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I HC QUNG NGI

TON RI RC
Dng cho sinh vin khoa Cng ngh thng tin
v cho th sinh luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

Bin son: BI TN NGC


- 10/2011 -

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

Bi ton m
Bi 1. m s n gm 2 ch s, nu:
a. n chn
Gi AB l s tha mn yu cu
Vy A c 9 cch chn {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
(khng chn 0, v chn 0 th s ny c 1 ch s)
B c 5 cch chn {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
Theo nguyn l nhn, ta c : 9 x 5 = 45 s
b. n l gm 2 ch s khc nhau
Gi AB l s tha mn yu cu
V l s l, nn B c 5 cch chn {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Sau khi ta chn B, th A c 8 cch chn
Theo nguyn l nhn, ta c : 5 x 8 = 40 s
c. n chn gm 2 ch s khc nhau
Gi AB l s tha mn yu cu
Khi B = {0}. A c 9 cch chn {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
S cch chn trong trng hp ny l : 9 cch
Khi B = {2, 4, 6, 8}. A c 8 cch chn
S cch chn trong trng hp ny l : 4 x 8 = 32 cch
Theo nguyn l cng, ta c : 9 + 32 = 41 s
Cch khc:
Theo cu a ta c 45 s n chn. Ta c 4 ch s chn gm 2 ch s ging
nhau: 22, 44, 66, 88. => 45 4 = 41 s n chn gm 2 ch s khc nhau.
: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
a.
abc
a
n Ngc

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


a xong, b
Sau k

a, b

a)
c

a, b)

b.
abc
c

: {0, 2, 4}.

+ Khi c

b nh sau:

a
c =0, a
a, c

+ Khi c

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
b

b nh sau:

c, a
a, c

c
b

a)

Bi 3. C bao nhiu xu khc nhau c th lp c t cc ch ci trong t


MISSISSIPI, COMPUTER yu cu phi dng tt c cc ch?
T MISSISSIPI c cha : 1 t M, 4 t I, 4 t S v 1 t P
S xu khc nhau l :

10!
1!.4!.4!.1!
Xu COMPUTER
n Ngc

, nn lp c 8! xu.
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 4. C bao nhiu xu nh phn di 8 khng cha 6 s 0 lin?
Gi A l s xu nh phn di 8 c cha 6 s 0 lin nhau.
B l s xu nh phn di 8.
=> S xu cn m l : N ( A)

N ( B) N ( A)

N(B) = 2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2 =28 = 256.


N(A) = 10
(00x, 11x, 1x1, x11, x10 ,1x0, 10x, x01,0x1, 01x : x=000000)
Vy s xu cn m l : 256 10 = 246
Bi 5. m s byte
a. Bt k
S byte l mt dy s c dng: xxxxxxxx, x c 2 cch chn 0 hoc 1.
Theo nguyn l nhn ta c : 2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2 = 28 = 256
b. C ng hai bt 0.
C ngha l chui lun c 2 bit 0 v cc bit cn li l 1.
Bi ton ny tng ng vi tnh s cch sp xp cc xu t: 00111111
y l hon v lp ca 8 phn t vi 2 loi: 2 s 0 v 6 s 1.
8!/2!.6! = 7.8/2 = 28 xu
c. C t nht 2 bit 0
= S xu bt k (a) S xu khng c bit 0 - S xu c 1 bit 0
S xu khng c bit 0 = 1 trng hp (11111111)
S xu c 1 bit 0 = 8!/1!7!= 8
256 1 8 = 247
d. Bt u 00 v kt thc 00
Xu ny c dng : 00xxxx00
Theo nguyn l nhn, ta c : 1. 2.2.2.2 = 24 = 16
e. Bt u 11 v kt thc khng phi 11
n Ngc

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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Gi A l s xu bt u 11, c dng 11xxxxxx
Theo nguyn l nhn, ta c : A= 1.1.2.2.2.2.2.2 = 26 = 64
Gi B l s xu bt u l 11 v kt thc l 11, c dng 11xxxx11
Theo nguyn l nhn, ta c : B= 1.1.2.2.2.2.1.1 = 24 = 16
Gi C l s xu bt u 11 v kt thc khng phi 11
=> C = A B = 64 16 = 48
Bi 6.
a. Mt khu my tnh gm 1 ch ci v 3 hoc 4 ch s. Tnh s mt khu ti a
c th.
Dy gm 1 ch ci v 3 ch s c dng: LNNN, NLNN, NNLN, NNNL
Trong L l ch ci c 26 cch chn v mi N l ch s c 10 cch chn.
V vy theo nguyn l nhn, ta c : 4 26 10 10 10 = 104000.
Tng t dy c 1 ch ci v 4 ch s : 5 26 10 10 10 10 = 1300000.
Theo nguyn l cng, ta c: 104000+ 1300000 = 1404000 (mt khu).
b. Nh trn nhng khng lp ch s
S mt khu gm 1 ch ci v 3 ch s = 4 26 10 9 8 = 74880
S mt khu gm 1 ch ci v 4 ch s = 5 26 10 9 8 7 = 655200
Theo nguyn l cng, ta c: 74880 + 655200 = 730080 (mt khu).
Bi 7.
oi bong a ACB co 20 cau thu. Can chon ra 11 cau thu, phan vao 11 v tr tren
san e thi au chnh thc. Hoi co may cach chon neu :
a. Ai cung co the chi bat c v tr nao ?
Chon ra 11 cu th trong 20 cau thu
, xep vao 11 v tr tren san. So cach
chon bang chnh hp khong lap chap 11 cua 20 phan t :

Ank

n!
(n k )!

20!
(20 11)!

20!
9!

6704425728 000 cach.

b. Ch co mot cau thu c ch nh lam thu mon, cac cau thu khac chi v tr
nao cung c ?

n Ngc

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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Mot cau thu a ch nh lam thu mon, vay ta can chon ra 10 cau thu trong 19 cau
thu con lai xep vao 10 v tr. So cach chon bang chnh hp khong lap chap 10
cua 19 phan t :

Ank

n!
(n k )!

19!
(19 10)!

19!
9!

3352212864 00 cach.

c. Co 3 cau thu ch co the lam thu mon c, cac cau thu khac chi v tr nao
cung c ?
Co 3 cach chon 1 cau thu e lam thu mon t 3 cau thu. Sau khi ta chon thu mon
xong, ke en chon 10 cau thu trong 17 cau thu con lai e xep vao 10 v tr, co:
n!
17!
17!
Ank
7057290240 0 cach
(n k )! (17 10)! 7!
Theo nguyen ly nhan, ta co: 3 7057290240 0 = 211718707200 cach.
Bi 8. Co 8 ngi i vao 1 thang may cua mot toa nha 13 tang. Hoi co bao nhieu
cach e :
a. Moi ngi i vao 1 tang khac nhau.
So cach i vao 8 tang khac nhau cua 8 ngi nay la so cach chon 8 trong so 13
tang khac nhau (moi tang c anh so t 1 en 13). o la so chnh hp khong
lap chap 8 cua 13 phan t:
n!
13!
13!
Ank
51891840
(n k )! (13 8)! 5!
b. 8 ngi nay, moi ngi i vao 1 tang bat k nao o.
Moi ngi co 13 cach la chon t tang 1 en 13. Ma co 8 ngi. Vay so cach
chon la 813.
Bi 9. C bao nhiu xu c di 10 c to t tp {a, b, c} tha mn t nht 1
trong 2 iu kin:
- Cha ng 3 ch a & chng phi ng cnh nhau
- Cha ng 4 ch b & chng phi ng cnh nhau
Gi A l s xu c di 10 c cha ng 3 ch a ng cnh nhau.
B l s xu c di 10 c cha ng 4 ch b ng cnh nhau.
Nh vy: A B l s xu m ta phi tm.
n Ngc

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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Theo nguyn l b tr, ta c: N(AUB) = N(A) + N(B) - N(AB)
Ta tnh N(A) nh sau:
Xt trng hp aaa u: aaaX1X2X3X4X5X6X7.
- Xi (i=1..7) ch c 2 gi tr l b, c, vy s trng hp i vi 7 k t ny
ging nh xu nh phn c di 7, hay bng 27 trng hp.
- Xu aaa, c th c xp vo 8 v tr (aaaX1X2X3X4X5X6X7,
X1aaaX2X3X4X5X6X7,
X1X2aaaX3X4X5X6X7,
X1X2X3aaaX4X5X6X7,
X1X2X3X4aaaX5X6X7
X1X2X3X4X5aaaX6X7,
X1X2X3X4X5X6aaaX7,
7
X1X2X3X4X5X6X7aaa). V vy: N(A) = 8.2
+ Tng t, s lng xu c 4 ch b ng cnh nhau, N(B) = 7.26
+ N(AB) c tnh bng cch gp aaa = X, bbbb = Y, cn li l 3 ch c.
Ta tnh s xu t dy: XcccY c: 5!/1!3!1! = 4.5 = 20 trng hp.
Vy s xu cn tnh l: 8.27 + 7.26 - 20 = 2476.
Bi 10. ( thi cao hc H CNTT TP HCM-2010)
Xt bin s xe: A1A2A3N1N2N3N4N5N6
Ai(i=1..3): A->Z; Nj(j=1..6): 0->9
a. Hi c bao nhiu bin s khc nhau?
b. Hi c bao nhiu bin s tha iu kin: ba mu t khc nhau i mt v
trong bin s c ng 1 ch s 3 v 1 ch s 5?
c. Hi c bao nhiu bin s tha iu kin: trong bin s c t nht 1 ch s 3 v
1 ch s 5?
a. Ai (i=1..3) c 26 cch chn t 26 ch ci ting Anh t A .. Z
Nj(j=1..6) c 10 cch chn t 10 ch s t 0 .. 9
Theo nguyn l nhn ta c: 26.26.26.10.10.10.10.10.10 = 26 3.106 bin s.
b. S cch chn 3 mu t A1A2A3 khc nhau: A1 c 26, A2 c 25, A3 c 24
cch.
S cch chn 4 ch s N1N2N3N4 khng c s 3 v s 5: 8.8.8.8 = 84 cch.
S cch t s 3 vo dy 4 ch s N1N2N3N4 l 5 cch, l: 3N1N2N3N4,
N13N2N3N4, N1N23N3N4, N1N2N33N4, N1N2N3N43.
n Ngc

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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Tng t s cch t s 5 vo 5 dy c 5 ch s lit k trn l : 5.6=30
Theo nguyn l nhn, ta c : 24. 84.30 cch.
c. Gi A l s bin s khng c cha ch s 3 v ch s 5.
NA = 263.86 bin s
Gi B l s l s bin s c cha ch s 3 v khng c cha ch s 5.
NB = 263.96 bin s
Gi C l s l s bin s c khng cha ch s 3 v c cha ch s 5.
NC = 263.96 bin s
Gi D s bin s c t nht 1 ch s 3 v 1 ch s 5
Theo cu a: N= 263.106

ND = N NA NB - NC

= 263.106 - 263.96 - 263.96 - 263.86 = 263(106 2.96 - 86 ).


Bi 11.
a. C bao nhiu s c n ch s m c m ch s u v m ch s cui tng ng
ging nhau. (n>2m>2, n,m N).
Gi A dy s cn tm, A c dng:
n
xxxbbbxxx
m
S cch chn m ch s u tin v m ch s cui tng ng ging nhau bng
chnh hp lp chp m ca 10 phn t (0..9): 9.10m-1 (Ch s u c 9 cch chn, v
b s 0 ng u).
S cch chn dy s gia:
Dy ny gm c n-2m ch s. S cch chn l: 10n-2m.
Theo nguyn l nhn, ta c: 9. 10m-1.10n-2m ch s.
b. ng dng tnh s ch s c 10 ch s m 3 ch s u v 3 ch s cui
tng ng ging nhau.
S ch s tha mn bi bng: 9.102.1010-6 = 9.102.104 = 9000000.
n Ngc

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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 12. ( thi cao hc Nng - 8/2008)
a. Trong mt lp hc c 30 ngi. Cho bit c bao nhiu cch c mt ban i
din gm 1 lp trng, 1 lp ph v 1 th qu.
C 30 cch chn 1 lp trng.
Sau khi chn 1 lp trng xong, c 29 cch chn 1 lp ph.
Sau khi chn 1 lp trng, 1 lp ph xong, c 28 cch chn 1th qu.
Theo nguyn l nhn, ta c : 30.29.28 = 24360 cch chn.
Cch khc:
S cch chn chnh bng s chnh hp khng lp chp 3 ca 30 phn t :
A(30,3) = 30!/(30-3)!= 24360.
b. Cho bit c th nhn bao nhiu xu k t khc nhau bng cch sp xp li
cc ch ci ca t SUCCESS.
T SUCCESS c: 3 ch S, 2 ch C, 1 ch U v 1 ch E.
7!
4 .5 .6 .7
2.5.6.7 420 xu khc nhau.
Vy c :
3!.1!.2!.1!
2
Bi 13. ( thi cao hc Nng - 2/2009)
a. Gi s chng ta c 5 vin bi ging nhau v 3 chic ti khc mu l xanh,
vng v . Cho bit c bao nhiu cch b bi vo cc ti? V d: cch 1 -> ti
xanh 5 vin, ti vng v ti khng c bi; cch 2 -> ti xanh 3 vin, ti vng
v ti mi ti 1 vin,
S cch b bi tng ng chnh bng s t hp lp chp 5 t tp c 3 phn t l:
C nn

1
k 1

C33 51 1

C 72

7!
(7 2)!.2!

6.7
2

21

b. Gi s chng ta c 5 vin bi (2 bi st, 2 bi chai v 1 bi t) v 3 chic ti mu


xanh, vng v . Cho bit c bao nhiu cch b bi vo cc ti? V d: Cch 1
ti xanh cha 2 bi st, ti vng 2 bi chai v ti 1 bi t; cch 2 -> ti xanh 1
bi st, ti vng 2 bi chai + 1 bi st v ti 1 bi t,
Ta b ln lt tng loi vo 3 ci ti:
+ B 2 vin bi st vo 3 ci ti, c C nn k1 1 C33 21 1 C 42

n Ngc

4!
(2)!.2!

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3.4
2

6 cch b

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


+ B 2 vin bi chai vo 3 ci ti, c C nn k1 1 C33 21 1 C 42

4!
(2)!.2!

+ B 1 vin bi chai vo 3 ci ti, c C nn k1 1 C 33 11 1 C 32

3!
1!.2!

