cng : An ton in

Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

CNG AN TON IN
University of Technical Education HCMC

Trang 1

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

Cu 1 : TRNG TN DNG IN L G ? NGUYN NHN XUT HIN, NH HNG N NGI ? (V HNH) RA CC BIN PHP (V GII THCH) NHM GIM TC HI TRONG VNG NH HNG CA N.
nh ngha trng tn dng in :
Trng tn dng in l vng quanh cc ni t m dng in tn i.

Nguyn nhn xut hin trng tn dng in :

Do h hng cch in, mch in chm t lm cho dng in s c tn ra trong t dn n gia cc im khc nhau trong t s c s chnh lch in p. C th cc trng hp xut hin dng in i vo t : Dy in t, chm t (V d v kim loi ca cc my cng c), in tr tip xc nh, dng i vo t ln. - Cc h thng ni t v c ni t, cch in b chm v xy ra. - Hin tng st nh xung. - V.v nh hng ca trng tn dng in n ngi : Dng in i vo t lm xut hin in th trn mt t v trong t xung quanh ch chm. Khi ngi tip xc ng thi c hai im trn mt t hay trn sn c cc in th khc nhau lm xut hin dng in chy qua ngi t ni c in th cao n ni c in th thp nguy him cho ngi. y l trng hp tip xc gin tip trong tai nn in do in git.

Bin php nhm gim tc hi ca trng tn dng in trong vng nh hng ca n :

c th gim nguy him t in th trn t. C th s dng 2 bin php : Bin php 1 : Trnh xa ch chm t. Xt trng hp dng in vo t qua 1 in cc (kim loi) hnh bn cu.

Trang 2

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

in tr ri trn dy dn t (tng tng) : = . Cng ra xa, dS cng tng. Xt R trn chiu di l = 1m, (in tr sut ca t) khng thay i, khi S cng ln th R cng gim. Ta c Gradiant in th (in p dy ri trn t mi mt chiu di): = . . Khi dR cng gim th dU cng gim theo. Tm li : Dng in i vo t lm xut hin in th trn mt t v trong t xung quanh ch chm. Cng ra xa in th cng gim. ng suy gim in th xung quanh im chm t c xc nh theo ng hypebol :

Trang 3

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

in p gim khi cng ra xa im chm t so vi in p xung quanh im chm t : Trong vng 1 m : gim 68% Trong vng 1m 10m : gim 24% Trong vng 10m 20m : gim 8%

Bin php 2 : X l in tr sut t ngay ti ni thc hin ni t.

Ta c cng thc tnh ton in th ti im cch ch chm t x (m) : = : in tr sut ca t. : gi tr dng chm t. x : khong cch t im cn tnh ton in th so vi ch chm t.

T cng thc trn suy ra : t c in tr sut cng nh th mc nh hng cng nh.

Cu 2 : KHI NGI CHM PHI MT CC DN, HY CHNG MINH DNG IN QUA NGI TRONG MNG 1 PHA C TRUNG TNH CCH T NH HN DNG QUA NGI TRONG MNG 1 PHA C TRUNG TNH NI T ? TRONG THC T, MNG TRUNG TNH NI T C S DNG RNG RI. V SAO ?
Chng minh dng in qua ngi trong mng 1 pha c trung tnh cch t nh hn dng qua ngi trong mng 1 pha c trung tnh ni t khi ngi chm phi mt cc dn :

Trang 4

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

Dng in qua ngi trong mng 1 pha c trung tnh cch t khi ngi chm phi mt cc dn :

Gii thch cc k hiu : U : in p gia hai cc ca mng in

R1 = R2 = Rc : in tr cch in ca dy dn vi t
Rng : in tr ngi Rn : in tr nn Gi thit in tr nn rt nh so vi in tr ngi (Rn << Rng), in dung C c gi tr khng ng k, ta c dng in qua ngi trong mng 1 pha c trung tnh ni t khi ngi chm phi 1 cc dn c cng thc tnh ton nh sau : = . +

Nhn xt : Mng in c trung tnh cch t th dng qua ngi ph thuc vo mc cch in ca mng. Mng cch ly cng tt th ngi cng c an ton. Khi bit dng in an ton qua ngi cho php (Ingcp = 8 10 mA), ta c th xc nh c tr s an ton ca in tr cch in m bo an ton nh sau (Rng = 800 1000 ) : ( ) ( ) 2.

