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Gio vin: T) Thc Nhu Khoa CNTT tr+,ng /H L)c H0ng
Cu hOi:
1. Hy pht bi9u, m;t cch hnh th<c (khng m t> A dCng vDn b>n), tFt c> rng bu;c ton vHn cng tIm >nh h=Ang cKa n, (khng cIn pht bi9u nhMng rng bu;c dCng phO thu;c hm suy tP cc kha, dCng phO thu;c tRn tCi do c kha ngoCi hoSc lRng kha v rng bu;c vT miTn trU lin quan WXn ki9u cKa thu;c tnh). 2. Hy viXt cu truy vFn sau bYng ngn ngM SQL chuZn: Tnh gi bn cKa m;t b; WR g[ trang bU cho phng Dn, gRm m;t b; bn Dn chuZn v]i 6 ghX c m s^ BA195 bYng g[ xoan Wo mu vHc-ni nu W_m v 2 k` tK c m s^ K005 v kch th=]c ngang 90, cao 220, su 45 v]i 5 tFm ngDn cho m[i k` (v]i kch th=]c nh= yu cIu s^ tFm ngDn trong b; chuZn l 4). 3. NXu cng ty quyXt WUnh cha bn tFt c> b; WR g[ theo cFu thnh chuZn, th c ph>i chanh sca l=dc WR CSDL khng? Hy cha ra nhMng thu;c tnh khng cn cIn thiXt, nXu c.
Cu hOi:
1. Hy diPn giQi nghRa cCa m8t b8 thu8c quan h> TH_SINH_C_NHN khi #NDT, #G c trJ Tr;ng. 2. Hy pht bi<u, m8t cch hnh thTc (khng m tQ U d)ng vVn bQn), t9t cQ rng bu8c ton vXn, ngoi rng bu8c d)ng phY thu8c hm suy tM cc kha, trong cc quan h> TH_SINH_C_NHN, TH_SINH_/HI. 3. Hy viFt cu truy v9n sau bZng ngn ngA SQL chuGn: Cho biFt danh sch tn cc thnh vin thu8c 58i 5)t giQi 3, kFt quQ phQi 5+4c nhm theo tn 58i v trong m6i 58i s[p xFp theo thT t\ ABC tn thnh vin. 4. M hnh 5 cho c chTa trng l[p thng tin trong 3 quan h> NHI_DUNG_THI, /K_THI_/, GI]I? NFu c, hy ch_ ra m8t cch cY th< v diPn giQi nghRa.
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Kh i ni`m Khi
RBTV l nhMng qui WUnh lin quan WXn dM li`u l=u trM trn cc quan h`. Cc qui WUnh cIn ki9m tra khi thkc hi`n cc thao tc thm, sca hay xa dM li`u. V dO: - ,i9m mn hhc c gi trU tP 0 WXn 10 - Ngy WSt hng khng l]n hBn ngy giao hng.