3.4
2

6 cch b bi

3 cch b bi

Theo nguyn l nhn, ta c: 6.6.3 = 108 cch b bi.


c. Gi s chng ta c 5 vin bi (2 bi st, 2 bi chai v 1 bi t. Cho bit c bao
nhiu cch sp chng thnh hng? V d: st st chai chai t, st chai st chai
t,
Cch sp cc vin bi thnh hng chnh bng hon v lp ca 5 phn t, trong 2
5!
3.4.5
30 cch sp bi.
bi st, 2 bi chai v 1 bi t, vy c:
2!.2!.1!
2
14. ( thi cao hc H CNTT TPHCM -5/2001)
a. Tm s cc chui 8 bits tha mn iu kin: bit u tin l 1 hay 2 bit cui l 0
Gi A l s chui 8bits c bit u tin l 1
B l s chui 8bits c 2 bit cui l 0.
Theo nguyn l b tr, ta c N(A B) = N(A) + N(B) N(A B)
Tnh N(A): Gi S=s1s2s3s4s5s6s7s8 l chui 8bits c bit u tin l 1. Vy s1 c 1
trng hp, si(i=2..8) c 2 trng hp 0 v 1. Theo nguyn l nhn, ta c:
N(A) = 1.2.2.2.2.2.2.2 = 27
Tng t:

N(B) = 26.
N(A B) = 25

Vy: N(A B) = 27 + 26 25 = 160


b. Mi ngi s dng mt h thng my tnh ca mt cng ty X phi s dng
mt password di t 6 n 8 k t, trong mi k t l mt ch ci hoc l mt
ch s Mi password phi c t nht mt ch s. Hi c th lp c bao nhiu
password khc nhau?

n Ngc

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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


n

.
n

- 526

- 527

- 528

- 52n

- 526) + (627- 527)

+ (628- 528)
6

266) + (367 267)

+ (368 268)
15. ( thi cao hc H KHTN-1999)
Xt 3 chui k t trn tp mu t {a, b, c} ( vi a < b < c) : s1 = ac, s2 = aacb, s3
= aba.
a. Hy sp xp chng theo th t tng i vi th t t in.
a < b < c, nn s2 < s3 < s1)
b. Cho bit gia s1 v s3 c bao nhiu chui k t c chiu di 6.
s3 = aba < ab * * * * < s1 = ac

Bi 16. Cho trc mt a gic li P c 10 nh ln lt l A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H,


I, J. Gi s rng trong a gic khng c 3 ng cho no ct nhau ti mt
im. Hy cho bit a gic c tng bao nhiu ng cho.
V a gic li P c 10 nh, nn tng s cc ng ni 2 nh bt k ca P chnh
bng t hp chp 2 (nh) ca 10 (nh).
C102

10!
(10 2)!.2!

9.10
2

45 cnh.

Theo bi a gic li P c 10 cnh, vy s ng cho ca a gic P l:


45 -10 =35
n Ngc

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10

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 17. Tm s nghim nguyn khng m ca:
a. Phng trnh x1

x2

x3

20 vi x1 0 ; x2

x4

0; x3 0; x4 0

Ta nhn thy mi nghim ca phng trnh ng vi mt cch chn 20 phn t t


mt tp c 4 loi, sao cho c x1 phn t loi 1, x2 phn t loi 2, x3 phn t loi 3,
x4 phn t loi 4 c chn. Vy s nghim bng s t hp lp chp 20 t tp c 4
phn t l:
23!
23!
21.22.23
1
3
Cnn k1 1 C44 20
C23
7.11.23 1771
1
(23 3)!.3! 20!.3!
2.3
b. Phng trnh x1
x1 > 6
x2 > 3
x3 > 9
x4>-2
x1

x2

x1 6 0
x2 3 0
x3 9 0
x4 + 2 0

x2

x3

x4

x3

20 vi x1 6 ; x2

x4

t :

a = x1 - 6 => x1 = a + 6
b = x2 - 3 => x2 = b + 3
c = x3 - 9 => x3 = c + 9
d = x4 + 2 => x4 = d - 2

a + 6 + b + 3 + c + 9 + d 3 = 20
a + b + c + d = 5 vi a 0; b 0; c 0; d 0

20

n 1
Vy c : C n k

C 44 51 1

8!
(8 3)!.3!

C83

c. Bt phng trnh x1 + x2 + x3 11 vi x1
Thm n ph x4
0; x4

8!
5!.3!

0; x2

6.7.8
2.3

0; x3

56 nghim

0.

0.
ng ng

x3

3; x3 9; x4 -2

x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 11 vi x1

0; x2

0;

0.
C nn

1
k 1

1
C 44 11
1

14!
11!.3!

C143

d. Phng trnh x + y + z = 10 vi 0

12.13.14
2.3

2, 0

364 .

4, 0

6.

Gi U l tp tt c cc nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh x + y + z = 10,


ta c:
N

Gi:

C nn

1
k 1

1
C 33 10

A l tp nghim vi x
n Ngc

3, y

C122

0, z

12!
10!.2!

11.12
2

66 .

0.

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11

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


B l tp nghim vi x

0, y

5, z

0.

C l tp nghim vi x

0, y

0, z

7.

N (x

0, y

0, z

0)
C

A
x

3
B
y

N*

Theo nguyn l b tr, s nghim nguyn ca phng trnh l:


N* = N A
A

C = A + B + C + A B + A C + B C - A B C

A l tp nghim vi x 3, y 0, z
0, t x=x-3, y=y, z=z, phng trnh
cho tng ng vi x + y + z = 7 vi x 0, y 0, z 0.
=> A = C(9,2) = 9!/7!.2! = 8.9/2 = 36.
Tng t :

B = C(7,2) = 7!/5!.2! = 6.7/2 = 21.


C = C(5,2) = 5!/3!.2! = 4.5/2 = 10.

A B :x

3, y

5, z

0 : => x + y + z = 2

vi x 0, y 0, z 0.

A B =C(4,2) = 4!/2!2!= 3.4/2 = 6.


A C :x

3, y

0, z

7 : => x + y + z = 0

vi x 0, y 0, z 0.

A C =C(2,2) = 2!/0!2! = 1.
B C :x

5, z

=>

B C =0.

A B C :x
=>
Vy : A

7 : => x + y + z = -2 vi x 0, y 0, z 0.

0, y

3, y

5, z

7 : => x + y + z = -5

vi x 0, y 0, z 0.

A B C =0.
C = 28 + 21 + 10 + 6 + 1 + 0 0 = 60

=> N* = 66 60 = 8.
l cc nghim: (0,4,6); (1,3,6); (1,4,5); (2,2,6); (2,3,5); (2,4,4);
n Ngc

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12

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


e. Phng trnh x1

x2

x3

x4

20 (1) tha mn x1 3; x2 2; x3 > 4

V cc bin nhn gi tr nguyn. Nn iu kin x1 3; x2 2; x3 > 4 c vit li


l: x1 3; x2 2; x3 5 (*). Xt cc iu kin sau:
x2 2; x3 5 (**)
x1 4; x2 2; x3 5 (***)
Ta gi p, q, r ln lt l cc s nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh tha
mn (*), (**), (***).
Ta c: p = q r
Trc ht, ta tm q nh sau:
t: x1= x1, x2 = x2 2, x3 = x3 5, x4 = x4.
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh: x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 13 (2)
S nghim nguyn khng m ca (2) chnh bng s nghim ca (1) tha mn (**).
M s nghim ca (2) l C nn k1 1 C 44 131 1 C163

16!
13!.3!

14.15.16
2.3

7.5.16

560.

Ta tm r nh sau:
t: x1= x1 - 4, x2 = x2 2, x3 = x3 5, x4 = x4.
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh: x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 9 (3)
S nghim nguyn khng m ca (3) chnh bng s nghim ca (1) tha mn
(***). M s nghim ca (3) l: C nn k1 1 C 44 91 1 C123

12!
9!.3!

10.11.12
2.3

5.11.4

220

=> P = q r = 560 220 = 340.


Vy s nghim nguyn nguyn khng m ca phng trnh (1) tha iu kin (*)
l 340.
. ( thi cao hc H Nng 10/2010).
(1)

n Ngc

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13

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


C nn

1
k 1

1
C55 21
1

25!
(25 4)!.4!

4
C 25

25!
21!.4!

22.23.24.25
12650
2.3.4

b.
x5<4.

x1 3

(II)

x1 3, x5 4

(III)
r.
(1)

x1 3

a = x1 - 3

x1 = a + 3

a + 3 + b + c + d + e = 21
a + b + c + d + e = 18 (2)
3.
n 1
q = Cn k

1
C55 18
1

4
C 22

22!
22! 19.20.21.22
(22 4)!.4! 18!.4!
2.3.4

7315

x3 0, x4 0, x5 4.
x1 3

x5 4

x5 4 0

-3
e = x5 4

x1 = a + 3
x5 = e + 4

a + 3 + b + c + d + e + 4 = 21
a + b + c + d + e = 14 (3
x1 3, x5 4.

n Ngc

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14

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


n 1
r = Cn k 1

1
C55 14
1

C184

18!
18! 15.16.17.18
(18 4)!.4! 14!.4!
2.3.4

3060

r = 7315 3060 = 4255.


9/2011)

.(

Ngi ta chia 10 vin ko (hon ton ging nhau) cho 3 em b.


a. C bao nhiu cch chia ko
Gi x1, x2, x3 ln lt l s ko c chia cho mi em
x1 + x2 + x3 = 10 vi x1 0, x2 0, x3 0

Ta c :

0
3
10

Vy c 66 cch chia 10 vin ko cho 3 em b.


b. C bao nhiu cch chia ko sao cho em no cng c t nht 1 vin
Gi x1, x2, x3 ln lt l s ko c chia cho mi em. V mi em phi c t nht 1
vin nn: x1 + x2 + x3 = 10 (1) vi x1 1, x2 1, x3 1.
t:

x1 = x 1 1 0

x1 = x1 + 1 (a)

x2 = x 2 1 0

x2 = x2 + 1 (b)

x3 = x 3 1 0

x3 = x3 + 1 (c)

Thay (a), (b) v (c) vo phng trnh (1), ta c :


x1 + x2 + x3 = 7 (2) vi x1 0, x2 0, x3 0
S nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh (2) cng chnh bng s nghim nguyn
dng ca phng trnh (1) tha mn vi iu kin m bi a ra v bng:

Vy c 36 cch chia 10 vin ko cho 3 em b m mi em b c t nht 1 vin.


n Ngc

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15

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 20. ( thi cao hc H Nng 8/2009).
Cho bng ch ci gm n k t phn bit, trong c k t a. Hy cho bit:
a. C bao nhiu chui k t c xy dng t c di p.
S chui c di p c xy dng t bng ch ci
chnh bng chnh hp lp chp p ca n phn t: n p .
b. C bao nhiu chui k t c xy dng t

gm n k t phn bit,

c di p cha t mt k t a.

S chui c di p khng cha k t a l: (n 1) p .


S chui c di p cha t nht 1 k t a bng s chui c di p tr i s chui
c di p khng cha k t a: n p - (n 1) p .
c. C bao nhiu chui c xy dng t

c di p cha ch mt k t a.

Gi B l s chui c di p-1 khng c k t a l: B = (n 1) p 1 .


c chui c ng 1 k t a, ta em chn k t a vo s chui B. ng vi 1
chui trong B c p cch chn k t a vo.
Vy s chui c xy dng t

c di p cha ch mt k t a l: p (n 1) p 1

d. C bao nhiu chui k t c xy dng t

c di p c ng q k t a.

S tp hp gm q v tr trong s p v tr ca chui c di p l:
C pq

p!
( p q )!.q!

Trong chui p, c q k t a, s k t k cn li khng c cha a l p-q, v bng


(n 1) p

Vy s chui c xy dng t

c di p cha q k t a l:

p!
(n 1) p
( p q)!.q!

Bi 21. m s cch t 20 cun sch vo 4 ngn t, mi ngn ng 5 cun,


nu:
a. Mi ngn c nh s phn bit
b. Cc ngn nh nhau
a.

Chn 5 cun sch b vo ngn 1, c : C 205

20!
cch
(15)!.5!

Sau khi chn 5 cun b vo ngn 2, s sch cn li l 15. Chn tip 5 cun
b vo ngn 2, c: C155
n Ngc

15!
cch.
(10)!.5!

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16

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Tng t, chn 5 cun trong s sch cn b vo ngn 3, c: C105
B 5 cun cui cng vo ngn 4, c : C55

Theo nguyn l nhn, ta c:


b.

10!
cch
(5)!.5!

5!
1 cch.
(0)!.5!

20!
15!
10!
1
(15)!.5! (10)!.5! (5)!.5!

V 4 ngn nh nhau nn s cch b sch vo 4 ngn l:

20!
cch b sch.
(5!) 4
20!
(5!) 4 4!

Bi 22. ( thi cao hc H Nng 3/2010).


Cho bng ch ci, gm bn ch s {1, 2, 3, 4} v by k t {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}.
a. C bao nhiu t c di n c xy dng t bng ch ci trn.
Ta c bng ch ci l : 11.
S xu c di n c xy dng trn bng c 11 ch, chnh bng chnh hp lp
chp n ca 11 phn t. Vy : 11n.
b. C bao nhiu t c di n m trong t khng c hai k t ng lin k.
Gi M l t c di n m trong c hai k t k nhau.
Gi A l t c di n-2 c xy dng t bng 11 ch ci, s t A l: 11n-2
M c lp bng cch: chn 2 k t bt k, em chn vo tng v tr ca A.
S cch chn 2 k t t 7 ch ci: 72, c chn vo n-1 v tr trong t A.
S t c di n m trong c hai k t k nhau: 72(n-1). 11n-2
Vy s t c di n m trong khng c hai k t k nhau l:
11n (72(n-1). 11n-2 )
c. C bao nhiu t c di n c xy dng t bng ch ci trn m trong t
lun xut hin t nht 1 ch s v mt k t (n>1).
Gi X l s t c di n ch c ch s: X= 4n
Y l s t c di n ch c k t: Y= 7n
Vy s t tha mn bi l: 11n 4n 7n
n Ngc

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17

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 23. ( thi cao hc Nng 10/2010)
Cho X={0..15}. Chng t rng nu S l mt tp con gm 9 phn t ca X th c
t nht 2 phn t ca S c tng bng 15.
Phn hoch X thnh 8 tp con, mi tp con u c tng bng 15, nh sau:
{0,15}, {1,14}, {2,13}, {3,12}, {4,11}, {5,10}, {6,9}, {7,8}
Phn 9 phn t ca S vo 8 tp con trn. Theo nguyn l Dirichlet, c 2 phn t
ca S thuc mt tp no , m tng 2 phn t ny s bng 15.
Bi 24. ( thi cao hc Nng 3/2011)
Trong mt phng cho 6 im phn bit ni nhau tng i mt bi cc on
thng mu xanh hoc . Chng t rng c 3 im ni nhau bi cc on thng
cng mu.
Gi A, B, C, D, E, F l 6 im phn bit nm trong mt mt phng.
Gi s ta chn im A, ni im A vi 5 im cn li B, C, D, E, F bi cc on
thng mu xanh hoc .
Gi s ta chn im A, ni im A vi 5 im
cn li B, C, D, E, F bi cc on thng mu
xanh hoc .
Theo nguyn l Dirichlet phi c 3 on thng
cng mu xanh hoc . Gi s l 3 on
thng AB, AC v AD c mu (nh hnh
v).
+ Nu trong tam gic BCD c cnh mu ,
gi s l cnh BC, th tam gic ABC l tam
gic c cc cnh mu (hay 3 im ni nhau
cng mu).