Trang 5

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

Dng in qua ngi trong mng 1 pha c trung tnh ni t khi ngi chm phi mt cc dn :

Gii thch cc k hiu : Rng : in tr ngi Rn : in tr nn Rd : in tr dy dn R : in tr ni t ca h thng Thng Rd v R c gi tr nh so vi Rng v Rn nn c th b qua. Cng thc tnh ton dng in qua ngi trong mng 1 pha c trung tnh ni t khi ngi chm phi 1 cc dn : = Ta c : 2 + > + So snh hai dng in trn : +

Trang 6

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

Nn : . + < +

Vy, khi ngi chm phi 1 cc dn, dng in qua ngi trong mng 1 pha c trung tnh cch t nh hn dng in qua ngi trong mng 1 pha c trung tnh ni t.

Nguyn nhn mng trung tnh ni t c s dng rng ri trong thc t :

Mc d dng in qua ngi trong mng 1 pha c trung tnh cch t nh hn dng in qua ngi trong mng 1 pha c trung tnh ni t khi ngi chm phi 1 cc dn nhng mng trung tnh ni t vn c s dng rng ri l v l do ta c th can thip gim dng in qua ngi trong mng 1 pha c trung tnh ni t d dng v t tn chi ph hn khi can thip gim dng in qua ngi trong mng 1 pha c trung tnh cch t bng cc bin php n gin sau : Gim in p cung cp ca li. Tng in tr sn (thm cch in). Tng in tr ni t ca li in, dng in s nh nht nu trung tnh ca li cch in i vi t.

(Phn gii thch ny cn xem xt li ???)

Cu 3 : MNG H P 3 PHA, THEO CHUN IEC GM 5 DY (3 PHA, 1 N, 1 PE). VY PE C LY T V TR NO TRONG H THNG CUNG CP IN ? (V HNH CC DNG MCH C PE). KHI CP IN CHO CC TA NH, KHNG DNG MNG IT V TN-C. V SAO ?
V tr ly PE trong h thng cung cp in : - Dy PE ni cc phn v kim loi khng mang in to li ng p (dy PE thng bc cch in mu vng sc xanh lc, trn dy PE khng cha thit b ng ct). Dy PE xut pht t dy trung tnh N ca ngun in trong mng TN-S, TN-C hoc xut pht t h thng ni t trong mng TT. - Dy PE dn dng s c do h hng cch in (gia pha v v thit b) ti im trung tnh ni t ca ngun.

Trang 7

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

Dy PE c ni vo u ni t chnh ca mng. u ni t chnh s c ni vi cc in cc ni t qua dy ni t. Ch l dy PE cn phi bn v chu nhit, chu c dng cho php lu di v c tit din ln hn 1/3 dy pha (thng dng dy thp c tit din 120mm2, nhm l 35mm2, ng l 25mm2).

Trang 8

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

Cc dng mch c PE : Quy c : o Ch ci u tin : tnh cht ca trung tnh ngun T (Terrestrial) : trung tnh ngun trc tip ni t I (Insulated) : trung tnh ngun cch ly vi t o Ch ci th hai : hnh thc bo v ngi i vi hin tng chm v T (Tere) : ni v vi h thng ni t bo v N (Neutral) : ni v vi dy trung tnh 1. H thng TT T : trung tnh ngun ni t. T : v thit b ni t.

2. H thng IT I : trung tnh ngun khng ni t hoc ni qua tng tr Zs T : v thit b ni t.

3. H thng TN-S T : trung tnh ngun ni t. N : v thit b ni n trung tnh ngun. S : Dy bo v PE tch ring (separate) vi dy trung tnh.

Trang 9

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

4. H thng TN-C T : trung tnh ngun ni t. N : v thit b ni n trung tnh ngun. C : dy bo v chung (common) vi dy trung tnh ngun v gi l dy PEN. 5. H thng TNC-S Kt hp gia TN-C (ni trc) v TN-S (ni sau).

