l 50 l . c l n c c cng l n trong nghin c u pht trin cng ngh ch bin than, trong c cng ngh ho kh than. Nghin cu v phn tch cc cng trnh cng ngh ho kh than cho thy, l sinh kh c trin vng nht l loi l sinh kh thc hin c cc nguyn l cng ngh sau: - S dng l phn ng nhit t ng mt tng.
- S dng nhin liu c ht b, thng l t 100 micron tr
xung.
- S dng p sut cao, thng l 3 MPa. Kinh nghim cho thy, nu tng p sut ln cao hn s khng t hiu qu, ng thi s dn n lm cho cu to l thm phc tp v gim tin cy.
Nhit ho kh trong khong 1500 2200 C l thch hp nht, vi nhit s m bo c bn vt liu ch to v x lng tch ra
L sinh kh ho kh bng than cm l loi l c cng sut d tr ln, t kng knh v n gin trong ch to. Nhng loi l ny c nhc im l h s tc dng c ch ca ho kh thp, thng l ch t c trong khong 7072%, trong khi cc l khc t ti 80%. khc phc nhc im ny, c nhiu c quan nghin cu ca nhiu nc tin hnh theo cc hng khc nhau, trong c c nghin cu h nhit a vo thit b xung 1000 1100 C, Php cng
0
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1.1.2. Hin trng s d ng cng ngh ha kh than ca mt s quc gia trn th gii 1.1.2.1. Kh ha than Trung Quc Trung Quc l nc c mc tiu th than chim 1/3 tng lng than ton cu v than tham gia vo hn 70% ngun nng lng ca quc gia ny. Ngay c khi c s pht trin ngun nng lng sch hn khc th Trung Quc vn s l nc ngy cng tng mc tiu th than, c bit vo cc lnh vc sn xut ha cht v in nng. Vn m Trung Quc ang quan tm l s dng than c hiu qu hn v t tc hi mi trng hn.
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Trong s cc nh my c 4 nh my i t than do Cng ty Lurgi thit k v i cng sut 900 tn NH3/ ngy, sn phm thu c l DAP, t ti Lucheng, Shanxi. Hin nay cc nh my sn xut NH3 i t than in hnh Trung Qu c l Ha cht Ng Kinh, Liu Ha, H Tr, An Ha, L Nam, Th ch Gia Trang... a s cc nh my ny vn s d ng cc l kh ha kiu c (LURGI) vi kch c 2745, 3000 v3600 kh ha than. Trong s cc nh my ny c m t s nh my ang s d ng l kh ha than theo cng ngh TEXACO, nh l cc nh my L Nam, Ng Kinh...
Trong vi nm gn y, Cng ty Shell Global Solution v Sinopec c a Trung Qu c tin hnh mt s d n lin doanh 50 - 50, s dng cng ngh kh ha than theo cng ngh SHELL s n xut phn bn.
Nh my SINOPEC/ SHELL cng sut than 2000 tn/ ngy t ti Dongting - Hunan, cch ng Nam Thng Hi 900km.
Nh my s s dng nguyn liu than thay th cho Naphtha s n xu t kh t ng hp phc v ngnh s n xut phn bn. Vo nm 2004 nh my tr gi 140 triu USD ny s i vo vn hnh.
SINOPEC v SHELL cng s cho vn hnh hai nh my sn xu t phn bn t than tng t t ti H Bc (cng sut 2000 tn than/ ngy) v An Huy (1500 tn than/ ngy), d kin vn hnh vo nm 2005. Cng ty SHELL cn cung cp bn quyn cng ngh kh ha than cho m t s nh my khc na Trung Quc, nh nh my Yingcheng cng sut 900 tn than/ ngy v Lan Chu cng sut 1200
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my Ng Kinh, An Ha ... iu quan trng t ng ha l ngun cung cp than phi n nh v cht lng, thit b s dng phi c
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1.1.2.2. Kh ha than Nam Phi Nam Phi c nhng tr l ng than ln, t loi than antraxit cht l
ng r t cao n loi than bitum cht lng thp (hm lng tro cao). Than bitum ny c s dng nh ngun cung cp nhit nng cho cc nh my nhit in v cung cp cacbon cho cc nh my ha cht . Sn l ng amoniac hin nay c a Nam Phi t 627000 tn/nm, ch y u d a trn cng ngh kh ha than.
1.1.2.3. Kh ha than n
Kh nng s n c khai thc s d ng l yu t c b n chi phi vic la chn nguyn liu cho ngnh sn xut phn bn ca n . Xu hng nguyn liu ti y dch chuyn t nguyn liu rn (than) v kh l cc trong thp nin 1960 sang nguyn liu lng (naphtha v du nhin liu) trong thp nin 1970, ri n kh thin nhin vo thp nin 1980. Ni chung, trong nhng nm qua cc cng ty n thng u tin s dng kh thin nhin hoc naphtha, cn cc c s phn bn s dng nguyn liu than dn dn b ng ca. Nhng c nhng thi gian ngun cung kh thin nhin rt eo hp do b cnh tranh bi nhu cu t cc nh my pht in. Lng kh thin nhin cn cho mt nh my sn xut ur cng sut 2200 tn /ngy tng ng lng kh cn cho mt nh my nhit in 250 MW. n c gng gii quyt vn nguyn liu bng nhiu cch khc nhau, t nhp khu kh thin nhin ha lng (LNG) n xy dng cc h thng ng ng vn chuyn quy m ln. Ngi ta cho rng vic s dng nhng tr lng than ln ca n cho sn xut amoniac v ur c th s gp phn gii quyt bi ton ny.
1.1.2.4. Kh ha than M
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1.2. Ha kh than ti Vit Nam 1.2.1. Tnh hnh nhin liu s d ng ti Vit Nam Trc y, khi cc loi nhin liu nhp ngoi (xng, du) c gi cn thp th phn nhiu chng ta s dng cc loi nhin liu nhp ngoi . Hin nay, vi vic tng gi nhin liu du trn th gii, sc p v chi ph nhin liu ca cc c s sn xut ang tng mnh v cc c s sn xut ang c xu hng thay th cc nhin liu nhp ngoi bng cc ngun nhin liu sn c trong nc v nht l cc nhin liu r tin. Mt trong nhng ngun nhin liu sn c th than ang c xem l ngun nhin liu mang tnh chin lc ca quc gia. Bng di y s cho chng ta mt ci nhn tng quan v chi ph than so vi cc loi nhin li khc.