B
F

C
D

+ Ngc li, tam gic BCD khng c cnh mu , th tam gic ny phi mu
xanh.
Vy lun lun tn ti 3 im ni vi nhau tng i 1 bi cc on thng cng mu

n Ngc

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18

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 25. Mt v s quyn anh thi u ginh chc v ch trong 75 gi. Mi gi
u t nht mt trn, nhng ton b khng qu 125 trn. Chng t rng c
nhng gi lin tip u 24 trn.
Gi ai l s trn u cho n ht gi th i (i=1..75) ca v s quyn anh.
Ta c :

1 a1 < a2 < a75 125.


25 a1 +24 < a2+24 < a75+24

(1)
149. (2)

Nh vy ta c 150 s trong 2 dy (1) v (2) nhn gi tr trong {1..149}.


Theo nguyn l Dirichlet phi c 2 hai s bng nhau. V 2 dy trn l dy tng, nn
hai s bng nhau thuc 2 dy khc nhau. Hay, ta c: ai+24 = aj
aj ai =24. Nh
vy, t gi i n ht gi j v s thi u 24 trn.
Bi 26. ( thi cao hc Nng 8/2009)
a. Mt mng my tnh c n (n>1) my tnh. Mi my tnh c ni trc tip
hoc khng ni vi cc my khc. CMR c t nht hai my tnh m s cc my
tnh khc ni vi chng l bng nhau.
Gi q1, q2, q3, qn l s my tnh kt ni vi my 1, 2, 3 .. n.
Nh vy ta c:

qi

n-1 i=1..n

Tuy nhin, khng th xy ra ng thi: c 1 my khng kt ni vi my no c, tc


l qi=0 v c mt my kt ni vi tt c cc my cn li (q j=n-1). Vy ch xy ra 1
trong hai trng hp sau:
0 qi n-2 i=1..n
1

qi

n-1 i=1..n

C hai trng hp trn n c qi nhn n-1 gi tr. Theo nguyn l Dirichlet, c i j sao
cho qi=qj. Hay c t nht 2 trong s n my tnh c s my kt ni vi chng bng
nhau.
b. Trong mt mt phng c 17 im phn bit c ni vi nhau tng i mt
bi cc on thng mu xanh, hoc mu , hoc mu vng. CMR lun tn ti
ba im ni vi nhau bi cc on thng cng mu
Chn 1 im bt k, gi s l P, t P ta ni vi 16 im cn li bi cc on thng
l mu xanh, hoc mu , hoc mu vng.
Theo nguyn l Dirichlet, trong 16 on thng ny s c 6 on thng c cng
mu. Gi s 6 on thng ni P vi 6 im A, B, C, D, E, F c 2 trng hp:
n Ngc

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19

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


+ Su im A, B, C, D, E, F c ni vi nhau tng i mt bi cc on thng,
trong c t nht 1 on thng c mu . Khi , on thng mu ny cng
vi im P to thnh 3 im ni vi nhau bi cc on thng c mu .
+ Su im A, B, C, D, E, F c ni vi nhau tng i mt bi cc on thng
khng c mu , tc l cc on thng ny c mu xanh hoc vng. Khi , chn
im bt k (chng hn im A) ni vi 5 im cn li bi cc on thng mu
xanh hoc vng. Theo nguyn l Dirichlet, tn ti t nht 3 trong 5 on thng c
cng mu, gi s l mu xanh. Gi s l cc cnh AB, AC v AD. Nu c t
nht mt trong 3 on thng BC, CD v DB c mu xanh th cng vi im A to
thnh 3 im c ni vi bi mu xanh. Ngc li, th B, C, D l im c ni
vi nhau bi mu vng.
Nh vy, lun tn ti ba im ni vi nhau bi cc on thng cng mu
Bi 27. Trong mt phng xOy ly ngu nhin 5 im ta nguyn. Chng t
rng c t nht mt trung im ca cc on ni chng c ta nguyn.
Gi s trong mt phng xOy c A(x1,y1), B(x2,y2). Vy trung im ca on
thng AB s l:

x1 x2 y1 y 2
. Cc ta ny nguyn khi:
,
2
2

(x1,x2) u chn hoc u l, (y1,y2) u chn hoc u l.


V c 4 b bao gm 2 phn t c tnh chn l vi nhau. Nn theo nguyn l
Dirichlet th trong 5 im s c t nht 2 im c tnh chn l nh nhau. Do d,
trung im ca 2 im ny s c ta nguyn.
Bi 28. Cho trc cc tp hp gm cc phn t xc nh no .
a. Hy cho bit cc cch m t, hay biu din mt tp hp? Cho v d.
+ Nu A l mt tp hp gm mt s hu hn phn t, biu din tp A, ta c th
lit k ht cc phn t ca A.

V d biu din A l tp hp 4 ch ci hoa u tin: A={A,B,C,D}

+ Nu A l mt tp hp v hn cc phn t, biu din tp A, ta dng cch biu


din tnh cht ca cc phn t, c dng:
A={x P(x)} l tp hp cc phn t x, sao cho x tha mn tnh cht P
n Ngc

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20

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

V d biu din A l tp hp cc s thc: A={x x R}

b. Hy cho bit th no l mt tp hp m c, mt tp hp khng m c?


Cho v d.
+ Nu A l mt tp hp c hu hn phn t, th tp A c gi l tp m c.
V d: A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A l tp m c v n c 9 phn t, t 1 n 9
+ Nu A l mt tp hp c v hn phn t, th tp A c th l tp m c hoc
khng m c. xc nh A c m c hay khng ta ch cn xy dng song
nh gia tp A vi tp cc s t nhin N.
V d: Cho A l tp hp cc s phc. A l tp v hn khng m c.
c. Cho A l tp khng m c, B l tp m c. Hy cho bit tp hp A-B
(hiu) c m c hay khng?
Gi s A-B l tp m c, khi A=(A-B) B cng l tp hp m c, v:
(A-B) : l tp m c theo gi thit.
B : l tp m c theo bi.
Mu thun vi bi cho l A l tp khng m c. Vy A-B l tp khng
m c.
d. CMR tch Decac ca hai tp hp v hn m c cng l mt tp v hn
m c?
Tch Decac AxB l tp tt c cc cp phn t c trt t sp xp (a,b) c to ra
bi mt phn t a A vi cc phn t ng k tip b B.
Gi s A={ai, i=1..n}; B={bj, j=1..n}
Ta xy dng mt (bng) ma trn hai chiu, u mi hng l mt phn t ca A, u
mi ct l phn t ca B. Khi , cc phn t ca tch Decac AxB l cc phn t
ca ma trn.
n Ngc

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21

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


b1

b2

bn

a1

a1b1

a1b2

..

a1bn

a2

a2b1

a2b2

a1bn

..

..

..

..

an

anb1

anb2

anbn

T ma trn trn ta suy ra AxB l m c.


Bi 29. ( thi cao hc Nng 5/2007)

Cho dy u = <a1, a2, , an> trong ai l cc k t ty , i 1..n, n l di ca


dy u cho. Mt dy v = <b1, b2, , bm> c gi l dy con ca dy u nu tm
c dy cc ch s 1 i1 < i2 < < im

n v bk=aik vi mi k 1..m.

Chng hn dy v = < B, C, D, B> l dy con ca dy u = < A, B, C, B, D, A, B>


vi dy ch s l <2, 3, 5, 7>.
Mt dy w c gi l dy con chung ca hai dy u v v cho, nu w va l dy
con ca u v va l dy con ca v. Mt dy con chung c gi l ln nht nu c
di ln nht trong s cc dy con ca cc dy cho.
Chng hn, cc dy <A, B, B, C> v <B, D, A, B> u l dy con chung ln nht
ca hai dy <A, B, C, B, D, A, B> v <B, D, C, A, B, A>.
Gi C(i,j) l di ca mt dy con chung ln nht ca hai dy X= <a1, a2,
an> v Y= <b1, b2, bm> (0 i n, 0 j m). Ngi ta tm c cng thc quy
tnh C(i,j) nh sau:

n Ngc

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22

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


a, Hy gii thch cng thc quy trn:
- Nu i=0 hoc j=0 th C[i,j] = 0.
- Nu i>0, j>0:
+ Nu Xi = Yj th dy con chung di nht ca Xi v Yj s thu c bng vic
b sung Xi vo dy con chung di nht ca hai dy Xi-1v Yj-1
+ Nu Xi

Yj th dy con chung di nht ca Xi v Yj s l dy con di nht

trong hai dy con chung di nht ca (Xi v Yi-1) v ca (Xi-1 v Yj).


b, Vit hm RecMaxSubSeq dng phng php lp tnh di dy con chung
ln nht ca hai dy trn.
Type Mang= array[1..50,1..50] of byte;
Function RecMaxSubSeq (X,Y,m,n): Mang;
Var i,j: Byte; C: Mang;
Begin
for i :=1 to n do c[i,0]:=0;
for j: =1 to m do c[0,j]:=0;
for i: =1 to n do
for j: = 1to m do
if x[i] = y[i] then
c[i,j]:=c[i-1,j-1]+1
else if c [i-1,j] c[i,j-1] then
c[i,j]:=c[i-1,j]
else

c[i,j]:=c[i,j-1];

RecMaxSubSeq :=C;
End;

n Ngc

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23

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

K thut m nng cao


Bi 1. Cho dy s {an} tha mn h thc truy hi:
an = 5an-1 6an-2 ; a0=0 v a1=1.
a. Gii h thc truy hi trn.
Ta c phng trnh t trng : x2 = 5x 6 x2 5x + 6 =0
c 2 nghim phn bit : x1 = 3 v x2 = 2
an = b3n + d2n

H thc truy hi c dng:

(1)

Vi a0=0, a1=1thay ln lt vo (1), ta c h phng trnh sau:


b + d =0
3b + 2d = 1
=> b = 1, d = -1
Vy h thc truy hi l : an = 3n - 2n
b. Vit hm A(n) tnh an
Function
A(n: integer): Integer;
Begin
If n=0 then A:=0
Else if n=1 then A:=1
Else
A:=5*A(n-1) 6*A(n-2);
End;
Bi 2. Gii h thc truy hi an = 6an-1 - 9an-2 ; a0=1, a1=6
Ta c phng trnh t trng : x2 = 6x 9 x2 6x + 9 =0
PT c nghim kp : x = 3
H thc truy hi c dng:

an = b3n + d.n.3n

Thay a0=1 v a1=6, ta c h phng trnh :

b 1
3b 3d

=> b = 1, d = 1

Vy h thc truy hi l : an = 3n + n3n = (1+n) 3n


n Ngc

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24

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 3. Gii h thc truy hi an = 2an-1 + 5an-2 - 6an-3; a0=0, a1=-4 v a2=8
x3 =2x2 +5x2-6

Ta c phng trnh t trng :

x3 2x2 -5x+ 6 =0
(x-1)(x2 x 6) = 0
c 3 nghim phn bit : x1 = 1 ; x2 = 3 ; x3 = -2
an = b + d.3n + c.(-2)n

H thc truy hi c dng:

Thay a0 = 0, a1=-4, a2 = 8, ta c h phng trinh :

b d c 0
b 3d 2c
4
b 9d 4c 8
=> b = -24/15, d = 1/5, c=22/15
Vy : an

24
15

3n
5

22
( 2) n
15

Bi 4. ( thi cao hc H KHTN TP HCM 2010)


a.Tm nghim tng qut ca h thc qui: an = an-1 + 6an-2
Phng trnh c trng l: x2 = x + 6

x2 - x - 6 = 0

Phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit: x1 = -2 v x2 = 3.


Nn nghim tng qut l: an = c(-2)n + d3n
b. Tm nghim tha iu kin u a0 = 8, a1 = 5 ca h thc qui: an = an-1 +
6an-2 + 10n(-2)n - 3(-2)n-1
t fn = 10n(-2)n - 3(-2)n-1 = (-2)n(10n + 3/2).
V -2 l 1 nghim ca phng trnh c trng nn nghim ring c dng:
n(-2)n(An + B). (*)
Th (*) vo h thc ban u, ta c:
n(-2)n(An + B) = (n-1)(-2)n-1(A(n-1) + B) + 6(n-2)(-2)n-2(A(n-2) + B) + (-2)n(10n +
3/2) (**).
n Ngc

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25

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Th n = 2 vo (**), ta c: 2(-2)2(2A + B) = (-2)(A + B) + (-2)2(10.2 + 3/2)
16A + 8B = -2A - 2B + 86
18A + 10B = 86
9A + 5B = 43 (***)
Th n = 1 vo (**), ta c:
(-2)(A + B) = 6(-1)(-2)-1(B - A) + (-2)(10 + 3/2)
-2A - 2B = 3B - 3A - 23
A - 5B = -23 (****)
T (***) v (****) ta c h phng trnh:

9A + 5B = 43
A - 5B = - 23
=> A = 2 v B = 5
Vy nghim tng qut ca h thc l: an = b(-2)n + c3n + n(-2)n(2n + 5)
Vi a0 = 8, ta c:
8 = b(-2)0 + c30 + 0(-2)0(2.0 + 5)
b + c = 8 (1)
Vi a1 = 5, ta c:
5 = b(-2)1 + c31 + 1(-2)1(2.1 + 5)
-2b + 3c = 19 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c h phng trnh:

b+c =8
- 2b + 3c = 19
=> b = 1 v c = 7.
Vy nghim ca h thc qui l: an = (-2)n + 7.3n + n(-2)n(2n + 5)

n Ngc

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26

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 5. Gi an l s dy bit di n khng c 2 bit 0 lin nhau.
a. Tm h thc truy hi cho an
Dy bit di n khng c 2 bit 0 lin nhau c 1 trong 2 dng :
- A1 : A c n-1 bit v khng c 2 bit 0 lin nhau.
C a(n-1) trng hp
- B10: B c n-2 bit v khng c 2 bit 0 lin nhau.
C a(n-2) trng hp
Vy h thc truy hi : an = a(n-1) + a(n-2)
b. Bit gi tr u a1=2, a2=3, gii h thc truy hi trn
Phng trnh c trng: x2 = x + 1 x2 x -1 = 0
Phng trnh c 2 nghim ring bit l:
1 5
1 5
x1
, x2
2
2
1 5 n
1 5 n
an b(
) d(
)
Vy an c dng:
(1)
2
2
Theo h thc truy hi, ta c : a2 = a1 +a0 => a0 = a2 - a1 = 1
Vi a0=1 v a1=2, ta c h phng trnh:
b d 1

1
b(
b

1
) d(

2
1 1 5
(
), d
2
5

5
2

) 2

1 1 5
(
)
2
5

n 1

Vy: Fn

1 1
5
2
5

n 1

1 1 5
2
5

c. Tm h thc truy hi cho s cc xu nh phn cha xu 00


Gi Sn l s chui nh phn di n (n 2) c 2 bit 0
trong cc dng sau:
A1:
B10: B
n Ngc

-2

s c mt

, s chui l: S(n-1)
, s chui l: S(n-2)