Nguyn nhn khng dng mng IT v TN-C khi cp in cho cc ta nh : - Mng IT : h thng IT thng c s dng khi yu cu tin cy cung cp in cao (mng cp in cho cc thit b x l thng tin). h ny, cch in thit b phi chu c in p dy nn tn km v kinh t. IT c dng khi c yu cu bc thit v lin tc cung cp in. Nhng n i hi phi nghin cu k lng v cn t chc th nghim qu p v dng dung r. - Mng TN-C : Khi h hng cch in, dng s c gy st p ngun, nhiu in t ln v kh nng gy chy cao. Trng hp ti khng i xng, trong dy PEN s xut hin dng in. Dng in ny c th gy nhiu cho cc my tnh hay cc h thng thng tin. Thng c s dng cho mng in khng ci to hay m rng v c tit din dy cp ng > 10mm2, cp nhm > 16mm2. Khng s dng trong cc cng trnh m kh nng chy v kh nng ly nhiu in t cao (v khi ni cc vt dn ca ta nh vi dy PEN s to nn dng chy trong cng trnh gy him ha chy v nhiu in t). TN-C i hi phi c li ng p hiu qu v chc nng bo v ca dy PEN c t ln hng u.

Trang 10

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

Trong phm vi ng dng ca cc h thng ni t, mng TN-C v IT khng c s dng trong : o Cc mng in rt ln vi in tr ni t phn vt dn khng c che chn c gi tr R > 30. o Loi ti l thit b mt pha s dng in p L N (thit b di ng, bn di ng, xch tay). o Mng in vi vic lin mch ni t khng m bo (khu vc lm vic, cng trnh c,). T cc hn ch trn, ngi ta thng khng dng mng IT v TN-C khi cp in cho cc ta nh.

Cu 4 : CC YU T NH HNG N MT H THNG NI T NHN TO ? TRNH T THC HIN KHI THIT K MT H THNG NI T. CC YU CU CN T C KHI THI CNG MT H THNG NI T ? T C CC YU CU , HIN NAY, TRONG THC T, CC CNG NGH MI NO C P DNG ?
Cc yu t nh hng n mt h thng ni t nhn to : - in cc ni t : cc thp trn, thp ng, thanh thp dt hay thp gc di 2-3m, ng su xung t, u trn cch mt t 0.5 0.8m trnh thay i ca R theo thi tit. Cc cc thp c hn ni vi nhau bng cc thanh thp t nm ngang v cng c chon su cch mt t 0.5 0.8m. chng n mn kim loi, in cc ni t phi c b dy khng nn nh hn 4mm. - Mi ni gia cc in cc hn ha nhit CADWELD, - Dy ni t cn phi c thit din m bo c bn c kh v n nh nhit. Thng dng thp c tit din 120mm2, nhm 35mm2, ng 25mm2. - in tr sut ca t c gim bng ha cht GEM. - V.v

Trang 11

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

Trnh t thc hin khi thit k mt h thng ni t : Xc nh in tr yu cu ca h thng ni t. La chn ni t t nhin hay ni t nhn to. Xc nh in tr sut ca vng t ni ta mun thc hin h thng ni t (thi cng t). - Xc nh cch b tr in cc trong t. - c lng s in cc. - Tnh ton v iu chnh sao cho t c yu cu. Cc yu cu cn t c khi thi cng mt h thng ni t : - Gi tr in tr ca h thng ni t nm trong khong cho php : . - m bo bn theo thi gian, chng n mn (do thi tit, tri ma c cht n mn,) - m bo d thi cng trong bt kz a hnh no (ni t vn hnh, ni t an ton, ni t chng st). - m bo tnh kinh t. Cc cng ngh mi c s dng t c cc yu cu cn t khi thi cng mt h thng ni t trong thc t hin nay : - Thit b, vt liu v cng ngh mi o in cc ni t (cc thp bc ng ng knh 13mm, 16mm, v 23mm). o Lin kt gia cc b phn ni t (c xit vi cc mi ni bng mt lp chng thm s dng cng ngh hn ha nhit CADWELD). o Ha cht gim in tr (ha cht EEC v GEM). o Cc ha cht o My o in tr ni t hin i - Phn mm ph tr (phn mm GEM)

Cu 5 : GII HN IN P TIP XC T TRN NGI TRONG MNG IT, GI TR R C TNH TON NH TH NO ? V HNH GII THCH. TNH TON R CHO CC TRNG HP SAU BO V NGI TRNH TAI NN DO CHM V THIT B : - NGUN 1 PHA, 220V, TRUNG TNH CCH T, RC = 10k. - NGUN 1 PHA, 220V, TRUNG TNH NI T, IN TR NI T NGUN 4, NGI NG LM VIC TIP XC VI V.
Trang 12