Bng 1.1: So snh mt s nhin liu v gi thnh sn xut nhit
[13]
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%
+ Khi chuyn t dng Gas sang s d ng than th chi ph cn
18,3%
+ Khi chuyn t dng Gas sang dng than cm th chi ph cn
10,9% * Tm l i nu s d ng m t cch hiu qu cc loi nhin liu ho thch trong nc th gim c rt nhiu chi ph cho cc c s s n xut. 1.2.2. ng dng cng ngh ha kh than ti Vit Nam Nh v y vi tr l ng than ln, c th s dng mt cch hiu qu ngu n nng l ng ho th ch ny sao cho va c li ch v kinh th, v a c l i ch v mi trng th ng dng cng ngh kh ho than l yu t c n thit v khn trng. Hin nay, rt nhiu c s s n xut trong nc ang hng ti cng ngh ny trong chin lc gim thiu chi ph nng lng. Tuy nhin hu nh Vit Nam cha c mt n v no nghin cu v ch t o thit b ny nn c m t s c s nhp thit b t Trung quc. M c d thit b nhp ngoi tng i t tin ( 1.5 t VND vi cng sut nhit 2224000 kj/h, trng lng thit b 15tn) nhng vn cha ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam. Thit ngh nh nc nn khuyn khch cc nh khoa hc i su vo lnh vc ny c th t vn cho cc nh sn xut trong nc ng dng cng ngh ny mt cch hiu qu nht. Vi c tnh than Vit Nam nh vy th chng ta c th ng dng cng ngh kh ho than tng c nh v tng si p sut bnh thng l ph hp nht.
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Vic khai thc than di cc hm m su trong lng t li kh nguy him, xc sut ri ro cao. M, trong sut th k 20 c hn 90.000 ng i th m cht v cc tai nn hm m, v thng cc cng nhn hm m u c nguy c cao v bnh ung th v nm phi.
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1. Gim chi ph nhin liu. Gi s cng sut nhit cn cung cp l 350.000kcal/h 1.463.000kj/h th: Lng kh ho l ng cn dng: MLPG = 1463000 45000 = 32,5 [kg / h] Lng kh than (KT) cn dng: Mkt = 1463000 4407 = 332 [kg / h] Nh v y v gi tr nhit th: 1kg (LPG) 10,2 (KT) V d c th: Cng ty kt cu thp VNECCO.SSM KCN Ho Khnh trong nm 2006 s d ng ht 150.000 kg LPG tng ng s tin: 1.500.000.000 ( 1 t nm trm triu ng). Nu cng ty s d ng kh than thay th LPG th lng tin tit kim c l: 1.500.000.000 * 49% = 735.000.000 (ng) Vi chi ph tit kim c dng u t ban u vo h thng kh ho than
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than d = 19 g/kg KKK kh ca khng kh iu kin bnh thng Thay cc thng s vo ta c: VoKT = 1,2 [m khng kh /Nm KT] Da vo 2 kt qu tnh trn ta thy khi t kh than th lng khng kh l thuyt gim i rt nhiu so vi khi t LPG (= 1,2/27*100% = 4,4 %) v h qu t t yu l chi ph cho qut v chi ph cho in gi m hn. 1.3.2.2. V mt mi trng Ta th so snh s pht thi kh nh knh ca hai 2 phng php t c a cng m t loi than cc 3 c cc thng s c trng cho b ng 3.1 S pht thi CO2 khi t theo phng php truyn thng.
3 3
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VttCO2 = 0,0187Clv [m /kg] {Cng thc I.18/ [ 7]}= 0,0187 * 80 = 1,5 m /kg S pht thi CO2 khi chuyn than thnh kh than ri t.
V ktCO2 =0,01.(CO+CO2+CH4) [m /m ] {Cng thc I.20/[7]} y CO, CO2, CH4 l thnh phn % th tch ca chng trong kh than (Bng 1.3) Thay s vo ta c:
V ktCO = 0,33 [m /m ] 0.29 [m /kgkt] S pht thi CO2 khi dng LPG. V LPGCO2 = 0,01 (C3H8 + C 4H10) [m /m ] {Cng thc I.20/[7]} C3H8, C4H10 t ng ng l thnh phn % th tch trong nhin liu
3 3 3 3 3
So snh cc kt qu ta thy: cng mt n v khi lng th kh than pht thi ra mi trng lng kh nh knh l thp nht.
Tm li: Phng php ch bin than bng cch kh ho than s mang li cho
nh ng nc nhp kh u d u, kh nh ng l i c tr l ng than ln nhiu l i ch v cng to l n v mt kinh t cng nh mi trng.
1.4. Mt s quy trnh kh ha kh than c p dng trn th gii hin nay G n 20 nm nay, nghin cu kh ha than ca th gii t c nh ng thnh tu ng ch v a ra c mt s quy trnh kh ha than c hiu qu nh: 1.4.1. Kh ha than p sut kh quyn (ACG)
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Kh ha than p sut kh quyn l mt qu trnh n nh v s d ng khng kh p sut kh quyn, khng cn cng on tch kh, trang thit b t ng i r - r h n khong 30% so vi nhng qu trnh khc (tnh theo tn sn phm). Tuy nhin, tiu hao nng lng cao, kho ng 57 kJ/t n amoniac v qu trnh cng thi ra nhiu cacbon monoxit v hyro sunfua, nn cn cng on x l kh ui. Quy trnh ny khng thch hp vi cc dy chuyn cng sut ln. 1.4.2. Quy trnh Koppers Totzek y l quy trnh c s d ng trong nhng nh my Nam Phi, n v Trung Qu c. Trong thit b kh ha, than c nghin thnh ht mn v c p cho l t. Oxy c d n vo tr c tip t pha trc ca thit b kh ha v cng v i lng nh h i n c, hn h p i vo vng phn ng qua ming ca l t vi tc cao. Nhit gia ngn la c th t 200 0 C. Kh tng hp i ra qua nh ca thit b sinh kh nhit 150 160 0 C v qua ni hi c t nng bng nhit thi. Phn ln tro thi ra khi thit b phn ng dng lng v c ha rn thnh ht nh lm ngui nhanh bng nc. 1.4.3. Quy trnh ca Shell
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Trung Qu c cng ang xy dng mt s nh my sn xut phn m ur H Nam, H B c, An Huy..., trong phn kh ha than s p d ng cng ngh c a Shell vi cng sut kh ha 1000 2000 tn than/ngy v i vo hot ng t nm 2005. 1.4.4. Quy trnh Texaco Quy trnh ny t thnh cng ln Trung Quc thay th cho quy trnh kh ha than p sut kh quyn, v trong mt s trng hp thay th cho c quy trnh t napta.