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27

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


C00: C ty c di n-2, s chui l: 2(n-2)
Ta c cng thc truy hi: Sn=S(n-1)+S(n-2)+ 2(n-2)
Bi 6. ( thi cao hc Nng 9/2010)
Cho bit dn s ca Vit Nam nm 2007 l 86 triu ngi. Gi s tc tng
dn s hng nm l 0,2% mi nm. Gi Dn l dn s ca Vit Nam n nm sau
2007
a. Lp h thc truy hi tnh Dn.
Gi:
D0 l tng dn s Vit Nam nm 2007, D0 = 86 triu ngi
D1 l tng dn s Vit Nam nm 2008 :
D1 = D0 + 0,002.D0=1,002.D0
..
Dn l tng dn s Vit Nam n nm sau nm 2007
Dn = Dn-1 + 0,002Dn-1 = 1,002.Dn-1
b. Dn s Vit Nam nm 2020 l bao nhiu?
Th ln lt

Dn-1 = 1,002.Dn-2 vo Dn
Dn-2 = 1,002Dn-3 vo Dn-1
..
Cui cng ta c : Dn = (1,002)n.D0 = 86.(1,002)n triu ngi.
Theo bi, ta c: n = 2020 2007 = 13
Nh vy sau 13 nm dn s Vit Nam l:
D13 =86.(1,002)13 triu ngi.
Bi 7. Gi s li sut ngn hng l 2% mt nm. Tnh tng s tin c trong ti
khon sau 10 nm, nu tin gi ban u ti 10 triu.
P0 l s tin ban u : P0 = 10 triu
P1 l tng s tin sau 1 nm gi: P1 = P0 + 0,02P0 = 1,02P0
P2 l tng s tin sau 2 nm gi: P2 = P1 + 0,02P1 =1,02P1
= 1,02 . 1,02 P0 = (1,02)2P0
n Ngc

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28

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


..
Pn l tng s tin sau n nm gi: Pn = Pn-1 + 1,02Pn-1
.
= (1,02)nP0
Vi n=10, ta c: P10 = (1,02)10P0 = (1,02)10.10 = 12,189 triu ng.
Bi 8. Tm h thc truy hi v iu kin u tnh s chui nh phn di n
c 4 bt 0 lin tip. ng dng tnh s chui vi n=8.
Gi Sn l s chui nh phn di n (n 4) c 4 bit 0 lin tip. Sn s c mt trong
cc dng sau:
A1: Trong A cha 4 bit 0 lin tc, s chui l: S(n-1)
B10: B cha 4 bt 0 lin tc, s chui l: S(n-2)
C100: C cha 4 bt 0 lin tc, s chui l: S(n-3)
D1000: D cha 4 bt 0 lin tc, s chui l: S(n-4)
E0000: E ty c di n-4, s chui l 2(n-4)
Ta c cng thc truy hi: Sn=S(n-1)+S(n-2)+S(n-3)+S(n-4)+2(n-4)
iu kin u l:
S1=S2=S3=0; S4=1 (Ngha l, vi n=1, 2, 3 khng c chui no, n=4 c duy nht
1 chui, l: 0000).
Dng phng php th gii, nh sau:
s5 = s4+s3+s2+s1+2 = 1+0+0+0+2 = 3 (chui di 5 c 3 trng hp 0000
k nhau: 00000, 10000, 00001)
s6 = s5 + s4 + s3 + s2 + 22 = 3 + 1 + 0 +0+4 = 8
s7 = s6 + s5 + s4 + s3 + 23 = 8 + 3 + 1+0 + 8 = 20
s8 = s7 + s6 + s5 + s4 + 24 = 20 + 8 + 3 + 1 + 16 = 48
Vy c 48 chui nh phn c di 8 cha 4 bits 0 k nhau.

n Ngc

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29

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 9. Tm HTTH m Rn tha mn, trong Rn l s min ca mt phng
bphn chia bi n ng thng nu khng c hai ng no song song v
khng c 3 ng no cng i qua 1 im.
- Nu khng c ng thng no, tc n=0 th c 1 mt phng: Rn = 1.
- Nu c 1 ng thng, tc n=1 th n chia mt phng thnh 2: Rn =2.
- Nu n > 1, gi s n-1 ng thng chia mt phng thnh Rn-1 min.
Theo bi khng c 2 ng thng no song song vi nhau, nn ng thng th
n s ct n-1 ng thng cn li ti n-1 giao im.
V khng c 3 ng thng i qua mt 1 im, nn n-1 giao im trn khc nhau
tng i mt v chng to ra n-2 on v 2 na on trn ng thng th n.
Mi on v na on ny chia min m n i qua thnh 2 min mi, ngha l lm
tng thm 1 min. Do ng thng th n lm tng thm (n-2) + 2 = n min.
Vy HTTH l: Rn = Rn-1 + n.
Bi 10. Vit HTTH ca cos(nx) v sin(nx)
sin(nx) = 2sin((n 1)x)cos(x) sin((n 2)x)
cos(nx) = 2cos((n 1)x)cos(x) cos((n 2)x)

n Ngc

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30

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

Logic mnh
Bi 1. Vit bng gi tr chn l ca cc php ton mnh

Bi 2. Hy nu cc cng thc trong logic mnh

n Ngc

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31

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 3. Chng minh
a. ( p q)
(p

q)

(p

(p

r)

r)

(p

q) ( p

(/n

r)

( p q) (( p r ) ( p r ))

(Lut De Morgan v /n )

(q

(Lut De Morgan v giao hon)

p) (( p r ) ( p r ))

(Lut kt hp)

q ( p (( p r ) ( p r ))

q (( p ( p r )) ( p ( p r ))) (Lut phn phi)


q ((( p

p) r ) (( p

q ((T
q (T

p) r ))) (Lut kt hp)

(Lut b)

r ) ( p r ))

(Lut nut)

( p r ))

q ( p r)

( Lut ng nht)

p q r

( Lut giao hon)

b. ( p

q) [q (r

q)]

(p

q) [q (r

q)] ( p

(q

p)
q) [( q

r ) (q

q)]

( p q) [( q r ) q]
(p

q) [( r T ) q]

( p q) [T

q]

( p q) q

p q

p q
p q

n Ngc

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32

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


c. [( p
[( p

p) (q
p) (q

p)]
p)]

q 1
q [0 (q

p)]

(q

p)

(q

p) q

(q

p) q

(q q)
1 p
1

(Lut ng sai)
(Lut ng nht)

(/n )
(Lut De Morgan)
(Lut kt hp)
(Lut ng sai)
(Lut tri)

Bi 4. Vit biu thc mnh ca:


a. Bn khng c php li xe my nu bn cha cao n 1,5m, tr khi bn
18 tui v c giy php li xe.
Ta t cc bin mnh :

Hoc :

p : Bn c php li xe my.
q : Bn cao di 1,5 m
r : Bn 18 tui.
s : Bn c giy php li xe.
q

p.

b. t P, Q ln lt l cc mnh :
P := Minh hc chm, Q:= Minh c kt qu hc tp tt
Hy vit li cc mnh sau di dng hnh thc trong c s dng cc php
ni.
* Minh hc chm v c kt qu hc tp tt:

P Q

* Minh hc chm hay Minh c kt qu hc tp tt:

P Q

* Nu Minh hc chm th Minh c kt qu hc tp tt: P

* Minh c kt qu hc tp tt khi v ch khi Minh hc chm: Q

Bi 5. ( thi cao hc HSP HN - 2006)


a. Cho trc mnh logic
F = (P

(R Q)) ( P

(Q

(R P))),

Trong P, Q, R l ba mnh logic v


n Ngc

l php ph nh.

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33

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


- Kh php ko theo
F = (P

v rt gn mnh F.

(R Q)) ( P

(Q

(R P)))

= ( P (R Q))

( P ( Q (R P)))

= ( P (R Q))

( (P

= P (R Q)
= P (P

Q)

(P

Q) (P

( P P=F (Lut ng), F R=F (Lut tri))

Q)

(Lut giao hon).

(R Q)

= P

(T (T Q )

= P

(R Q)

(R P)))

(R Q)

- Tm dng chun hi chnh tc ca mnh F.


Ta c : F

P ( R Q)
P

(R

Q)

(Lut b kp)

P ( R Q)

(Lut De Morgan)

P ( R Q)

(Lut De Morgan)

(P

R) ( P Q)

(Lut phn phi)

(P

R) ( P Q)

(Lut De Morgan)

(P

R ) ( P Q)

(Lut De Morgan)

b. Bit rng mnh P(x,y) c pht biu l x + y = 0, vi x, y l cc s thc.


hy cho bit chn tr ca cc mnh di y v gii thch ti sao?
*.

x y P(x,y)

Mnh x y P(x,y) lun lun c gi tr ng (True), v vi mi x, lun tn


ti mt gi tr y=-x, lm cho biu thc x+y=0, v d: P(1,-1), P(2,-2)
*. x

y P(x,y)

Mnh x y P(x,y) lun lun c gi tr sai (False), v khng c gi tr no


ca y lm cho biu thc x+y=0 vi mi x.
n Ngc

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34

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 6. Dng bng chn tr chng minh rng : A B C

B C

A B C

A B C

A B C

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0

1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0

1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Bi 7.Trnh by cc quy tc suy din trong logic mnh

n Ngc

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35

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 8.Vit suy lun ca pht biu sau:
ng Minh khng nh rng nu khng c tng lng th ng s ngh vic.
Mt khc nu ng ta ngh vic v v ng ta b mt vic th phi bn xe. Bit rng
nu v ng Minh hay i lm tr th s mt vic. Cui cng ng c tng
lng. Vy suy ra nu ng Minh khng bn xe th v ng khng i lm tr.
Ta t cc bin mnh nh sau:
q: ng Minh c tng lng;

r: ng Minh ngh vic

s: V ng Minh mt vic;

t: ng Minh phi bn xe.

p: V ng Minh hay i lm tr.


Suy lun trn c vit li nh sau:
q
r
(r s) t
p s
q
---------------p
t
Bi 9. ( thi cao hc Nng 2/2009)
a. Suy lun sau ng hay sai: Nu b sa nhiu v sa tt th s c cho n
thm nhiu c non. B n thm nhiu c non th s mp ln. Nhng thc t b
khng mp ln. Kt lun b khng cho nhiu sa hoc khng cho sa tt.
Ta t cc bin mnh nh sau:
q: b cho sa nhiu.
r: b cho sa tt.
p: b c cho n thm nhiu c non.

s: b mp ln.
Suy lun c vit li nh sau:
q
p

p (1)
(2)
s
(3)
-------------------q r
n Ngc

r
s

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36

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


q

(4)
(5)

(Tam on lun 1 v 2)
(Tin )
(Do 4, 5 v lut ph nh)

(Lut De Morgan )

q r
Vy suy lun trn l ng.

b. Cho bit biu thc no trong s cc biu thc sau y l ng nht ng


p+q l ng nht ng:

1. pqr
p
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

q
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

2. (p

q(q r))

(p r) l ng nht ng:

q r

q(q r)

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1

0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

q)

p khng ng nht ng:

3. (p
p
0
0

n Ngc

r
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

q
0
1

pqr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

p+q
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1

q(q r))
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1

p q
1
1
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pqr

p+q
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

p r

(p

1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1

(p

q(q r))
(p r)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

q)
0
0

37

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


1
1
4. (p

0
1

1
1

pr) khng ng nht ng:

(q

(q+r))

0
1

q+r

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1

p
(q+r)
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1

pr

1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1

pr

(p

0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1

(q+r))
( q pr)
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

c. Tm gi tr cc bin Boole x v y tha mn phng trnh xy = x + y


x

xy

x+y

Bi 10. Hy kim tra cc suy lun sau v cho bit s dng quy tc suy din
no?

c,
a.

((p q)
r

n Ngc

q)
p

(r

p
p)

(Quy tc ph nh)
(De Morgan)

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38

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


b.

(Lut tam on)

(/n

(Lut phn o)

(Lut rt gn)

p
c.

(1)

(s

t)

( p q)
(s

(2)
r

(3)

u)

(4)

______________
p
( Do tin (4) v lut De Morgan )

(5)

(Do (5) v lut n gin ni lin)

(6)

(Do (1), (6) v lut ph nh)

(7)

(Do (5) v lut n gin ni lin)

(8)

(Do (7), (8) v php

ni lin)

(9)

(Do (9) v lut De Morgan)

(10)

(Do (2), (10) v lut ph nh)

(11)

( p q) (Do (3), (11) v lut ph nh)

(12)

(s

t)

p
p

n Ngc

(Do (12) v lut De Morgan)

(13)

(Do (13) v lut n gin ni lin)

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39

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

i s Boole
Bi 1. Trnh by cc tnh cht ca cc php ton Boole
1. Tnh giao hon:

a.b = b.a
a+b = b+a.

2. Tnh kt hp:

(a.b).c = a.(b.c)
(a+b)+c = a+(b+c).

3. Tnh phn phi:

a.(b+c) = (a.b)+(a.c)
a+(b.c) = (a+b).(a+c).

4. Tnh ng nht:

a.1 = 1.a = a
a+0 = 0+a = a.

5. Tnh b:

a.a

a.a

a a
6. Tnh nut

a a

a.0 = 0
a+1 = 1

7. Tnh lu ng

a.a = a
a+a = a.