Khai bo RBTV
M;t RBTV W=dc khai bo thng qua cc WSc tr=Bng sau: N;i dung RBTV: C th< 5+4c pht bi<u bZng ngn ngA t\ nhin hoac ngn ngA hnh thTc nh+ /)i s; quan h>, Php ton quan h>, M giQ (pseudo code) B^i c>nh: L nhAng quan h> c khQ nVng bJ vi ph)m RBTV khi th\c hi>n cc php cbp nhbt B>ng tIm >nh h=Ang: Xc 5Jnh thao tc cbp nhbt no cNn phQi ki<m tra RBTV khi 5+4c th\c hi>n trn quan h> b;i cQnh
TnRB Q1
Thm Xa +
Php gn:
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Php H;i (union) cKa R v S : Php Giao (intersec) cKa R v S: Php TrP (difference) cKa R v S:
R S = { t / tR tS } R S = { t / tR tS } R S = { t / tR tS }
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(R)
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R.B 1 2 2
S.B
C 10 10 20
D + + -
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Php gn
,=dc sc dOng W9 nh_n lFy kXt qu> tr> vT cKa m;t php ton
Th+,ng l kFt quQ trung gian trong chu6i cc php ton
K hi`u V dO
B1 B2 S
KQ
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Hm kFt h4p
AVGQuan_h`(bi9u_th<c) MINquan_h`(bi9u_th<c) MAXquan_h`(bi9u_th<c) SUMquan_h`(bi9u_th<c) COUNTquan_h`(bi9u_th<c)
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Cc l=dng tP:
V?i mBi ( ) T0n t)i ( )
BiXn b;:
t NHANVIEN s PHONGBAN (s.MaPB = t.PB)
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NhiTu quan h`
Tham chiFu Lin b8 - lin quan h> Lin thu8c tnh - lin quan h> Thu8c tnh tLng h4p Chu trnh
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RB Tham chiFu
L RB gi trU tham chiXu cKa kha ngoCi ph>i tRn tCi trn quan h` W=dc tham chiXu. N8i dung:
Ngn ngM tk nhin: #NDT trong quan h> GI]I phQi t0n t)i trong quan h> NHI_DUNG_THI Ngn ngM hnh th<c:
#NDT
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C)nh
/+,ng n;i m8t 5_nh quan h> v?i m8t 5_nh thu8c tnh trong l+4c 50 CSDL
Tn quan h> Tn thu8c tnh
Chu trnh
/0 thJ xu9t hi>n 5+,ng 5i khp kn ~ L+4c 50 CSDL c chu trnh
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PB=MAPB
NHANVIEN
DEAN
SODA=MADA
NGAYTG
Nhn vin ch_ 5+4c phn cng vo cc 5c n do phng ban cCa mnh phY trch
PB=MAPB
NHANVIEN
MANV, MADA
DEAN
MANV=NV
SODA=MADA
PB=MAPB
DEAN)
SQL
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Cc php ton
1. Cc php ton s^ hhc: * (nhn), / (chia), % (ph n d#); + (c$ng), - (tr'). 2. Php n^i chu[i : +
3. Cc php ton so snh: <, <=, >, >=, =, <> KXt qu> php so snh l gi trU lgc (True hoSc False). 4. Cc php ton lgic: NOT, AND (conjunction), OR (disjunction). KXt qu> cc php ton lgc l m;t gi trU lgc.
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SELECT <danh sch cc c$t> [INTO new_table ] [FROM <b)ng ngu+n>] [WHERE <,i-u ki/n ch0n dng> ] [GROUP BY <danh sch kha g$p nhm>] [HAVING <,i-u ki/n ch0n nhm> ] [ORDER BY <tnc$t>|<bi1uth3c> [ASC | DESC] [ , ...n] ] Th< tk thkc hi`n: FromoWhere o Group By o Having o Select o Order
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1- M`nh WT FROM
Cha WUnh b>ng ch<a dM li`u cIn truy vFn. B>ng dM li`u cpng c th9 l: SubQuery C php: FROM <b>ng nguRn> [AS] <nhn> 1. Php tch Decaster: From Q1, Q2, (SubQuery) As Q3 From <Q1> CROSS JOIN < Q2> 2. Php kXt: <Q1> Inner Join < Q2> On <5icu ki>n kFt> <Q1> Left Join < Q2> On <5icu ki>n kFt> <Q1> Right Join < Q2> On <5icu ki>n kFt> <Q1> Full Join < Q2> On <5icu ki>n kFt>
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2- M`nh WT SELECT
2.1 Cha WUnh cc c;t thng tin cIn hi9n thU 2.2 Gi]i hCn cc dng cIn hi9n thU 2.3 TCo m]i m;t b>ng v]i cc b; gi trU lFy tP CSDL
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Mac 5Jnh cc dng trng dA li>u 5cu 5+4c xu9t hi>n trong kFt quQ. tin. n l s; nguyn tT 0 5Fn 100.