Hng Lurgi a ra m t s cng ngh kh ha, trong thit b kh ha v i tng c nh, y kh ca Lurgi hin c s d ng nhiu nh t. Qu trnh kh ha c thc hin bng hi nc v oxy. Than di chuyn xu ng pha di rt chm, cn tro c tho ra qua y. Nhit kh ha tng i thp so vi cc qu trnh khc. Trong kh thu c c nh ng t p ch t nh phenol v hyrocacbon. Hm lng metan trong kh c th ln n khong 10%. Chnh v th kh khng s ch.
sau:
Qu trnh kh ha c tin hnh trong thit b c bit c gi l l sinh kh. l mt l ng, pha trn c b phn np than vo l, pha di c b nc loi tro,x . Tc nhn kh ha l khng kh v hi nc a vo qua m gi pha di, nhin liu kh to thnh s theo ng ng pha trn ra ngoi.
Theo chiu i t trn xung di, nhin liu ln lt c sy, chng kh, kh, xy ha v cui cng to thnh x. Thng thng vng
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cng m nh. nhit 1000 C th hu ht cc kh CO2 b kh thnh kh CO, cho nn nhit vng kh ha phi duy tr khong 1000 C.
Nh v y, kh than nhn c l do sn phm ca cc phn ng x y ra vng kh ha v kh nhn c t vng chng kh. Thnh ph n c a kh than ra khi vng kh ha cng c s thay i . Mt s kh CO v H2 c tham gia vo vic to ra sn phm tng hp d ng lng v CH4. Ngoi ra phn trn ca nhin liu c th tin hnh phn ng:
o
2CO CO2 + C
Nh ng s bin i ny c ngha ln nu c cht xc tc. Cht xc tc c th c a t bn ngoi vo hay c ngay trong tro nhin liu hoc lp gch lt l. V d s t l cht xc tc cho phn ng:
2CO CO2 + C Trong iu kin thng thng ca k thut nhng bin i ny c th b qua. Tr c khi a kh than i dng ngi ta thng phi lm sch n v sn ph m ra khi l kh ha thng ln nhiu kh khc nhau cng nh mang kh nhiu x , b i, m hng. 2.1.2. Cc loi kh than
Ty theo tc nhn kh ha m ngi ta thu c cc loi kh than khc nhau nh kh than kh, kh than t, kh than hn hp... di y ta nghin c u qu trnh to ra cc loi kh than .
2.1.2.1. Qu trnh to kh than kh 2.1.2.1.1. Bn cht ca qu trnh
Kh than kh l kh than nhn c khi tc nhn kh ha l khng kh. Ti vng kh ha s x y ra cc phn ng sau:
C + O2 = CO2 + 399499 kj (1) 2C + O2 = 2CO + 232384 kj (2) C + CO2 = 2CO + 167023 kj (3)
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kh
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Kh than kh c nhiu nhc im, ch y u l kh nng sinh nhit thp, t ng hm lng CO, H2 thp. T n tht nhit trong qu trnh s n xu t cao do nhit c a sn phm kh ra khi l kh cao (800 900 C), hiu sut kh thp. Trong l kh ha, nhit khu vc chy r t cao nn v t liu lt l chng b h h ng, phi sa cha thng xuyn v phi s d ng vt liu t tin. Tuy vy cng c mt s u im. Do nhit l r t cao nn cho php tho x l ng v do c th dng nhng loi nhin liu nhiu tro, nht l tro c nhit chy mm thp, kh ha. C th cho vo than cc vt liu c kh nng lm gim nhit chy l ng c a tro (nh CaO).
Do nhit trong l cao nn c c ng kh ha cao v vn v tch tro, x khng b h n ch nh cc phng php khc.
0
2.1.2.1.4. Lnh vc s d ng kh than kh Do thnh phn kh than kh c hm lng CO v H2 thp, nn gi tr s d ng v gi tr kinh t thp. Trong trng hp kh c hm l ng H2 thp v CO cao hn th c th ng dng tng hp ha hc. 2.1.2.2. Qu trnh to kh than t dng hi nc 2.1.2.2.1. Bn cht ca qu trnh
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C + CO2 = 2CO - 167023 (kj) (8) Phn ng phn hy hi nc km theo thu nhit, cho nn nhit cng cao th phn ng phn hy hi nc cng mnh lit v ch yu l theo phn ng (5). S phn hy ny cn ph thuc vo hot tnh c a nhin liu. Kh CO2 thu c cc ph n ng (6) v (7) s tc dng v i than cc nung vng kh n m pha trn vng kh ha t o th nh kh CO. Do ph n ng kh ha bng h i n c l phn ng thu nhit m nh nn hi n c a vo l c n phi c nhit cao thc hin iu , c th s d ng cc bin php sau: a. Phng php gin on Nung nng cc l p than trong l bng cch a khng kh vo l tr c thc hin ph n ng chy, lm cho lp than b nng ln, c nhit cao, sau mi a hi nc vo thc hin phn ng kh ha.
Khi a khng kh vo, trong l xy ra phn ng chy to nhit
mnh:
S n ph m kh lc ny cha ch y u CO v H2, ng th i nhit c tch ly t trc s b tiu hao dn lm cho nhit trong l h xu ng, t c phn h y h i n c gim dn. Lc ny phi nh ch vic a hi nc vo l v l i tip tc tin hnh a khng kh vo l duy tr phn ng chy, to nhit cung cp nhit cho qu trnh kh ha tip theo. Cc qu trnh ny phi tin hnh gin on v lp li theo nh ng chu k nh t nh vi cc tc nhn khng kh - hi nc - khng kh, ... b. Phng php lin tc
Khng c n nung nng cc l p than trong l trc m tin hnh a ngay hn hp h i n c v ch t gia nhit dng kh c nhit cao 1100 1150 C vo l v nh nhit lng c a n m c c nhit l ng c n thit cho phn ng kh ha thu nhit.
Qu trnh sn xut theo phng php ny tin hnh lin tc. Trong s hai phng php trn, phng php sn xut gin
0
o n theo chu k khng kh - hi nc - khng kh c dng ph bin hn c . Cc phng php s n xu t lin tc cho sn phm kh tt nh ng p d ng h n ch v ph c t p, t tin v gi thnh cao.