8. H thc De Morgan

ab

a b

a b
9. Tnh b kp
10. Tnh ht

ab

a.(a+b) = a
a+(a.b) = a.

n Ngc

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40

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 2. Ti thiu hm Bool bng bng Karnaugh
a) F ( x, y, z )

xy z

x yz

x yz

x yz

Vic nhm thnh cc khi cho thy rng: C 2 cp hnh vung k nhau, cp ngang
biu din cho x z , cp ng biu din cho y z v 1 hnh vung c lp biu din
cho x yz ; v vy: x z , y z v x yz l cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ca F(x,y,z). Do
, ta c hm tuyn chun tc ti thiu l:

F ( x, y, z )

xz

yz

F ( x, y, z )

F ( x, y, z )
n Ngc

x yz

y xz

y z

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41

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 3. ( thi cao hc Nng - 8/2008)
a. Tm cc gi tr ca hm Boole c biu din:

F ( x, y, z )
x
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

y
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

z
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

xy z

z
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

xy

xy z

0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1

1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1

b. Ti thiu hm Boole

F ( x, y)

xy

xy

y( x

x) x y

xy
y.1 x y

xy

c. Ti thiu ha hm Boole bng bng Karnaugh :

F ( x, y)

xy z
yz

x
x

x yz

F ( x, y)

x yz

yz

yz

n Ngc

x yz

yz

xz

xz

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42

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 4: Tm dng chun tc ca hm

F ( x, y, z )

(x

y) z

Ta lp bng gi tr ca hm F nh sau:
x
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

y
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

z
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

x+y
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1

z
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

(x

y) z
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

Ta thy F(x,y,z) bng 1 khi :


x=0, y=1, z=0
hoc x=1, y=0, z=0
hoc x=1, y=1, z=0
Vy dng chun tc ca hm F :

F ( x, y, z )

xy z

x yz

xy z

Bi 5: V mch logic ca cc hm sau:


a. F ( x, y)

(x

y) x

b. F ( x, y )

(x

n Ngc

z) x y z
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43

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

Bi 6.
a, Dng tuyn y ca F
Tp cc th hin lm cho gi tr ca F(x,y,z) bng 1 l: {000, 010, 100, 110, 111}.
T tp cc th hin ny ta lp cc t ti thiu tng ng : x y z , x y z , x y z , xy z ,
xyz . Nh vy, dng tuyn chun tc y ca F nh sau:
F(x,y,z) = x y z + x y z + x y z + xy z + xyz
b, Dng chun tc ti thiu
F(x,y,z)

= x y z + x y z + x y z + xy z + xyz
= x z ( y + y ) + x z ( y + y ) + xyz
= x z + x z + xyz
= ( x + x ) z + xyz
= z + xyz

Bi 7.
a, Dng tuyn y ca F
Tp cc th hin lm cho gi tr ca F(w,x,y,z) bng 1 l: {1111, 1101, 1100,
1010, 1000, 0110, 0101, 0100, 0010}. T tp cc th hin ny ta lp cc t ti
thiu tng ng : wxyz, wx yz , wx y z , w x y z , wx y z , wxy z , wx yz , wx y z , w x y z . Nh
vy, dng tuyn chun tc y ca F nh sau:
F(x,y,z) = wxyz + wx yz + wx y z + w x y z + wx y z + wxy z + wx yz + wx y z + w x y z
b, Dng chun tc ti thiu
F(x,y,z)
n Ngc

= wxyz + wx yz + wx y z + w x y z + wx y z + wxy z + wx yz + wx y z + w x y z
= wxz ( y + y ) + wx z ( y + y ) + wx y z + z ( wxy + w x y ) + wx y (z + z )
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44

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


= wxz + wx z + wx y z + z ( w y ( x + x )) + wx y
= wx( z + z ) + wx y z + wy z + wx y
= wx + wx y z + wy z + wx y
Bi 8. Tm dng chun tc ca biu thc

f ( x, y, z)

( xy)z( x

= ( xy

z)( y

z )( ( x

z)

z)

(y

z) )

(Lut De Morgan)

= ( xy z )( x z + yz)

(Lut De Morgan)

= xyxz xyyz x z z yz z

(Lut phn phi)

= xy z xzy x z + 0

(Lut ly ng: x.x = x


Lut b: z z 0
Lut nut 0.x = 0)

= xy( z z ) x z
(Lut b z z 1 )

= xy x z
Bi 9. Tm dng chun tc y ca biu thc

a,

f ( x, y, z )

yz

xz

= yz ( x

x)

= xyz
b,

f ( x, y, z )
= x( z

n Ngc

x yz

x z( y
xy z

y)
x yz

xz

z)

xz

= xz

xz

xz

= xz

xz

y
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45

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

= xz( y

y) x z ( y

y)

y( xz ( x z ))

= xyz

x yz

xy z

x yz

xyz x y

yz

= xyz

x yz

xy z

x yz

x y( z

z)

y z ( x x)

xyz x yz

xy z

x yz

x yz

xy z

x yz

x yz

x yz

xy z

= xyz

xy z

xy z

xy z

Cch khc: Gii bng lp bng chn tr ca biu thc

f ( x, y, z )
X
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

Y
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

y xz

Z
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

Z
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

XZ
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0

X+Y
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1

X+Y+XZ
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1

Tp cc th hin lm cho gi tr ca F(x,y,z) bng 1 l: {010, 011, 100, 101, 110,


111}. T tp cc th hin ny ta lp cc t ti thiu tng ng : x y z , x yz , x y z ,
x yz , xy z , xyz . Nh vy, dng tuyn chun tc y ca F nh sau:

F ( x, y, z )

xyz xy z

x yz

x yz

x yz

xy z

Bi 10. Tm biu thc ti thiu ca:

a,

E1 xy x y

x( y

y)

b,

E2

xy x y

xy

xy x( y

E2

xy x.1 xy x

(Lut hp th x x y
n Ngc

x.1 x

y, x

xy

(Lut b y y 1 )
(Lut ng nht x.1=x)

y)
x , x( x

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y)

x , x( x y )

xy )
46

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

c,

E4

xy

xy

xy

x( y

xy

xy

y)

Bi 11. Tm biu thc ti thiu ca:

a,

E1 x

yz

z xy

E1 x(1 yz )

yxz

yz (1 x)

E1 x(1 yz ) yz (1 x)
E1 x.1 yz.1
E1 x yz
b,

E2

xyz xy z

xy z

xy(1 z ) x y z

xy x y z

(Lut nut 1 + x = 1)
(Lut ng nht 1.x =x)

x yz
x yz

x yzv

y ( x x z ) x yz

y ( x z ) x yz
xy
c,

yz

E3 xyz xy z
xy( z

n Ngc

xy

y)

x yz
x yz

x yz

x yz

z ) x yz

xz ( y

y)

xy x yz

x( y

(Lut hp th

xz

yz ) xz
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47

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

x( y

z ) xz

xy xz xz
xy ( x
xy z
d,

x) z

E3 xyz xy z

xy( z

xy z

x yz

z) xy z

x yz

xy x y z

x yz

y ( x x z ) x yz

y ( x z ) x yz

xy

yz

x yz

xy

yz

x yz

Bi 12. Tm biu thc ti thiu ca:

A,

E1 w x wxy w x y wxy z
x( w w y) xy( w wz )

x( w y) xy(w z )
xw x y

xyw xy z

w( x xy) x y

w( x
xw

n Ngc

xy z

y) x y xy z
yw x y

xy z

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48

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

b,

E2 wxyz wxy z wx y z wx yz

wxy( z

z ) w x y z w x yz

wxy wx y z wx yz
Bi 13. Cho bng gi tr
x
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

y
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

z
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

F(x, y, z)
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1

a. Tm dng tuyn chun tc hon ton (y ) ca f.


Tp cc th hin lm cho gi tr ca F(x,y,z) bng 1 l: {000, 010, 100, 110, 111}.
T tp cc th hin ny ta lp cc t ti thiu tng ng : x y z , x y z , x y z , xy z ,
xyz . Nh vy, dng tuyn chun tc y ca F nh sau:

F ( x, y, z )

x yz

xy z

x yz

xy z

xyz

b. Tm dng tuyn chun tc thu gn ca f bng bng Karnaugh.

yz

yz

yz

x
F ( x, y, z )
n Ngc

yz

xy z

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49

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 14. ( thi cao hc H CNTT TP HCM-2010)
a. Tm cng thc dng chnh tc v cng thc ti thiu ca hm Boole sau:

F ( x, y, z, t )
y)

x y zt

x yz t

xz x yzt

y zt ( x

y zt

x yz
x zt ( y

x y z (t

t)

x y zt

x y zt

x y zt

xyzt

xz( y

x y zt

xyz x yz x yzt

x y zt

xyz(t t ) x yz (t t ) x yzt

x y zt

xyzt

xyzt

x yzt

x yz t

x yz t

xy zt

x y zt

x y zt

x y zt

x y zt

xy zt

x y zt

xyzt

x yzt

x yz t

x yz t

xy zt

x y zt

x y zt

x y zt

x y zt

xy zt

xyzt

xy zt

x y zt

y)

xyt

x y zt

xy zt

x)

x zt

x y zt

x y zt

xyt ( z

x y zt
x y zt

z)

xy zt

x y zt

xyzt

xyzt
xy zt

xyzt
xyzt

xyzt

xyzt

xyzt

Cng thc dng chnh tc y l:


F ( x, y, z, t )

x y zt

xyzt

x yzt

x yz t

x yz t

xy zt

x y zt

x y zt

x y zt

x y zt

xy zt

Ta dng bng Karnaugh rt gn hm F(x,y,z,t) nh sau:

yz
tx

yz
1

yz

yz

tx

tx

tx

Vy hm ti thiu : F ( x, y, z, t ) x y z yt
b. V s mng cc cng logic tng ng vi f(x,y,z,t) da trn mt cng
thc a ti thiu ha ca hm Boole f
Ta c:

F ( x, y, z, t )

yz

yt

x
z

t
n Ngc

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50

xyzt

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


a.

,
= 1.

Xt bng gi tr x,y,z c 23 = 8 trng hp


x

sau:

khi x.y=1
x
x

=1
z 1
z

Dng tuyn chun tc y ca

F(x,y,z)

nh sau:
F ( x, y, z )

xyz xy z

:
F ( x, y, z )

xyz xy z

xy( z

b.

z)

xy.1 xy

,
y = 0.

x 1, y 1

z 1

x 1, y 1

x yz , x y z
Dng tuyn chun tc y ca

F(x,y,z) nh sau:

F ( x, y, z )

x yz

x yz

x y( z

x yz

:
F ( x, y, z )

n Ngc

x yz

z)

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x y.1 x y

51

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

th v cy
Bi 1. ( thi cao hc H Nng 2/2009)
Cho th
X1`

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

a. Biu din th trn bng ma trn k


X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

b. Bc vo ca nh X3
nh X3 c 2 cung i vo, nn bc ca n l: deg+(x3) = 2
Bc ra ca nh x6:
nh X6 c 1 cung i ra, nn bc ca n l: deg-(x6) = 1
c. G c phi l th lin thng khng ? V sao?
Khng lin thng v trong G c 1 nh c lp l x5

n Ngc

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52

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


d. Tm n nh ngoi (G)

X1`

X2

X4

X3

X5

X6

Ta c tp nh V={x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6}


Xc nh nh x
(x1) ={x1, x2, x3}
(x2) ={x1, x2, x4}
(x3) ={x1, x3, x4, x6}
(x4) ={x2, x3, x4}
(x5) ={x5}
(x6) ={x3, x6}
T cc tp (xi) trn ta c:
(x2)
(x3)

(x5)
(x4)

(x6) ={x1, x2, x4} {x5} {x3, x6} = V


(x5) ={x1, x3, x4, x6} {x2, x3, x4} {x5} = V

Vy c 2 tp : B1 = {x2, x5, x6} v B2 = {x3, x4, x5}


L cc tp n nh ngoi c s phn t t nht. T ta c s n nh ngoi
(G)=3
Bi 2. Cho th

n Ngc

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53

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


a. Biu din th trn bng ma trn k
X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

X7

X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

X7

b. Tm s n nh trong ca th
Tp cc n nh trong 2 phn t
A1={x1, x5}

A2={x1, x6}

A3={x1, x7}

A4={x2, x5}

A5={x2, x6}

A6={x2, x7}

A7={x3, x5}

A8={x3, x6}

A11={x4,x6}

A12={x4, x7}

A9={x3, x7}
A10={x4, x5}

Tp cc n nh trong 3 phn t
A13={x1, x5, x7}
A15={x3, x5, x7}

A14={x1, x6, x7}


A16={x3, x6, x7}

Tp cc n nh trong 4 phn t A10 = {x2, x4, x5, x7}; A11 = {x2, x4, x6, x7}
V khng c tp n nh trong c trn 4 phn t. Vy s n nh trong l (G) = 4.
c. Tm s n nh ngoi ca th
Ta c tp nh V={x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7}
Xc nh nh x
(x1) ={x1, x2, x3, x4}
(x2) ={x1, x2, x3}
(x3) ={x1, x2, x3, x4}
n Ngc

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54

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


(x4) ={x1, x3, x4}
(x5) ={x5, x6}
(x6) ={x5, x6}
(x7) ={x7}
T cc tp (xi) trn ta c:
(x1)

(x5)

(x7) = V

(x1)

(x6)

(x7) = V

(x3)

(x5)

(x7) = V

(x3)

(x6)

(x7) = V

Vy ta c 4 tp :

B1 = {x1, x5, x7} ; B2 = {x1, x6, x7}


B3 = {x3, x5, x7} ; B4 = {x3, x6, x7}

L cc tp n nh ngoi c s phn t t nht. T ta c s n nh ngoi


(G)=3
d. Tm nhn ca th
Cc tp : {x1, x5, x7}
{x1, x6, x7}
{x3, x5, x7}
{x3, x6, x7}
va l cc tp n nh trong va l cc tp n nh ngoi, nn nhn ca th l: :
{x1, x5, x7}
{x1, x6, x7}
{x3, x5, x7}
{x3, x6, x7}
Bi 3. Cho th

a. Biu din th trn bng ma trn k

n Ngc

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55

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

b. Tm s n nh ngoi ca th
Ta c tp nh V = {x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6}
Xc nh nh x
(x1) ={x1}
(x2) ={x1, x2, x3}
(x3) ={ x3}
(x4) ={x4}
(x5) ={x2, x3, x4, x5, x6}
(x6) ={x1, x6}
T cc tp (xi) trn ta c:
(x1) U (x5) = V

(x2) U (x5) = V

(x5) U (x6) = V

Vy cc tp n nh ngoi c s phn t t nht l :


B1= {x1, x5} B2={x2, x5} B3={x5, x6}
T ta c s n nh ngoi (G)=2
c. S n nh trong
A1={x1, x3, x4}
A2={x2, x4, x6}
A3={x3, x4, x6}
V khng c tp n nh trong c trn 3 phn t. Vy s n nh trong l (G) = 3.
d. Nhn ca th
Tp B1= {x1, x5} va l n nh ngoi, va l n nh trong nn B1 l nhn ca
th.
n Ngc

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56

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 4. Hy xt xem cc th cho bng ma trn k sau, th no l th
Euler hoc na Euler v tm chu trnh Euler hoc ng i Euler (nu c)
a. V hng

2
4
X
3

6
X
6

7
X
6
3
X
4
1

1
2
5
X
5

Ta c bc ca cc nh nh sau:
Deg(x1) = 4,

Deg(x2) = 4,

Deg(x3) = 5,

Deg(x5) = 5,

Deg(x6) = 4,

Deg(x7) = 4

Deg(x4) = 6

th c 2 nh bc l l nh X3 v X5, cc nh cn li bc chn. V vy,


th trn l th bn Euler.
b. C hng

4
X
3

1
1
2

6
X
6

7
X
6

5
X
5

3
X
4

8
X
6

Ta c bc ca th:
Deg-(1) = Deg+(1)= 3;

Deg-(2) = Deg+(2)= 2;

Deg-(3) = Deg+(3)= 2;

Deg-(4) = Deg+(4)= 2;

Deg-(5) = Deg+(5)= 3;

Deg-(6) = Deg+(6)= 3;

n Ngc

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57

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Deg-(7) = Deg+(7)=2;

Deg-(8) = Deg+(8)= 3;

th trn l th c hng lin thng v tt c cc nh ca th c bc vo


(trong) bng bc ra (ngoi). Vy, th cho l th Euler.
Chu trnh Euler: 1 6
7
8
4
2 5 7 4 2 1 1.

c. V hng

Ta c bc ca cc nh nh sau:
Deg(A) = 4,

Deg(B) = 4,

Deg(C) = 4,

Deg(E) = 4,

Deg(F) = 4,

Deg(G) = 2

Deg(D) = 4

Bc ca tt c cc nh u l s chn. V vy, th cho l th Euler.