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

Cch tnh ton gi tr R gii hn in p tip xc t trn ngi trong mng IT :

Khi chm v, mch tng ng : Rtng ng = (R // Rngi // Rcch in) + Rcch in R < Rng < Rc Rt max = Rc Rt min = R Xem nh dng ln nht l dng qua R, l dng chm t I. Suy ra : = Ta c dng in qua ngi trong mng 1 pha c dy trung tnh cch t khi chm phi mt cc(cu 2) l : = = . + . +

Suy ra, xc nh I, chn R cho ph hp.

Mt khc : = = = ngi c an ton th . +

Trang 13

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

Bnh thng = 50 m t = 25 Ta c : . +

Vy in tr tnh ton cn thit cho h thng IT l :

Tnh ton R bo v ngi trnh tai nn do chm v thit b trong trng hp ngun 1 pha, 220V, trung tnh cch t, RC = 10k : 50 10 = 4,1667 12 2 220 2.50

Tnh ton R bo v ngi trnh tai nn do chm v thit b trong trng hp ngun 1 pha, 220V, trung tnh ni t, in tr ni t ngun 4, ngi ng lm vic tip xc vi v :

Trang 14

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be
12 +

Trong mng 1 pha : = = = c an ton : Suy ra :

12 +

. R h thng cn thc hin bo v cho ngi l :

Vy : 50 4 1.18 220 50

Cu 6 : TRONG MNG TN, THI GIAN CT AN TON CA THIT B BO V C TNH TON NH TH NO BO V NGI TRNH NGUY HIM DO CHM V. TRONG TRNG HP THI GIAN CT CA THIT B BO V QU LN, A RA BIN PHP GII QUYT.
Tnh ton thi gian ct an ton ca thit b bo v ngi trnh nguy him do chm v trong mng TN :

Trang 15

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

bo v t ng ct ngun in khi xut hin s c, yu cu iu kin sau phi tha :

Zs () : Tng tr mch vng s c bao gm : tng tr ca ngun, dy pha tnh n im s c, dy bo v gia im s c v ngun.

U0 (V) : in p pha danh nh.

Ia (A) : dng gy nn tc ng ct ngun ca thit b bo v vi thi gian quy nh cho trong bng sau :

Sau khi tnh ton c dng gy nn tc ng ct ngun ca thit b bo v, da vo ng c tuyn bo v thit b xc nh thi gian ct an ton ca thit b. V d ng c tuyn dng in thi gian ca thit b T1B160 nh sau :

Trang 16

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

Bin php gii quyt trong trng hp thi gian ct ca thit b bo v qa ln : gim thi gian ct ca thit b bo v hoc l can thip vo nguyn l hot ng v cu to ca thit b (v d i vi CB th phi kt hp lc thao tc c hc vi thit b dp h quang bn trong CB), hoc l can thip n khong cch t ch my n thit b bo v (Cn tm hiu thm @_@ ???)

Cu 7 : TRNH T CC BC CA CNG VIC THIT K MT H THNG CHNG ST TON DIN. TA NH CAO 15m, DIN TCH , DNG KIM FRANKLIN DI 1,2m ; HY TNH S KIM T NHT C B TR.
Trnh t cc bc ca cng vic thit k mt h thng chng st ton din : o Bc 1 : Phn cp cng trnh xc nh tnh cp thit ca vic phng chng st - Tiu chun 20TCVN 46-84 : - Tiu chun NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) M : - Tiu chun NZS/AS 1768-1991 Newzealands-c : - V.v o Bc 2 : Thu thp d liu 3 lnh vc chng st : nh trc tip (xc nh cao, din tch bo v, in tr sut ca t,..) nh gin tip Lan truyn trn ng ngun (xc nh cng sut ngun, s pha,) Lan truyn trn ng tn hiu (xc nh dng sng, tc truyn tn hiu,) o Bc 3 : Gii php k thut Chng st ton din 3 im Chng st ton din 6 im :

Trang 17

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

Tnh s kim Franklin di 1,2m t nht c b tr chng st cho ta nh cao 15m, din tch :