Cn ch l nu tng cao nhit c a lp than bng cch tng c ng qu trnh chy khi thi gi vo l th ng thi vi phn ng oxy ha tng nhanh li km theo phn ng kh CO2 thnh CO cng tng nhanh, kt qu l lm nhit c a lp than ngui i v ng thi cng gy t n tht cacbon. Hiu sut tng cng ca qu trnh kh ha t n
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kh c phc s dao ng v thnh phn kh sn phm, xu hng chung l rt ngn thi gian cc pha n mc c th v thay i lun phin gi a hai pha rt nhanh.
M t khc s d ng ton b nhit tch tr trong cc lp than c a l, ng i ta thng th i gi lnh vo theo kiu: gi lnh vo t
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Pha 6: thi khng kh t d i ln y ht kh than t cn l u l i pha trn ca l. Sn phm vt ny cng c a vo b cha s dng.
Hnh 2.2 : S ch to kh than t theo phng php lin tc
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Qua tng pha nh v y, thnh phn kh sn phm cng thay i lin t c ( xem bng di).
Vic thay i lin tc cc pha ny c th c thc hin bng tay hoc t ng. Khi iu khin bng tay ch c n 4 pha, b pha 2 v pha 4. Tng s th i gian cn thit cho mt chu trnh khi iu khin bng tay c th c n n 9 12 pht, nu iu khin bng phng php na t ng c th cn 5 7 pht, cn khi iu khin t ng ch c n 3 4 pht. 2.1.2.2.2. Thnh phn kh than t t than antraxit Bng 2.4 : Thnh phn kh than t t than antraxit [13]
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Kh ho
H2S 0,3 CO H2 O2 N2 m
3
CO2 6,5
Qthap,kcal/ 2490
%V
7 50 0,2 6 2.1.2.2.3. Mt s c im c a qu trnh sn xut kh than L kh ha than dng gi hi nc c hiu sut kh ha thc t
t t 50 60%. Nh v y nu tnh tng s mt mt do than phi qua qu trnh chy ( c p nhit cho phn ng kh) theo x v tht thot ra mi tr ng xung quanh (kho ng 5%) th c 100 kg nguyn liu ch cn 50 60 kg than tham gia phn ng C + H2O s n xut kh than t sn phm. y chnh l nhc im ln nht ca phng php sn xut kh than t theo phng php gin on. 2.1.2.2.4. Lnh vc s d ng kh than t Kh than t ch yu tng hp ha hc. V l nguyn liu c nhiu H2 nn kh than t c dng tng hp NH3, hoc lm nhin liu. tin hnh tng hp NH3 phi loi b CO theo phng php dng nc hp thu 20 atm. C th loi tr CO theo phn ng chuyn ha: xc tc CO + H2O CO2 + H2 + Q Cr2O3 + Fe2O3
Ngoi ra kh than t cng l loi nhin liu kh cao cp. Nhc im ca phng php l lm vic gin on l hiu
sut thp ( = 50 60%), nhit v thnh phn kh thay i theo thi gian, d gy hn hp n trong l v ng ng.
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Tuy c nh ng nhc i m trn nh kch thc ht ln. Chnh v v y m ht than vi kch thc ht nh h n 35 50 mm khng th dng c.
Do nh c im trn nn gi thnh ca sn phm kh than t s n xu t theo phng php t ng c nh gin on tng i cao. Tuy c nh ng nhc im trn nhng phng php ny vn c s d ng r t ph bin trong cng nghip, v y l phng php c dy chuyn sn xut n gin, thit b r tin, d thit k thi cng v v n hnh khng ph c t p. nc ta s n ph m kh than t c dng s n xu t phn bn ti Cng ty Phn m v Ha cht H Bc
nc.
S d trong cng nghip i n ph ng php sn xut ny v hai
l do:
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- Nu kh sn phm tng hp ha hc m khng cn dng nit th khng nn dng kh ln v vic loi b nit ra khi hn hp kh l mt vn rt kh khn. Cc phn ng ch yu xy ra trong qu trnh kh ha vi gi gm hi nc v oxy l: C + O2 = 2CO + 52285 kcal/k mol C
C + H2O = CO + H2 + 31690 kcal/k mol C Lng oxy cn l 0,1 m O2 /kg C hoc 0,38 kg O2/kg C
3
Trong mt s trng hp do yu cu v thnh phn hn hp kh dng cho cng nghip v cng c th do tit kim oxy k thut, ngi ta c th pha trn thm khng kh iu chnh thnh phn kh cng nh cc yu cu sn xut khc. Bng di y trnh by th d v thnh phn kh sn phm ph thuc vo nng oxy cp (dng than cc lm nguyn liu). Bng 2.5 : Thnh phn kh than khi nng xy trong gi kh thay i i [13]
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Bng trn cho thy khi tng nng oxy trong gi th nng CO2, H2 v CO trong kh sn phm tng, nng N2 gi m, nhit chy tng. Do kh ng ch c t l O2, N2, H2O trong gi nn c th iu ch nh c nhit l kh ha theo mun. Phng php ny cho php dng cc loi than c nhit chy mm c a tro khc nhau, ng thi cho php dng c cc loi than c bin tnh thp, cng kh ha tng i cao. Sn phm kh than t s n xu t b ng ph ng php ny c th dng t ng hp NH3, CH3OH, dng t cc l cng nghip, hoc lm kh t dn dng. 2. Phng php tho x l ng y cng l phng php kh ha thuc ph ng php tng c nh song x c tho ra di d ng l ng. Gi c p vo l g m hi n c v oxy (ho c h i nc oxy + khng kh). Gi cp c a vo l theo cc l chu vi y l. y l c l tho x ra ngoi. L tho x l ng khng c ghi. Do gi c ln oxy nn 0 nhit c a qu trnh kh ha c th rt cao, t ti 1600 1700 C. Phng php tho x l ng cho php s d ng cc loi than c nhit nng chy ca tro thp v c hm lng tro cao. Phng php
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Qua bng s liu trn ta thy tho x r n phi dng nhiu hi n c h n h n ch kt khi x trong l, v tha nhiu hi nc nn
t o iu kin tin hnh phn ng CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 + Q . V vy tho x r n kh cha nhiu CO2 , H2 hn tho x l ng. L ng h i nc dng trong phng php tho x lng t hn phng php tho x rn 4 l n, nh vy tit kim c hi nc. 4. Phng php dng p sut cao (p = 20 atm),tho x r n
iu kin k thu t c a ph ng php ny l p = 20 atm, nhit l phn ng 900 1000 C, gi l oxy k thut + hi nc, than kh ha c th l than bin tnh thp.