Chu trnh Euler l: A
F A

Bi 5.
a. Mt n th lin thng c 10 mt, tt c cc nh u c bc bng 4,
tm s nh ca th.
Gi f l s min ca mt phng b chia bi biu din phng ca th,
e l s cnh v v l s nh ca th
Ta c tng bc ca th bng 2 ln s cnh, tc l : 2e = 4v => e=2v
Mt khc, ta c : f = e v + 2 10 = 2v v + 2 => v=8
Vy th c 8 nh v 16 cnh.
n Ngc

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58

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

b. Mt n th phng lin thng c 9 nh, bc ca cc nh l 2, 2, 2, 3,


3, 3, 4, 4, 5. Tm s cnh v s mt ca th.
Tng bc ca th l : 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 = 28.
S cnh ca th l : e = 28/2 = 14 cnh
S mt ca th l :

f = e - v + 2 = 14 - 9 + 2 = 7 mt

Bi 6. ( thi cao hc H Nng 8/2009)


a. Trnh by thut ton Kruskal tm cy khung nh nht
Cc bc ca thut ton tm cy ph nh nht T ca th lin thng c trng s
nh sau:
Bc 1:

t T=

(T rng khng c cnh)

Sp xp cc cnh ca th theo th t trng s tng dn vo tp Z


Bc 2:

Trong khi ( T <n-1) v Z

) thc hin:

- Tm cnh e c trng s nh nht trong tp Z.


Z= Z\{e}
- Nu T

{e} khng to chu trnh th T = T U {e}

b. p dng thut ton Kruskal xc nh cy khung nh nht ca th vi


trng s nh hnh v:
5

10
4

4
a

10

e
6

3
3

f
6

5
11

T=

5
l

, n=11. Sp xp cc cnh ca th theo th t trng s tng dn nh sau:


n Ngc

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59

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Cnh

di

c,d
1

c,f
2

d,g
3

f,g
3

a,e
4

b,e
4

a,b
5

b,c
5

g,m
5

m,l
5

a,k
6

f,l
6

g,h
6

k,l
7

e,k
8

d,h
10

Bc lp

Cnh c chn v a vo T

Trng s

C,D

C,F

D,G

Khng chn cnh (F,G), v to chu trnh

A,E

B,E

Khng chn cnh (A,B), v to chu trnh

B,C

G,M

10

L,M

11

A,K

12

Khng chn cnh (F,L), v to chu trnh

13

G,H

e,f
10

Tng trng s:

41

Tp cnh ca cy khung nh nht cn tm l T = {(C,D), (C,F), (D,G), (A,E),


(B,E), (B,C), (G,M), (L,M), (A,K), (G,H)}, c tng trng s l: 41. Cy khung ny
nh hnh di :
5

d
3

4
a

6
e

5
5
k

n Ngc

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60

h,m
11

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 7. ( thi cao hc H Nng 9/2010)
Cho th c trng s G nh hnh v
9

b
4
3
a
2

d
1

2
3

15

12
3

a. th G c phi l th Euler khng? Nu c th hy ch ra chu trnh


Euler? Nu khng hy gii thch v sao?
mt th v hng l th Euler th bc ca cc nh ca th u
chn. Nhng bc ca cc nh a, c, d, k, h, m ca th l s l (deg(a) = 3,
deg(c) =3, deg(d)=3, deg(k)=3, deg(m)=3, deg(h)=3). Vy th G khng
phi l th Euler.
b. Hy s dng thut ton Kruskal tm cy bao trm nh nht ca th G
c cha cnh bc nhng khng cha cnh dh.
Cy bao trm nh nht khng cha cnh dh ca th G, ta loi cnh dh ra
khi th, lc ny ta c th G vi tp cnh E=E\{dh} nh sau:
9

b
4

2
3
a

e
2

15

g
12

9
k

n Ngc

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61

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Khi to T:= {(b,c)}.
Sp xp cc cnh ca th theo th t trng s tng dn tr cnh bc, ta c:
Z={(e,f), (k,l), (a,k), (d,g), (a,e), (b,f), (f,g), (h,m), (g,l), (a,b), (c,f), (c,d), (e,k),
(b,c), (l,m), (f,l), (g,m), (h,g) }.
Bc lp

Cnh c chn v a vo T

Trng s

E,F

K,L

A,K

D,G

A,E

B,F

F,G

H,M

Khng chn cnh (G,L), v to chu trnh

10

Khng chn cnh (A,B), v to chu trnh

11

Khng chn cnh (C,F), v to chu trnh

12

Khng chn cnh (C,D), v to chu trnh

13

Khng chn cnh (E,K), v to chu trnh

14

Khng chn cnh (B,C), v to chu trnh

15

(L,M)

Tp cnh ca cy khung nh nht cn tm l T={(B,C), (E,F), (K,L), (A,K), (D,G),


(A,E), (B,F), (F,G), (H,M), (L,M)}, trng s nh nht bng : 35. Cy khung c
v nh sau:

n Ngc

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62

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


9

3
2
3
a

2
3
1

Bi 8.
a. Trnh by thut ton Prim
Cc bc chnh ca thut ton Prim tm cy ph nh nht T ca th lin
thng c trng s G c m t nh sau:
Bc 1 :

T := {v} v l nh bt k.

Bc 2 :

Lp n-1 ln

- Tm nh ra v c cnh e ni T vi trng s nh nht


- a e vo T
b. Dng thut ton Prim tm cy khung nh nht ca th c ma trn trng
s sau:

X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

X7

X8

Tv

Khi
to

(16,x1)

(15,x1)*

(23,x1)

(19,x1)

(18,x1)

(32,x1)

(20,x1)

X1

(13,X3)*

(13,X3)

(19,x1)

(18,x1)

(20,X3)

(19,X3)

X1, X3

n Ngc

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

Te
X1X3

63

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


2

(13,X3)

(19,x1)

(18,x1)

(19,X2)

(11,X2)
*

(12,X8)*

(19,x1)

(14,x8)

(18,X8)

(19,x1)

(14,x8)*

(18,X8)

(19,x1)

(17,x6)*

(19,x1)
*

X1, X3,
X2
X1, X3,
X2, X8
X1, X3,
X2, X8,
X4
X1, X3,
X2, X8,
X4, X6
X1, X3,
X2, X8,
X4, X6,
X7
X1, X3,
X2, X8,
X4, X6,
X7, X5

X1X3, X3X2
X1X3, X3X2,
X2X8
X1X3, X3X2,
X2X8, X8X4
X1X3, X3X2,
X2X8, X8X4,
x8x6
X1X3, X3X2,
X2X8, X8X4,
x8x6, x6x7
X1X3, X3X2,
X2X8, X8X4,
x8x6, x6x7,
x1x5

Tp cnh ca cy khung nh nht cn tm l T={(X1,X3), (X3,X2), (X2,X8),


(X8,X4), (X8,X6), (X6,X7), (X1,X5)} trng s nh nht bng :
13+15+12+19+14+17+11 = 101. Cy khung c v nh sau:
X1

X7

X5

X3

X2

X6

X8

X4

Bi 9.
a. Trnh by thut ton Dijkstra
Cc bc chnh ca thut Dijkstra tm ng i ngn nht t nh a n
nh z trn th G=(V,E,W) c m t nh sau:
Bc 1 :

T=V; Da = 0; Di = , Vi a.

Bc 2 :

Lp cho n khi z

T:

- Ly ra khi T nh Vi c Di nh nht
- nh nhn li cho mi Vj k Vi v Vj

T theo cng thc:

Dj = min{Dj, Di+Wij}
n Ngc

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

64

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


b. Tm ng i ngn nht t nh x1 n cc nh cn li ca th v
hng

B.lp

X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

X7

X8

X9

X10

X11

0, x1*

,x1

, x1

, x1

, x1

, x1

, x1

, x1

, x1

, x1

,x1

9, x1

, x1

9, x1

6, x1*

, x1

, x1

, x1

, x1

, x1

, x1

8,x5*

, x1

9, x1

13, x5

, x1

, x1

14,x5

10,x5

, x1

13,x2

9, x1*

14,x2

, x1

14,x5

10,x5

, x1

13,x2

14,x2

, x1

13,x4

10,x5*

, x1

13,x2*

14,x2

, x1

11,x10

17,x10

13,x2*

14,x2

16,x3

17,x10

14,x2

16,x3

17,x10

14,x2

16,x3

17,x10

16,x3

17,x10

10

17,x10

Khi
to
1

13,
x5Ux2
13,
x5Ux2
13,
x5Ux2
13,
x5Ux2
13,
x5Ux2

T bng trn ta c ng i ngn nht t x1 n cc nh l:


X1X5X2 ( di 8);
X1X5X6 (13);
X1X5X10X9 (11);

X1X4 (9);
X1X5X2X7 (14);
X1X5X10 (10);

X1X5X2X3 (13); X1X5 (6)


X1X5X2X3X8 (16)
X1X5X10X11 (17)

Cc ng i c minh ha trn th sau:

n Ngc

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65

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

c. Tm ng i ngn nht t nh A n cc nh cn li ca th c
hng

B.lp

0, A*

,x1

, x1

, x1

, x1

, x1

, x1

, x1

, x1

, x1

,x1

7, A

, A

, A

4,A

, A

, A

1, A*

, A

, A

, A

7, A

, A

, A

3,H*

, A

, A

3,H

, A

, A

6, E

, A

, A

, A

, A

3,H*

, A

, A

6, E*

, A

, A

7,I

, A

12,I

, A

9,B

, A

7,I*

, A

12,I

, A

9,B
F*

, A

, A

12,I

, A

17,C

15,C

11,C*

, A

17,C

14,K*

16,K

16,G*

16,K

10

16,K*

Khi
to
1

n Ngc

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

66

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


T bng trn, ta c ng i ngn nht t A n cc nh l:
AHEB (6);
AFHIF (7);
AHIFCK (11);

AHIFC (9);
AHIFCKG (14);
AHIFCKM (16)

AHIFKGD (16);
AH (1);

AHE (3)
AHI (3);

Bi 10. Cho th

a. Tm ng i ngn nht t x1 n x14


B.lp

X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

X7

X8

X9

X10

X11

X12

X13

X14

X15

X1

7,x1

6,x1

7,x1

7,x1

7,x1

17,x2

12,x2

7,x1

17,x2

8,x6

10,x6

15,x5

10,x5

10,x6

15,x5

17,x8

10,x6

18,x8

15,x5

17,x8

18,x8

26,x9

17,x8

18,x8

26,x9

18,x8

23,x7

25,x7

10

21,x10

25,x7

23,x10

11

25,x7

23,x10

25,x11

28,x11

12

25,x7

25,x11
U x13

28,x11

Khi
to
1

n Ngc

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

67

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


T bng trn ta c ng i ngn nht t x1 n x14 l: X1X6X5X8X10X13X14 hoc
X1X6X5X8X10X11X14 v di l: 25.
b. Tm ng i ngn nht t x1 n x14 c cha X8X9
B.lp

X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

X7

X8

X9

X10

X11

X12

X13

X14

X15

X1

7,x1

6,x1

7,x1

7,x1

7,x1

17,x2

12,x2

7,x1

17,x2

8,x6

10,x6

15,x5

10,x5

23,
x9x8

24,
x9x8

32,
x8x9

24,
x9x8

29,x7

31,x7

35,x12

27,x10

31,x7

29,x10

35,x12

10

31,x7

29,x10

31,
x11

34,
x11

11

31,x7

31,
x10
U x13

34,
x11

Khi
to
1

10,
x6
U x5
10,
x6
U x5

T bng trn ta c ng i ngn nht t x1 n x14 c cha X8X9 l:


x1x6x5x9x8x10x11x14 , hoc x1x6x5x9x8x10x13x14 ,
hoc x1x6x9x8x10x11x14 , hoc x1x6x9x8x10x13x14 vi chiu di l: 31
c. Tm ng i ngn nht t x1 n x14 c cha nh X7
B.lp

X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

X7

X8

X9

X10

X11

X12

X13

X14

X15

X1

7,x1

6,x1

7,x1

7,x1

7,x1

17,x2

12,x2

7,x1

17,x2

8,x6

10,x6

Khi
to
1

n Ngc

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

68

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


5

15,x5

10,x5

10,x6

15,x5

17,x8

10,x6

18,x8

15,x5

17,x8

18,x8

26,x9

17,x8

18,x8

26,x9

21,x7

23,x7

25,x7

10

23,x7

25,x7

26,x10

11

25,x7

26,x10

27,x11

30,x11

12

26,x10

27,x11

28,x12

13

27,x11

28,x12

Vy ng i ngn nht t x1 n x14 c cha nh X7 l:


X1 X6 X5 X8 X7 X11 X14, v di ng i bng: 27
Bi 11. Cho th G=(V,E,W)

a. Tm ng i ngn nht t V1 n cc nh ca th.


B.lp
Khi
to
1
2

V1

V2

V3

V4

V5

V6

V7

V8

V9

V10

V1

V1,

V1,

V1,

V1,

V1,

V1,

V1,

V1,

V1,

32,v1

V1,

17,v1

V1,

V1,

V1,

V1,

V1,

V1,

32,v1

35,v4

27,v4

V1,

V1,

21,v4

V1,

V1,

n Ngc

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

69

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


3

32,v1

35,v4

27,v4

V1,

80,v8

25,v8

V1,

32,v1

35,v4

27,v4

V1,

80,v8

37,v9

32,v1

35,v4

55,v5

80,v8

37,v9

35,v4

55,v5

80,v8

37,v9

55,v5

40,v3

37,v9

55,v5

37,v9

43,v10

b. Tm cy ph nh nht ca G.
Sp xp cc cnh ca th theo th t trng s tng dn, nh sau:
(v4,v8), (v8,v9), (v3,v7), (v6,v10), (v4,v5), (v9,v10), (v1,v4), (v3,v4), (v5,v9),
(v5,v6), (v1,v2), (v2,v5), (v7,v8).
Trng s tng ng: 4, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 17, 18, 25, 28, 32, 45, 59.
Bc lp

Cnh c chn v a vo T

Trng s

(v4,v8)

(v8,v9)

(v3,v7)

(v6,v10)

(v4,v5)

10

(v9,v10)

12

(v1,v4)

17

(v3,v4)

18

Khng chn (v5,v9), v to chu trnh

10

Khng chn (v5,v6), v to chu trnh

11

(v1,v2)
Tng trng s:

n Ngc

32
108

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

70

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

Bi 12. Tm ng i ngn nht gia cc cp nh ca cc th sau:


a. th c hng
6
1
b

7
a

11

5
7

W0
4

b
6
11

P0
a

c
c

d
d

a
n Ngc

c : C(d,a) + C(a,c) = 9

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

71

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

5
7

W1
4

6
11

P1
a

b
b
b

d
d

7
W2
4

c
c

d
d

:
d : C(a,b) + C(b,d) = 13
c : C(d,b) + C(b,c) = 8 < W1(d,c)=9
d : C(d,b) + C(b,d) = 7