TOP n [PERCENT] : ch_ hi>n n dng hoac n% dng 5Nu WITH TIES: hi>n lun nhAng dng c cng gi trJ cCa
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Php kXt:
Php kFt bZng: column_name = column_name Php kFt ngoi (outer join): column_name { *= | =* } column_name
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5- T ng hdp dM li`u:
1. Cc hm t ng hdp 2. T ng hdp trn ton b; dM li`u 3. T ng hdp tPng nhm dM li`u v]i GROUP BY v HAVING
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1- Cc hm t ng hdp:
AVG( [Distinct] bi<u thTc) Count( * ) Count( [Distinct] bi<u thTc) Max(bi<u thTc) Min(bi<u thTc) Sum( [Distinct] bi<u thTc)
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3- T ng hdp trn tPng nhm mqu tin: GROUP BY <ds kha g$p nhm> HAVING <,i-u ki/n ch0n nhm>
M`nh WT Group By cha WUnh cc c;t lm chuZn W g;p nhm mqu tin. M[i nhm mqu tin tr> vT m;t dng t ng hdp. M`nh WT HAVING <,i-u ki/n ch0n nhm> : Dng cha WUnh nhMng dng t ng hdp xuFt hi`n ph>i thra mn WiTu ki`n cha WUnh. <WiTu ki`n chhn nhm> c th9 ch<a cc hm t ng hdp
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Ch : M/nh ,- GROUP BY ph)i ch3a t5t c) cc c$t khng s7 d8ng trong cc hm t:ng h;p c trong m/nh ,- SELECT.
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Giao:
SELECT <ds c8t> FROM <ds bQng> WHERE <5icu ki>n> INTERSECT [ALL] SELECT <ds c8t> FROM <ds bQng> WHERE <5icu ki>n>
Hi`u:
SELECT <ds c8t> FROM <ds bQng> WHERE <5icu ki>n> EXCEPT [ALL] SELECT <ds c8t> FROM <ds bQng> WHERE <5icu ki>n>
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Cu 4: 5c 2005
M hnh 5 cho c chTa trng l[p thng tin trong 3 quan h> NHI_DUNG_THI, /K_THI_/, GI]I? NFu c, hy ch_ ra m8t cch cY th< v diPn giQi nghRa. N/I_DUNG_THI(#NDT, M_Te_NDT, LO$I) ,K_THI_,(#TS,, #NDT, #G) GIeI(#G, TN_G, TRi_GI, #NDT, LO$I_G)
Do c phY thu8c hm: #G h #NDT c tM quan h> Gi>i nn quan h> /K_THI_/ khng 5)t d)ng chuGn BCK. Nh+ vby /K_THI_/ c th< chTa nhAng b8 gi trJ m (#NDT, #G) khng thu8c Gi>i hay
#G, #NDT
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Cu hOi:
1. Hy pht bi9u, m;t cch hnh th<c (khng m t> A dCng vDn b>n), tFt c> rng bu;c ton vHn cng tIm >nh h=Ang cKa n, (khng cIn pht bi9u nhMng rng bu;c dCng phO thu;c hm suy tP cc kha, dCng phO thu;c tRn tCi do c kha ngoCi v rng bu;c vT miTn gi trU lin quan WXn ki9u cKa thu;c tnh). 2. Hy viXt cu truy vFn sau bYng ngn ngM SQL chuZn: Cho biXt danh sch cc s^ hdp WRng b>o hi9m cng b>ng s^ xe cKa nhMng xe khng c tai nCn no trong 3 nDm cu^i cng (k9 tP nDm hi`n hnh). 3. NXu nh n=]c thay W i quy WUnh bgt bu;c mhi chK xe ph>i mua WK 3 loCi b>o hi9m, bFt k9 mOc Wch sc dOng l g, th c ph>i chanh sca l=dc WR CSDL khng? Hy cha ra nhMng chanh sca, nXu c.
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