Vic tng p sut l phn ng lm tng cng kh ha. Bng 2.7 : Cng kh ho than theo p sut t kh ho [13]
o
p sut
1atm
20atm
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Kh ho
2
a. u im ca phng php S n xu t dng p sut cao lm tng cng kh ha ca l ln 4 5 l n. Do phn ng th c hin nhit thp (900 1000 C) nn khng b kt x trong l iu ny cho php dng cc loi than c nhit chy mm ca tro thp. Tuy dng than cht lng thp nhng c th cho sn phm kh c nhit chy cao t 3200 4000 kcal/ . cc nh my sn xut kh theo phng php p sut cao, lng oxy dng kh ha 1 kg than t hn dng kh ha p sut thng t 2 3 ln. b. Nhc im c a phng php
Thit b phi chu c p sut cao dn n vn u t cao. Trong ph ng php kh ha p sut cao vi gi cha oxy hi
m 0
n c v tho x r n th kh sn phm cn cha nhiu CH4 v cc loi hydrocacbon khc. Nu mun s d ng kh ny lm nguyn liu tng hp ha hc cn phi thm cng on tinh ch, ch yu gim cc loi hyrocacbon. 5. Phng php kh ha than di p lc, tho x lng y l phng php kh ha than di dng bn, p sut cao 20 30 atm, tho x lng (cng ngh Texaco, M) . Bn cht phng php: bi than c trn vi nc theo t l 40/60 (hoc 60/40) trong lng thnh dng bn. Hn hp bn c a vo thit b bay hi p sut 20 30 atm, nhit tng ng l 370 540 C. Hi nc ko theo bi than vo l kh ha. Kh oxy k thut c a vo l v qu trnh kh ha xy ra. X tho ra dng lng, nhit l 1600 1700 C.
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0 0
cng l nhng ph ng php kh ha di p lc v tho x l ng nhng c khc phng php m t v m t s iu kin k thut cng ngh, c bit l cch np than nguyn liu. Trong cc phng php ny than np vo l d ng bi kh. 2.1.3. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh kh ha than 2.1.3.1. nh hng ca p sut Qu trnh kh ha xy ra p sut nht nh. Thc t th qu trnh ha kh hot ng th p sut ti thiu phi l 10bar v c th t n 100bar.
p su t cao c c , nh vic t ng hp amonic ( 130 150bar ) hay nh qu trnh ha kh p sut p sut 70 100bar tr ln th khng thc t cho yu cu thit b. p sut qu cao th kch thc thit b s ln cng nh vic la chn vt liu lm l ha kh tr nn kh khn dn n chi ph kinh t s rt cao.
V vy vic la chn p sut cho qu trnh ha kh l ty thuc vo yu cu ca qu trnh hay thit b v mc ch s dng cui c ng sao cho chi ph u t l thp nht. Hnh 2.3 : S thay i thnh phn kh tng hp khi p sut thay i ng vi nhit 1000 C [12]
o
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Qua th hnh 2.3 ta c th nhn thy c 1000 C khi p sut cng tng ln th thnh phn ca kh CO v H2 trong kh t ng hp s gim xu ng trong khi thnh phn ca CO2, CH4 v H2O li tng ln.Nh v y m i gi tr p sut nht nh th thnh phn kh tng hp s thay i khc nhau. Nh v y ty thuc vo sn phm kh ra theo yu cu cn s dng m ta chn mt gi tr p sut nht nh tng ng vi mi kiu cng ngh ha kh than thch hp. 2.1.3.2. nh hng ca nhit Nhit ca qu trnh ha kh nhn chung c la chn trn c s ca trng thi tro ( trng thi di im mm ca tro v trn im nng chy ca x ) . i vi than im nng chy ca tro rt cao, l s thun li thm cht kh ha vo than gim nhit nng chy ca tro xung. Ha kh nhit cao s lm tng lng oxy tiu th ca qu trnh v s gim ton din hiu sut ca qu trnh ha kh. V vy trong qu trnh ha kh ta lun m bo nhit trong l khng c vt qu gi tri cho php.
Cc qu trnh ha kh hin i u hot ng p sut 30bar v nhit trn 1300 C. iu kin nh vy c tc dng lm tng gi tr sn xut kh tng hp vi thnh phn mtan gim xung. Trong
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0
Qua th hnh 2.4 ta c th thy rng vi s tng ln ca nhit th kh sinh ra c lng CO tng ln, trong khi cc thnh phn CO2, H2O, CH4, li gi m xung.
2.1.3.3. nh hng ca nhin liu 2.1.3.3.1. m c a nhin liu
Cc loi nhin liu c m cao nh c i g, than bn ... mun chuyn chng thnh nhin liu kh bng qu trnh kh ha thng phi th c hin sy s b . Ni chung nu m ca nhin liu khong 50-60% th nhit kh ra khi lp nhin liu thng thp, nu nhit y ch t 8090 C th s t ng ng vi nhit im sng v ng ng t h i n c v nh a than xut hin, qu trnh kh ha b c n tr. Nu tng chiu cao c a l kh ha th c th t n dng nhit sy cc loi nhin liu c m cao .
0
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Hnh 2.5 : nh h ng c a chiu cao v m c a nhin liu n qu trnh kh ha Tuy nhin, iu b h n ch v phi cp nhit nhiu cho vng s y qu di v d xu t hin s ng ng t h i nc v nh a than. Nu chiu cao t yu cu v m ca nhin liu khng l n th nhin liu c t nng ti nhit g n bng nhit c a kh lc ra kh i vng kh ha v nhit c a kh lc ra khi lp nhin liu s cao hn nhit im sng ngha l hi nc trong kh tr ng thi hi qu nhit (hnh 3.4a). Cng trong iu kin , nu tng chiu cao l p nhin liu(hNH3.4b) th nhit kh ra khi lp nhin liu b h thp khng ng k v vng nhit cao b ko di ra.