5 13
7 6
11
8 7

c
c

c
c

P2
a

b
d
d
b

7
W3
4

5 13
7 6
11
8 7

P3
a

b
d
d
b

W4

17 7 5 13
10 7 7 6
15 12 19 11
4 1 8 7

P4

b b c b
d d c d
d d b d
a b c b

*=W4
4

: i1= P(b,a) = d, i2 =
d

c
n Ngc

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

72

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


b. th c hng

7
4
W0

2
1

4
3

4
2

8
2
5

6 10

W4
2

4
8
1

n Ngc

7 11 2
4

1
3

4
9
1

7 11 2
4
4
9

1
3

W1

W2

5
4 10
2

7 13

7
3

5 11
9 5
2 8

2
5

W3

W5

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

7
2
4

8
1

14
7

2
5

3
5 11
4 10 5
2 8

6
9

9
3

2
5

4
8

2
4

4
6

4
9

7 12
1 6
3
5 10
9 5
2 7

73

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

W * W6

9 6 9 2 7 12
3 7 3 5 1 6
7 4 7 9 5 3
7 4 7 9 5 10
2 6 2 4 7 5
4 1 4 6 2 7

Bi 13. ( thi cao hc H Nng - 8/2008)


th c hng G = (V,E), c cho bi ma trn trng s nh sau:
1
1

4
5

a. V th
5

5
2

3
7

1
7

1
2

n Ngc

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

74

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


b. Gi trng s cho l kh nng thng qua ca cung . Cho bit th
cho c phi l mng khng? Ti sao?
th cho l mng, ti v n tha mn cc iu kin:
- y l th c hng v lin thng yu
- Mi cung (i,j)

E u c cij >0 (kh nng thng qua cung (i,j))

- C duy nht mt nh pht l nh s 1 v duy nht mt nh thu l


nh s 4.
c. Tnh bc ngoi ca nh 1 v bc trong ca nh 4.
Bc ngoi (ra) ca nh 1: Deg+(1) = 2
Bc trong (vo) ca nh 4: Deg-(4) = 2
d. Dng gii thut Ford-Fulkerson trnh by cch tm ng tng lung
trong ln lp th nht.
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
2

= min(cf(1,2), cf(2, 6), cf(6, 5) , cf(5, 4))


= min(c(1, 2) f(1,2), c(2, 6) f(2, 6), c(6,5) f(6,5), c(5,4) f(5,4))
= min(7 0, 1 0, 3 0, 5 - 0) = 1
1,2) = 1;

f(2,6) =1;

f(6,5) = 1;

f(5,4) = 1
5

(1)

(1)

3
7

(1)

1
7

(1)
2

n Ngc

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

75

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


2

= min(cf(1,2), cf(2, 4))


= min(c(1, 2) f(1,2), c(2, 4) f(2, 4))
= min(7 1, 4 0) = 4
5;

f(2,4) =4;

(1)

(1)

3
7

(1)

1
7

(5)

(4)

4. ( thi cao hc 3/2011 H Nng)


Gi s nc Nht xy dng li mng vin thng nh th cho, gia hai thnh
ph c th kt ni trc tip hoc gin tip qua cc thnh ph khc. u tin cc
ng truyn trc tip t cc thnh ph n Tokyo hn l gin tip nu c cng
chi ph. Mi thnh ph c biu din bi mt nh ca th, trng s ca cung
l c tnh chi ph xy dng ng truyn. Cht lng ng truyn gia hai
thnh ph chnh bng s cc thnh ph trung gian gia hai thnh ph. Nu hai
thnh ph c ni trc tip s cho cht lng tt nht. Cht lng ng truyn
ca ton h thng chnh bng cht lng kt ni xu nht gia hai thnh ph no
.
a. Tnh chi ph ti thiu xy dng h thng ng truyn lin thng gia
cc thnh ph.
b. Chi ph ti thiu xy dng h thng ng truyn lin thng m tt c
cc ng truyn xut pht t Tokyo u c gi li.
c. Hy tnh cht lng ng truyn ca ton h thng. Hy cho bit cc cp
thnh ph no c cht lng thp nht.
d. Hy a ra phng n ti u sao cho nu c mt cung no b xa, th
th vn lin thng.
n Ngc

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

76

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Aomori
25

20
4

Yamagata

17

Sendai
15
20

Toyama
30
Hiroshima

12
20

Fukushi
ma

Tokyo

15

7
15

17

Nagoy
a

30

Yokoham
a

17
25

15

Kochi

30

Nagasaki

a. Chi ph ti thiu xy dng h thng ng truyn lin thng gia cc


thnh ph chnh bng gi tr cy khung nh nht ca th. Ta dng
thut ton Kruskal tm cy bao trm ti thiu nh sau:
- Khi to T= .
- Sp xp cc cnh ca th theo th t trng s tng dn vo tp Z
Z={(Ya,Se), (Nago,Yo), (Toky, Yo), (Fu,Se), (Toky,Fu), (Toky,Nago),
(Toky,Ya), (Naga,Hi), (Yo,Fu), (Toky,To), (To,Ya), (Nago,Ko), (Toky,Se),
(Se,Ao), (Nago,Hi), (Ko,Naga), (Ao,Ya), (Nago,Naga), (To,Hi), (Ko,Yo)}
Trng s tng ng: 4, 6, 7, 7, 12, 15, 15, 15, 15, 17, 17, 17, 20, 20, 20, 25,
25, 30, 30, 30
Bc lp

Cnh c chn v a vo T

Trng s

(Ya,Se)

(Nago,Yo)

(Toky, Yo)

(Fu,Se)

(Toky,Fu)

12

n Ngc

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

77

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


6

Khng chn (Toky,Nago), v to chu trnh

Khng chn (Toky,Ya), v to chu trnh

(Naga,Hi)

Khng chn (Yo,Fu), v to chu trnh

10

(Toky,To)

11

Khng chn (To,Ya), v to chu trnh

12

(Nago,Ko)

13

Khng chn (Toky,Se), v to chu trnh

14

(Se,Ao)

15

(Nago,Hi)

16

Khng chn (Ko,Naga), v to chu trnh


Khng chn (Ao,Ya), (Nago,Naga), (To,Hi),
(Ko,Yo), v to chu trnh
Tng trng s:

17

15

17

17

20

125

Chi ph ti thiu xy dng h thng ng truyn lin thng gia cc thnh ph


l 125. S kt ni nh hnh di:
Aomori
20
4

Yamagata

Toyama

Sendai
7

17
12

Hiroshima

Fukushim
a

Tokyo

20

7
15

Nagoya

6
17

Yokoham
a

Kochi
Nagasaki

n Ngc

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

78

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


b.

Khi to T= {(Toky,Ya), (Toky, Se), (Toky, Fu), (Toky,Yo),


(Toky,Nago)}.

Z = E\T. Sp xp cc cnh ca th trong Z theo th t trng s tng dn


Z ={(Ya,Se), (Nago,Yo), (Fu,Se), (Naga,Hi), (Yo,Fu), (Nago,Ko), (Se,Ao),
(Nago,Hi), (Ko,Naga), (Ao,Ya), (Nago,Naga), (To,Hi), (Ko,Yo)}
Bc lp

Cnh c chn v a vo T

Trng s

Khng chn (Ya,Se), v to chu trnh

Khng chn (Nago,Yo), v to chu trnh

Khng chn (Fu,Se), v to chu trnh

(Naga,Hi)

Khng chn (Yo,Fu), v to chu trnh

(Nago,Ko)

17

(Se,Ao)

20

(Nago,Hi)

20

Khng chn (Ko,Naga), (Ao,Ya), (Nago,Naga)


(To,Hi), (Ko,Yo), v to chu trnh

15

Chi ph ti thiu xy dng h thng ng truyn lin thng m tt c cc


ng truyn xut pht t Tokyo u c gi li l : 158 v ng kt ni nh
hnh sau:

n Ngc

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

79

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Aomori
20
Yamagata

Sendai
15
20

Toyama

17
12

Hiroshima

20

Fukushim
a

Tokyo

15

7
Nagoya

15

Yokohama

17
Kochi
Nagasaki

c.

Ao (10)

1
1

Ya (11)

Se (9)
1
1

To (5)
1
Hi (4)

1
Fu (8)

Toky(6)

1
Nago(3)

Yo (7)

1
1

Ko(2)

Naga(1)

Dng thut ton Floy tm ng i ngn nht gia cc cp nh, trng s ca th


cij=1 (nu nh i c cnh ni vi nh j: i,j = 1..11), cij = (nu nh i khng c
cnh ni vi nh j).
Ma trn lin k ca th
n Ngc

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

80

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


0
1
1
1
W0

1
0
1

W
1

1
1
0
1

1
1
0
1

1
1

1
1
0
1

1
0
1
1

1
1

1
0
1

1
1

0
1
1
1

1
0
1
2

1
1
0
1

1
1

W2
2

1
2
1
0
1

W4

1
0
1
2
3
2
1

1
1
0
1
2
1
1

1
2
1
0
1
2
2

1
0
1
1

2
3
2
1
0
1
3

2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1
1

n Ngc

0
1
1

1
1

1
0
1

2
1
1
2
3
1
0
1

1
0
1
2

W1
1

1
1
0
1

1
2
1
0
1

1
1

1
1
0
1

1
1
0
1

1
1
0

1
1
0

0
1
1

1
1

W3

0
1
1
1

1
0
1
2

1
1
0
1

2
2

2
1

1
1

1
2
1
0
1
2
2

1
0
1

1
1
0

0
1
1

1
0
1

1
1
0

1
1

1
1
0

1
0
1

W5

0
1
1
1
2
2
2

1
0
1
2
3
2
1

1
1
0
1
2
1
1

1
2
1
0
1
2
2

2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1

buitanngocqn@gmail.com

2
3
2
1
0
1
3

2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1

0
1
1

1
1
0

0
1
1

1
1

1
1
0
1

1
1
0

2
1
1
2
1
0
1

2
1
1
2
3
1
0
1

1
3

1
1
0

1
1
0
1

1
0
1
1

1
1

2
1
1

0
1
1
1
2
2
2

1
1
0

1
1
0
1

0
1
1
1

1
1

1
1
0

0
1
1

1
0
1

1
1
0

3
4
3
2
1
1
4

1
1
0
1

1
1
0

81

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

W6

W8

W10

0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3

1
0
1
2
3
2
1
3

1
1
0
1
2
1
1
2

1
2
1
0
1
2
2
3

2
3
2
1
0
1
2
2

2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1

2
1
1
2
2
1
0
1

3
3
2
3
2
1
1
0

3
3
2
3
2
1
2
1

3
3
2
2
1
1
2
2

0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3

1
0
1
2
3
2
1
2

1
1
0
1
2
1
1
2

1
2
1
0
1
2
2
3

2
3
2
1
0
1
2
2

2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1

2
1
1
2
2
1
0
1

3
2
2
3
2
1
1
0

3
3
2
3
2
1
2
1

0
1
1

1
1
0

0
1
1

1
0
1

1
1
0

0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3

1
0
1
2
3
2
1
2

1
1
0
1
2
1
1
2

1
2
1
0
1
2
2
3

2
3
2
1
0
1
2
2

2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1

2
1
1
2
2
1
0
1

3
2
2
3
2
1
1
0

3
3
2
3
2
1
2
1

3
3
2
2
1
1
2
2

0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3

1
0
1
2
3
2
1
2

1
1
0
1
2
1
1
2

1
2
1
0
1
2
2
3

2
3
2
1
0
1
2
2

2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1

2
1
1
2
2
1
0
1

3
2
2
3
2
1
1
0

3
3
2
3
2
1
2
1

4
4
3
4
3
2
3
2

3
3
2
2
1
1
2
2

0
1
1

1
0
1

1
1
0

3
4
3

3
4
3

2
3
2

3
4
2

2
3
1

1
2
1

2
3
2

1
2
2

0
1
1

1
0
1

1
1
0

0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3

1
0
1
2
3
2
1
2

1
1
0
1
2
1
1
2

1
2
1
0
1
2
2
3

2
3
2
1
0
1
2
2

2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1

2
1
1
2
2
1
0
1

3
2
2
3
2
1
1
0

3
3
2
3
2
1
2
1

4
4
3
4
3
2
3
2

3
3
2
2
1
1
2
2

0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3

1
0
1
2
3
2
1
2

1
1
0
1
2
1
1
2

1
2
1
0
1
2
2
3

2
3
2
1
0
1
2
2

2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1

2
1
1
2
2
1
0
1

3
2
2
3
2
1
1
0

3
3
2
3
2
1
2
1

4
4
3
3
2
2
3
2

3
3
2
2
1
1
2
2

3
4
3

3
4
3

2
3
2

3
4
2

2
3
1

1
2
1

2
3
2

1
2
2

0
1
1

1
0
1

1
1
0

3
4
3

3
4
3

2
3
2

3
3
2

2
3
1

1
2
1

2
3
2

1
2
2

0
1
1

1
0
1

1
1
0

1
0
1

W7

W9

W11

3
3
2
2
1
1
2
2

T ma trn W11, ta c cht lng ng truyn ca ton h thng l 4. Cc cp


thnh ph c cht lng thp nht l: (Nagasaki, Aomori), (Kochi Aomori).
c. Phng n ti u sao cho nu c mt cung no b xa, th th vn lin
thng. Thm cnh th thnh th Euler (Tt c cc nh ca th c bc
chn). Khi nu c 1 cnh no b xa th vn cn ng i Euler.
n Ngc

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82

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


10

11

6
4
3
7

2
1

Bi 15. ( thi cao hc H CNTT TP HCM - 2010)


Cho th G nh sau:
a

12

5
10
d

20

8e

6
u

d
5
v

c4

14
f
15

10
h

22

j
4

8
5

0
10
14
15

22
10
0

y
9
z

14

0
9

15
4
9
0

a. Vit biu din ma trn ca th G.

a
b
c
d
u
v
t
y
z
n Ngc

a
0
5
10

b
5
0
9
20

c
10
9
0
12
2
8

20
12
0

u
6

22

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83

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


b. Trnh by mt thut ton tm cy bao trm ti thiu ca mt th c trng
s. p dng thut ton tm cy bao trm ti thiu ca th G.
Thut ton Prim tm cy khung nh nht nh sau:
Cc bc chnh ca thut ton Prim tm cy ph nh nht T ca th lin thng
c trng s G c m t nh sau:
Bc 1 :

T := {v} v l nh bt k.