Trang 18

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

Dng kim cao 1,2m tit din 50mm2. Hai kim gn k nhau, gia c cao thp nht l h0. Xt iu kin cho tng cp kim, nh c bo v nu h0 > hx (hx l chiu cao ca vt hx = 15m). Gi ha l chiu cao ca kim (ha = h hx = 1,2m) 0 = > > 7 > 7 7

Xt b rng ca ta nh, a = 20/4 = 5m. 7 x 1,2 = 8,4 > 5 tha mn bo v b rng. Xt b di ca ta nh, a = 50/8 = 6.25m. 7 x 1,2 = 8,4 > 6.25 tha mn bo v b di. Kim tra ng cho : = ( )2 + ( )2 = 8 < 7 1.2 = 8.4 tha mn bo v ng cho.
8 4 50 20

Vy lp t kim Franklin nh hnh trn tha mn.

Cu 8 : TRNH BY LU V GII THCH CC BC TRONG VIC CP CU NGI B TAI NN IN GIT.

Lu cp cu ngi b tai nn in git

Trang 19

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

Trang 20

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

Gii thch cc bc trong vic cp cu ngi b tai nn in git : Mc tiu : p dng kp thi v c phng php cu cho c ngi b tai nn in git v an ton cho ngi i cu. t vn : in git thng lm tim ngng p dn n t vong. Cp cu in git phi : Cp cu ngay lp tc. Cp cu ti ch. Cp cu kin tr, lin tc.

Nguyn tc thc hin : Bc 1 : Tch nn nhn ra khi ngun gy tai nn Bc 2 : S cu ban u trc khi y, bc s n. Bc 1 : Tch nn nhn ra khi ngun gy tai nn. Quan st ngun gy tai nn l ngun in p cao hay ngun in p thp. Nu l ngun cao p : Tt nht l bo cho in lc khu vc. thc hin cu ngi cn c ng, gng tay cch in, so ph hp vi cp in p. Nu l ngun h p : phi nhanh chng, bnh tnh x l. Ct c ngun in : ct cng tc cu dao l phng php tt nht. Khi ct in cn ch : o C ngun sng d phng nu ct in vo ban m. o C phng tin hng khi ngi b nn trn cao. Khng ct c ngun in : khng chm trc tip vo ngi nn nhn. o Dng so, gy tre, gy g hay cy kh ht dy in ra khi ngi nn nhn (nu cm thy mc cch in khng cao th ng trn vn g). o Dng ba, ru c cn g cht t si dy in. o eo gng, i ng cch in tip cn nn nhn. o ng trn bn g tip xc vi nn nhn.

Trang 21

 cng : An ton in
Hc k 2 Nm hc 2012 - 2013 Lo Be

Bc 2 : S cu ban u trc khi y, bc s n. u tin, phi nh gi tnh trng nn nhn bng cch hi han xem nn nhn c cn tnh to hay khng ? Nn nhn cn tnh v cn nhn bit c Nn nhn bt tnh, khng cn nhn bit Xc nh xem nn nhn c cn hi th hay khng bng cch p m hoc tai vo st mi nn nhn cm nhn lung hi th t nn nhn. Khng cn hi th + Tin hnh h hp nhn to bng cc p hng php : mingming ; ming-mi ; nm sp ; nm nga. (5 ln h hi u tin trong 10 giy). + Tip tc h hp nhn to. Kim tra nhp p v hi th sau 1 pht v sau sau mi 2 pht. + Khi tim ngng p phi h hp nhn to kt hp p tim : nh v im gia xng c ; t c hai tay vo v tr ny ; p tim.

t nn nhn t C hi th th thoi mi nht, nn nhn yn tnh trong vng 10 15 pht. +Gip nn nhn tnh li - Quan st k ng (ch { khng dng nc th, h hp, tun lnh tt vo mt nn hon. nhn). - Sau nh tr +t t th nm nga gip y t. nn nhn d phc hi.

THE END

Lu : cng c phn di, mt s ni dung i su vo chi tit ngi c c th hiu cn k vn . Khi lm bi thi bn c th rt gn ch no cm thy khng cn thit. C g sai st hoc nhm ln lin h vi mnh qua s in thoi 01695624211. Chc bn thi tt !

Trang 22