Ng c l i nu chiu cao l p nhin liu b gim ng k (hnh 3.4c) th nhit kh ra khi lp nhin liu s tng cao v lng nhit yu cu cung c p cho vng sy gim xung. Nh v y, mt lng hi m ng k i cng nhin liu vo vng kh ha s lm gim nhit c a vng ny. Kt qu lm gim cht lung kh than v trong thnh ph n c a n thnh phn CO2 v hi nc tng ln. Nu nh m ca nhin liu qu l n c th d n ti trng hp nhit l ng ca kh khng m bo cung cp cho s chuyn b nhin liu. Trong iu kin , nu tng chiu cao lp nhin liu th nhit kh ra khi lp nhin
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kh m cn lm gim cht lng kh than. V mt cng ngh kh ha ng i ta li phi t ch c l p nhin kiu c chiu cao thch hp hoc thay i ch kh ha. cng l nguyn nhn lm tng gi thnh cho m t n v nhin liu chun. 2.1.3.3.2. nh hng ca nha than Nh a than c th t ti 7 8% nu ta kh ha ci, than non, than bn. V i cc nhin liu rn khc nha than c hm lng thp hn. Nh a than c th t n ti d ng lng hoc hi v nh hng ti ch t l ng kh than v i mc khc nhau. Nhit sinh ca nha than kh cao (t i 31400kj/kg), v vy nu n nm d ng hi th cht lng kh than tng ln nhiu. iu cng gii thch ti sao kh than sinh ra t than non c cht lng cao hn kh than sinh ra t than gi nh antraxit.
Tuy nhin, v iu kin no ( m nhin liu hoc chiu cao l p nhin liu t ch c khng hp l) th nha than tch ra d ng l ng. Trong tr ng hp ny cht lng c a kh than gim xung v qu trnh kh ha gp kh khn do nha than tch ra trong l lm dnh kt cc l p nhin liu, cn tr s l u thng kh v s d ch chuyn nhin liu. Nu nh a than tch ra trn ng dn kh hoc v tr cc van trn ng d n s gy t c tai cc v tr trn ng dn. khc ph c iu khi b tr vn chuyn kh than i ti ni s d ng hoc kt ch a, ng i ta phi dng thit b c bit tch n ra khi kh than (gi l thit b lm sch kh).
2.1.3.3.4. nh hng ca sn phm chng kh Hm lng sn phm chng kh cng cao, cht lng ca kh than cng tng.
Trong s nhng sn phm chng kh c loi c gi tr cao c tch ra khi lm sch kh, v d axit axtic (CH3COOH) v ru phenol ... l nhng sn phm quan trng trong cng ngh ha hc.
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Vi mi loi nhin liu, kch thc c la chn theo kinh nghim, v d than nu, than c th to kch thc trong khong 20 50mm, vi antraxt kch thc khong 13 25mm. Nhin liu d kt khi, hoc d to bt vn th sc cn thy lc cng tng, do thng phi liu hai loi nhin liu ny. Nu kh ha than d kt khi, nn dng l kh ha c nghi quay v trong qu trnh quay cc tng x v cc b ph v lin kt. Nu kh ha than bi hay than cm nn dng l kh ha kiu tng si. 2.2. Cc kiu cng ngh kh ha than * Khi sn xut kh than, ngi ta phi cn nhc hai yu t:
a) Th loi v cht lng than s dng lm nguyn liu kh ha.
b) Mc tiu s dng cc sn phm kh thu c. Mi loi than c th s dng lm nguyn liu cho nhiu phng php kh ha than khc nhau. Ty thuc kch c ca than a vo l kh ha m c th p dng mt trong ba kiu cng ngh kh ha ph bin hin nay l: kh ha than tng c nh; kh ha than tn g si v kh ha than dng cun.
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Theo phng php ny th than c np vo t trn nh l xu ng pha di, gi (khng kh, hi nc...) i vo l t y l cn s n phm kh i ra c a l pha trn. Nh v y gi v than i ngc chiu nhau. * Qu trnh c mt s c im sau:
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C th tm tt nhit cc vng nh sau: T vng chy > t vng kh > t vng bn cc > t vng sy Nh vy nhit lng vng chy phn phi cho cc vng khc thc hin qu trnh kh ha. S truyn nhit t vng nhit cao n vng nhit thp ch yu bng con ng i lu, cn bng cc con ng khc (nh bc x v dn nhit) th t quan trng hn.
c. Khi i t trn xung di, trng lng v kch thc ht than gim dn v than tham gia vo cc phn ng phn hu nhit (bn cc), phn ng kh, phn ng chy. Hm lng cacbon cn li trong x cn li tng i t. Ti vng x, hm lng tc nhn O2 v H2O li cao do gi vo t y l v chuyn ng ngc chiu vi than.
o o o o
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cacbon 4C + 3O2 2CO + 2CO2 + 529 kj/mol * Vng kh: Trong vng ny CO2 v h i n c i t vng chy vo c th gy ra cc phn ng sau: C + CO2 = 2CO - 162 kj/mol C + H2O = CO + H2 + 119 kj/mol C + 2H2O = CO2 + 2H2 + 42 kj/mol y l 3 phn ng quan trng nht vng kh v chnh 3 phn ng ny to ra cc kh c th hoc dng lm kh t hoc dng lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip tng hp ha hc (CO v H2) trong sn xut phn m v cc ha cht khc...
* Vng bn cc (nhit phn): Kh ra khi vng kh c nhit thp hn vng kh do nhit phi cp cho cc phn ng kh. Nhit ca kh (nhit khong 500 700 C) c cung cp cho than vng
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o
ch cha CO, H2, CO2 m cn c c cc h p cht hu c khc v s n phm kh ny ch thun l i khi dng lm nhin liu ch khng thun li cho cc qu trnh tng hp ha hc. Nu than dng cho qu trnh kh ha l than antraxit th s cho sn phm kh CO, H2 c tinh khit cao, thun li cho qu trnh tng hp ha hc.
* Vng sy kh : Tng ny trn tng phn hy cacbon, l tng b mt ca nhin liu than. Kh ha than ang nng i ln gp phi than mi vo th trao i nhit vi nhau lm cho hm lng nc trong than b bc hi do nhit. Than c sy kh.
trnh kh ha thun
Trong l kh ha thun, sn phm ca qu trnh nhit phn (bn c c) thot ra phi i qua khu vc chy, c d oxy v nhit cao nn i b phn kh v cht lng nhit phn b chy v b phn hy tip, nn s n phm c a qu trnh kh ha thun ch y u ch c CO, H2, H2O, v m t l ng nh cc lo i nh a, hydrocacbon... Hm l ng nha trong qu trnh kh ha thun l thp, khng qu 0,3 0,5 g/m , trong khi kh sn xu t theo qu trnh kh ha nghch c hm lng nha cao, n 30 40 g/m . S n phm kh t qu trnh kh ha thun c cht lng t t h n t qu trnh kh ha nghch nn kh c th dng chy cc ng c t
3 3
* u nhc im c a phng php kh ha lin hp: Qu trnh kh ha thun c u im l trong sn phm c hm l ng nh a r t b, nh ng khuyt im l c m t phn than cha tham gia hon ton vo cc phn ng kh ha b thi i. Qu trnh kh ha ngh ch c u im l than tham gia hon ton vo cc phn ng chy v kh.