Bc 2 :

Lp n-1 ln
o Tm nh ra v c cnh e ni T vi trng s nh nht
o a e vo T

a
Kh
i to
1

Tv

5,a
-

10,a
9,b
2,u
-

,a
20,b
20,b
12,c

6,a
6,a
-

,a
,a
,a
8,c

,a
,a
22,u
22,u

,a
,a
,a
,a

,a
,a
,a
,a

a
a,b
a, b, u
a, b, u, c

5,v

10,v

14,v

15,v

a, b, u, c, v

10,v

4,d

15,v

a, b, u, c, v, d

10,v

9,y

a, b, u, c, v, d, y

4,z

a, b, u, c, v, d,
y, z

a, b, u, c, v, d,
y, z, t

Te
ab
ab, au
ab, au, uc
ab, au,
uc, cv
ab, au,
uc, cv, vd
ab, au,
uc, cv,
vd, dy
ab, au,
uc, cv,
vd, dy, yz
ab, au,
uc, cv,
vd, dy,
yz, zt

Tp cnh ca cy khung nh nht cn tm l T={(a,b), (a,u), (u,c), (c,v), (v,d),


(d,y), (y,z) , (z,t)} trng s nh nht bng : 5+2+5+6+8+4+4+9 =43 . Cy khung
c v nh sau:
a

5
a

8e

2
u

z
h

n Ngc

c4

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84

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


c. Gi s e1 v e2 l hai cnh ca G. Hy xy dng mt thut ton tm mt cy
bao trm ca th G tha mn cc iu kin sau: T khng cha cc cnh e1 v
e2, v tng trng s cc cnh ca cy T l nh nht. p dng thut ton
tm cy bao trm ti thiu ca G khng cha cc cnh uc v dy.
Bc 1:
- Khi to T:= . Z = E\{e1,e2}
- Sp xp tp cc cnh ca th trong Z, theo th t trng s tng
dn.
Bc 2:

Trong khi ( T <n-1) v Z ) thc hin:


- Tm cnh e c trng s nh nht trong tp Z. Z= Z\{e}
- Nu T U {e} khng to chu trnh th T = T U {e}

p dng thut ton trn tm cy bao trm ti thiu nh sau:


- Khi to T:= .
- Sp xp cc cnh ca th theo th t trng s tng dn, tr cnh uc v dy
nh sau:
Z={(t,z 4), (a,b 5), (d,v 5), (a,u 6), (c,v 8), (b,c 9), (y,z 9), (a,c 10),
(v,t 10), (c,d 12), (v,y 14), (v,z 15), (b,d 20), (u,t 22)}.
Bc lp

Cnh c chn v a vo T

Trng s

T,Z

A,B

D,V

A,U

C,V

B,C

Y,Z

Khng chn cnh (A,C), v to chu trnh

V,T

10

Khng chn cnh (c,d), (v,y), (v,z), (b,d), (u,t), v


to chu trnh
Tng trng s:

n Ngc

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10

56
85

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Cy khung c v nh sau:
b
5
a

a
9
c

8 e

5
f

9
10

6
u

z
t

j
4

Bi 16. ( thi cao hc H Nng 3/2010)


Hy v con nh phn v gii thch cch v sao cho khi duyt cy theo th t
trc (preorder G-T-P) ta c danh sch cc nh A, B, D, E, C, F, G v khi
duyt theo th t gia (Inorder T-G-P) th ta c D, B, E, A, F, G, C. Cho bit
kt qu duyt cy theo th t cui (Postorder)?
Theo bi kt qu duyt cy theo th t trc ta c danh sch cc nh : A, B, D,
E, C, F, G. V vy, ta c th xc nh A l nt gc ca cy.
Kt qu duyt cy theo th t gia, ta c danh sch cc nh : D, B, E, A, F, G, C.
V A l gc nn cc nh D, B, E thuc cy con bn tri v F, G, C l cy con bn
phi.
Mt cc phn tch tng t :
Dyt G-T-P: B, D, E => B l gc cy con bn tri
T-G-P: D, B, E
D l nt con bn tri, E l nt con bn phi
G-T-P: C, F, G => C gc, F bn tri, G bn phi
T-G-P: F, G, C => G nt con bn phi ca F.

T cc phn tch trn ta v cy nh sau:


B

Kt qu khi duyt cy theo hu th t:


(T-P-G): D, E, B, G, F, C, A
D

G
n Ngc

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86

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 17. ( thi cao hc T10-2010 Nng)
a. Mt th c 15 cnh vi 3 nh bc 4, cc nh cn li u bc 3, hi th
c bao nhiu nh?
Gi A l s nh bc 3 ca th, ta c tng s bc ca th l: 3*4+A*3 =
12+3A.
Ta c tng s bc ca th bng hai ln s cnh: 12+3A = 2.15 = 30
3A = 18 => A = 6.
Vy th c 3 + 6 = 9 nh.
b. Mt th v hng khng cha chu trnh v c t nht hai nh c gi l
rng. Trong mt rng, mi thnh phn lin thng l mt cy. Cho th l mt
rng c n nh v t cy. Hy cho bit th c bao nhiu cnh?
Gi ni l s nh ca cy i (i=1..t). Ta c s cnh ca cy i l: ni-1
S nh ca th bng tng cc nh ca tng cy: n = n1 + n2 + n3 + + ni
S cnh ca th bng tng cc cnh ca tng cy:
(n1 1) + (n2 1) + (n3 1) + + (ni 1) = (n1 + n2 + n3 + ..+ni) t = n t
Vy s cnh ca th l : n t cnh.
Bi 18. ( thi cao hc H Nng 3/2010)
Nu cc iu kin mt th G cho c cy bao trm. CMR nu th G
cho c duy nht mt cy khung th G cng l mt cy?
iu kin mt th cho c cy bao trm khi v ch khi G v hng v lin
thng.
- Gi thit th G cho c duy nht 1 cy bao trm l T.
- Gi s G khng phi l mt cy, khi : G T.
- Gi s tn ti mt cnh e sao cho e G\T. Thm cnh e vo T, th to ra mt chu
trnh, trn chu trnh ny phi c mt cnh e khc e.
Khi T = (T U {e}\{e}) l mt cy bao trm ca G khc T. iu ny v l =>
th G c duy nht mt cy khung th G cng l mt cy.

n Ngc

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87

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 19. ( thi cao hc HCNTT TPHCM 5/2006)
a. Cho th n v hng lin thng G c 6 nh vi bc ln lt l 2, 2, 2, 4, 4
v 4. Cho bit s cnh ca G v v phc ha th G.
Ta c tng bc ca th l: 2 + 2 + 2 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 18.
Gi n l s cnh ca th G
V G l th n v hng lin thng, nn tng s bc ca th bng 2 ln s
cnh. Tc l: 18 = 2n n = 9.
th c phc ha nh sau:

b. Cho th n v hng lin thng H vi cc cnh c trng s nh hnh v


di. Hy tm mt cy bao trm ti thiu T ca H v tnh tng trng s ca T.
a

4
1

6
8

- Khi to T:=
- Sp xp cc cnh ca th theo th t trng s tng dn, tr cnh uc v dy
nh sau:
Z={(a,p 1), (a,b 2), (c,n 2), (a,n 3), (n,p 3), (x,t 3), (b,n 4), (c,x 4), (x,z
4), (m,n 4), (x,y 5), (m,t 5), (b,c 6), (c,m 6), (y,z 7), (m,x 8), (t,z 9)}.

n Ngc

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88

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bc lp

Cnh c chn v a vo T

Trng s

A,P

A,B

C,N

A,N

Khng chn cnh (N,P), v to chu trnh

X,T

Khng chn cnh (B,N), v to chu trnh

C,X

X,Z

10

M,N

11

X,Y

12

Khng chn cc cnh: (m,t), (b,c), (c,m), (y,z),


(m,x), (t,z), v to chu trnh

Tng trng s:

28

Cy khung c v nh sau:
a

p
n Ngc

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z
89

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Bi 20. ( thi cao hc H Nng)
th c hng G = (V,E), c cho bi ma trn trng s nh sau:
1
1

14

16

15

14

16

15

20

12

20

12

20

7
3

20

5
9

a. V th G
4
5

15
20

16

14

12

20

6
3

b. Chng t th G l th bn Euler. Tm ng i Euler ca th.


th G l th bn Euler v n c 6 nh bc chn, 2 nh bc l, l:
deg(8)=3 v deg(1)=3.
ng i Euler: 1
n Ngc

7.

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90

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


c. Dng thut ton Dijstra tm ng i ngn nht t nh 1 n nh 8.
B.lp
Khi
to
1

X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

X7

X8

x1

(,x1)

(,x1)

(,x1)

(,x1)

(,x1)

(,x1)

(,x1)

14,x1

16,x1

15,x1

,x1

,x1

,x1

,x1

16,x1

15,x2

34,x2

28,x2

,x1

,x1

16,x1

34,x2

28,x2

22,x4

,x1

34,x2

17,x3

22,x4

,x1

34,x2

19,x7

22,x6

34,x2

22,x6

ng i ngn nht t nh 1 n nh 8 l: 1

3 6 8.

di ng i l: 22.
d. Dng thut ton Prim tm cy khung nh nht ca th
x1

x2

x3

x4

x5

x6

x7

x8

Tv

,x1

,x1

,x1

,x1

x1

Te

Kh
i to

16,x1

5,x2

20,x2 12,x2

,x1

,x1

x1, x2

x1x2

5,x4

20,x2 12,x2

7,x4

,x1

x1, x2, x4

x1x2, x2x4

20,x2

1,x3

7,x4

,x1

20,x2

2,x6

5,x6

x1, x2, x4,


x3
x1, x2, x4,
x3, x6

20,x2

5,x6

x1, x2, x4,


x3, x6, x7

3,x8

x1, x2, x4,


x3, x6, x7,
x8

x1, x2, x4,


x3, x6, x7,
x8, x5

x1x2, x2x4,
x4x3
x1x2, x2x4,
x4x3, x3x6
x1x2, x2x4,
x4x3, x3x6,
x6x7
x1x2, x2x4,
x4x3, x3x6,
x6x7, x6x8
x1x2, x2x4,
x4x3, x3x6,
x6x7, x6x8,
x8x5

14,x1 16,x1 15,x1

n Ngc

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91

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


Tp cnh ca cy khung nh nht l: x1x2, x2x4, x4x3, x3x6, x6x7, x6x8, x8x5.
di ca cy khung nh nht bng 35.
Cy khung c v nh sau:
4
5
5
7

14

1
2
6
3

9/2011)

1.

Mt ngi cha linh thing c 5 tr bng kim cng. Ngi ta c cc dy xch


bng vng ni cc tr li vi nhau, vi iu kin mi tr ch c ni vi
ng 3 tr khc. Cc nh s ngh mi khng tm ra cch ni. Anh (ch) hy gii
thch ti sao?

n Ngc

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92

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

2e = 15 => e=15/2 = 7.5

22. C th tm c mt cy c 8 nh v tho iu kin di y hay


khng? Nu c, hy v cy , nu khng, gii thch ti sao:
a. Mi nh u c bc 1.
-1 = 7.

b. Mi nh u c bc 2.
c. C 6 nh bc 2 v 2 nh bc 1.
6 nh bc 2 v 2 nh bc 1

d. C 1 nh bc 7 v 7 nh bc 1.
nh bc 7 v 7 nh bc 1
n Ngc

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93

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

23. Hy tm cy khung ca th sau bng cch xo i cc cnh trong cc


chu trnh n.
a

n Ngc

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94

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


24.

- Trung
-

K.
DGBEACIHKF.
GDEBIKHFCA.

+
/

/
*

n Ngc

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95

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


,

+/*+23+41+*-3241/+ 22*32- 43*32

nh sau: 23+41+*32-4*1+/22 32*+43 32*-/+

=
=
=

5 3 + 12 4 + * 6 2 * +
8 16* 12 +
128 12 +
140.

e. Vit cc biu thc x y + 2


xy+2

x y 2 x y */ theo k php quen thuc

x y 2 x y */

= (x+y)2 (x-y)2 -xy/


= (x+y)2(x-y)2-xy/
= (x+y)2-(x-y)2xy/
=
25.

a.
; o: 1010; h:1011; n: 110; r: 1110; d: 1111
b.
hoc: 1011 1010 001;
n Ngc

toan: 01 1010 000 110

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96

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh


tin: 01 100 110;
c.

dothi: 1111 1010 01 1011 100

0 000 110 1110 1010 100 1110 000 001.

M ny l: t o a n r o i r a c
26.
a.

{s, a, b, c, d, e, t}

= min(cf(s, a), cf(a, b), cf(b, t)) =


= min(c(s, a) f(s, a), c(a, b) f(a, b), c(b,t) f(b,t)) =
= min(6 0, 7 0, 4 0) = 4
f(a,b) = 4;

n Ngc

f(b,t) = 4

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97

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

2: s

= min(cf(s, a), cf(a, b), cf(b, c), cf(c, e), cf(e, t))
= min(c(s, a) f(s, a),c(a,b) f(a,b), c(b,c) f(b,c), c(c,e) f(c,e),c(e,t)
f(e,t))
= min(6 4, 7 4, 4 0, 3 - 0, 12 - 0) = 2
f(a,b) = 6;

3:s

f(b,c) = 2;

f(c,e) = 2;

f(e,t) = 2

= min(cf(s, c), cf(c, e), cf(e, t))


= min(c(s, c) f(s,c), c(c,e) f(c,e), c(e,t) f(e,t))
= min(4 - 0, 3 - 2, 12 - 0) = 1
f(c,e) = 3;

n Ngc

f(e,t) = 3

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98

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

:s

= min(cf(s, d), cf(d, e), cf(e, t))


= min(c(s, d) f(s,d), c(d,e) f(d,e), c(e,t) f(e,t))
= min(7 - 0, 9 - 2, 12 - 3) = 7
f(d,e) = 7;

:s

f(e,t) = 10

= min(cf(s, c), cf(c,d), cf(d, e), cf(e, t))


= min(c(s, c) f(s,c) , c(c,d) f(c,d), c(d,e) f(d,e), c(e,t) f(e,t))
= min(4 - 1, 5 - 0, 9 - 7 , 12 - 10) = 2
f(c,d)=2;

n Ngc

f(d,e) = 9;

f(e,t) = 12

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99

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

b.

x1

x4

z:

=4

x2

x5

f(x0,x1) = 4; f(x1,x4) = 4; f(x4,z) = 4

x1

x4

z:

=2

f(x0,x1) = 6; f(x1,x4) = 6; f(x4,x2) = 2; f(x2,x5) = 2; f(x5,z) = 2

n Ngc

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100

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

x1

x5

x3

x6

z:

=2

f(x0,x1) = 8; f(x1,x5) = 2; f(x5,x3) = 2; f(x3,x6) = 2; f(x5,z) = 2

x2

x5

x3

x6

z:

=2

f(x0,x2) = 2; f(x2,x5) = 4; f(x5,x3) = 4; f(x3,x6) = 4; f(x5,z) = 4

x3

x6

z:

=2

f(x0,x3) = 2; f(x3,x6) = 6; f(x6,z) = 6

n Ngc

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101

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

x3

x5

x2

f(x0,x3) = 4; f(x3,x5) = 2; f(x5,x2) = 2;

x6

z:

=2

f(x2,x6) = 2; f(x6,z) = 8

+2+4 = 1
A = {xo} : C(x0,x1) + C(x0,x2) + C(x0,x3) = 8+ 2 + 4 =14
Bi 27.
Bng di y cho khong cch tnh theo km ca 6 i truyn hnh (nh s t
1 n 6). Hi phi cn bao nhiu knh khc nhau pht sng, bit rng mi
i ph sng trong phm vi bn knh 90 km. Hy lp k hoch c th phn
chia cc knh.

n Ngc

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102

Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh

Ta phc ha th gm 6 nh, mi nh ng vi mt i pht. Hai i c khong


cch t 90 km tr xung c ni vi nhau bng 1 cnh. Ta t mu cho th, cc
nh cng mu s c php pht cng mt knh.
Nh vy, sau khi t mu ta c 3 knh: i 1 v 4 pht cng knh 1 (mu vng), i
2 v i 5 pht cng knh 2 (mu xanh l cy), i 6 v 3 pht cng knh 3 (mu
).
Vng
65

Vng

85
1

65

xanh

75
3

45

6
50
55

n Ngc

90

xanh

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103

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