Qu trnh kh ha lin hp khc phc c nhc im ca c hai qu trnh kh ha. Song kh khn ln nht ca phng php lin hp ny l nu vn tc gi a t d i ln qu ln chng s c kh nng th a oxy, thot ln trn gy chy cc sn phm kh CO, H2. Nu v n tc gi qu b, l ng than cn li trong tro x l i tng ln.
Do v y tuy ph ng php kh ha lin hp tuy c u im nhng c dng r t hn ch, ch c dng s n xu t kh chy ng c t nh ng lo i than c tro cao v than bn.
2.2.1.2. Gii thiu cu trc mt s l kh ha kiu tng c
nh
Di y gi i thiu loi l kh ha than tng c nh, v quay v i t c rt chm khong 120 pht/vng nhm tho x khi l.
1. Tm phn phi nhin liu; 2. Mm tho x; 3. M phn phi gi; 4. H truyn ng quay mm x; 5. Dao g t v h iu khin dao; 6. Ca tho x; 7. V bc nc thn l; 8. Thng pht sinh hi nc; 9. Ni bunke than; 10. ng thi gi (khng kh + hi nc hoc b sung oxy) 2.2.1.3. u nhc im c a qu trnh kh ha tng c nh Nh sp xp cc vng phn ng trong l, vng n k tip vng kia, nn nhit trong l gim dn t di ln trn, than cng i xung di cng nng.
Phng php kh ha tng c nh, nht l phng php kh ha thun lin hp, c u im l c th s dng c tt c cc loi nhin liu ban u khc nhau (v m v tro) m khng nh hng nhiu n cht lng kh than. Than i t vng sy qua vng
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Phng php kh ha tng c nh cho php sn xut kh than c ch a nhiu hydrocacbon, v vy kh sn phm c nhit chy cao, rt c l i khi dng vo mc ch lm kh t.
M t mt cacbon theo x than phng php ny tng i t, v theo chiu chuyn ng ca than t trn xung di th nng cc tc nhn kh nh O2, H2O tng ln cn nng cacbon trong pha rn gi m dn. Nhc im c a ph ng php ny l mt mt nhit theo x kh nhiu v vng tro x tip xc trc tip vi vng chy, l vng c nhit cao, do hiu sut nhit ca qu trnh khngcao.
2.2.2. Kh ha than kiu tng si ( ng knh cc than t 0 10 mm ) Trong khai thc than cc m, khi lng than cm v than bi kh nhiu, c th t i 50% tng s lng than khai thc. V vy vic p d ng cc cng ngh thch hp s d ng cc loi than c kch thc ht nh l rt cn thit.
Than cm v than b i c kch thc ht kh nh 0 - 10mm v 0 - 2mm, nu xp cc loi than ny vo l kh ha th tr l c ca lp than s kh l n. V vy nu kh ha dng cht tng c nh th phi dng t c gi l n mi kh c ph c c tr l c m bo cho l c nng sut nht nh. Nhng nu tng tc gi s khng trnh khi c
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.
gia lc y ca gi v trng lc ca than. Tc gi lc c gi l tc ti hn, c xc nh theo cng thc: Trang53 of 65
Kh ho
Wt i h n =
m/s
yt : Trng lng ring ca than yk : Trng lng ring ca kh d : Kch thc ht than
vo Re Nu Wgi > Wt ihn th than s bay ra ngoi l theo kh. V vy Wgi khng cho php vt qu Wtihn. Nh vy than c kch thc d ln th Wt ihn cng cng ln. Kh ha tng si thng dng kch thc ht 0,5 - 3mm.
2.2.2.2. Gii thiu cu trc mt s l kh ha kiu tng si
L lp si thuc loi thit b trn l tng. Ti trng thi lm vic n nh tnh cht ca h (bao gm tnh cht ha hc - V d thnh phn h, tnh cht vt l) ng nht trong ton khong khng gian lp si. y khng cn phn zn phn ng na.
Thit b ny mang y u im v nhc im ca loi l ny trong phn ng kh rn. Loi l sm nht l l ca F. Winkler.
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1. Bunke than; 2. Bunke bi; 3. Thn l; 4. Tm gt x; 5. Ghi l; 6. Vt v tn tho x than; 7. H truyn ng; 8. ng than; 9. Bunke x;
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Ch thch: 1. Hi th; 2. Hi chnh; 3. Vt thp x; 4. Vt cp than; 5. Bunke than Xem hnh 2.11 ta thy than t bunke - c nit chng chy, qua vt v tn a vo l p si. Cht kh ha i t y l qua ghi to lp si. Cung cp h i th vo nh lp si tr gip cho phn ng kh ha. Thn l cao ti 12 15m, nhm to iu kin chy ht than mn v i kch thc nh h n kch thc bnh qun, ng thi tch mt phn bi. X tho ra kh i l p si qua vt v tn a vo bunke. Kh than ra kh i nh l.
2.2.2.3. u nhc im c a qu trnh kh ha than kiu tng
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- C u t o l n gin, v n u t thp. - Khi thi gi vo l, cc ht ln s t p trung y l. Cc ht nh pha trn v d dng bay ra ngoi l theo gi. lm gim lng b i than bay theo gi ra ngoi ngi ta a than gi bc 2 khong gi a l tng c ng qu trnh kh ha. Nhng gi bc 1 thi t d i y l ln vn l ch y u .
- Khi kh ha tng si, nhin liu v gi i cng mt hng t d i y l, nh vy than c tip xc ngay vi vng c nhit cao. Qu trnh sy, bn cc cng xy ra trong vng ny. Lng cht b c sinh ra gp oxy trong gi s chy ht thnh CO2 v H2O, m t phn nh khc b nhit phn. V vy kh sn phm ra khi nh l khng c cc s n ph m l ng, khng c cc loi hyrocacbon nn kh ra sch, dng cho tng hp ha hc rt c li.
- V kh ha tng si nn cc ht than lun chuyn ng v trong l khng c ranh gii r rt gia cc vng phn ng (nh vng chy, vng kh, vng nhit phn... trong kh ha tng c nh) v nhit trung bnh ca l gim xung. V c im ny nn nhit ca l trong phng php kh ha tng si ch t t 900 n 1000 C.
0
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cun
2.2.3.1.Nguyn l kh ha than dng li cun Nguyn l hon ton ging qu trnh ha kh tng si, nhng s d ng cho than b i , cm c ng ng knh 0 2 mm. Theo cng ngh ny ng i ta phi tng p c a vo l dng cun. Trong qu trnh kh ha p sut tng ln. Di y nu mt ph ng php kh ha than dng dng cun kiu Koppers - Totzek: - Theo phng php ny th nguyn liu c th l than hoc nguyn liu cha cacbon th rn hoc lng. Ngi ta kh ha than b ng oxy v hi nc p sut kh quyn. Quy trnh ny c thi gian c coi nh l phng php in hnh kh ha than dng dng cun (bi).
- Than nguyn liu, c th c tro < 40%, c nghin mn n kch th c < 0,1mm, m khng qu 6 - 8% i vi than nu, 1 - 2% vi than . Sy v nghin c thc hin cng mt cng on.
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thnh CO2, CO, H2, H2O. Do khi lm lnh kh khng cn c cng on tch cc cht nha, du, benzen, phenol... Nh qu trnh lm sch kh ni chung n gin.
2.2.3.2. Gii thiu cu trc mt s l kh ha kiu dng li
cun
Khi u cng ngh ny l l ca c: KT.Koppers Totzek.
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1. Bunke than; 2. B phn pht sinh hi nc; 3. L Koppers Totzek; 4. N i hi nhit tha; 5. Thp ra lm sch kh; 6. Lm lnh kh
Vi lo i l ny nguyn liu di dng bt than hoc bn cng cht kh ha c phun vo nh l to ngn la chy kh mnh, nhit tm li la c th ln ti 2000 C. Trong dng chy ht th huyn ph. Kch thc ht than c 0,1mm. Ton b qu trnh kh ha kt thc trong min c ly 0,5m cch ming phun, thi gian phn ng c 0,1 giy. Tng thi gian dng ca than trong l khong 1 giy. y thc s to mt dng chy lin tc. X ha lng c phun nc lm lnh to vin, 70% tch ra khi y l, cn 30% theo kh, l lm vic p sut thng. Cht kh ha gm:
o
Lng oxy: 0,85 0,9 kg/kg than, t l hi nc/than: 0,3 0,34 kg/kg than, hiu sut s dng than 98%. Sau ny nhiu cng ty ci tin nhm nng cao cng v nng lc sn xut ca l. V d l Shell - Coppers lm vic p sut cao, l TEXACO nng nng sut ln 910 tn/ngy. Hnh 2.16 v hnh 2.17 gii thiu cu to v cng ngh ny.
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1. Thn l t; 2. Cm vi phun; 3. Vi phun oxy; 4. Nc lm l nh; 5. N c lm lnh ra; 6. Gch ch u l a; 7. Bu ng lm lnh; 8. B ph n ch a x ; 9. Thng trn than to bn than Hnh 2.17 : Dy chuyn cng ngh TEXACO
1. G u than; 2. Bunke; 3. Thng bi than; 4. Bnh trn; 5. Bm cao p; 6. Bung t; 7. Bu ng lm lnh; 8. X; 9. N i hi; 10. Thp ra; 11. Gom bn
Theo cng ngh ny than c nghin mn to bn c nng cao i khi cn pha thm mt s ph gia nh vi, dolomit nhm nng cao nhit nng chy ca x, cng oxy phun vo l qua mt vi phun,
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Nng sut thng c 6,35 tn than/gi, hiu sut chy ca than t 98% 99%.
2.2.3.3. u nhc im ca qu trnh kh ha dng li cun
cao. - Sn phm kh khng cha sn phm ph nh (nh a, du, phenol, axit bo...) nn khng c n thit phi lm tinh ch.
- C th thay th than bng cc nhin liu hyrocacbon lng hay
kh.
Ta thy phng php kh ha theo dng dng cun c nhiu u im, kh c th dng cho mc ch dn dng hoc cho tng hp ha hc. Phng php ny c dng nhiu M. Cu to thit b hin c ci tin v c th p ng c nhu cu sn xut kh tng hp cho cng nghip sn xut amoniac v ure dng cho nng nghip.
CHNG III H THNG KH HA THAN TNG C NH KI U NGC CHIU 3.1. S nguyn l h thng ha kh than
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19 20 8 13 16 1 17 15 14 3 12 11 18 2 6 5 4 7 9
10
Hnh 3.1 : S nguyn l h thng kh ha than tng c nh kiu ng c chiu 1.Thn l ha kh; 2. o nc; 3. Van thy lc; 4.Phu cha than; 5. ng dn khng kh t b sy ti l ha kh; 6. M gi; 7. Xicln nng;
8. ng dn kh; 9. B s y khng kh; 10. Qut ht; 11. Thng cha bi; 12. ng ng d n hi t bao h i ti l ha kh; 13. Bao hi;
14. ng ng d n n c t bao h i xu ng o n c; 15. ng ng d n hi t o nuc ln bao h i; 16. Cc ng o nhit ; 17. ng m i l a; 18. Qut cp gi vo b s y; 19.C c u cp than vo l; 20. H thng gu ti. * Nguyn l h thng :
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KT LUN
ti ny gip chng ta hiu thm kin thc v kh ho than hin nay trn th gii,v Vit Nam. ti tm hiu kh ho than a ra nh ng v n sau :
- Ti nguyn than rt ln ca th gii ni chung v nc ta ni ring
- Nh ng l i ch to l n m cng ngh ha kh than mang li c v mt kinh t cng nh mi trng - S lc v cc qu trnh kh ha v cng ngh ha kh than - ti cn cho thy kh nng ng dng cng nh ch to c cc h thng kh ha l trong tm tay ca chng ta. Thit ngh Nh Nc nn c nhng chnh sch c th khuyn khch cc nh khoa hc i su nghin cu v cng ngh ny nhm p dng mt cch hiu qu nht cho t nc
Sau nhiu n lc tm kim,v s gip nhit tnh ca gio vin L Th Kim Huyn chng ti hon thnh ti ny.
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